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8/8/2019 Deep Gallery Shelters http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/deep-gallery-shelters 1/45 NOTE ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS TRANSLATED AND EDITED AT ARMY WAR COLLEGE OCTOBER, 1917 .... :
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NOTE ON THE

CONSTRUCTION OF DEEP

GALLERY SHELTERS

TRANSLATED AND

EDITED AT ARMY WAR COLLEGE

OCTOBER, 1917 ....:

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THE GENERAL SERVICE SCHOOLS

LIBRARY

ACCESSION NUMBER___ L t g Q 9 _ ~ _________.

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U I C t ~ S S ' f ' £ D

WAR DEPARTMENT,

WASHINGTON , October 20, 1917.

The following pamphlet ,. Note on the Construction of Deep

Gallery Shelters" is published for the information of all con-

cerned.(062.1 A. G. 0.)

By ORDER OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR :

OFFICIAL:

H. P. McCAIN,

TASKER H. BLISS,

General, Chief of Staff·

The Adjutant General.

WAR DEPARTMENT,

THE ADJUTANT GENERAL'S OFFICE,

Washington, June-19, .1917.

To all officers of the Army: .

You are advised that this and all subsequent documents of a

similar cliaracter, which may be furnished to you from this

office, are to be regarded as strictly confidential. They are to .

be kept at all times in your personal possession and are not

to be copied, nor are any parts of their contents to be communi-

cated either directly or i.ndirectly to the press, nor to any per-

sons not in the military or naval service of the United States.

In Europe these documents are not to be carried into the front-

line trenches, nor farther to the front than the usual post of the

officers to whom issued.

Strict compliance with this Jnjunctian is enjoined upon every

officer into whose hands ariy of these confidential documents

may come.

By order of the Secretary of War:

H. P. McCAIN,

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DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS.

DOCUMENTS CONS:ULTED.

Instructions of December 21, 1915, on I!,ieldworks for the Use

of Troops of All Arms.Manual for Commanders of the Infantry Platoons (General

Headquarters, Third Bureau, 1916).

School of Mines.

Various Army Notes on Deep Shelters.

Note on D e ~ p Shelters by Col. Cernesson (Engineer Instruc-

tion Cellter of the Army Group of the Center).

Lecture on Shelters by Lieut. Col. Cazalas (Engineer Instruc-tion Center of the Army Group of the Center).

Extract from the secret note of general headquarters, dated

April 5, 1916, in regard to the information to be drawn ~ r o m the

Battle of Verdun.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Note on the construction of deep gallery shelters: Page.1. Object. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

II. Definition.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8III. Advantages.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8IV. Summary d e s c r i p t i o ~ . • . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ••• . . . . . . 9

Single shelter. . . . .• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . .• 9Group of single shelters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ." 13

Double shelter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . ...... . . . . .. . . .. . . . 13

Underground barracks.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

V. FUndamental principles to be observed' in the construction' of .. deep

gallery shelters:' . ••••.•. . . . . . . . . . .•••. . . . .•••.••••..•.••.. . .•. . . . .. . .14

VI. Defense of entrances •. . . . . . . . . .• . . .• . . .• . . . . .• . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

VII. Protection of Bhelters againllt grenades . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,' . . . . . . . . . . 21

VIII. Protection of Bhelters against asphyxiating gas.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

. Simple measures of protection.:••••••••.. . . .•. . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Protection by ventilation and neutralizing of poisonous gas. . . . . . . . 23

IX . Organization of excavation work. ••••... •••••••••.. . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 23

Appendix I. Single Shelter for one·half platoon (central body with mai:ti

gallery frame). • . • . •• ••• . .• • • . •. ••• . •• . . . . . . . . . . •. . . . . .. . . . . . . . 25

II . Single shelter for one·half platoon (body of the shelter with great'. gallery frame, first arrangement)••.••.... . .•....••••... _..... . 27

III. Single shelter for one-half platoon (body of the shelter with great

gallery frame, second arrangement). . . ••. . • . . . . • . . . •. • . . . . . . . . 29

IV. Group of double shelters, portion for one platoon.... •••• . . . .• •• 31

5

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NOTE ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF DEEP GALLERY

SHELTERS.

I. OBJECT.

With the increasing iD.tenl'lity of bombardments, the questionof shelters has become one of capital importance in the Qrganization of sectors both from the offensive and defensive pOints of

view.As bombardments are executed exclusively with artillery of

medium and large caliber, it is necessary that the shelters be

able to resist the systematic and regular fire of medium-caliberartillery or of single rounds from the large-caliber gun mostfrequently used, for example, the 21-centimeter mortar. In

other words, the shelters in question should belong to the classof works defined as bombproof shelters by the Instructions of

December 21, 1915, on field works for the use of troops of all

arms. (See Instructions of Dec. 21, 1915, No. 89, p. 43.)Experience has, shown, on one hand, that the type of sunken '

shelters (see Instructions of Dec. 21, 1915,No. 128, p. 77) covered with a filling of earth concealing three layers of round logswas not proof against the projectiles with delay:action fuses of

the German 21-centlmeter mortars, even with a small charge of

explosive (6,3 kilograms to 8 kilograms), and that on the otherh ~ n d the type of shelter known as "deep shelter" (see Instructions of Dec. 21, 1915, No. 128, p. 77) was able to resist projec

tiles of large caliber if the untouched soil above it was of the

proper thickness, which again depends on the nature of the terrain and the kind of projectiles used against it.

Consequently, among the snnken shelters described by the In-

struc£ions of December 21, 1915, under No. 128, only those constructed.,underground, at a suitable depth, are !>ombproof in the

sense given to this term in the above-mentioned instructions.I t therefore follows that tliis shelter, generally known as a

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8 DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS.

I t appears from the above that the Engineer troops, to whom

the construction of such shelters is intrusted, should be thoroughly acquainted with all details concerning the constructionof these shelters. The Engineer troop depots of the interior

must therefore lay great stress on that part of the' instruction •of sappers which deals with the construction of this type of

shelters.The object of the present note is only to facilitate the task of

the officers of the above-mentioned depots by placing at their disposal a resume of the principles and details of construction nowused by the armies in constructing " deep gallery shelters."

II. DEFINITION.

By deep gallery shelters are understood shelters executed bysubterranean, as .distinguished from open-cut, excavation, the

roof and walls of which are given a plank lining constructedaccording to the principles laid down by the School of Mines for

the construction of mine galleries. (See School of Mines edition

published Apr. 30, 1909.) The prescriptions of the School of

¥ines must be strictly followed, and, in particular, the precautions therein mentioned as regards strengthening the galleries

must always be taken.The caSing is generally of wood. (Note: Some types of

. frames of reinforced cement, s tudied by the Technical Section of

the Engineers, are now on trial.) In this case, according to the

resources at hand, the frames may be either of the ordinary

standard type or makeshift frames of roughly squared logs (seeplate 5).

I f on good terrain large f r a m e ~ of· thick planks may be used forlining the entrance descents to the galleries (see plates 2 and 5).

III. ADVANTAGES.

Besides providing shelter against Single rounds of the 21 centimeter gun with the means at hand in the field, the deep galleryshelter has the advantage of being easy ·to construct, and the

enemy will suspect nothing if care is taken either to conceal the

spoil or to unload it far enough away. .The one fault generally found with this type of shelter is that

it is slow to construct. This is compensated, in a certain meas

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DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS. 9

These descents then constitute shelters in themselves and are

far superior to niches or temporary shelters.

IV. SUMMARY D ~ S C R I P T I O N . I

Deep gallery shelters are of two types -single and double.

The former are' especially appropriate for troops guarding the

first-line 4'enches.Generally speaking, the single shelters are the most used.

The, type of shelter to be adopted depends on ~ o c a l tactical

circumstances, but its choice is also subordinate to the nature

of the subsoil and the contours of the terrain.As to the nature of the subsoil and the situati0J:!. of the em-

placement, experience has shown that it is best to make a careful

examination of the terrain before giving up the construction' of

deep shelters through fear of their being invaded by water.

