Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor

DEATH RATES AND AVERAGE AGE AT DEATH AMONG MEMBERS OF CERTAIN TRADE-UNIONBENEFIT FUNDSSource: Monthly Review of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Vol. 4, No. 1 (JANUARY,1917), pp. 84-91Published by: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of LaborStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41823262 .

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84 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

are imposed - has meant in a large number of homes better care in. maternity than was previously practicable.

If early resort of insured mothers or the wives of insured persons to an ante- natal clinic could be secured, illness during pregnancy might be prevented or minimized, and the sickness claims on behalf of pregnant occupied women greatly reduced.

DEATH RATES AND AVERAGE AGE AT DEATH AMONG MEMBERS OF CERTAIN TRADE-UNION BENEFIT FUNDS.

The bureau has received recently a number of inquiries in regard to the length of life of workmen in various occupations, made ap- parently in the belief that such figures, if available, would measure accurately the relative health injurious effects to the workers of em- ployment in the occupations represented.

In connection with the bureau's study of workmen's insurance and benefit funds in the United States, printed as its Twenty-third An- nual Report, the facts available in the records of trade-union benefit funds as to the age at death, cause of death, etc., of members dying during the years covered were secured, and the summary results of the tabulation of this material are presented herewith. There are shown for each trade-union benefit fund the average age at death, annual death rate per 1,000 members, and the per cent of total deaths due to specified causes. These statistics are for all ages com- bined, and in the case of the International Typographical Union figures are presented also by age groups and by causes in considerable detail.

In presenting this material, its defects and limited value should be pointed out. The age at death among the members of any organi- zation or occupation depends primarily on the ages t)f the living members. Necessarily in a group of workers made up almost en- tirely of persons, say under 35 years of age, as female stenographers and typewriters, for example, the average age of those dying is cer- tain to be low. On the other hand, in a group of doctors, for ex- ample, where the education, which is a necessary preliminary to practice, postpones entrance into the profession until 25 or 26 years of

age, resulting in a relatively high average age of those in the pro- fession, a high average age at death must be expected.

Similarly, for two occupations such as locomotive firemen and loco- motive engineers the average age of membership would necessarily differ, because the engineer can not enter his occupation except after years of service as a fireman. It is plain, therefore, that if the per- sons engaged in these two occupations were exposed to working con- ditions precisely the same in all respects, a higher average age at death must bo expected in the occupation with the higher average age of membership. Average age at death for two such occupations

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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 85

is not of itself a satisfactory index of the injurious effect of employ- ment in the occupation.

For the computation of death rates, which will properly represent the effect of occupation upon health, it is necessary to know not only the number of those dying at each age, but also, by ages, the number of those living among whom the deaths occur, for the customary and necessary statement of death rates shows the number dying in each age group per 1,000 living in the same age group. This form of statement is necessary because the chances of dying, and consequently the death rate, naturally increases with age, and comparisons of occu- pations, unless made for relatively limited age groups, may be unfair, or it will be impossible to determine the significance of the figures.

The per cent of total deaths due to each particular cause is often used when the data necessary for computing death rates based on the number of persons living are unobtainable, but in such cases, also, the statistics are not satisfactory and their significance is uncertain, un- less tabulated by age groups. Figures which are quite normal, or even low, for a high-age group or for an occupation with a high- average age would be excessive and indicative of serious health hazards if found in a low-age group. All of these points should be kept in mind in comparing the statistics for the various trade-union benefit funds presented in the following table:

7

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86 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 87

It will be noted that in certain occupations, notably the employees of steam railroads, the percentage of deaths due to accident is extraordinarily high, 67.81 per cent for railroad trainmen, 61.12 per cent for switchmen, 55.91 per cent for firemen, 47.02 per cent for lake seamen, 42.05 per cent for electrical workers, 37.87 per cent for rail- road conductors, and 36.65 per cent for locomotive engineers. Where such a large percentage of- the total deaths are due to accident, as in these occupations just mentioned, the significance of the percentages for the remaining causes of death is not readily apparent. When approximately half of all the members are removed from the occu- pation by fatal accidents there is not the same opportunity for the de- velopment of disease due either to occupation or to living conditions as in occupations where the accident hazard is more nearly normal.

