i the NEWSLETTER of

The Weed Society of New South Wales IncISSN 1325-3689

#/6December 1998

St John’s wortHypericum perforatum

A. Flowering branch B. Leaf C.,Flower D. Seed capsules

WEED SOCIETYEXECUTIVE

Dan Austin(President)

Richard Graham(Vice President)

Leon Smith(Secretary)

Alex McLennan(Treasurer)

Brian Sindel(Newsletter Editor)

Richard CarterMike BarrettMike BoultonLouise BrodieJohn CameronJim Dellow

Richard GrahamLawrie GreenupGraham Harding

Mike HoodAllan Murphy

Luc Streit, Val Stubbs

Steve SutherlandJim Swain

Gordon TinkJohn Toth

Bob TrounceBirgitte Verbeek

Editor:. Brian SindelAgronomy and Soil

Science, University of NewEngland, Armidale 2351

Ph: (02) 6773 3747Fax: (02) 6773 3238

bsindel @metz.une:edu.au

Secretary: Leon Smith8 Darwin Drive,Lapstone 2773

Ph/fax: (02) 4739 3564nswweedsoc @ bigpond.com.au -

.4 ~ ~’ee~ is publishedfour times per year by the

Weed Society of NewSouth Wales, PO Box 438

Wahroonga 2076.

Printed by the Universityof New England

Packaged by the ChallengeFoundation in recycled

plastic

Adapted from Rural News - 23 October 1998

First statewortharvestNSW has just seen an historic harvest Of the exoticplant, St John’s wort, which has otherwise beendeclared a noxious weed.

A..nd the season, following widespread rain and flooding, was abig one for the fledgling business of Wild Herbs of Australia.So bi~, in fact, that the Department of State and Regional

Development’s former Agribusiness Development ’Officer, RichardBeach, took six months leave to act as general manager of thecompany to get the predicted $50 million St John’s wort business upand running. ~

St John’s wort is presently declared a noxious, weed in 81 shiresin NSW. It is also widely established on the NSW-Victoria border,where Mr Beach was visiting recently to consolidate the harvest in thesouth. "The reason wort is declared noxious is due to detrimentaleffects caused when livestock graze on the plant," Mr Beach said."These include sunburn, abortion, dermatitis and, in extreme cases,death."

"These ailments in livestock are due to hypeficin, the activeconstituent in the plant which induces these complaints. Ironically,this is the same active constituent that makes the plant of value as anatural medicine." Mr Beach told The Rural News that the aim wasto fill an order for a minimum 500 dry tonnes of St John’s wort thissummer. There are markets for every tonne of the dried-down plantin Europe and the United States since revelations that Australia’snatural stands of the introduced weed have the highest levels ofhypeficin in the world.(Cover: From The Noxious and Secondary Weeds of Tasmania, 1980, Department of Agriculture, Tasmania)

,4 ~Wee~ #16 December 1998 page 2

Hypericin is currently used as a natural anti-depressant, being prescribed seven times morethan prozac in Germany, with studies showingsimilar success rates with significantly less sideeffects.

St John’s wort’s main other activeconstituents include an anti-viral and healingcomponent, expanding its use in treamaent ofAids and other viral infections, as well asgeneral ailments such as bruising, sprains, burnsand the like. Mr Beach said that the Australiansupply of hypericin is very much in demand incountries where it is regarded as a wonder drug.

"We’ve identified large areas where thereare stands of wort suitable for harvest aroundAlbury-Wodonga and over the border aroundBeechworth and Myrtleford," Mr Beach said.’’We do not anticipate any problem sourcingwort from all of these areas. The south also hasheavy pockets of wort around Tumut andTumbarumba that we would like ’to secure aswell." ’’We’ve established facilities at Mudgee,Blayney and Albury-Wodonga for receivals anddrying."

Mr Beach said it will be important toharvest the hypericin when it is at a maximum,when the flower first blooms. "The harvest mus..t

occur as soon as the flower buds with the entireharvest completed before any seed appears," MrBeach said. "Once the plant has stoppedflowering the hypericin levels are dramaticallylower, so much so that often farmers will allowtheir stock to graze it once the flowering periodis over." ’qTlowering of St John’s wort is usuallythe most dangerous time for livestock."

He. said that farmers who are being drawnto harvest St John’s v0ort have been fighting atremendous battle with~the weed but it is a losingbattle on difficult country because seeds remainviable for 30 years.~ "The harvesting of StJohn’s wort is seen as an alternative controlmeasure to both chemical and biological control,which has been approved by NSW Agriculture."

Mr Beach said that the pioneering harvestof St John’s wort near Coolah will hopefullypresent an opportunity for a field day, to enablefarmers from other places to observe how to turnthe weed to a profit. He said that Wild HerbsAustralia, which is a subsidiary of a majornatural products trading company, will guaranteethe purchase of any St John’s wort from 100 kg

to 1000tonnes. ~

T he Gatapagos Islands - the world’s mostpristine tropical oceanic island ecosystem- is asking governments, institutions and

individuals around the world to help protect itsunique biolo~cal resources from quarantinethreats.

The growth of tourism and associatedmigration to the islands over the past 15 yearshas brought about a dramatic increase in thenumber of introduced species in the islands,especially plants and insects - about 450 exoticplants, 24 vertebrates and many invertebrates.

The introduction of exotic species is themost serious threat to the conservation of thebiodiversity of the Galapagos, and localinstitutes are eager to prevent furtherintroductions.

To that end, the Charles Darwin ResearchStation, the Galapagos National Park Service,

the Provincial Agric.ultural Office and otherinstitutions, are working together to design aquarantine and inspection system for inter-islandand continental transport.

These organisations are interested inlearning about systems that have been successfulin other countries and are particularly interestedin strategies, monitoring programs to detect newintroductions in ports of entry, agricultural andurban zones, training manuals for inspectors,prohibited and permitted product lists,inspection procedures and educationalpamphlets.

Copies of articles, manuals or pamphletswould be greatly appreciated and can be sent to:Dr Charlotte Causton, Charles Darwin ResearchStation, A.P. 17-01-389,Quito, Ecuador(causton @fcdarwin.org.ec).