Simple solutions may often be found after a' close study. For

instance, in certain places where only shelters of no great depth

ha,d been undertaken the existence was discovered, at a. varying

depth, but fairly near the surface, of a layer of thick clay, com-

pact, without fissures, and, consequently waterproof. Deep gal

lery shelters were dug there, after the pervious upper layer had

been previously drained and isolated within a c e r t a ~ n radius

by means Of ditches dug deep into the clay strata, which insuredthe draining of the ,water.

SING;LE SHELTER.

The single shelter generally consists of a horizontal gallery, dugunderground to a depth depending on the nature of the terrain,

and chosen in consequence, according to the indications givenin Paragraph V hereafter.

Access is obtained by at least two distinct descents, at suffiCientdistance from each other to prevent their being subject to the

action of the same projectile.

The descents should be made as steep as possible, in order to

diminish their length, in order, on the one hand, to reduce the

amount of work required to construct them, and on the other

to make them less vulnerable. Each descent generally de

bouches at one extremity of the main part of the shelter. Theentrances to the descents constitute the most delicate part of

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10 DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS.

The protection of the entrances may be improved by· keepingtheir sills at a fairly low level, by deepening the .entrance boyau,

and by reinforcing the covering of the armored portion of thisboyau with layers of logs placed side by side and solidly joinedtogether with wire or Cramp irons. - (See variation.-of sketch No.

6.) However, every precaution should be .takell to prevent theentrance of water.

To enable the gardson of a shelter to leave it, even if the

trench has fallen into the hands of the enemy, it is wise whenever the necessary time and personnel is available to providean additional outlet easy of egress, debouching in the open

country in real' or in front 6f t1!e trench. This outlet shouldconsist of a gallery with gentle slope so as to permit of rapid

evacuation. To deceive the enemy, it would be well for the

·relative pOSition of this third outlet not to be uniform with

reference to the two others. Moreover, the eXit $hould be concealed as well as possible. I f there is no natural or artificialdepression within convenient distance around the shelter, theexit gallery may be made to end in a sloping sap, debouchingin a shell crater, real or simulated, if the terrain is already torn

up. In this case,care should be taken to disguise this sap toprevent its appearing on the aerial photographs. An easy andsimple method consists in stretching a metal grating between the

bems of the sap and covering i t with a thin layer .of grass,straw, rafia, or branches. It may also be covered with ordinarycanvas or awning properly adjusted.

This supplementary exit on the open country is. especiallyneeded in shelters for troops guarding the first-line trenches.

I t

is also advisable to provide shelters of the latter class(shelters for first-line trenches) with underground c o m m ~ l n i c a -tion connecting them in front with th.e combat post8 for machineguns or, automatic riflemen, with the observing. stations andlistening posts. In the first position8, where it is hardly possible to transport materiel and armor, these stations, also welldisguised, are equipped with shields (of a light type that canbe transported in the galleries) proof against perforating bullets and projectiles of smaU-caUber guns (37-47 millimeters). In

the second p08ition these posts or observing stations, also disguised, may be covered· with cement and equipped with armored

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DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS.(

11tel'S can not be strictly regulated. The types shown in the

sketches attached to the present note ui:e only given as an indi

!lation.I t should be noted, however, that each shelter should be con

structed with u view to receiving a unit consisting of at Zeast

one-half a platoon, as a rule. A smaller unit should not be con

sidered, for owing to the amount of work required by the construction of the descents to the deep shelters (which work is

independent of the capacity of the shelters), the construction

of shelters for a unit of less than one-half a platoon would re

quire .an amount work out of all proportion to the object to be

attained.

The capacity of the shelters is determined by the commanding

officer in the orders relating. to the organization of the s e c t O J ~ . As for the arrangement of details and the preparation of the

interior of the shelters, it will be sufficient to call attention to

the following points:

1. in each shelter there should be. camp beds with two,· and

sometimes in exceptional cases, three berths above ellch other

(made of boards or wire trellis work with wooden frame), fora fraction of the unit in occupation, and a certain number of

seats, the proportion of each to be determined by the commanding officer.

2. Room for the camp beds may be' obtained by giving to the

horizontal gaHery the profile of the grand gallery,' or else byopening on, a transversal service passage (in the main gallery

or in the great gallery) cells of varying length of the dimensionsrequired for the _installation of camp beds! ·These cells are

generally constructed in the grand gallery. The width to beobtained by this arrangement is, per tier of berths, either three

places side by side,· or two places separated by a passage; • the

latter installation should be reserved for cases when the cellmust contain several rows of beds in depth"

Two rows of beds of three tiers each are sometimes installedin the grand gallery, which with equal capacity gives more free

space.

The cell system is often praised because it can be constructed

progressively. I t can be utilized as soon as the transversal gal-

1 See sketches 1 and 3.

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12 DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS.

lery is completed. I t may then, according to requirements, beprepared immediately and definitely occupied, or the construc

tion of the cells may be continued with the possibility of thework being interrupted at any time and rapidly utilized.

3. Whatever the arrangements for the shelters may be, care

should be taken never to omit niches for hand grenades (to. beproperly isolated from the parts occupied by fhe men), infantry

ammunition, Yermorel apparatus, solutions for protection

against gas, and movable canvas panels for closing trench gal

leries (to be installed near the points where they are to be set

up, see Par. VIII, line 7, p. 22), and also small store shelves for

food and Signal rockets. . -4. A special small room with stool and cot should be provided

for .the commander of the platoon or one-half platoon.

5. Ventilation and smoke chimneys should be made at least

for the shelters that are not in the very first line. These chim

neys must be provided with a device by means of which they can

be closed from below to exclude asphyxiating gases. I t is ad

visable to'make the chimneys in the form of shafts lined with

tubes. (The central establishment for special engineer materiel.

issues for this purpose metal tubes of 15 centimeters in diameter) . When the ground is not too hard the shaft may be boredfrom the outside with a boring bal' (and widened by a string of

petards) or from the. inside with the Guillat-G.enie drill, whichgives the required diameter.

In important shelters i t is often necessary to iri!ltall ventilators and a .special lighting system (electricity, acetylene, etc.).

6. When circumstances require--

(a) Insure the supervision of the approaches to the shelter

by installing in its vicinity, at suitably chosen places, an armored

lookout and a periscope room.

The lookout should be slightly raised and carefully disguised.

The periscope room is made as nearly bombproof as possible.'

These two places are connected to the shelter by underground

passages.(b) Organize the defense of the entrances. (See Par. VI.)(c) Protect the interior of the shelter against, grenades

,thrown from the entrances. (Se.e Par. VII.)7. Protect the shelters from asphyxiating gas. (See Par.

VIII.)

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DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS. 13

Plates 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 show the detailed arrangement of a

type of single shelter for one-half a platoon, established by anarmy for the use of troops gual'ding fil'st-Une trenches.

Plate 6 contains plans of various single shelters with cellsconstructed to the front.

Plates 9 and 10 show a very .complete type of single shelter,wit!! cells, worked out for the same use as. the type of plates 1to 5 by the· Engineer Instruction School of the Armies of the

Army Group of the Center, and put into practice at the Melette

camp. However, attention is directed. to the rather compli

cated arrangement of this shelter, which makes it slower to construct. This type should only 'be considered as a school modelto be followed as nearly as circumstances and available means

permit.

GROUP OF SINGLE SHELTERS.

Several single shelters placed side by side and connected byan underground passage 1 form a regular underground barracks

with numerous entrances, where units larger than one-half a

platoon may' be conveniently lodged without being broken up.But it should be observed that this arrangement, which is

especially adapted for reserves, is rarely to be ' u s ~ d for lodgingtroops guarding first-line trenches, for their units are generallynot grouped together, but are distributed on the front of the

sector they are guarding.

DOUBLE SHELTER.