The mortality experience shown in the foregoing table in most cases covers a considerable period of years, and it is probable that in some cases in the early years working conditions were not as favorable as at the present time. That such is the case among the members of the International Typographical Union is apparent from a detailed analysis of the mortality records of the period 1893 to 1915 which has been made. The supplement to the Typographical Journal for August, 1915 (p. 64), shows the membership, number of deaths, the deaths per 1,000 members, the per cent of deaths due to tuberculosis, and the average age at death for each year, 1900 to 1915, inclusive. During this period the membership increased from 32,105 in 1900 to 59,571 in 1915. During this same period the per cent of deaths due to tuberculosis decreased from 31.2 to 19.1, a slight decrease occurred in the death rate, and the average age at death showed an increase of over 9| years. These facts are shown in detail in the following table : DEATHS PER 1,000 MEMBERS, AVERAGE AGE AT DEATH, AND PER CENT OF DEATHS DUE TO TUBERCULOSIS OF THE LUNGS AMONG MEMBERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION, 1900 TO 1915.

Per cent Members. Number aeatns. per

Deaths i,uuu. aeatns. per i,uuu. tuber death. culosis.

190 0 32,105 419 13.00 31.2 41.25 190 1 34,948 406 11.60 32.9 41.94 190 2 1 38, 364 474 12.35 31.2 42.94 190 3 42,436 476 11.21 24.7 42.62 190 4 *46,165 578 12.52 19.8 45.50 1905 46,734 567 12.13 25.7 45.26 190 6 44,980 512 11.40 25.2 44.02 190 7 42,357 561 13.20 24.2 46.07 190 8 43,740 538 12.30 23.8 45.05 190 9 44,921 509 11.50 22.8 46.09 191 0 47,848 574 12.00 22.5 46.07 191 1 51,095 639 12.50 18.7 49.12 191 2 53,807 655 12.50 21.3 48.09 191 3 55,614 687 12.30 19.1 49.24 191 4 58,537 713 12.18 15.9 48.70 191 5 59,571 696 11.70 19.1 50.84 i Including stereotyp ers and electrotypers, 7 months. * Including photo-engravers, 7 months.

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88 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

It is evident from this table that some important improvement in working conditions within this period is the cause of this marked improvement in the mortality experience among members of the International Typographical Union. The increase in membership within the period, accompanying a large expansion in the printing and publishing industry, has resulted in the entrance into the in- dustry of many new workers, probably with a lowering of the aver- age age of membership. A lowering of the average age of. mem- bership, however, would tend, temporarily at least, to reduce the death rate and the average age at death. The supplement to the Typographical Journal, from which the figures are quoted, presents as an explanation of this improvement the introduction of a shorter workdayand improved sanitary conditions in the shops, due in large part to the activity of the health committees of the organization. It is probable also that the introduction of machine composition and the consequent reduction of lead poisoning has contributed in bring- ing about this improvement, since the indirect effects of lead poison- ing among printers are far more serious than its direct effect as a primary cause of death.

The table which follows gives the number of deaths due to all causes, the number of deaths due to tuberculosis, and the percentage of total deaths due to tuberculosis, by age groups, for the period 1893 to 1915. The figures are given for five-year periods except for 1913 to 1915, in order to eliminate the irregularities of individual years. The total number of deaths covered by the table is 11,746. NUMBER OF DEATHS DUE TO ALL CAUSES AND NUMBER AND PER CENT DUE TO TUBERCULOSIS AMONG MEMBERS OF INTERNATIONAL TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION BY AGE GROUPS. 1893 TO 1915.

Deaths due to all causes. Period* 15 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 years Tntftl years. years. years. years. years, ana over.

1893 to 1897 218 646 512 303 218 164 2,061 1898 to 1902 101 617 543 334 254 222 2,071 1903 to 1907 114 576 722 557 390 333 2,692 1908 to 1912 Ill 450 720 658 437 485 2,861 1913 to 1915 69 261 471 511 379 370 2,061 Total 613 2,550 2,968 2,363 1,678 1,574 11,746

Deaths due to tuberculosis. 1893 to 1897 106 348 175 86 25 8 748 1893 to 1902 47 300 204 66 19 15 651 1903 to 1907 37 255 235 80 28 10 645 1908 to 1912 47 193 227 112 32 8 619 1913 to 1915 22 95 137 81 27 7 360

Total 259 1,191 978 425 131 48 3,032 Per cent of total deaths due to tuberculosis.

1893 to 1897 48.6 53.9 34.2 28.4 11.5 4.9 36,3 1898 to 1902 46.5 48.6 37.6 19.8 7.5 6.8 314 1903 to 1907 32.5 44.3 32.5 14.4 7.2 3.0 24.0 1908 to 1912 42.3 42.9 31.5 17.0 7.3 1.7 21.6 1913 to 1915 31.9 36.4 29.1 15.9 7.1 1.9 17.9

Total 42.3 46.7 33.0 18.0 7.8 3.1 25.8

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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 89

A study of the table shows that for all age groups combined the percentage of deaths due to tuberculosis has declined from 36.5 in the 5-year period, 1893 to 1897, to 17.9 in the 3-year period, 1913 to 1915. Marked reductions are apparent in every age group.