#16 December 1998 page 3

The Weed Society of NSW should have aparticular interest in the Galapagos, because oneof its members, Dr Mark Gardener, recently tookup a position there as Investigator of IntroducedPlants. Mark went to the Galapagos aftercompleting his PhD on the biology andmanagement of Chilean needle grass (Nassellaneesiana) at the University of New England,Armidale, NSW, under the supervision ofAssociate Professor Wal Whalley and~Dr ,BrianSindel. The funding for Mark’s position in theGalapagos is provided by Monsanto.

The Weed Society of NSWshould have a particularinterest in the Galapagos,

because one of its members,Dr Mark Gardener, recentlytook up a position there asInvestigator of Introduced

Plants.

Mark rel~es that the threat of introducedplants is primarily to natural systems (97% ofGalapagos is’national park) but the agriculturalzone also has significant weed problems. Thereare about 15 large islands in the Galapagos andfour of these are inhabited. The problem ofintroduced plants is most serious on theseislands. In 1996, 1057 plant taxa were recordedon the islands with 36% (378) being native, 22%(234) being endemic (the most well known beingthe tree daisy Scalesia sp.), and 42% (442) beingintroduced.

Of these introduced plants, about 10% areconsidered aggressive and are currentlyspreading. Mark is in charge (with Dr Alan Tye,his supervisor)of a project to investigate thecontrol of the 13 most aggressive species usingchemical methods.

These species are mostly woody butinclude some climbers, shrubs and grasses. Theyare Psidium guajava (guava), Cinchonasuccirubra (quinine), Lantana camara, Rubusniveus (blackberry), Eugenia jambos (lilly pilly),Cestrum auriculatum, Passiflora edulis,Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass),Cedrela odorata (a timber tree), Cordiaalliodora, Ochroma pyramidale (balsawood),Caesalpinia bonduc and Kalanchoe phmata.Mark is trialing various chemicals such asglyphosate, triclopyr and picloram usingdifferent application methods. These include’hack and squirt’, basal-bark and foliar

application for the smaller weeds. With thisinformation, he hopes to write a control manualfor these species.

Another project includes replacinginvasive species in the agricultural zone withmore productive and less aggressive species.The main species of concern in that zone is theblackberry (Rubus niveus). Currently, he isdeveloping a program to replace blackberry-infested areas with pastures, timber plantationsand agriculture. Although biological control ofmany of these species would be ideal, theycurrently lack the resources to do such things, hesaid.

Mark says that his department also has alarge herbarium and deals with native plantconservation. On the invertebrate side of things,Dr Charlotte Causton is monitoring populationsof cottony cushion scale (Icerya purchast) withthe eventual aim of biocontrol. They also haveprograms on the control of the introduced wasps(Polistes versicolor and Brachygastalecheiguana) and the biting fly (Simuliumbipunctatum).

New quarantine laws were passed in 1993and have since been modified. Dr CharlotteCauston and Mr Carlos Zapata are responsiblefor recommendations of the regulations

necessary to implement these laws.

(Anyone interested in contacting Mark can do sothrough his postal address at EstacionCientifica Charles Darwin, Apartado Postal 17-01-3891, Quito, Ecuador or by emailmarkg @fcdarwin.org. ec)

Society WebsiteWe now have a website up and running athttp://nb.au.com/nswweedsoc: Let theSecretary, Leon Smith, know what you think(contact details p2).

Executive MeetingsNB. Next meeting dates for the SocietyExecutive are 5/2/99 (Novartis, Pendle Hill1.30pm); 9/4199 (same); and Riverina Branch4/2/99 (5.30pm location to be advised).

ErratumIn the article ’Managing Vulpia in PermanentPastures’ by Mick Duncan in edition #15 of,4~ 7~’eed, the last sentence on p5 should haveread ’This consisted of heavy (crash) grazingfront November until mid December followed bya lock up of the paddock until early February toenable the introduced species to produce bulk3,growth’.

#16 December 1998 page 4

Herbicidalbitou bush

controlof

By John Toth

B efore large.-scale aerial control of bitoubush could be considered, a number ofexperiments had to be conducted,

starting with hand spraying and progessing toaerial control.

Hand sprayingHerbicide screening: Six herbicides were testedagainst bitou bush based on existing herbicideselectivity data for other woody perennial plants.A total of 15 trials were conducted at Moruya,Jervis Bay and Port Kembla between 1985 and1988. Herbicides which either failed to controlbitou bush or caused severe damage to adjacentnative plants were excluded from further testing.Only Roundup® and Brush-off®. provedsufficiently selective. The results also indicatedthat there may be a large, seasonal variation inthe herbicide tolerance of bitou bush and ofsome native plants.

Time of application: To explore thepossibility that herbicide sensitivity of bitoubush may vary seasonally, we applied eitherRoundup® or Brush-off® in a series of 16experiments which were commenced atapproximately six-weekly intervals. During thetwo year study, it became clear that some of theherbicide treatments were acutely toxicregardless of season. All 16 time-of-applicationexperiments were located at Bherwerre Beach inthe Jervis Bay National Park. The results showthat bitou bush is at least twice as sensitive toRoundup® in winter, shortly after peakflowering than during the summer. No seasonalpattern emerged for Brush-off®.

Native plants: By the end of the first yearof the time-of-application study on bitou bush, ithad become obvious that the optimum time ofyear for spraying, and the preferred chemical,could depend on seasonal changes in thetolerance of native plants. We thereforeconducted two experiments, one during summerand the other during winter, in which five native

plant species were sprayed with eitherRoundup® or Brush-off®. Three rates of eachchemical were used.

Penetrants: One objective of this researchhas been to minimise the quantity of herbicidesused. Penetrants such as Pulse®,anorganosilicone compound, are knowntoapproximately double the transportofRbundup® into leaves. The result showed thatthe herbicide tolerance of coastal teatree wasalso reduced by the addition of penetrants inb..pth summer and winter. This indicates thatpenetrants may prove useful in reducing sprayrates; however, further research on selectivity iswarranted.

Seawater: Storm damage to the canopy ofbitou bush is frequent and the role of seawater inthis phenomenon_ has been a matter ofspeculation. Furthermore, there are manybeaches where fresh water is not readilyavailable for spraying; co~asequently, bitou bushwas sprayed with marginally toxic rates ofRoundup® and Brush-off® diluted with eitherfresh or sea water. The result was thatRoundup® was less phytotoxic with sea water(-5-10%), while Brush-off® was slightly morephytotoxic with sea water.