The double shelter differs tram the single shelter O'T/J,y in theaddition to the latter at a second gallery, identical with tliatforming the main body or service passage of this first shelter, andcommunicating with it by gallery passages. This second gallerymay be established deeper underground than the first; i t is t h ~ n joined to it by sloping galleries forming descents. .

All indications given in the preceding paragraph on the subj ~ t of installation of single shelters are appUcable to doubleshelters.

The latter type, which permits several units to be groupedwithin a relatively small space, with satisfactory conditions of

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14 DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS.

safety, seems, as a result of this advantage, particularly desig-nated for reserves.' .

Sketches 7 and 8 show- in detail a part of a group double

shelters. Sketch 7 contains, in addition, the diagram of the

plan of this group.

UNDERGROUND BARRACKS.

An underground barracks may be obtained by building several

of these shelters at a certain distance from each other and con

necting them by gallery passages established between the suc

cessive bodies of the shelters on a same level. Storerooms arearranged in the galleries or near them for ammunition, food,

etc., kitchens, ordinary rooms, rooms for the general use the'

units.A.n installation of this kind makes-.it easy to util ize electriCity

for lighting and ventilation, which, when it can be realized,

greatly improves .the conditions of the shelters and makes them

more habitable.I t appears to be of great advantage to construct shelters of the

above type whenever circumstances allow, for it has the threefold advantage:

1. Of sheltering the troops from bombardments.2. Of facilitating t;heir exit, even when several entrances have

b_een obstructed.3. Of giving the men the comfort which is becoming more

and more necessary with the duration of hostilities.

V. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES TO BE OBSERVED

IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF' " DEEP GALLERYSHELTERS."

If a deep galiery shelter is to be made thoroughly proof

against single projectiles of the German 21-centimeter mortar,

with slow fuse and heavy charge,' i t is absolutely necessary to

. follow strictly the directions given below, the first of which: is

common to all deep shelters, whatever may be the type of revet. ment adopted for their roof and walls.

(a) Depth requirea.-As a general rule, the thickness of thelayer of virgin soil (vegetable mold ,not included) above the

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DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS. 16

roof of the shelter should never be less than 6 meters in hard,

compact chalk. 'The thickness of the virgin soil may be diminished, but only

when serious reasons require it (presence of a water-bearingstratum, necessity of rapid construction, soft ground into w'hich

large-caliber projectiles with delayed-action fuse penetrate to' agreat depth). The insufficienCy of protection resulting from thisreduction must be compensated by establishing, on the surfaceof the ground, a burst·ing layer which must extend materially

beyond the projection on the surfaee of the outline of the shelter.

However, a speclal examination is necessary in each case, forit may be found impossible to construct the lllyer owing to the

difficulty of obtaining supplies and of transporting to the spotthe large tonnage of nece3'Sary matel,'ials.

The bursting layers, whiCh in any case must rest on virgin

soil, may be constructed in different ways:

(1) Bya bed of logs 15 to 20 centimeters in diameter, placedside by side and solidly joined together with wire bands! .Jf

this bed is covered with about 1 meter of 1ui, the layer obtained

in this way will be equal.to about 1 meter Qf virgin soil.(2) By reinforced cement blocks 50 by 50 by 10. centimeters,

with a special device for Joining them to insure the desiredrigidity.

The details of one type of block ar:e indicated in plate 11.

(3) By bags of cement, either immersed in fresh water for 6,

or, better .still, 10 minutes, or else sprinkled slowly during the

same length of time (it is useless to prolong either operationfor more than 10 minutes), and t h e ~ placed s i d ~ by side. The

resistance to crushing with Portland cement is 150 kilogramsper square centimeter at the end of a month, and at least 200

kilograms at the end .of three months.(4) By bags filled with a miu:ture of gravel and cement im

mersed and sprinkled as above; the resistance varies with the

kind of gravel.

(5) By bags filled only with gravel. This method is not as

good as the preceding one on account of the absence of binding

~ l e m e n t s . (b) Reinforcement of the galleries .......The frames composing

the sttU'Cture must be very carefully braced parallel to the

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16 DEEP GAI!LERY SHELTERS.

equal spacing in case of pressure from above, but also to preventthe sliding of the caps on the uprights. '

The single set of mine battens ordinarily provided for .thispurpose by the regulations for the construction of galleries has

been acknowledged to be insufficient; it is therefore necessary,

in all gallery shelters, to apply the measures for reinforcement

against pressure from above, described at the School of Mines

as follows:(1) Double the number of battens connecting the uprights.

(2) In each interval place four h o r i z o n ~ a l braces forced be-

tween two consecutive frames. Two of these braces are placedat the juncture of the cap and the uprights, the others at the

juncture of these same uprights and the sill, for it is absolutely

necessary for the braces in question to hold both the uprights

and the caps and the uprights and the sills.

I t is also necessary to reinforce the sJielter against lateral

pressure; 1 for this purpose the length of the intervals is reduced

to 85 centimeters at the most in horizontal galleries, and the

space between the axis of the framework in the descents should

bEl reduced to 60 centimeters.(c) SpeciaZ. precaUtions in regard to entra?tces and descents.-

The framework (casing or ordinary framework) of the lower

extremity of each descent must be solidly braced against the

structure of t h ~ shelter itself, in order to prevent the shifting of

the framework of the descents toward the interior of the shelterunder the action of the concussion and pressure produced by the

bursting of projectiles falling in· the vicinity of the entrances.

These entrances are very easily obstructed on account of the

projection and the falling earth resulting from the bombardment.I t is not often possible to construct them solidly enough to makethem proof agaInst projectiles of 21 centimeters, consequently it

is of the greatest importance that tools should be kept in the

shelters (4 shovels, 6 picks, 50 sandbags), in order to· enable the

occupants to clear the entrances rapidly when circumstancesrequire. For the same purpose each shelter should be provided

, with means for lighting in case of emergency (candles, electriclamps). .

A rope (or a cable made of several strands of twisted wire)

would be very useful as a handrail In the descent, to'facilitate

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DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS. 17

measures, a thick plank or a strong board should be nalled to

the uprights and the sills in one of the lower angles of each ofthe descents, at an angle of 45.,. so as to form a small triangular

shaft through which air and even food may be let in to the shelterin case of total obstruction of the two entrances.

Special precautions should be taken in the construction of

descents composed of a: gallery with ordinary framework (seesketch 7) in order to prevent the caps from slipping on the up-rights. These precautions, which are the same as those pre-

scribed by the School of Mines,' consist o f -

(1) The joining of the caps to the uprights by two bracesnailed in the upper angles of the framework or by two battens

nailed diagonally on each side.(2) The connecting of the caps by two sets of battens, as is

done for the uprights.

(3) The placing in each interval of diagonal braces betweenthe foot of one frame and the juncture of the cap and corre-sponding upright of the next frame.

These measures may be supplemented with great advantage by

a b r a c ~ , placed by forcing, in each interval, b e t w ~ e n the cor-responding angles of the two frames concerned, parallel to the

d i r e ~ t i o n of the descent, resting against tpe lower frame and

having its highest part joined to the upper extremity of the

diagonal brace placed i l l the interval of the corresponding up-rights of the framework already mentioned:

( iJ,) Sanitation of the ten-ain.-This question is of the greatestimportance. By not giving it the consideration i t deserves,there is a risk of losing the benefit of long and important workand depriving the men in the trenches of good shelters they hadcounted on. . .

In this connection every effort should be made-

(1) To drain off the surface water within a certain radius

which varies according to the nature of the terrain and the depth'I t of the shelter. For this purPose a ditch should be dug around

. the shelter by means of which the draining of the water will beassured. Without this precaution, which is not always taken,

the infiltration will prevent the drying out of the trench.(2) To prevent the access of drainage water coming from the

communication trenches or the trenches into which the shelters

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18 DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS.

munication trench very high on both sides of the beginning

of the' descent. In some cases (uncovered communication

trenches) nothing will remain to be done except to dig smallwater sumps to catch the rain water falling on a small surface.

