Decolonization

Ch 34

India

Section 1

Congress Party

• Who: Hindus & Muslims• What: India’s national political party• Where: India• When: 1940s• Why: India had 350mill Hindus & 150 mill

Muslims; most of Congress party were Hindu, but some Muslim; advocated for independence against GB & fought for Indian interests

Mohandas Gandhi

• Who: leader of the Congress party• What: launched the 1st nonviolent campaign for

independence• Where: India• When: 1920s• Why: his ideas inspired Indians of all ethnic, religious

backgrounds to achieve independence; he puts the thoughts of independence in Indians’ heads; a Hindu who doesn’t like his peacefulness b.n Hindus & Muslims extremist assassinated him in 1948

1. What were the major concerns of the Muslim league?

• They thought that the mainly Hindu Congress party looked out primarily for Hindu interests, not Muslim interests

• Wanted to ensure a safe & secure region for Muslims

Muslim League

• Who: Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Indian Muslims• What: an organization founded to help protect

Muslim interests; rival group to the Congress party

• When: 1906• Where: India• Why: they felt the Congress party only looked out

for the Hindus; they stated they would never accept independence if it meant rule by the Hindu-dominated Congress party

2. What problems had to be resolved in the months prior to independence?

• Division of India- who should be in power? How should we divide the land? Where would ppl go and how would the gov’t be run?

Partition

• Who: British officials, Muslims & Hindus• What: the term given to the division of India

into 2 separate Hindu and Muslim nations• Where: India & Pakistan• When: 1946• Why: British officials were convinced that

partition was the only way to ensure a safe region; the NW & Eastern regions of India where most Muslims lived = Pakistan

3. What were the terms of the cease fire?

• 1/3 of Kashmir under Pakistan control & the rest under Indian control

4. How did Nehru contribute to India’s modernization?

• He led new independent nations in neutral alliances

• He industrialized• Pushed for social reform• Expanded human rights

Jawaharlal Nehru

• Who: Prime Minister• What: the independent nation of India’s first Prime

Minister• Where: India

When: 1947-1964• Why: he was one of Gandhi’s devoted followers; he led

other newly independent nations of the world in following an alliance of countries that were neutral in the Cold War; he pushed for industrialization & sponsored social reforms; he tried to elevate the lower castes; his death left the Congress party w. no strong leader= divisions in India

5. What events led to the creation of Bangladesh?

• E. Pakistan was hit by huge tidal wave• W. Pakistan didn’t transfer aid quickly enough• Demonstrations broke out-• Civil war in Pakistan• 2 separate nations

6. What major problem did Indira Gandhi face?

• Disarming the Tamil rebels• Challenges from Sikh extremists that wanted

to be an independent state

Indira Gandhi

• Who: Nehru’s daughter, Prime minister• What: took control of India after her father died• Where: India• When:1966-1984• Why: she faced many threats from Sikh

extremists & other political factions throughout India; sent Indian troops to overrun Golden Temple= killed 500 sikhs & destroyed sacred property = assassinated by Sikhs in 1984

7. What was the cause of turmoil in Sri Lanka?

• Group of militant Tamils fought for their own country of Tamil

Benizir Bhutto

• Who: Bhutto’s daughter; Prime minister• What: took over Pakistan after her father was

executed• Where: Pakistan• When: 1970s- 1996• Why: she was removed from office by a military

coup = the military rules Pakistan = continues to struggle w. challenges from Muslim militants & ongoing disputes w. India

Southeast Asia

Section 2

Bell Act

a. Why did the Filipinos object to this act?

b. Why did they agree to sign it?

Why did the US demand a long lease on it’s military and naval bases in the Philippines?