Aerial sprayingHerbicide rates and selectivity: By 1989, handspraying indicated that winter applications oflow doses of Roundup® may selectively killbitou bush. Consequently, the first aerialapplication was planned for winter 1989,choosing herbicide rates that straddle those usedby hand. Thus, the rates used in the trial were 3,6 and 9 L Roundup® ha-~ and 50, 100 and 150 gBrush-off® ha-~. All rates of both chemicalswere toxic to bitou bush without causingmeasurable damage to coastal banksia, coastalteatree, coastal wattle, mat rush and coastalheath.

#16 December 1998 page 5

In 1991, we used 2 and 3 L Roundup® ha"~ and40 and 50 g Brush-off® ha"1. Again, the lowestrates of both chemicals killed >95% of the bitoubush.

Since 1992, 2 L Roundup® haq has beenused in control programs. In 1996, 1,100 hawere sprayed, in winter 1997 an area of 928 haand, during winter 1998, 1,400 ha were sprayed.During these treatments, we and others haverecorded the effectson 190 species of plants. In,’winter 1997, a large-scale comparison ofRoundup® vs Roundup Bioactive® wasconducted (19 locations). Results indicate thatRoundup Bioactive® is more phytotoxic to somenative species, e.g. Scaevola caIendulaceae,Carpobrotus glaucescens and Correa alba thanRoundup®. Early reports from 1998 spray trialsindicate that Myoporum boniense has beendamaged on two sites.

Integrated control: Where possible,biological agents are released near the aerially-treated sites and the chemical and biologicalcontrol methods complement each other (e.g.Port Kembla Hill 60).

Acknowledgement ........Until early 1997; this work was conducted whilethe author was employed by NSW Agriculture.John now nins an erivironmentalweedmanagement company in Parramatta.

ReferencesToth, J. 1989. Control of bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides

rnonilifera sp. rotundata (L). T. Nod.). Proceedings oftile 5th Noxious Plants Conference, Vol. 1, pp. 35-42.

Toth, J., Milham, P.J. and Meszarns, I. 1993. Herbicidecontrol of bitou bush. Proceedings of a NationalWorkshop on Chrvsanthemoides rnonilifera, R.H.Holtkarnp (ed.), pp. 39-42.

Toth, J., Milham, P.J. and Nazer, C. 1993. Aerially appliedherbicides selectively control bitou bush growing incommunities of indigenous plants on sand dues.Proceedings of tile 14th Asian-Pacific WeedsConference, Vol. 2, pp. 67-70.

Toth, J., Milham, P.J., Meszaros, I., Kaldor, J., Fullerton,R.N. and Borrows, F. 1996. Proceedings of the llthAustralian Weeds Conference, pp. 468-475.

Turner, D.J. 1985. Effect on glyphosate performance offormulation, additives and mixing with otherherbicides. In "The Herbicide Glyphosate", E.Grnssbard and Atldnson (eds), Butterworth & Co. Ltd.,pp. 221-240. ~f

Good bugs fightingthe ’curse’Where have the Paterson’s curse bugs gone? Inresponse to such question accompanying thephotograph in the October 9 edition of TheRural News, here is an explanation to where all

the "good bugs" are for Paterson’s curse andwhat has been happening with the program.

To date, there have been six insectssuccessfully released for the biological controlof Paterson’s curse.

The first agent released was the leaf-mining moth, DiaIectica scalarielia, which isnow widespread through most Paterson’s curse-infested areas. Damage from this moth has beendramatic in a few areas during drought periods,however, in general it has little overall impact onPaterson’s curse as its activity is limited by coldwinter months.

Biological control ofPaterson’s curse, on its own,will not bring the weed under

fast control...

The most spectacular agent has been thecrown boring weevil, Mogulones sp., which hasestablished at over 200 sites nationwide. Weevillarvae cause nearly all the damage, feeding inthe root crown of Paterson’s curse rosettes fromautumn to spring. The largest build up ofweevils has occurred in the Riverina,particularly near Yanco. At these sites, theweevil is having a devastating effect on wholepaddocks of Paterson’s curse plants, killing upto 90 per cent before flowering and leaving onlya few of the smallest plants alive.

This year, in these paddocks, the weed hasbeen overtaken by grass and is hardlynoticeable. The site has developed to the pointwhere the weed has to be deliberatelyencouraged to maintain a source of agents for anationwide redistribution program.

A close relative, the root weevil,Mogulones geographicus, was released in 1993but, so far, numbers have only been available toestablish M. geographies at a limited number ofsites. Feeding in the lower root, the grubs of thisweevil are better protected from grazing than thecrown weevil and should be even more effectivein continuously-grazed pastures.

The Paterson’s curse stem-boring beetle,Phytoecia coerulescens, was the next insect tobe released in 1995. This insect is active andlays eggs into the stems in late spring and hasproved easy to establish at several sites.

Unfortunately, most damage by the grubsoccurs after some seeds have been produced andas this agent has the least impact on Paterson’scurse, it will not be,actively redistributed untilthe more damaging insects are widelydistributed. ~

AGoodWeed #16December 1998 page 6

The flea beetle, Longitarsus echii, released in1996, has also established at a number of sites.This insect also attacks the roots and can feed inthe smaller secondary roots, thus complementingthe damage caused to the taproot by the rootweevil. The flea beetle has the added advantageof not becoming active until winter, whichenables it to survive long dry summers andautumns in the paddocks where Paterson’s curseonly germinates in late autumn. This agent willalso be redistributed over the next few years.

The flower beetle, Meligethesplaniusculus, released in 1996, has establishedat some closely monitored sites. It feeds asadults and grubs directly in the buds, flowersand immature seed of Paterson’s curse. Attackby this beetle has been measured to reduce seedproduction by up to 60%. Redistribution willbegin this season. ~

At this stage, it is still too early to assessthe level of damage of most of these agents andthe overall impact on the weed, although thecrown weevil is now killing rosettes at severalsites across NSW.

Once the other insects have had time toestablish large populations, their impact onPaterson’s curse will be measured in the field.As the insects attack different parts of the plantat different stages of plant growth,, theircombined attack should have a greater impact onPaterson’s curse thanalone.

The biological control program forPaterson’s curse is now concentra~.ing onredistributing the agents to establish them acrossthe entire distribution of the weed. The crownweevil is the most readily available and hasalready been released at over 500 sitesAustralia-wide.

