Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11 - uni-kassel.de · 2015. 11. 10. · Decentralized DW WASH...

Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015

Simple DecentralisedDrinking Water Treatment:Drinking Water Treatment:

using the Ultra Low Pressure Ultra‐Filtration (ULPUF)(ULPUF) process

Univ.‐Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Franz‐Bernd FrechenUniversität Kassel

Chair IWA Specialist Group

Winner 2011 in thecategory „society“

Chair, IWA Specialist Group“Membrane Technology”

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e 1 Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering (DESEE)

Head: Prof. Dr.‐Ing. F.‐B. Frechenwww.uni‐kassel.de/fb14/siwawi

Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015WASH – water, sanitation & hygiene

With t f t h i i bl tiWithout safe water, hygiene is problematicSanitation only does not avoid diseasesOptimal results are achieved if all three issues are addressed

Safe water is a core target

Transportation of safe water in rural areas is not safe and much too expensive

Decentralized water treatment is the key concern and membrane technology is the key technology

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Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015The MDG concerning drinking water

R d b h lf th ti f l Reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe d i ki t til th 2015drinking water … until the year 2015 (based on situation in 1990)

Done: from 24% down to 9%

Not done concerning numbers:from 1270 million down to 663 millionfrom 1270 million down to 663 million

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Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015Actual situation

1,000,000

World ‐ rural population: unimproved water source

800,000

600,000pita

400,000000 cap

200 000

400,00010

200,000

Source WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation http //www wssinfo org/data estimates/tables/

02000 2005 2010 2015

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Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation http://www.wssinfo.org/data‐estimates/tables/

Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015Actual situation

250,000

China ‐ rural population: unimproved water source

200,000

150,000pita

100,000000 cap

50 000

100,00010

50,000

Source WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation http //www wssinfo org/data estimates/tables/

02000 2005 2010 2015

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Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation http://www.wssinfo.org/data‐estimates/tables/

Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015which technology to be used?

Table 7.8 Reductions of bacteria, viruses and protozoa achieved by householdTable 7.8 Reductions of bacteria, viruses and protozoa achieved by household water treatment technologies

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Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015Priciples of membrane filtration

‐6‐3‐939

3770

1‐

Dead‐end filtration Cross‐flow filtration

men

t ISBN 978

water Treatm

ogy for W

aste

rane

Techn

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ource: M

embr

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Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015filtration is mostly done by the cake layer

cake layerraw cake layer(filtration active)

rawwater filtrate

1/1 000 of thediameter of a human hairhuman hair

(MWCO 150 kDalton)

Solids (organic anorganicmembrane

typical pore width 20 to 100 nm (0 020 to 0 100 µm)

Solids (organic, anorganic, bacteria, pathogens, …)

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typical pore width 20 to 100 nm (0.020 to 0.100 µm)

Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015removal of bacteria, example cholera

© wikipedia

cholera bacteriadiameter 300 to 500 nm length 2 000 nm ( 2 µm)

membranetypical pore width 20 to 100 nm (0 020 to 0 100 µm)

diameter 300 to 500 nm, length 2 000 nm ( 2 µm)

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typical pore width 20 to 100 nm (0.020 to 0.100 µm)

Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015WaterBackpack “PAUL” designed by DESEE:

t DESEE t ti 2001 at DESEE, starting 2001, wedesigned the WaterBackpackll d “PAUL” llcalled “PAUL”, a small mem‐

brane ultrafiltration (UF) unit membrane area 9.5 m2

1,200 L/d for 400 people in, / p pemergency and 60 peopleas permanent supply

0,80 mp pp y weight: 23 kg h i ht 1 2

m m

ax.

height: 1.2 m size: 0.4 m x 0.4 m 6 or 12 units fit on a standard

Euro‐palette

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p

Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015operation principles PAUL

dead end filtration ultra low pressure: 0.00 to 0.08 bar (0.04 typical) flat sheet verticallymounted

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y

Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015Flux decay at standard TMP

d d d filt ti dead end filtration according to literature, the permeate flow will come to zero

(with TMP between 0.3 and 10 bar)

feed = raw water decay of filtrate flow rate

membrane

filtrate = permeate

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Melin/Rautenbach: Membranverfahren. 3rd edition 2007. ISBN 978‐3‐540‐34327‐1 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015Flux stabilization at low TMP