A further table shows the per cent of total deaths due to each specified cause among members of the International Typographical Union for the same period, 1893 to 1915. The percentages are given in a form similar to that used in the foregoing table. One of the difficulties of the percentage method of . presenting mortality sta- tistics must be borne in mind in studying this table. The reduction of the per cent of total deaths due to tuberculosis from 36.3 to 17.9 in the period covered means the transfer of 18.4 per cent of the deaths from this cause to other causes shown in the table. This is obvious from the very fact that the total of all deaths expressed as 100 per cent is taken as a basis for all the computations. PER CENT OF TOTAL DEATHS DUE TO SPECIFIED CAUSES, AMONG MEMBERS OF

INTERNATIONAL TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION, BY AGE GROUPS, 1883 TO 1915.

Per cent of total deaths due to-

period Tuberculosis of the lungs.

15 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 6* 65 years Total years. years. years. years. years, ana over.

1893 to 1397 4S.6 53.9 34.2 28.4 11.5. 4.9 36.3 1898 to 1902 46.5 48.6 37.6 19.8 7.5 6.8 31.4 1903 to 1907 32.5 44.3 32.5 14.4 7.2 3.0 24.0 1908 to 1912 42.3 42.9 31.5 17.0 7.3 1.7 21.6 1913 to 1915 31.9 36.4 29.1 15.9 7.1 1.9 17.9

Total 42.3 46.7 33.0 18.0 7.8 8.1 25.8

Pneumonia.

1S93 to 1897 7.8 5.3 8.6 8.6 9.2 9.1 7.6 1898 to 1902 9.9 7.1 8.7 9.9 11.0 5.9 8.5 1903 to 1907 11.4 9.4 9.0 10.6 10.3 8.7 9.6 1908 to 1912 5.4 7.8 8.6 7.9 10.6 9.0 8.6 1913 to 1915 2.9 5.4 8.3 8.6 6.6 11.1 8.0

Total 7.8 7.1 8.7 9.1 9.5 9.0 8.5

Other respiratory diseases.

1898 to 1897 1.4 2.8 4.3 2.0 1.8 7.1 6.5 1898 to 1902 3.0 3.1 2.8 3.9 8.3 5.0 4.0 1903 to 1907 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.9 4.1 4.8 3.<f 1908 to 1912 .9 .9 2.9 2.9 3.0 4.7 2.8 1913 to 1915 2.9 1.5 .4 2.0 2.9 2.7 2.0

Total 2L0 ïi" 2.6 2.7 3.9 4.6 8.6

Heart disease.

1898 to 1897 2.3 2.8 4.5 5.9 9.2 6.7 4.6 1896 to 1902 1.0 3.7 4.8 6.6 11.8 9.0 5.9 1903 to 1907 3.5 3,8 5.1 8.3 13.3 14.4 7.8 1908 to 1912 3.6 6.0 7.5 11.7 14.9 17.3 10.9 1913 to 1915. 5.8 5.7 7.6 10.2 14.2 13.8 10.3

Total 2.9 4.1 5.9 9.1 13.2 13.6 8.0 7 *

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90 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

PER CENT OF TOTAL DEATHS DUE TO SPECIFIED CAUSES, AMONG MEMBERS OF INTERNATIONAL TYPOGRAPHICAL UNION, BY AGE GROUPS, 1893 TO 1915- Concld.

Per cent of total deaths due to-

Period. Apoplexy and paralysis.

15 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 years "Woi years. years. years. years. years, and over. 1 1 '

1893 to 1897 2.3 1.7 5.1 8.9 14.2 22.6 6.6 1898 to 1902 2.0 1.9 3.9 11.1 11.8 18.0 6.9 1903 to 1907 .9 2.3 5.0 8.3 14.1 15.3 7.5 1908 to 1912 .9 2.9 4.7 6.7 11.9 12.6 7.2 1913 to 1915 5.8 3.1 6.6 10.6 13.5 17.0 10.2 Total 2.1 2.2 5.0 8.8 13.1 16.0 j 7.6

Bright's disease and nephritis.

1893 to 1S97 1.4 1.4 5.5 5.0 10.1 7.9 4.4 1898 to 1902 4.0 4.5 6.1 8.4 12.2 10. S 7.1 1903 to 1937 4.4 3.1 6.4 11.1 10.8 14.4 8.2 1908 to 1912 .9 3.8 7.1 9.6 14.2 12.8 8.9 1913 to 1915 2.9 3.8 7.0 10.4 10.0 10.5 8.5

Total 2.7 3.2 6.4 9.4 11.6 11.8 7.6

Diseases of digestive system.