(3) To drain,except in very permeable ground, the bottom of

the shelters by digging small water sumps at pOints chosen with

a view to the convenient manipulation of the drain pumps.

I t should not be forgotten that during the rainy season any

deep shelter which has been flooded can not be drained for a

very long time, in spite of all efforts,

VI. DEFENSE OF ENTRANCES.

Experience has shown that during an offensive conducted byenterprising troops whole units could easily be destroyed or made

prisoners before having been able to get Qut of the deep sheltersin which they had been staying during the violent bombardment

preceding the attack.

I t is therefore absolutely necessary, at least as far as shelters

other than those designed for the reserves are concerned, toorganize the defense of the entrances of these shelters.

The defense may be organized from the exterior or the interior of the shelter by means of flanking works, as, for instance,vertical. or horizontal obstacles. A few of the devices used inthe armies for this purpose aredescribed hereafter.

(a) Emterior defense-Blockhouse traverses (see plate

12).-The obstacle employed to defend the entr;mces from the

.exterior of the shelters, and known as blockhouse traverses, is

nothing else than a, kind of caponier installed in the communication trench or the trench through which access is gained to the

entrances of the shelters. ' ,

This obstacle consists principally of a large traverse invisi

ble from the front of the trenches and containing a room ' in

which several infantrymen or automatic-l'ifle men are stationed,

who rake by their fire the trench or communication trench

through which access is. gained to the entrances, and take it in

reverse. In addition to the loopholes required by the above

mentioned flanking works, and the defense of the opposite reverse of the trench or communication trench, it would be wise

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DEEP GALLERYSBELTERS. 19

the parts that are in a dead angle in regard to the shots fired

from the loopholes.The firing room communicates with the deep shelter, the

traverse of whi<;h is .designed to defend one or several of the

entrances.The entrance or entrances held under fire by the obstacle in

question should be sufficiently near to the latter so that the

probable upheaval of the ground resulting from the bombard-

ment p r e ~ e d i n g the attack will not prevent the traverse from in-

suring the fianking .of these entrances. I t might even be wise

to include one of the entrances in the system of defense, asindicated by the sketches of plate No. 12.

The blockhouse shQuld be bombproof to the same degree as

the shelter, and as it can not be sunk very deep underground,

it must be constructed of cement and reinforced cement or of

rails and cement.To avoid the projection of the blockhouse above ground, which

would attract the enemy's attention and cause a systematicdemolition fire to be directed on it, the terrain in rear of the

reverse of the communication trench should be. made to slope.The small slopes surrounding the traverse should moreover have

wire entanglements with deceptive passages covered by the

loopholes of the firing room.If the terrain is not badly torn up the immediate vicinity of

the traverse will be inaccessible and the enemy:s movements Will

be greatly impeded in the neighborhood of the obstacle.The blockhouse can be made to appear on the aerial photo-

graphs as a large traverse by surrounding it with a small com-

munication trench, which muat not be very deep, in order notto increase the size of the surrounding wall (of cement) of the

firing room.

The following remarks should be noted in regard to block-

houses:

(1) The trenches or communication trenches in which they

are constructed have to be much deeper in their immediate

vicinity. This is a cause of great ineonvenience as regards the

revetment of the banks of the trenches and communication

trenches, and also of serious difficulties from the point of viewof the drainage of. rain water.

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20 DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS.

greatly diminishes the amount of protection ordinarily neededfor trenches or communication trenches.

(3) On account of the nature and Importance of the work(cement 'and reinforced cement work) it is very difficult to con

struct traverses of this kh:ld in first-line positions.

The result is, in, the first place, ,that unless the' emplacement

is very suJtable as regards the nature of the surrounding ter

rain, the blockhouse traverse is very difficult to construc;!t, and,

in the second place, its utility in first line is limited to a feW

special cases.

The defense of entrances by means of interior obstacles, asdescribed hereafter, seems to offer a very acceptable solution of

the question.' ,

(b) Interior aefense.-This can be obtained by a kind of interior obstacle placed in the descents proper, either in the mid

dle or at the lower end (see pI. 13):

In both cases the obstruction is obtained by widening the

descent -and constructing a barrier in a suitable place. Thissolution is simple, -'easy to carry. out, and appears to give satis

factory results. M o r ~ o v e r , it can be installed without difficultyin ,the ordinary shelters previously constructed.

I t is also possible to use the arrangement whicl). bas been, worked out in the type of shelter of the Engineer Instruction

School of the Army Group of the Center (see pIs. 9 and 10),which has already been described. I t consists in giving a turn

to the horizontal descents, and establishing on the prolongationof the end of the descents, parallel to the direction of'the trench,a lookout post, enfiiadlng this offshoot. The t ~ o lookout posts

of a same shelter communicate with each other by means of agallery which connects them also with the third, underground

exit of the shelter, opening on the open country. This arrange

ment, which is complete in every way, has the disadvantage: of be

ing very complicated and slow to construct.

In each case the barriers generally consist of sandbags or

layers of stone held together by two vertical sheathing plank::;.Tbe barriers are provided ,with loopholes for firing, and, if neces-sary, with -a grenade chute. - ,

I t should be pOinted out that the above-mentioned obstaclescut off the _sunlight, and it is therefore necessary for the

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DEEP GALLER"i' SHELTERS.

VII. PROTECTION OF SHELTERS AGAINSTGRENADES.

, -

21

The uefense works of the entrances of the shelters Sh01,Ild besupplemented by protective measures against grenades thrown

by the assailant from the entrimce into the descents.

The interior obstruction barriers erected in the descents proper

stop the' fragments of 'grenades exploding in front of these ob-

stacles, but can not prevent the grenades from rolling into the

obstacles and exploding behind them.This instaliation should therefore be supplemented by 'a device

which will hold the 'grenades in front of the obstacle.

For this purpose one or the other of the, following solutions

may be adopted:(1) Place in the descent and in front of the barrier a movable

panel with a special metal grating. A convenient system con

sists in establishing a frame which can be let down on determined' horizontal axis by means of p u ~ l e y s fixed to the cap of

one of the frames of the descent gallery. The frame is ordi

narily fastened to the ,roof of the descent by means of a loCkdevice which is operated from the shelter itself by means of a

system of rods.

(2) Provide the entrance of the obstacle proper with a doorof thick planks strong enough to resist the effects of the grenades(see sketch No. 13).

I f the defense of the entrances is insured from the outside, or

even if the system adopted is that of the descent forming an

'angle willi a lookout post enfilading the first part of it, a complete

device should be established in the descents themselves to protect the shelter against grenades., Among the various devices which can be used for this pur·pose are the following:

(a) The horizontal obstacle with grenade-proof grating in a

movable frame or a door of thick planks, which has already been

described.

( b) A devIce called "vertical obstacle" (see pI. 10) , in

which the profile of the gallery of access is bent. This gallery

therefore includes, after the entrance to the shelter, a descent,then a ramp. These two parts are naturally separated by a

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DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS.

bag traver:ses judiciously placed 'at the entrance to the mainbody of the shelter hold the fragments of the grenades exploding

oD. the lower landing and shield the grenadiers statiotled at thisentrance. These grenadiers thus overlook the lower landing;they can see the assailant approach and reach him with theirgrenades while it is still incQnvenient for him to throw his.

This arrangement may be s u p p l e m e n t e ~ by a panel of special .metal grating placed at the entrance to the landing, 'arid which

wiil caus.e the .grenades 'thrown in this direction by the enemyto rebound. I t might also be made of a door of thick plankswith a loophole, strong enough ,to resist the fragments ofgrenades. If established on the middle landing, it would con-stitute an advance defense to the descent. I t can be made in the

form of two folding doors, or can be let'down like a drawpridge.I t should be noted, however, that the considerable length of the

descent required by the vertical obstacle makes the shelter slowto construct, and the ramp leading from the lower landing to

the shelter is often very difficult to build.

VIII. PROTECTION OF SHELTERS AGAINST

ASPHYXIATING GAS.