In the coming years, all insects willbecome available on this scale through Statedepartments. This work is being funded by theWoolmark Company, Meat and LivestockAustralia, the CRC for Weed ManagementSystems, CSIRO and collaborating StateAgriculture Departments from NSW, Victoria,South Australia and Western Australia.

The agents must be considered as anintegral part of an overall management strategyfor Paterson’s curse which would include othercontrol methods such as herbicide application,grazing management, cultural and mechanicalcontrol. Biological control of Paterson’s curse,on its own, will not bring the weed under fastcontrol; current control measures must becontinued.

Biological control is also a long-termprocess and, although some of these agents havebeen in the field for more than 5 years, it takestime for them to establish, build up in numbers

(especially in the face of droughts and floods)and then be redistributed to other Paterson’scurse infestations.

It is in this redistribution process thatindividual farmers, Landcare and other groupscan have the greatest impact by promoting insectsurvival. By taking on responsibility for arelease site, monitoring and ensuring that theagents are spread to other areas where they areneeded, the distribut~ion process can be speededup dramatically." ~

One last impo~ant fact to remember is thatthe plant has beeni around for over a century,dropping seed and ’establishing enormous seedbanks. These seed banks will continue toproduce the same levels of infestation ofPaterson’s curse that we see today for at least thenext ten years. Therefore, it’s going to take "allthe bugs" at least a proportion of that period ~omake an impact - so, if it doesn’t work the firstyear, don’t write it off- it takes time.

So, to answer the question "what hashappened to all the good bugs that were going tohelp us get rid of Paterson’s curse?" - the bugsare coming!

Contact Matthew Smyth at CSIROEntomology on (02) 6246 4249 or Barry

Sampson at Yanco Agricultural Institute, NSW

Agriculture, (02) 6951 2623. ~

(Adapted fi’om Rural News 23/9/98)

Wild oatsbiology anddynamics of seed banksThe longevity of wild oats (Avena spp.) seeds isquite a vexed question. Contrary to commonbelief, all of the evidence from the northerngrain region shows that wild oats seeds arerelatively short-lived. Quail and Carter (1968)recorded that few seed (of either A. fatua or A.ludoviciana) buried in soil remain viable after18 months. In their studies, primary seedappeared to be shorter lived than secondaryseed. No seeds survived on the soil surface,virtually no seed survived after four years in potsburied outdoors, irrespective of depth of burialor soil disturbance treatments.

From these studies, it is concluded thatwild oats seeds do not persist for long periods,with a half-life of around six months. In seedbank dynamics terms this means that, providedno new seed is deposited, half the seed isdepleted in six months, 75% in 12 months, morethan 92% after two years and, hence, the seedbank will virtually be exhausted after three"

.4~Weed #16December 1998 page7

years. This is supported by data from Phillpots(1975) and Martin & Felton (1993) showingreductions in seed banks of 99.6% and 95%,respective, as a result of summer cropping withtwo consecutive winter fallow cycles.

The management implications are that ifseed input is reduced, seed banks declinerapidly. The key to successfully managing wildoats is, therefore, to prevent seed production.This can be achieved by rotating to summe, rcrops which involves winter fallowing, r&atin~gto pastures, forage cropping, long fallowing orthe use of selective spray-topping.

(Extracted from Wild oat biology and dynamicsof seed banks by R.W. Medd from NSWAgriculture and reprinted in the newsletter ofthe Weed Society of Qld, Spring 1998).

Saffron thistle soon tosuffer

By Ursula Taylor

Saffron thistle co~ts the Australian agriculturalindustry $111 .million annu.ally. It is the mostabundant and widespread ~eed in New SouthWales. Research aimed at understanding the lifecycle of saffron thistle and how to control it isheading in .the right direction for assistingproducers to reduce costs.

Cooperative Research Centre for WeedManagement Systems PhD student Blair Gr~e,from the University of New England, is workingout ways to manage saffron thistle to keep thecost of control down. It is still early days for theresearch but results are promising.

Blair is looking at the growth stages ofsaffron thistle to find out when it is mostvulnerable to grazing pressure and pasturecompetition.

"Saffron thistle germinates in autumn andplants remain as rosettes (or small plants) untilearly summer. Right now we know that spring isthe best time to remove young saffron thistleplants by spraying the paddock first with aherbicide approved for spray-grazing, thengrazing, sheep, cattle or goats one week later.The effect on saffron thistle is spectacular! Itpractically knocks it out" says Blair.

Useful information on the number ofsaffron thistle seeds in the soil has beenobtained. "Results have shown that the soil seedbank of saffron thistle may contain over 3000seeds m’2. This is a major problem for graziers,particularly if paddocks have been overgrazed or

there is bare ground, as thistles are the first to-come back after good rain. Infestation can beavoided, however, as competitive pastures cansuppress thistle germination and growth".

Blair aims to finish his studies in twoyears, by which time enough will be knownabout saffron thistle in pastures to keep thisweed at bay (hopefully).

Ursula Taylor is a Weeds EducationOfficer, Cooperative Research Centre for WeedManagement Systems, University of NewEngland, Phone: 02 67733075, Email:utaylor@metz.une.edu.au

~eedbuster reek !998reportBy Bob Trounce

Weedbuster week has gained considerablemomentum since its launch as a nationalcampaign last year. Although the nationallaunch for Weedbuster ’98 (11-18 October) tookplace on the far side of Australia, at Kings Park,Perth, there was still plenty of interest in the eastfor the many functions planned.

The New South Wales state launch wascarried out by Mrs Mary Moodie, presenter withGardening Australia (ABC TV and Magazine).The function was held in the main thoroughfareof the Metro Plaza, Orange.

RegistrationsOver 150 coordinators registered around NewSouth Wales to promote Weedbuster Week. Asa result of some of these registrations, WoodyWeed - the mascot for Weedbuster Week -started the busy campaign in September byvisiting all primary schools in Orange City andspeaking to over 1000 children, encouragingthem to become Weedbusters.

During Weedbuster " Week, Woodyattended the State Launch in Orange, met Kerry-Anne Kennerley on the Midday Show in Sydney,spent hours in the Wagga Wagga Market Placespeaking to children, visited Estella Child CareCentre and the Haven Retirement Village.Woody posed for publicity photos at CoolamonShire Council Chambers, took two classes on aforest weed walk, visited Coolamon CentralSchool and spoke to students, travelled toWest-field Figtree for a shopping centrepromotion, visited McDonald’s restaurants, andwent on a weed walk at Willans Hill.