1893 to 1897 4.2 6.2 5.8 5.0 6.0 6. 7 i 5.7 1898 to 1902 7.9 3.6 4.8 7.5 5.9 5.9 j 5.3 1903 to 1907 7.9 3.8 6.3 9.5 6.9 4. 8 j G.4 1908 to 1912 7.2 5.3 6.3 10.2 0.7 5.6 7.0 1913 to 1915 7.2 C. 8 9.1 8.2 6.1 5. 1 ! 7.3 Total 6. 5 5. 0 6. 4 8. 5 6. 4 5. 5 j 6. 4

Cancer.

1893 to 1897 0.2 2.1 3.6 2.3 2.4 1.6 1898 to 1902 .8 1.7 3.3 2.8 3.6 1.9 1903 to 1907 .5 1.8 3.6 4.1 3.9 2.4 1908 to 1912 1.8 .9 1.9 5.0 6.9 7.4 4.2 1913 to 1915 1.4 .4 2.3 3.7 7.1 4.3 3.6 Total .5 .5 2.0 410 5.1 ¡TíT 2.8

Accident.

1893 to 1897 8.3 7.3 7.0 6.6 4.6 1.2 6.5 1898 to 1902 5.9 5.0 6.3 6.6 3.9 2.7 5.3 1903 to 1907 5.3 8.7 7.5 6.6 6.4 1.8 6.6 1908 to 1912 10.8 7.3 7.4 4.1 2.5 2.5 5.2 1913 to 1915 14.5 9.2 4.9 4.3 3.7 3.8 5.2 Total 8.5 7.3 6.7 5.4 4.2 2.5 5.7

All other causes.

1893 to 1897 23.9 18.8 22.7 26.1 32.3 31.0 23.7 1898 to 1902 19.8 21.6 23.6 23.1 24.9 32.5 23.8 1903 to 1907 32.6 21.8 24.0 24.9 22.8 28.8 24.5 1908 to 1912 26.1 22.3 22.0 25.1 21.8 26.4 23.6 1913 to 1915 24.6 27.7 24.6 26.3 28.8 29.7 27.1 Total 25.2 21.6 23.3 25.0 25.3 29.1 24.4

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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 91

From a study of this table there is indicated no change in the percentage of deaths due to accident and to pneumonia, a marked decline in the deaths due to other respiratory diseases, and an appar- ent increase in the percentage of deaths due to heart disease, apo- plexy and paralysis, Bright's disease and nephritis, diseases of the digestive system, and cancer.

A careful comparison of the causes of death in the earlier and later years of the period covered in the above table shows that what has actually happened in recent years is that as an increasing pro- portion of the printers have reached old age they have in increasing numbers become subject to and have died of diseases of age - heart disease, apoplexy and paralysis, and Bright's disease and nephritis - but an increasing proportion of the deaths which are due to these diseases have occurred at advanced ages. This will be seen quite clearly in the table which follows. Thus, in the period 1893 to 1897, 48.4 per cent of the deaths due to heart disease were deaths of printers under 45 years of age, and only 32.7 per cent occurred at 55 years or over. In 1913 to 1915, the last period shown, however, only 26 per cent of the deaths from heart disease were under 45 years, and 49.6 per cent were in the group 55 years and over. A similar shifting of the deaths from old-age causes from the younger to the older age groups is shown in the table.

PER CENT OF TOTAL DEATHS DUE TO SPECIFIED CAUSE WHICH WERE IN AGE GROUPS UNDER 45 YEARS AND 05 YEARS AND OVER. 1893 TO 1915.

Cause of death and age group. Í893tol897. 1898 to 1902. 1903 to 1907. 1908 to 1912. 1913 to 1915.

Heart disease: Ä Under 43 vears 48.4 40.9 30.1 27.4 26.0 Ä 55 years and over 32. 7 41. 0 47. 9 47. 9 49. 6

Apoplexy and paralysis: Under 45 years.*. 30.6 24.7 24.7 23.4 20.4 55 years and over 49. 6 49. 3 52. 4 55. 2 54. 1

Bright s disease and nephritis: I Under 45 years 44.4 43.9 31.1 26.9 2o. 7 55 years and over j 38. 8 37. 1 40. 7 48. 4 44. 0

Diseases of digestive system: i ^ Under 45 years 66.9 51.4 44.5 38.8 44.0 ^ 55 years and over 1 20.3 25.7 24.8 27.8 28.0

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