Every possible precaution should be taken to prevent the en-trance of asphyxiating gas, for the shelters act as receptacles inwhich the gas tends to accumulate.

SIMPLE MEASURES OF PROTECTION.'

The method most generally adopted for tbis purpose consists'

in closing up the descents with canvas which qas been made"impermeable with boiled linseed oil or paraffin, or else moistenedat the time of need by a pulverization of neutralizing solutions.

In cases of emergency, when nothing better can be found, theentrances can be closed up with army blankets.

The canvas can be set up in the form of curtains extendingbeyond each side of'the framework of the descent against whichthey are placed, or, better still, they can be stretched on woodenframes so as to form panels, by means of which the descent may

be hermetically sealed.They should be arranged in such a way that whim the alarm

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DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS. 23

means of this arrangement it is possible to enter· the shelter or

to go out, whileat the

same timethe

descent remains hermetically sealed.As ta the position of the air lock in the descent, it seems best

to place the curtains or panels as near as possible to the exitsin order to avoid the accumulation of poisonous gases in the

descents; however, it should not be placed at the top of the

descent. The closing will be thus protected by a layer of earth

sufficiently thick to pt:event a falling shell from destroying the

roof of the des·cent.between the curtains and the shelter.

PROTECTION BY VENTILATION AND NEUTRAqZING OF

POISONOUS GAS.

In the case of certain underground· shelters which are to be

occupied during a considerable length of time, ventilation may

be obtained by introducing air which has previously been rid of

poisonous gas by passing through a filter. The organization of

the iatter must -be made the subject of a special study in each

separate case.

IX. ORGANIZATION OF EXCAVATION WORK.

When the nearness of the enemy makes it impossible to utilizeprocesses for the evacuation of earth on a large scale, the organization of the work is the same as for mine work. The descentsare started simultaneously, and as soon as they are. completedthe excavation of the main body of the shelter'is started with

the largest number of squads possible. Work is generally started

. by two squads at once, working toward each other, excavating{the shelter according to the profile of the grand gallery, or, as

I the case may be, of the half gallery. Other squads f.ollow and

proceed to widen the gallery and case it, or else to construct the

.cells.

Whenever local circunistanceS permit, the construction of'the

shelter should be accelerated· by using -all available mechanical

devices for excavating and removing the earth (1\:1. D. elevatorsor trucks)-.

The following plan, which is merely given as an indication,may be adopted in the organization of construction work for a

shelter of the t y p ~ adopted by the Engineer Instruction School

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DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS.

Use a 40-centimeter track for carrying the earth away.fromthe shelter. (See circuit of the sketch.)

Accelerate the work on the central exit 3, in order to facilitatethe removal of earth from the body of the shelter A B. by the

inclined plane 0-3, which has a slope of only M.Place the maximum of workers at the excavation heads (spe

cialize their functions). Proportion the rapidity of evacuationto the work of the miners (miners trucks 200 to 300 cubic

d'ecimeters on inclined plane with 4 O - c e n t ~ m e t e r track, or M. D.elevators). -

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APPENDIX.

MateriaZ required for the construction of some of -the varioustypes of shelters shown in the sketches accompanying the1)resent note.

I. SINGLE SHELTER FOR ONE-HALF PLATOON (CE:NTRAL 130DYWITH MAIN GALLERY FRAME).

Name of parts of shelter.

Framework

of maingallery.

Specialframework of

great _gallery.

Specialframe

work forofficers'room.

Specialframe

work forlullf

gallery.

Minecases,

0.50 by0.80

meter.

- - - - - - - ~ - I - - - ------------1. Shelter proper:

(a) Maingallery............ 8 . .• . .• . . . . ..• . . . .• . . .••• .. . . . . . . . ..•••••(bl Greatgallery........... . . . . . . . . .• 20 ••••. .••••.•.•••. , .• . . .•••••••(c Officers'room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " " " " " 3 .• . • . . . . . • , . " , . , . ,

2. En rances and descents.... .. . . . . . . . . . . 12 .••.. . .•.• . . .• . . . . . . 50

3. Perlsooperoomandlandings. . . . . . . . . . . 6 . . . . . . . .•• .••.•...... 44: Niches (e) (grenades} etc.)... . . . . . . . . . . .• . . . . . . . . ......•••• 6 85. Interior arrangements:

6. J ! t ! ~ ~ f 4 i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

TotaL........ . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3 6 62

Boards.

Name of par ts of shelter. Lengthofroofing. Length of casing. b = - ~ S . 1 to 1.10 1 . ~ 0 3 J o 1 to 1.10 1.20 tometers. meters. meters. ~ i ! ~ .

Boards,2.7by22centi·

meters,and 2meters

inlength.

-------_.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1. Shelter proper.:(a) Mliingallery . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . 84 44(/) Great-gallery . . . : . . 144 . . . . . . . . . 344(c) Officers' room...... 20 " " " ' " 66

2. Entrances and descents . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . •• . . . . . . . . . ••3. Periscope room and

landings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4. Niches (grenades, etc.). . 12

2812

10036

15422

210

4418

Meters.54

10524

200

3216

522

5. Interior arrangements:

. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f ~ ~ ~ : e n : : : : : : : : : : ::::::::: ::::::::: ::::::::: :::::::::( c ~ Stores (shelves) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . •• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . 6

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26 DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS.

Material TeqtdTed tal' tlte construction of some at the vaTiottstypes at shelters, etc.-Continued.

I. SINGLE SHELTER FOR ONE·HALF PLATOON, ETC.-Continued.

Logs.

Diameters of 10 Diameters Df 15 Rafters, Strips,centimeters and centimeters and 4 by 8 ,3 by 1

Name of parts of shelter. length D f- length D f- centi- centl.

1----,-----1----,-----' meters. meters.

:;.50 4 3.50 2.10m e ~ c e r s . meters. meters. meters.

--------i--- --.--.--------1. Shelter proper:

(a) Main gallery....... >14 • • • • • • • . . • . . • • • • .•(b) Great gallery.. •... 16 . . . . . . . . _ . __ . . . _ . . . . . . . "(e) Officers' room...... 3 ••••• . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • ••••

2. Entrances and descents . .••••. . . .

10

80 . . . . . • . ••

3. Periscope rDom andlandings. • • . • . • . .•.. . 4 •• • • • • . . . . .• .••••• 4

Mete:rs.

71127

44. Niches Ce) (grenades,

etc.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . .• . . . .• . 1 .••••.•••5. Interior arrangements:

( g ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f ~ ~ - : e n : ::::::::: ::::::::: :::::::::C:::::-: ::::::::: :::::::::0) StDres (shelves) • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · · . . . . ..1.· ... ·· ..1··.··.·.......... .

6. C O : : a ~ ~ ~ I . s . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : : I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ y : ~ ~ : : i ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ ( ~ ~

Name of parts of shelter.

Wire nails. Sheet-ironpipes, IS

centi-6 to 10 cen· 15 to 18 cen· meters intimeters. timeters. diameter.

canvas.

1. Shelter proper: Kilograms.(a) Maingallery............ 1.5

Kilograms. Meters. Meter8.

(b ) Greatgallery •• .•• .••• . . .• . . . . . . . . . . ·······2:0-· :::::::::::: ::::::::::::::(c' Officers' room. • . • • . •. . . . 25 . 25 . . . . . . •• ••. . . . • . . . . . • • . . . .2. Entranoos3llldo.escents...... 2.0 1.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3. Periacope Nom and landhtgs. 1. 0 . . . . .•• . . . . . 7.50 _. _ . . . . . . . . . .4. Niches Ce) (gr1)nade, etc.).... .55. Interior arrangements:

(..,) Beds for 12 men . . . . . . . .(b) Benanes for 12 men . . _ .(e). Stores s h e l v e ~ ) . . . . . . . . .

6. Ciosmg panels (4 alike) . . • . . .

Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ .

2.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..25 . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . .

8:: ....... ~ : ~ ~ . · · · · · · - ; : ~ ~ · 1 4 , 1 ~ . : : : : : : : N oTE.-To the material enumerated above mUBt be added th£t wooden wedges

needed in the construction of the galleries and wire to bind the logs forming thebursting layer. The material for.the third exit and the delense of this shelter is notincluded in the above estimate.

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DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS. 27

Material t'equit'ed 101' the construction 01 some 01 the VUt'ioustypes of shelters, etc.-Continued.

II. SINGLE" SHELTER FOR ONE-IJoALF PLATOON (BODY OF THESHELTER WITH GREAT GALLERY FRAME, FIRST ARRANGEMENT).

Planks.

Special . Mineframe Special cases Length of roof. Length of

Name.ofpartBofshelter. for f ~ ~ ~ f I 1 . 5 0 b Y casing.great gall 0.80

gallery. ery. meters.

1 to 1.10 l·mo 1 to 1.10 1 . : ~ ~ 0 meters. meters. meters. meters.

- - - - - - -1- - - ------ --- ---------

36 ••••••••••••••••. Shelter proper ,' •• , .•.2. Entrances and de-

208 . . . . . . . . 544 66

scents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

4

12 18

3. Periscope room and

4. N ~ ~ F e > " '(grenade;' 6 .......etc.) .• . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1008 44

12 36

5. Interior arrangements:(a) beds for 12 men

and officer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .••...•. .•. .•. . . . . .• . . . . •••..•.• •...•••. . . . . . . . .(b) benches for 12

men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

6. C [ g ~ : ~ : : : i S ( 4 8 i i k e i :::::::: :::::::: ::::::::1::::::::::::::::1:::::::: ::::::::TOtal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 5 4 - I ~ ~ I 2 2 0 ~ ~ ~

Logs.

Planks0.027 by Diameter of 0.10 Diameter of 0.15

Mine 0.22me- ,meter and me'ter andName of parts of s h e l t ~ r . battens. ter and length of- . length of-

2 meters,___ -__ I - - - - , - - -

long. ,-

-------1--- - - - - - - - - - - - - ---1. Shelter proper . . . . . . . . . .2. Entrances and descents.3. Perlscolle room and

landings . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Meters.205

200

32

8 23

22 . . . . . . . .

416 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

·· ....so· :::::::::4 4 48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Niches(e)(grenades,etc.)

6. Interior arrangements:(a) Beds for 12 men

andolllcer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :.. 70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Benohesfor 12men. . . . . . . . . . 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(e) Shelves............ ••••••.•• 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6. Closing panels (4alike).. . . . . . . . . . 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

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28 DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS.

M a t e r i a ~ requi1'ed lor the construction 01 some 01 the 'Varioustypes 01 shelters, etc.-Continued.

II. SINGLE SHELTER FOR ONE·HALJj' PLATOON, ETC.-Continued.

Name ofparts of shelter.

1. Shelter proper . . . . . .2. Entrances and de-

scents••• . . . . . . . . . . .3. ··Periscope room and

landings.• . . . . . . . . .4. Niches (e) (grenades,

etc.) . .••. . . . .• . . . . .5. Interior a r ra n g a

ments:

Rafters.

0.04by0.08me-ter.

Meters

30

0.08by0.08me-ter.--Meters

Strips,0.03by5.01me-ters.--Meters

Wire nails. Sheet-

Bat- iron,

ten, pipe,

0.018 0.06 0.15 diam- can-me- to to eter vas.

0.15ter. 0.10 0.18 me-me- me-ter.

ter. ter.- -- ---- -- -Me· Kilo· Kilo- Me- Me-'ters gram.s grams ters ters

• 8 7 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . •

7 •••••••• . . . • .••• . . . • . 2 1. 75 . . • . . . . • . . . . • •

4 . . . . • • . . . . . . . • . • . • . . . 7.5 . . . . . ••

(a) Bedsfor12menand officer. . . . . . . . . . . 28 . . • . . . . • . • . . . . 3

(b) Benches for 12

men.......... ....... ....... ....... ....... 1 " ' . ' " . . . . . . . . . . . . .6. C ~ ~ ) S h e l ~ ~ o i i S · · (4' ....•.. ....... ....... ....... 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .••

8 ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... ....... 20 ••.•••• .5 . •• . . . • . . . • . •• . { ~ ~ - - ~ - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Total . .•••.•..••• 42 28 20 1 8 16.5 3.75 7.5 by4 (1.5

0.7)

1 Canvas for Closing panels (4 alike), 1.5 by 2.8 meters; total=4 (1.5 by 0.7) meters.

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DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS. 29

Material required for the oonstrtwtion of some of the varioustypos of shelters, eto.---Continued.

TIT. SINGLE SHELTER FOR ONE-HALF PLATOON (BODY OF THESHELTER WITH GREAT GALLERY.FRAME, SECOND ARRANGEMENT).

,Planks.

Spe- Spe- Mine Length of Length of Planks,

cial cial cases, roof. casing. 0.027

Name of parts of she1- great half 1.5 by Mine by 0.01

tjlr. gal- gal- 2,8 cases.meterand 2lery lery me-

lto1.20

1 to1.2Q metersframe. frame. ters.

to to1.10 1.30 1.10 1.30 long.me" me-ters. me- ters. me-

ters . ters.

- - - - - - -1--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

12. Shelter proper . . . . .2. Entrances and de-

38 ............. 208 374 90

scents . . . . . . . . . . . 12 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

43. Periscope roo m

and landings. . . . 6 . . . . . . .

4. Niches (e) (gren-ades,ete.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5. Interior arrange-

28 100 ;14

8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ments:(a) Beds for 12

men and of· .

Me-

ters

145

200

32

ficer . . . . . . . . "" ' " . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(b) Benches for

12 men . . . . . "'"'' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _(e) Shelves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

6. Closing panels (4

18

22

70

1622

alike) . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 12

Total . . . . . ,"" - - - - - - - - s 6 ~ 6 2 2 0 8 I 4 0 4 7 4 ~ " 3 8 5 " " 1 6 0

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30 DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS.

Material required tor the oonstruotion ·of some of the varioustypes of shelters, eto.-Continued.

III. SINGLE SHELTER FOR ~ N E - H A L F P L A T O O ~ , E T C . ~ C o n t i n u e d ; Logs.

Diameter of Diameter of

0.10 moter 0.15 meterName of parts of and length and length

shelter. of- of-

Rafters.

0.04by

I - - - - ~ - - . I - - - ~ - - - I ~ ~ 0.08by

0.08meter..5 4 3.5 2.1

me- me- me- me

ters. ters. ters. tera.

ter.

Strips, Bat-0.03 ten

0 ~ b 1 0.018

me-ter.

Wire nails.

0.06 '0.15to to

0.10 0.18me- meter. ter.

- - - - -1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1. Shelter proper.. 22

Me- Me- Me- Me- Kilo- Kilrrter,s ter8 ter8 ter8 gra/1M (Jra1Tl8

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 8 42. Entrances and

descents. . . . . . . . . . . 8 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

4 . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. Periscope room

and landings .

4. Niches (e) (gren-ades,ete.)..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

5. Interior arrange·ments:

(a) Bedsfor12

men andofficer.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3(b) Benches for

12.·men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.75

ee) Shelves.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

6. C l ~ : e ) ~ ~ ~ . : ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . .25 . . . . ..---- ---- ---- ------------ ---- - - - - - - - - - - - -T o t ~ . . . . . . . . 26 10 80 4 37 28 20 18 17.50 .5.75

1 Sheet-iron pipe 0.15 in diameter, for periscope room, 7.5 meters.

IV. GROUP OF DOUBLE SHELTERS, PORTION FOR ONE PLATOON.

~ E : t ~ f : i Planks (roof),lengtb .

Main GreatName of parts of shelter. gal- gal-

lery leryflame. frame.

frame, 'Half frame,1.33 gal- 0.80. 1 toby lery. by 1.10

1.110 frame. 1.64 me-me- me- ters.ters. ters.