AGoodWeed #16December 1998 page 8

Woody’s cousin from northern New SouthWales had similar duties, standing guard over aprogressively changing static display at theMurrurundi Library from September, thenvisiting Merriwa School, Murrurundi Fair,Willow Tree School, Blandford Primary,Murrurundi Primary, Blackville and Mt PerryPrimary students, and attending two field dayson goats and sustainable grazing.

PublicationsThis year, two posters were prepared, oneexplaining Weedbuster Week and one showingplants that harm our health. A total of 2,800Weedbuster Week posters and 3,500 humanhealth posters were sent out to all Statecoordinators around Australia, as well as to allwho registered in NSW. The posters weredirect-mailed nationally to all Mitre 10 storesand IAMA Rural outlets. McDonald’srestaurants also were supplied with sufficient tosupply .all restaurants in NSW and the ACT.Four new weed bookmarks were also producedto extend the message these popular itemsrelated.

PublicityAs in previous years, the regional media gavegreat support in all areas where coordinators hadmade contact. Gardening programs such as RegKidd (2CR) and Shirley Stackhouse (Sydney)and many city and country newspapers gavemention to Weedbuster.

The big difference this year in"publicitycame with a breakthrough into national media.With the support of Mary Moody, GardeningAustralia presented a number of weed segmentson Friday 9 October, as well as promotingWeedbuster Week. The appearance of WoodyWeed and Bob Trounce on the Midday Show onTuesday 13 October, was also acclaimed as asuccessful event. Not only was the live audienceintrigued with the weed segment during the showbut they also proved difficult to remove from thestudio afterwards due to their continuous streamof questions about weeds in their ownenvironments.

Competition winnersNew South Wales competitions this year weredivided into three age groups. High schoolstudents were invited to enter an HerbariumCollection Competition and primary studentswere given the task of producing a poster forWeedbuster Week in two age groups - Under 8and 9-12 years.

Competitions this year were designed tomake minimum demand on council and schoolresources in terms of photocopying and

maximum demand on students. It seems,because of this, coordinators were disappointedwith the response. Thanks are again extended toDuPont Agricultural Products for their generoussponsorship of these competitions~

0 Richard Graham and Birgitte Verbeek at theRiverina branch Weedbuster display.

Competition winners in each section were asfollows:

Poster competitionTotal entries 514Under 8 YearsNSW Winner - Hannie Choi ($100); School -Chatswood Primary ($200); Highly Commended- Kara Grant, Armidale City Public School.9-12 YearsNSW Winner Michael Mckinley ($100);School - St Joseph’s, Gloucester ($200); HighlyCommended Erin Twomey, St Joseph’s,Gloucester.

Herbarium collectionTotal entries 29NSW Winner - Luke Ingenhoff ($200); School -Hurlstone Agricultural High ($200).

Congratulations to these winners andthanks to all who worked to promote thecompetitions and ensure entries were receivedon time. Also, thank you to all students whoparticipated.

Weedbuster Week is well established aridsure to enjoy future successes with the suppo~

#16 December 1998 page 9

now offered by the community, providing thereare some coordinators willing to get the bailrolling.

Special thanksA successful Weedbuster Week promotion is theresult of a team effort and coordinators aroundthe State have done a great job disseminatinginformation and enthusing children to becomeWeedbusters. Local Government, State,Government and community groups liave¢combined efforts to promote the understandingjof weeds and effective controls. Thankyou ail.

I particularly appreciated the help of RogeriSmith for his local assistance and ideas, JimQuin for assisting with the Sydney displays, andEraina Swain and Naomi Gillette for clerical andmailing assistance. Finally, special thanks toJulie Pont and her art team who-never fail tocome up with great ideas for promotionalmateriai.

National sponsorship by RoundupWeedkiller has been of assistance in many facetsof the promotion, particularly by contribution toposters which were distributed nationaily’

(Bob Trounce is Weedbuster.Coordinator forNSW)

During WeedbiJster Week, John Colwill ran aweed poetry competition on his Victorian ABCRadio Gardening programme. The winner wa~Lin Brown and she received a copy of WesternWeeds for her labours. Here is her winningpoem:

If you want a plant that doesn’t needwater

, or ferfiliser~ or pruning~ or spraying~ or constant care, THEN GROW AWEED

If you want a plant that you cannot~ over water~ under water~ over feed

or overlook, THEN GROW A WEED

If you want a plant that will grow~ in full sun, in full shade

in clay~ in sand~ in a crack in the path

in your roof guttersin s~iline soil¯ in the most expensive of garden soilsin strong windsin complete shelterin a wet spotin a dry spot, THEN GROW A WEED

you want a plant thatinsects will never eatweed!tillers will never killyour lawn will never choke.mowing too close will not destroyyou can drive your car over and not flattendiseases will not killwill faithfully come up year after yearwill never fai! to flower or set seedwill survive complete neglectwill never disappoint you, THEN GROW AWEED

Interested? Then come and see me. I have agarden full of weeds to give away. All varieties,all sizes from seeds to established plantsavailable. Free to a good home!

(Reprinted from Weedscene, VoI. 9 Issue 5)

Members MatterWelcome to the following new members:

John Baker, Finley,Clare Bentley, Uraila,Scott Boyle, Wagga Wagga,Environment Australia Library, Canberra,Judy Frankenburg, Howlong,Robert Mather, Mosman,Gertrand Norton, Wagga Wagga,Alison Pitman, Canberra,Bob Thurling, Wagga Wagga, andPam Vipond, Bega.

CAWSS medal forDr Deirdre LemerleDr Deirdre Lemerle was presented with a Councilof Australian Weed Science Societies (CAWSS)Medal by Jim Swain at the Annuai Dinner of theSociety held at Duntryleague, Orange onThursday, 29th October, 1998.

Dr Lemerle is currently Senior ResearchScientist and Program Manager of the CroppingProgram of the CRC "for Weed ManagementSystems with NSW A~griculture at the Wagga

AGoodWeed #16 December 1998 page 10

Wagga Agricultural Institute. Dr Lemerle wasnominated by the Society because she has madean outstanding contribution to the science,technology and practice of weed managementthrough several areas including, research,administration, extension and implementation ofprograms.Research - Dr Lemerle has carried out an activeresearch program at the Agricultural ResearchInstitute, Wagga Wagga for over 17 years. Shehas investigated a wide range of topics including,the biology and control of silverleaf nightshade,herbicides for alternative winter crops, differentialtolerance of crop cultivars to herbicides,herbicide-environment interactions, competitiveabilities of crops against weeds, and more recentlyhas been monitoring the shifts in weedpopulations of the southern wheat belt. She haspublished 18 scientific publications, 9international conference papers (refereed) and 24technical and extension conference papers abouther research findings. Over the past 10 years shehas consistently received industry support for herresearch programs at an annual average rate of$100,000. Dr Lemerle has travelled extensivelyoverseas visiting colleagues and researchinstitutes in many countries.