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Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015dead end filtration – no sizing effect

hi h l iti ( f ) l th b f h high velocities (= forces) along the membrane surface have a sizing effect, leaving higher percentages of small particles on the

b f hi h lik li f l imembrane surface: high likeliness of pore clogging With ULPUF in dead end mode, force along (parallel to the)

membrane is closeto Zero!ze

particle si

1 no crossflow (original particledistribution)

ntage of p distribution)

2 … 5 increasing crossflow velocityfrom 0.3 m/s to 1.5 m/s

percen

Rippberger ,S.(1993): Berechnungsansätze zur Crossflow‐Filtration.

Ch I T h 65 N 5 533 540particle size

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Chem‐Ing‐Tech. 65, Nr 5, 533‐540particle size

Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015Membrane resistance and pore blocking

‐6‐3‐939

3770

1‐men

t ISBN 978

water Treatm

ogy for W

aste

rane

Techn

olo

ource: M

embr

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Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015Low TMP

Th l th TMP th d i i f f ll ti l t b The lower the TMP as the driving force for small particles to be dragged into the pores, the lower the occurrence of pore bl kiblocking

With ultra low TMP, the small particles presumably cannot even pass the cake layer

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Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015cake layer removal

d d d filt ti i l d d ith l dead end filtration is only recommended with very low suspended solids content – as can be found in surface waters(i l d d i i )(in general and during emergencies)

cake layer has to be removed somehow – but if simple operationis essential, this cannot be done by backflush

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Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015models of cake layer with cross flow …

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fl t h t ti ll t d flat sheet vertically mounted forces at a cake layer particle during filtration

Fg force of gravity

feed

permeate

feed

FN filtration force

FF friction force

membrane

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membrane


f t k l ti l d i filt ti d filli forces at a cake layer particle during filtration and filling

F? force due to tur‐

Fg force of gravity

?bulence when filling

feed

permeate

feed

FN filtration force

FF friction force

membrane

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membrane


f t k l ti l d i filt ti forces at a cake layer particle during filtration pause

Fg force of gravity

FS sticky force

membrane

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membrane


f t k l ti l d i filt ti d filli forces at a cake layer particle during filtration pause and filling

F? force due to tur‐

Fg force of gravity

?bulence when filling

FS sticky force

membrane

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membrane


f t k l ti l d i t l i forces at a cake layer particle during tap closing

Fg force of gravity

pl s short term s rge hen closing tapplus short term surge when closing tap

FS sticky force

membrane

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membrane

Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015how much water is filtered per day?

1 200 L/d (800 bottles 1 5 Liter each) see picture: 1 day1,200 L/d (800 bottles 1.5 Liter each) – see picture: 1 dayproduction (1.2 tons of water)

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Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015Bacteria removal

6

7

e LRV

4

5on

‐Value

2

3

Redu

ctio

Fresenius Fresenius Fresenius Fresenius Fresenius Fresenius0

1

Log‐R

e.coli coliforme I.E. e.coli coliforme I.E.

ISO 9308‐1 ISO 9308‐1 ISO 7899‐2 ISO 9308‐1 ISO 9308‐1 ISO 7899‐2

PAUL A PAUL A PAUL A PAUL B PAUL B PAUL B

Min 5,301 5,368 4,444 5,672 5,929 5,041Mittel 5,689 5,704 5,092 6,013 6,144 5,245

minavg , , , , , ,Max 6,362 6,415 5,568 6,380 6,431 5,544max

g

analyzed by Institut Fresenius Göttingen

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analyzed by Institut Fresenius, Göttingen

Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015Virus removal (Federal Environment Agency UBA)

added virusses

human adenovirusses

analyzed by Federal Environment Agency Dessau/Roßlau

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analyzed by Federal Environment Agency, Dessau/Roßlau

Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015Virus removal (Federal Environment Agency UBA)

total amount filtered in m³total amount filtered in m³

analyzed by Federal Environment Agency Dessau/Roßlau

feed: drinking water

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analyzed by Federal Environment Agency, Dessau/Roßlau

Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015How to use in permanet DW supply?

