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Decline of Ottomans and Qing ChinaChapter 26
I. Introduction
China Declined and reemerged… and declined again
China continued its cycle of prosperity and decline
Nomads were a problemPeriod of general prosperity under the
Manchu nomadsGreatly declined due to outside influencesNumerous rebellions and uprisings erupted
near the end of reign
I. Introduction
Ottoman EmpireProsperous 400 + yearsStarted loosing territory in early 17th
centuryWent through numerous reforms to try to
stop the decline
II. Ottoman Empire
Ottoman empire suffered from weak rulers Janissaries and religious leaders tried to gain
more power Ayan (wealthy land-owners) cheated sultans
Europeans brought decline of merchants Decreased treasury
Couldn’t pay soldiers and buy supplies
II. Ottoman Empire
Europeans take over outer boundaries Russian gain warm water port on Black Sea Revolts in Greece, Serbia and Balkans Dominance in the Mediterranean Sea
Attempts at reforms Power struggle between types of reforms
Religious and social changes competed Some preferred to go back to traditional religious
values and rule Westernization- ambassadors, military and politics
II. Ottoman Empire
Reformers Sultan Selim III
Improve administration Angered bureaucracy
New Army and Navy- angered Janissaries Overthrown by Janissaries in 1807
II. Ottoman Empire
Sultan Mahmud II Built small well trained private army Wiped out Janissaries
Agents incited mutiny-Janissaries riot- Slaughtered with their families in the streets
Expanded and Westernized military European advisors
Creates ambassadors to Europe Ulama- pushed for traditional theocracy
II. Ottoman Empire
Tansimat reforms (1839-1876) Westernized Education Postal Office, Telegraph and Railroads Removed tariffs- destroyed merchants/artisans
Abdul Hamid (1878-1908) Tried to restrict power of others Despotic Absolutism
Restricted civil liberties- killed/tortured dissidents Still westernized army and built rail between
Baghdad and Berlin
II. Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Society for Union and Progress Paris in 1889 Political agitators- young Turks Started to overthrow sultanate but became
divided Then WWI distracted them
Eventually called the “Sick man of Europe”
III. Egypt and Sudan
Tried to reverse decline of Ottoman empire
Egypt Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798
Not interested in Egypt but India Slaughtered Mamluk forces
Murad underestimated the French
Had to retreat due to British destroying French fleet
III. Egypt and Sudan
Muhammad Ali (1801) Reformed military
French officers, French tactics and weapons and conscription of peasants
Told peasants to work harder to pay for military Descendants- Khedives- 1952
III. Egypt and Sudan
Europeans cause more problems for Egypt Push for Cotton Europeans loaned numerous amounts to
Khedives Couldn’t manage their money
Pushed for the building of the Suez Canal
III. Egypt and Sudan
Al Afghani (1839-1897)and Muhammad Abduh (1849-1905) Pushed for borrowing technology from Europe
Argued that the Europeans became great due to Islamic innovation
Qur’an is not the only source of all truth
Ahmad Orabi Led a revolt in 1882 due to dismissal of
Egyptian soldiers Khedives helped by British and crushed Orabi’s
forces
III. Egypt and Sudan
Mahdi Muhammad Achmad declared Mahdi (deliverer) Jihad on “corrupt” Egyptians and Europeans Khalifa Abdalli
Took over after Muhammad died of Typhus Forbade drinking, smoking and dancing
Strict punishment for immorality
Continued Jihad until General Kitchener slaughtered the Mahdi forces at the battle of Omdurman (1898)
IV. Last Chinese Dynasty
Manchu nomads consistently raided northern China but were not united
Nurhaci (1559-1626) United tribes and formed the banner armies Conquered Manchuria Reorganized the Manchu to follow Chinese
rule/culture
IV. Last Chinese Dynasty
Qing Empire Ming Dynasty was weak and asked Manchus to
help fight rebellion Big Mistake Conquered in 1644
Manchu rule Kept civil service exam Pardoned rebels from early conquest Adopted Confucian rituals Son of Heaven Ideology Patrons of arts and Confucianism (Kangxi)
IV. Last Chinese Dynasty
Qing society Hierarchal ranking Women not as valuable
Infantcide Tried to help farmers/peasants
10% of budget to repairing/building dikes, canals, roads and irrigation
Diversified crops Tea
Brought large amounts of European silver in economy Compradors- wealthy merchant class
IV. Last Chinese Dynasty
Qing Decline Corruption
Cheating on exams Bureaucracy based on who you know and not
what you know Money went to wealthy and not military Dikes, irrigation and roads crumbled
Famine and disease
IV. Last Chinese Dynasty
Opium Huge cash crop from India Way to turn the tides of European bullion going
into China Huge amounts left china 1% addicted
Chinese tried to outlaw- didn’t work Lin Zexu- enforced laws
Opium War 1839-1841 British won and increase Opium trade
Later forced open trade and diplomatic exchange
IV. Last Chinese Dynasty
Rebellions Taiping Rebellion
Hong Xiuquan Massive rebellion in south (1850-1864) Attacked Confucianism and scholar-gentry Influenced Self-strengthening movement
Westernization of Chinese infrastructure
Boxer Rebellion 1898-1901 Sought to rid China of European influence
Attacked foreigners and their religions Put down by the British
Eventually collapsed in 1911 when a republic was established
V. Conclusion
China no longer was ruled by a dynasty
Ottoman empire continued decline until it occupied only modern day Turkey
Westernization of China and Muslim world