Administration - Dr Lemerle is in charge ofseveral scientists and students at Wagga Waggaand has been seconded on several occasions(Acting Director 0f Regional Research) toadminister regional research programg, in NSWAgriculture. She has maintained liaison withresearch workers in other states and overseas andhas developed strong links with industry,universities, CSIRO, the Grains Research andDevelopment Corporation, and farmerorganisations.

Extension - Dr Lemerle has maintained contactwith the farming community to identify emergingproblems and to promote the results of herresearch. Each year she has actively displayed herresearch results at Wagga Wagga field days andhas been involved with the weed extensionprograms of NSW Agriculture. She has publishedseven advisory articles for NSW Agriculture andcontributed over 20 articles to other industry andgrower magazines.

Implementation of Programs - Dr Lemerle isnow Program Leader of the Cropping Program forthe CRC for Weed Management Systems and assuch has been involved with several programs ofthe CRC. Also, she has been actively involvedwith industry assisting them with their programson herbicide resistance and cereal tolerance toherbicides.

Dr Lemerle’s work has been outstanding inthat it has been recognised by her fellow weedscientists as exemplary in substance, objectives,methods and results. She is recognised overseasas an authority in her area and is well respected bythe chemical industry for her integrity andsoundness of research method. Dr Tang HongYuan from China recently spent several monthswith her examining weeds in the southern wheatbelt of NSW. ~’

Deirdre Lemerle being pt:esented with the CA WSS

Medal by Jim Swain. 0

Dr Lemerle has had considerable impact onthe work of others" This has mainly been throughher liaison and involvement with other scientistsboth nationally and overseas, and as well sheassisted students at Sydney University with theirresearch programs, especially after Dr RogerCousens left the University in 1994. Shecurrently has several students doing Master’s andPhD programs in the CRC for Weed ManagementSystems.

Dr Lemerle has been an active member ofthe Weed Society of NSW for 16 years. She wasrecently involved in the formation of the PdverinaBranch. In addition, Dr Lemerle was editor of thenewsletter of the Weed Society of NSW and anexecutive member for 5 years and she co-editedthe Proceedings of the 7th Australian WeedConference in 1987. She has been the recipient ofa travel grant from the Society on two occasionsto assist with visits to the UK. She also refereespapers for several journals and is a member of theAustralian Institute of Agricultural Science, WeedScience Society of America, Weed Scien,ceSociety of Victoria and the International WeedScience Society. ~

AGoodWeed #16December 1998 page 11

Annual Report- 1998The Society enjoyed another successful year.Twenty two new members joined during the yearand membership of the Society is now around340. The newsletter, .4 ~ 7¢/eeaf continues to beproduced at a high standard by Brian Sindel andmany enquiries are received from people justwanting to receive copies of it. This year amembership details booklet was produced by~Mike Hood containing information about the"qualifications, employment details, location, years!of experience, contact details, weed perspectiveand interests of members. It will be updated on ayearly basis and should prove to be a valuabletool for people seeking information frommembers on specific weed issues.

Liaison with the nursery industry continueson matters relating to environmental weeds andcriteria for defining them. It was hoped to jointlysponsor a workshop/seminar for the NSWNursery Industry Association, but this had to bepostponed until a later date. Weed prizes wereawarded at the University of New England,Charles Sturt University--. and at SydneyUniversity. These ~e now valued at $100 each.Thirty people attended a seminar on ’PrecisionWeed Management’ at Orangd which illustratedthe latest technology for ma~pping and sprayingweeds, presented by a visiting weed scientist fromthe USA. Unfortunately his counterpart fromDenmark was iricapacitated at the last minute andcould not attend.

The Riverina Branch of the Society.continues to flourish under the guidance ofRichard Graham and Birgitte Verbeek. Duringthe year they jointly helped organise the WaggaWeeds Expo at the Agricultural Research Institutein October 97, held a dinner and AGM in Alburywith speaker on environmental weeds in April 98,put up a display at the Agronomy Conference inJuly, held a meeting and dinner with visitingCanadian speaker Bob Blackshaw at Culcaim inAugust, organised the Willans Hill Weeds Walkin October 98 and have a program of eventsarranged for 1998/99.

The Society commissioned a poster onPlants Affecting Human Health for WeedbusterWeek held during October 1998 and obtainedfunds ($1000) from CAWSS to assist with itsproduction. The poster was distributed all overAustralia during this week. An award for weedidentification at the Biennial Noxious WeedsConference in September, 1997 at Dubbo wassponsored by the Society and it is negotiating tosponsor another award at the next Conference atBallina in 1999. A group of members of theSociety participated in a discussion with the

review team on amendments to the NoxiousWeeds Act 1993.

A computer package was purchased for theSecretary and an Email address established, Ahome page and website for the Society is underconstruction on the Internet. The Annual GeneralMeeting of the Society was held at Orange onOctober 29, 1998. This was associated with avisit to the scientific collections at OrangeAgricultural Institute, plus a seminar on plantsaffecting human and animal health, as well as theAnnual Dinner at Dunttyleague. Deirdre Lemeflewas presented with a CAWSS medal forleadership in weed science at the Annual Dinnerby Jim Swain.

Summary of the Minutesof the 33rd AGM of theWeed Society of NSWTreasurers report: The audited accounts of theSociety for the period 1/10/97 to 30/9/98 weretabled by the Treasurer and a copy is held by theSecretary. A trading loss of $1,203 was reportedfor the year. Accumulated/Consolidated funds asof 30/9/98 were $25,000 in short term deposits,computer equipment $2,429 and cash at bank$5,060, a total of $32,489 compared to $33,692 in1997. A proposed budget for 1999 was tabled.The matter of sponsorship was raised and onlyone of two sponsors has paid up so far.