1.20to

1.30meters.

1.50meters.

- - - - - - - - -1· - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1. Shelter proper:

(a) First story...... 5(b) Second story.... 16

2. Entranceanddescent . . . . . . .

3. Interior arrange-

19 58 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

·9 3 23

7.6

ments: • .

15062

126

41

1206

53612

(a) C ~ m p beds for 12men and officer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(b) Benches for 10

men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS. 31

Material required for the construction of some of the variottstypes of shelters, etc.-Continued.

IV. GROUP OF DOUBLE SHELTERS, ETC.-Continued.

Planks, .casing. Logs.

Length.Diameter of . Diameter of

Mine 0.10 meter and 0.15 meter andName ofparts ofshelter. bat. length of- length 01-

I - - - - , - - - - . - - - - I t e ~ . 1----,----1-----,---

mt ; i ~ o

me- me· ters.ters. ters.

3.50 4 3.50 2.10

me- me- me· me-ters. tei's. tars. ters.

-----------1----- ---- ---- ---- -------- ---- ----

1. Shelter proper:caUirststOry...... 196 202(b Seoond story. .. . 226 330 . . . . . . .

2. En noe and descent 340 20 58

54Meters.

130112208

201843

4 . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

41- ............

2 . . . . . . . .3. In t ·er ior arrange

ments:(a) Camp beds forlis men and offi··oar....... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

(b) Benches for 10

men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4. C ~ ~ r l ~ e i s .. (2· .................... 1 .... · ............................ .alike). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6 2 ' " " " 5 5 2 1 1 2 r 4 5 0 8 1 5 0 - - - 2 - ~ Inter· Rafters.vening Wood·up· en- Planks

rikhts Tim. s t ~ k e s , 0.027' .lor bers diam· by 0 22 Stnps, Bat·~ a t ' e t e r ' 0 OS-by ten,

Name ofparts of shelter. giill:lJ 0 J ~ y 0.10 : : ter ; 0.04 by 0.08 by '0.01 0.018

frame'meters meter; 2fo'i 0.08 0.08 meter. meter.0 .11 by . length'meters meter. meter.0.17 by 1.50 .

2.10 meters.meters.

-------------1---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- --------

1. Shelter proper:(a) First story ... . .(b) Second story.. ..

2. Entrarlce and

SquareMeters. Meters. Meter8. meters.

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

descent. . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4 . . . . . . . 40.03. Interior arrange·

ments:

(a) Camp beds for36 men andofficer......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ISO.. . . . . . 12.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Benches for 10

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32 DEEP GALLERY SHELTERS.

Material required for the construction of some of the varioustypes of shelters, etc.--Continued.

IV. GROUP OF DOUBLE SHELTERS, ETC.-Continued.

Name of parts of shelter.

1. Shelter proper:

(a) Fitststory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(b) Second story . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2. Entrance and descent. . . . . . . . . . . . . .3. Interior arrangements:

(a) C ~ ~ c e ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ : . ~ ~ . .~ . e . ~ . ~ . ~ . (b) Benches for 10 men . . . . . . . . . .(c) Shelves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. Closing panels (2 alike) . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wire nails.

0.64 to0.10

meter.

Kilo-grams.

435

0.15 toO.lS

meter.

Kilo·grams.

213

Planks,0.22 by

O.OS

meter.

, Meter8.

Canvas.

Meters.

30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

g j ~ :::::::::: :::::::::: "i:i;ii'byi:so

19 6 30 2 (1.50byO.90)

NOTE.-The following. must also be provided: Wedges, slope templates, andwooden lining for the construction of the galleries; 6 clam;!! irons with points m the

same direction; 24 bolts 24 centimeters long, 5 boltslS centimeters l o n g ~ and 21 bolts13 centimeters long for the entrance to the snelter, and also tbe wire to oind togetberthe logs forming the cover of this entrance. .

The material for tbe third exit and for tbe defense of this shelter is also not includedin the above estimates.

o

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0c

-0 (7)

Q) -oS:. +i0 en(lJ -.... t\l

+-

0o to

z::: Es. <0

U " ) C::C

'5 ILLJ UJf)

r . < {c:xLL

LL.,.J0 :J:: 11. 1-J-J

LL.I \0

i::---1 <C

:E

\9 Igz:: - §F- z : b

0

otL h: < {. <t ex

o -LJ I -

-o..EuL L J ~ ±

CI. !::CL

>- fa{ --

I

I

PLANI

ToO

. LE:.6E:ND·

' - - - - - - - - - . . . . J

: A. Portion of'main g-allery wIth camp beds for 12 men.

5.5mall store rooms for food, I quids, tools and Infantry ammunition.• I: C. Trunk of 2 r e ~ t gallery with benches Tor six men (2alike)

"

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r- : ~ - : = ~ - : ~ - - : : : : : ---------:::4.8Q_:-::.-::=:::: : : : - : ~ t - : :::-::;::::::::::::+'iig:;: ::::- : : : ; : : : : ~ :-:::jf

Cross Section

' ' i - / v . : . ~ ~ .. . , ; 4 - - a 2 l 2 . · ~ - - __ _ - _____ 2.22 -- - _______

Q): I

a.: :0 ' .u: :C1) ••

-£;a.: :

~ i i -i:

~ l ! 11··.·..

. ______ ._2.'1d __________

(.3JWlnd brac,ng,crossbeam see detail In

sketch No;

r.;n

Cross Section

'"(6)Well for periscope

C'\::s-

C.D.

Z?

L J

c... \Q) A

r::s -C nQ) :

:!

N NIII Q

-+-Q

'-D (

:

':'-.J(

D-0

:0-(

C-

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0- -'

'J -...

0en

" ::sc:::CO

0

c

4,)ECO

00

lJf-t....

...s::-

<:> ±:J£.o

'-

Il\

c..-o

-0

C!:::-

" I15T. ARI2Ar16EMtrrr 100

, I

~ % ; ~ ~ w ~ L ; ' r 1.<11

!,

Z d. Arran8"ement TI>Q

~ · , : . · · , - I O O r ; . . 't ~ - ~ / : . "'/:: - ' ~ - ~ ! : - -::.; . . = ; . ~ ~ : - ~ t .;;.- -;- -:E-- .- - -_-.._ ..._..J ,

Note.-In order nOT to overcrowd t ~ e d r 8 W I O ~ , t h e braces(shown In thauts) areshown on the Gorrespondint'plc::n .and the roof and caslllg-planks are

repre,ented two conti nll ClS lines,.

: '\ '

=;1

UGfflJa-a' camp bed foll" 11'mr.en.

-ttorri,ortt

E)races

l.otO.'Om

b-b'5)Jaces w.ith ' ~ . : l m _ L toafsJafarttry

ammu niion.,i(na\· f'OCK-eT!J.,(-C ' ~ e t X h e , for m e r n l . . d-d' O f f l c e ~ , room.

e ~ e · l 1 i c h e . " J f o r h a n d ~ ~ ~ a p r a f : E f $ -anti-res :1Olution.s.f- f Descent!> in mine B 5 e S { ~ d l : a w i n t a f i t J e s i t ~ i l n l 1 lfift Jrd'exim Dnto the apen: cmwntllY

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TYPE. OF- 5INGLe. 5t\E:LTcQ.rOR i DLATOON

Defsib of the type hsvinabody with ereat

gal le-ry frame

J)etai I of the .junction Mof theu p r i ~ h + . 5 and tl4e caps

(5ee 5 ~ e + c h No.:J Cut foliowin[C p)

Cleat, 27'%, /11m/50c.m. insurint'

!5ketch N o . 4 ~ a c h e d tonbte OTJanua! :y st .

