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By: Jitendra Sharma
DECISION MAKING PROCESS-How To Take Effective Decisions-
By: Jitendra Sharma
PROBLEM SOLVING VS
DECISION MAKING
PROBLEM SOLVING DECISION MAKING
The process by which individuals and groups generate alternatives and evaluate those alternatives in light of the identified problem.
A decision is a choice between two or more alternatives.
If you only have one alternative, you do not have a decision.
By: Jitendra Sharma
By: Jitendra Sharma
FACT ABOUT GOOD DECISION
A good decision-making process will not guarantee success, but a poor process will almost certainly contribute to failure.
By: Jitendra Sharma
Increasing Decision-Making Effectiveness
Seven General Principles (Brilhart)1. Focus on the problem before talking2. Begin with a single question3. Develop a thorough statement of the
problem analysis4. Group agrees on criteria for evaluation5. Resist evaluation when generating ideas6. Avoid groupthink7. Verbally plan for implementation
By: Jitendra Sharma
Mind Locks (Oech)
1. The right answer2. That’s not logical3. Follow the rules4. Be practical5. Avoid ambiguity6. To err is wrong7. Play is frivolous8. That’s not my area9. Don’t be foolish10. I’m not creative
By: Jitendra Sharma
Information Criteria
• Three characteristics of informaiton should be considered in forming our decision-making rules (Gouran, 1979)
Relevancy Sufficiency Plausibility
Relevancy, sufficiency, and plausibility of information affect not only individual decisions but also the quality of group efforts.
By: Jitendra Sharma
Decision Making Stages(B. Aubrey Fisher)
Orientation stage – This phase is where members meet for the first time and start to get to know each other.
Conflict stage – Once group members become familiar with each other, disputes, little fights and arguments occur. Group members eventually work it out.
Emergence stage – The group begins to clear up vague opinions by talking about them.
Reinforcement stage – Members finally make a decision, while justifying themselves that it was the right decision.
By: Jitendra Sharma
Individual vs. Group Decision Making
In establishing objectives, groups are probably superior to individuals because of the greater amount of knowledge available to groups.
In identifying alternatives, the individual efforts of group members encourage a broad search in various functional areas of the organization.
In evaluating alternatives, the collective judgement of the group, with its wider range of viewpoints, seems superior to that of the individual decision maker.
By: Jitendra Sharma
Individual vs. Group Decision Making
In choosing an alternative, group interaction and the achievement of consensus usually result in the acceptance of more risk than would be accepted by an individual decision maker.
Implementing a decision, whether or not it was made by a group, is usually accomplished by individual managers.
By: Jitendra Sharma
APPROACHES OF TAKING DECISIONS
RATIONAL INTUTIVE
By: Jitendra Sharma
INFLUENCED DECISIONS
By: Jitendra Sharma
By: Jitendra Sharma