Election of office bearers: All positions wered~clared vacant. The following were elected asoffice-bearers of the Society for 1998/99:President: D Austin (R Trounce/J Swain)V. President: R Graham (R Carter/J Swain)Secretary: L Smith (J Toth/R Graham)Treasurer: A McLennan (J Swain/A Murphy)Newsletter Ed: B Sindel (M Boulton/J Toth)Committee: It was proposed that the same peoplewho were on the Executive Committee as last yearbe invited to join the 1998/99 Committee. Threepeople stood down from election (P Michael, GBeehag and J Mallen-Cooper). The followinghave indicated a willingness to continue on thecommittee: M Barrett, A Murphy, R Trounce, MHood, R Plumbe, V Stubbs, L Brodie, M Ierace,L Greenup, R Graham, J Dellow, G Harding, JToth, M Boulton, and G Tink. It was resolvedthat these people be on the Executive Committeefor 1999 (A Murphy/M Boulton).

New members elected: L Streit (J Swain/JToth), R Carter (R Gr’aham/B Verbeek), and SSutherland (D Austin/R~Graham).

,.� ~�Taee,� #16 December 1998 page 12

It was resolved that a formal vote of thanks byway of letter be sent to the newsletter editor, BrianSindel for his untiring efforts in producing thenewsletter (R Graham/L Streit). Efforts are to bemade in 1999 to look for another editor as Brianhas indicated he would like to be relieved of theposition next year.

CAWSS report: There have been two phonemeetings in 1998. Agenda items: CAWSSHandbook of Economic Plants prepared byRichardson and Shepherd; Financial Report -closing balance at 30/6/98 was $61,942 plus$22,000 on loan; International Weed RiskAssessment Workshop (J Virtue); CAWSSMedals were awarded to Deirdre Lemerle andMarcus Blacklow; Australian weeds databasebeing investigated; liaison between CAWSS andthe horticultural industry (Kate Blood); StudentTravel Grant was awarded to Paul Adams,Tasmania; CAWSS supported Weedbuster Weekactivities ($1,500); joint meeting betweenCAWSS and WSSA not supported by Societies;12th Australian Weeds Conference in Hobart,1999; and CAWSS home page to be updated withSocieties connected. -

Presidential address: The President spoke aboutthe growth of the Society over its life of 33 yearsand the dedication of the people who have workedto keep the Society growing. There was a need toget young weed scientists involved S9 they couldtake over in the years ahead. The new RiverinaBranch at Wagga Wagga was an excellentdevelopment and the President hoped that hecould start another branch in the north of the Statethis year. Also, he stressed that the Society needs

Deletion of subscribers!

The Society has gone through the membershiplist and has decided to delete those who have notpaid a subscription for 2 years. If your name isamong the following then this applies to you!This will be your last issue ofA ~d WeeA unlessyou rectify your subscription position post-haste.

W Barnett-Smith, RH Colless, M Drew, GS Fraser, AGessell, DA Goldrick, AR Heckendorf, H Heffeman,M Hunt, S Jeffery, R Jetner, L Korzeniowski, SLawler, DC Lawrence, M Mcrae, K Mazenaur, HMcFadden, S Moore, D Reid, M Rodgers, JRoxburgh, R Rundell-Gordon, J Ryan, W Shelton, MSnodgrass, P Tho.mson-Brooks, CA Whittemore, JWilding, K Yeend, B Kearsley, and M Longworth.

Please contact the Secretary (p2) for paymentdetails.

to keep abreast of information technologydevelopments and to keep the newsletter going ata high standard. He specifically asked people toprovide articles and to list any interesting websitesthey found for the newsletter.

Other business: i) The motion on notice aboutchanges in the fees was amended and carried. Itwas ’~hat the a.nnual membership subscription ofthe Societ~ b~ increased to $30 and studentmembership to.!$15. However, the Society offersnew and curregt members the opportunity to paythree (3) years’ subscription for $80 covering theyears 1999, 2000 and 2001. The followingconditions will apply: i) a current member musthave paid the preceding year and be considered afinancial member (no arrears due), ii) no refundsare intended and prepayment will be accountedfor in the nominated financial year".

Leon Smith, Hon Secretary, 4/11/97.

This edition of A ~wd Weed will probably bethe last that I put together since there has been avolunteer (congratulations to Jim Dellow andothers in NSW Agriculture at Orange) to takeover the task for 1999 and beyond. I haveenjoyed editing the newsletter and contributingto the Society’s activities in this way. It hasbeen great experience and I recommend it if youhave the time! -" Thankyou to all of those peoplewho have either encouraged me in some way orprovided material for publication, which alwaysmakes the task easier. I particularlyacknowledge the support of Leon Smith andAlex McLennan.

The first memories that I have of weedswere of bindii in bare feet from our lawn athome as a young boy. My father and mother,however, were dedicated gardeners and workedhard at removing this weed and others like it.Some 30 years on, through a combination ofspraying and replanting with competitive buffalograss, the lawn no longer has any bindii in it.So weed control can work! The key ingredient,I believe, was persistence! My father andmother, now nearing 80, provided me with agood example of that.

They also taught me many things from the~£ B~, and I leave you with a quote:

As the weeds are pulled up and burned inthe fire, so it will be at the end of the age....,Theperson who has ears, let them hear. (Matthew’sGospel 13: 40-43). ~

Now there’s a ,~wd Read./ Ed.

AG~odWeed #16 December 1998 .page 13

Precision Weed Managementin Crops and PasturesEdited by RW Medd and JE PratleyProceedings of a workshop held May 1998 -includes contributions from Australian, US andEuropean researchers, 160 pages, paperback.

Inside you will find information on issuessuch as: developments in precision weedmanagement, what do we know about the spatialdistribution of arable weeds, remote sensing andopportunities for mapping pasture weeds,opportunities for satellite and airborne remotesensing of weeds in Australian crops, technologyfor patch-spray of weeds, reflectance techniquesin precision we~d.- management, globalpositioning systems, economic~ feasibility ofprecision weed management, mid outcomes forresearch. ..

Cost is $40 including postage and handlingwithia Australia: Visa, Mastercard andBankcard accepted, cheques made payable toCRC for Weed Management Systems. Fax ormail your order to CRC for Weed ManagementSystems, Waite Campus, University of Adelaide,PMB 1, Glen Osmond SA 5064. Fax: +61 88303 7125, crcweeds@waite.adelalde.edu.au

NRA Chemical DatabaseThe national database of agricultural andveterinary chemicals has been made availableonline by the National Registration Authority forAgricultural and Veterinary Chemicals (NRA).The test release of the NRA PUBCRIS databasecontains details of all agricultural and veterinarychemical products which are registered for saleand use in Australia.