1917

' front View( o) / - the connection of the two adjacent- ca ps of two connected frames. -

.5ide View{;'o)

Cleat 4cm/'2'2cm/30cm.

insvr-ing th e connection

of tlie conti(uouS uprigof 2 connected frames, in

the upper part. (A similar

C I ~ 8 ~ connect, the uprie'hts.in t/:le lower p a r t ~

- Cro" .?ection K-L

0/________ . ! L ~ o _____ _

- _____ ~ U - - - - -I

5heff

(leat4cm.j scmj22cm.'for hldin£fthe log brace to prevenl- pl'!Y

Traverse ;ectionof a berch

jcale(fc;):v;,'0,",(

.J,

I

!_______ _ .... ______ ""! ___ __ _ ----....I

DcTAI L Of" A 5E"D

jcale 10Cro.ss 5ection (i-O

IL

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Cap

J.c- - - - - - 0,96__ - - --.:• I

I

" I8 T..I

I

I

I

II

,. 3 ~ - - - ..D. SQ.. _ __ • 8f-II

r;OTE:.: THE. ,ILL I" LIKE::.

TftE:... CAP :--

-.I

IIi

"f'I?AMe Of' HALF-

GALlEJi{Y

I

t,roflle of!Vpright

01

If)I...

.....1

Sketch No.5$ttachedto note of anuary

2l.5t· 1911

-.III

I

III

'<'l -- -l- - -- . : i , ~ Q . - - - - - II

I

I\I

I

II

I

I

1

•..fRAME: WOI2K fOQ. OF-f"'ICE:I2S f200M frame work of ire at gallery

-.~ l " ...:t

Profile of upnght

Note: The IO£!5 irlthespecial frame

work are roughly sg'usred mnd

hsve a minimum disl11eterofO.20m.

I----rII

JiIII

d 081

J

..... 'Profile of Pi liar

.,}0'11

II

I·1I

I

III

J..

lOF1GITVDJI'1AL WIND .Bf2ACII'IGT h i ~ must-affect s t the same t ime

CAP .. he cap (01" ti le sill) an d th e upr-ISJ,f )..

The framework of tn e main ____" " ' ~ ~ _ ' _ ; ~ . ~ ~ = = = = : = = ; = ~ ~ gal lerywhich i'5 '!>imply U . l u · m . \ . ' ~ I U . ? ~ 5eam)

the regulation framework ha s the.refor '10+

been :;,hown on th eprese ..+ ketch.

Cut A."5. .Elevation C.D. Elevation C,D'

III

_L

--rI

I

I

I

tJIIII

IIfII

III,

'"-f-

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O h 4 ( j R ~ M 5 0;:- TYPe5 OF SINGLE SHEL.TcR.5 WITH CELL5

Scale or400

This f y p ~ , . : s e J e n ~ r a l l y subsf/lufedrortype qfdouble shelfer ~ h o w n in ~ l r e f c h e s 7and8

5lrefch N()./

J/'eller wifh shorfcel/s ...

51(£Tcf/ IfQZSlu: l fer 1()(J.mefers / ( ) ~ wit'h lorge cells

_______ . l i ~ . O . 9 . .

a.- cl

-=-

81 USIn)' three s ~ o r y bedsondor rt7.'l9'tn9theminfheh70nner hshownbyfhe 5/refc

Me copocifyo/tlsnellerforacodJpo'!Ym'l/ le:?JIp/oces.1J;e necessaryroom CQn tfJeMlOroereserved~ r o f " F / c e r . 5 jdrqsmo//office*sfore/"Oom-ono' IPr(In C'lecfl'li;piC1/!*

uo

;

SKETCH NO.4

Army Corps CommQ/lq P o ~ 1 :

51(t=rCH NO.3(Jrol.lp 01" fwo shelfers w/fIJ 1t7r'j'e cel/5

51refd #0.6 o#r;c/;ed fo Ilol

./qnVQty f lsf /917

D/sfribufiOfil o f

th-e fi-omewor/.

, ;;;(7",;;0.60-;;from QXI'J f(Jo;r15.

Zmeans (J.20m

romends/oo xis.8m"ons O.BOm

rom oxis10ox/s.IOm<:anslm.r o m q ; c 1 5 t ( J o ~ / s

l.'f.GE:NDA·Cells

D-.Pescen+s

13M-Main g'""sllery

GG- Gt'eatgallery

o-Ventilation s'haft

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VIJr i anr ofenf rQnce

O : 5 ~ 5ecTfonAB·

GROUP Or OOUBLc .5HeLTcR5 •POPTIOIY - T()/2 OIY.E PLATOON

N.8. ()" 11,e oltJ'l I·fj-C-P-c-r. J'h(" h o r " ~ t 7 n 101 p , . . , c ~ . : ! 0/"ot7tl; slw - ,e 's"" h(' oodY(1/ 1If(""'-;'.-Ift!r or e r e ~ h > 5 e l ? l e d .oj" q¥f'''l'/-ed /rne The ·vari(JV5 ?rqce.s c / ln t ' ~ x e n l s Qre·nul.5/1OW/1 tJ7 t ~ / s p l l ' " "1 tJrut'r //01 10 ( " ' P " ~ dfht ' c l r o t y ' ~ OW

? : . _ . - - - --,. .. : < , ~ ~ : 3 l I _ . _.-

. 'I- PLAN rcJLL!JWII'/O l18CtJel'Uf/

5lrefch No 7 oltacl

I1.,fe qf'.. /onul1l'Y

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GROUP Or OOI/8LE. 5f/ELTeR5

TYPe.. Or j?OlZT/OIY rOt'? ONe. PL/lTOOI1

CRO.-7.5 ;Jeer/ort /tf-/Y

( i ~ o )

5kl!'fch #0..8 q/;bched

fo /lore or q/lL/4'cY 2 / s r ; ~ / 7 .

IL.------ ____________________________ ".:'11

IIII

----------- ------- -- ---- ----- -----"1

iforljQnf(7/ $Ind.>, roCII7U 11?5

(J./Om /q d'omeferlieldoyp r e.s5Ur(! ,

III

1\

II

-- ......

/ I,: X ·- - ' ! ! ? ~ ~ - -

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rl r

TYPE. Or 51N6LE 5f1eL7e12 Or Tf!c'c1Y611'teLR (IY.5TRtJC770IY.%IiOOL

OF TftC ARMY (JROVP Or Tlfe ceNTeR

lO r ,P/qroon or t plcd"Qol7.With verM:g/ t 7 6 ~ / Q c / t : ' Q/)q'de;C-l.'.7cC' ur he C'n/c-l"Once

;i cqll!" -;f;O ..

PLANA -!}-C. (/l1Ilerj'rovnd :t7I11I11Ul1Icdlt1"I » ~ N P It',1/, /;y""'iwI»JIJ4ntT_hillf1f < ' ' ' ~ Tlte niclteJ/#r4111I11vl1,ftonqnd:1r<!'l1li'gt'JIn Me.k'p'.?Jlp!',?li 'n!' ~ h ,

~ : : : : : : : i ~ ~ ~ : " ' ' ' ' C ' ' ; : . ! I ! ~ ~ - - ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ - , - ; ; : ~ :

~ ; ; ; ; ; a ; ; ~ r ; ; - ; ; ; ; ; I [ ~ - : " ~

~ / " r c " 1 Y ' , ' ~ " " e n e q ~ " , ! , e ill,<'/qnl./QOf. g/JI"1..t0:' '

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TYPe Or J/1I6LC 5f1eLTeR Or Tile c-1'/(j/lieER /IY:?TI?UCT/O/Y 5ct/OOL

Or- THeAIZI'1YOIZOUP Or- THe C ~ I Y T c , e ro r j7/o;/-oon or plo foon

tfjfh y;<:rftcal tJo':,fac/e ond'de/:/ lce cYrile t:"/l/e/l:7/lce

,:}cCT/OIf l1V5'C'.f)

or-me PL>41'1

. . R , , ~ c < t ' !

:>e-CTIOIt c.r Or Tile Pb4/Y

5kefch mf.Joqf lqchdhole o f I1I1Uflry'2/.rI:/.:

lD f I r ~ l / $ f M i n ~ I 'ul,#ql1e/ h 7 4 c l 1 T n ~ ,?Wl.1

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