t i side view

valve closed

top view side viewfront

valve open

tile with valve incl. float, replaces

sieve

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raw water tank

optional:pre-sieve

detailtile valve closed

optional:valve

t i side viewvalve float

valve openvalve closed


tile with valve to be mounted in the

valve open

mounted in the filtered water tank at proper height

filt d


sieve

filteredwatertank

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raw water tank

optional:pre-sieve

detailtile valve closed

optional:valve

t i side viewvalve float

valve openvalve closed


tile with valve to be mounted in the

valve open

mounted in the filtered water tank at proper height

filt d


sieve

filteredwatertank

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Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015conclusions

d t f th ULPUF i thi li ti advantages of the ULPUF in this application1. the ULPUF process achieves LRV from 3 up to more than 6 for bacteria as

ll f iwell as for viruses2. the membrane more or less only serves as a support for the filtrating cake

layer→ this is also exemplified by the high LRV for viruseslayer→ this is also exemplified by the high LRV for viruses3. no cross flow, thus no sizing effect of the cake layer → low risk of pore

blockingblocking4. TMP is ultra low, this means driving force of small particles through the

cake layer into the pores is very low→ low risk of pore blockingcake layer into the pores is very low → low risk of pore blocking5. if EPS occur, they will be transported down to the bottom volume and not

be recycled to the membrane surfacey6. structure of the cake layer and bacterial activity keep up the cake layer’s

permeabilityp y

Low invest, small area: high maintenance & replacement costs

high invest, large area: low main‐tenance & no replacement costs

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maintenance & replacement costs tenance & no replacement costs

Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015… and about cost

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Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015… more very important facts

N t i t t id t t b No spare parts import necessary, as no cartridges etc. must be replaced on a regular basis

No waste of resources concerning firewood, as boiling the water for disinfection is not necessary anymore

Waste minimization, as water will no longer be supplied in plastic bottlesp

Local added value by creation of employment as plant manufacturer/water vendor/plant operator/maintenancemanufacturer/water vendor/plant operator/maintenance worker – perfect for micro financing

D ti ll d d f ill th Dramatically reduced cases of illness, thus less cost due to illness less cost due to inability to work less cost due to inability to work less absence from school = improved educational opportunities

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Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015Uganda

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Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015Tanzania

© Schaupppp

© Schaupp

installed March 2012 since then no more cases of diarrhea

pp

since then, no more cases of diarrhea, cholera or other waterborne diseases according to locals© S h

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according to locals© Schaupp

Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015Peru

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Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015Ecuador

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Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015Ghana

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Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015Nepal

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Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015Nepal

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Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015distribution of PAUL

1 822 PAULColombia: 8Comoros: 13

Congo: 17 Malawi: 22

Madagascar: 10 Malaysia: 4Mexico: 2Mongolia: 3Mozambique: 3

Namibia: 1

Niger: 1Nigeria: 5 1,822 PAUL

as of 20.10.2015

Pakistan: 255Cameroon: 9

Kenya: 9

Kenya/Somalia: 31

Colombia: 8Cuba: 12

Myanmar: 160 Nepal: 217

India: 14

Cambodia: 7 Pakistan: 257 Peru: 10

Haiti: 169Indonesia: 12

Philippines: 165

Guatemala: 1R i 1Senegal: 1Vietnam: 118

unknown: 91

France: 1

Ghana: 11United Kingdom: 2 Russia: 1

Sambia: 1Switzerland: 1Zimbabwe: 1Somalia: 11S L i 2

unknown: 91

Afghanistan: 14Egypt: 5

Bénin: 10

Bolivia: 1Bulgaria: 1Chile: 2Dom. Rep.: 1

Ecuador: 5

Eritrea: 5 St. Lucia: 2South Sudan: 7

Swaziland: 1Taiwan: 2Tanzania: 14Togo: 2

Turkey/Syria: 5Uganda: 21

Venezuela: 10

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Bénin: 10Bulgaria: 1 Turkey/Syria: 5Uganda: 21

Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11.2015thank you very much for your attention !

www uni-kassel de\fb14\siwawiwww.uni-kassel.de\fb14\siwawiwww.waterbackpack.org

Winner 2011 in the categorythe category

„society“

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© Humanity Care Foundation

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Decentralized DW Beijing, 02.11 - uni-kassel.de · 2015. 11. 10. · Decentralized DW WASH...

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