The database is still under developmentand is updated nightly. It includes productnames, registering company, active constituents,product formulation, registered uses (host/pestcombinations), and the product’s classificationas either an agricultural or a veterinary product.Searches can be made on Company, Product,Active, Host, Pest and Category.

The database can be accessed athttp://www.dpie.gov.au/nra/pubcris.html.

Management of Agricultural andVeterinary Chemicals - ANational StrategyAgriculture and Resource Management Councilof Australia and New Zealand (ARMCANZ),1998. 60 pp. ISBN 0 642 47502 4.

If you wish to receive more information or, obtain a copy, contact the Ag and Vet Chemicals~Policy Section of the Department of PrimaryIndustries and Energy. Phone: 6272 5405; Fax:6272 5899 stanford.harrison @ dpi.gov.auhttp:llwww.dpie.gov.auldpielarmcanz or

A Guide to the Introduced MarineSpecies in Australian WatersThe more than 70 species of marine organismsthat have been introduced to Australian watersare described in this guide. Diagrams andphotographs are provided to enableidentification. Both native range and knownAustralian distribution are also provided. Theguide is produced in an open-ended format toallow for the inclusion of additional informationand new species supplements. Each section isprovided with a notes page for the reader’s ownuse.

Update and supplements will incur a smallcharge. Addenda will be produced periodically.The guide costs $50 per copy ($45 plus $5 forshipping and handling).

For further information contact: SusanneSpinks, Centre for Research on IntroducedMarine Pests, Division of Fisheries, CSIRO,GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania, Tel (03)6232 5452; Fax (03 632 5485; E-mail:spinks@ml.csiro.au.

Crop Protection CompendiumOvercoming a daunting challenge, CABInternational researchers, editors, andprogrammers have organised and prepared amassive knowledgebase as a CD-ROM thatsurely ranks among the most comprehensiveglobal sources of crop protection data currentlyavailable. The first module of the CropProtection Compendium, while emphasisingSoutheast Asia and the Pacific, provides quickaccess to detailed, illustrated data for majorinsect and weed pests associated with 150important world crops, plus natural enemies,regional distributions maps, and extensive data,all in colour. The cleverly designed systemincorporates a linking system that allows users toswitcti between a raft of informative screens andresources. A free,, fulty interactive demonstrationWindows version of Module I is available.Work is well along on" Module 2 containing

,,4~Wee,� #16December 1998 page 14

additional information. A "compendium tour"can be down-loaded from:<pest.cabweb.org/cpc/cpchp.htm>.

FMI: CAB International, Wallingford,Oxon OX10 8DE, UK. E-mail:<cabi@cabi.org>. Fax: 44-0-1491-826090.Phone: 44-0-1491-832111.

EventsUpcoming

2nd Australian ConservationFarming Conference - Keepingour land vibrant15-19 February 1999, Rumours International,Toowoomba, QLD

For farmers, agricultural ~dvisers andservice providers, government ekt~nsion andresearch personnel.

The programme will include a regionalfield trip, a two-day conferencg and a tourthroughout the Border region of Southern Qldand Northern NSW. You will hear speakersfrom Australia and overseas present the latestadvancements in profitable and sustainablefarming systems, minimum tillage, landdegradation, improving yields, soil health,savings in labour and machinery costs, soilbiota, ferfiliser application, stubble management,quality assurance, opportunity cropping, climateforecasting, weed control, herbicide resistance,controlled traffic, global positioning systems andfuture directions in conservation farming.

Enquiries may be forwarded to: MichaelBurNs or Ben Wilshire Conservation FarmersInc PO Box 1666 Toowoomba Qld 4350 Ph: 074638 5356 Fax: 07 4632 2689 Ph: 07 46385399 Fax : 07 4638 5032 Email:mikeb.cfi@iname.com or ben.cfi@iname.com

52nd NZ Plant ProtectionConference10-12 August 1999 Auckland, New Zealand.Contact: A. Rahman, Ruakura Agric. ResearchCentre, PB 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand. Fax:64-07-838-5073. Phone: 64-07-838-5280 Email:<rahmana@ agresearch.cfi.nz>.

12th AustralianWeeds Conference12th to 16th September 1999, Wrest PointConvention Centre Hobart, TasmaniaCALL FOR PAPERS/POSTERSAbstracts of papers and posters due -1 MarchFirst draft of papers due - 1 May 1999Final version of papers due - 1 August 1999Early bird reglstrafions close - 30 June 1999Registrations.Close - 10 September 1999

A Conference registration brochure will beavailable frorh 1 March 1999.

If you have not yet done so, register yourinterest now by sending your contact details toConference Design ~ax: 03 6224 3774 Email:mail @cdesign.com.au).

The indicative registration fee is around$400 (with discount for Society members).For further information as it comes to hand, visitthe web page at:http://www.cdesign.com.au/tasweed/TWSWEB01.htm

Prepare and submit an abstract of yourproposed paper or poster by 1 March 1999.

If you need to discuss the suitability orformat for papers and posters, please contactAndrew Bishop (phone 03 6421 7634; fax: 036424 5142); Andrew.Bishop @dpiwe.tas.gov.au

17th Asian-Pacific Weed ScienceSociety Conference22-27 November "Weeds and EnvironmentalImpact," Bangkok, Thailand. Contact: S.Chinawong, Dept. of Agronomy, KasetsartUniv., Chatuchak, Bangkok 10903,THAILAND. E-mall: <agrsbc@nontri.ku.ac.th>.Fax: 66-2-579-8580. Website:<aggie.kps.ku.ac.th/APWSS/index.html>.

Third International Weed ScienceCongress

6-11 June, 2000 Foz do Iguassu, State ofParan~, Brazil

The International Weed Science So.ciety,To be included on the mailing list

for circulars and call for contributions, contactthe Secretariat: P.J. Eventos Feiras eCongressos, Rua Jos~ Risseto, 1023, SantaFelicidade - CEP 82.015-010, Curitiba - Parami- Brazil. Phone/Fax 55 (0)41 372 1177 Email:pj @ datasoft.com.br Home page:http://www,foztur.com.br.twsc

AGoodWeed #16 December 1998 page 15

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