Deep Geological Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel in the Swedish … › downloads › rw ›...

SKB International AB© SKB International AB 2010

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Topic 13Managing Very Long Term Storage and the Disposal of Spent Fuel

Deep Geological Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel in the Swedish Crystalline Bedrock

IAEA-CN-178, June 4, 2010

K. Westerberg

SKB International AB, Stockholm, Sweden

SKB International AB

Nuclear in Sweden • 10 operating reactors at 3 sites• ~ 50 % electricity• 12,000 tonnes of spent fuel

• SFRFinal Repository for Short-livedRadioactive Waste

• ClabCentral Interim Storage Facilityfor Spent Nuclear Fuel


System in operation

1982 1985 1988


Clab

Central Interim Storage Facility for Spent Nuclear Fuel


Clab


Extension 2007-2020

SFRFinal Repository for Short-lived Radioactive Waste


SFR


8

The KBS-3 Concept for SNF Disposal

500 m

Cladding tube Spent nuclear fuel Bentonite clay

Fuel pellet ofuranium dioxide

Copper canister with cast-iron insert

Crystallinebedrock

Surface portion of deep repository

Underground portion of deep repository


The Encapsulation Laboratory


The Encapsulation Laboratory


Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory


Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory


Experimentsat Äspö


Oskarshamn:Clab and the future Encapsulation facility


The Siting starting point • 9 million people

• 289 municipalities

• Strict environmental law

• Local veto



Siting studies 1977–2001

Study sites1977-1985

Regionalstudies1987-1989

Feasibilitystudies1992-2001

Storuman

Malå

Älvkarleby Tierp

HultsfredNyköping

Oskarshamn

Ö

StorumanMalå

Älvkarleby Tierp

HultsfredNyköping

Oskarshamn

Östhammar

Boreholes


Storuman

MalåStoruman

Älvkarleby

Tierp Östhammar

Nyköping

Hultsfred

Oskarshamn

Two municipalities (without nuclear facilities)1993-1995

Six municipalities (close to nuclear facilities)1995-2001


Feasibility studies comprised:

• Geological overview

• Identification of potentiallysuitable areas

• Studies of transportation

• Socio-economic studies

• Interaction with stakeholders

• Communication

• Local office with SKB staff


Protests against drilling were common at the study sites


Referendum in Storuman 1995

”Shall we allow SKB to continue their siting work in Storuman?”71% said No 28% said Yes

SKB closes its local office and leaves Storuman


Investigations of two candidate sites:

Forsmarkand Oskarshamn

Site investigations 2002 - 2007


SKB has selected Forsmark


○ Dry bedrock ○ Close to existing industrial area ○

Deep repository at Forsmark


Taiwan March 2010

Front page of two regional newspapers the day after the selection of Forsmark was announcedHeadline: “More stable bedrock gave

Forsmark the final repository”Headline: “Deputy Major crying (of joy) after the site was announced”


Public survey from 2009 regarding having a final repository in one´s own municipality

38% 38%

7%

41% 46%

33%

8% 7%

23%7% 3%

26%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Definitely against

Against

Undecided, not for or against

For

Definitely for

Source: Synovate

84%

15%

41%

10%

49%

6% 6% 10%

Östhammar2009

Oskarshamn 2009

Sweden2009

79%


Against (%) For (%)

27 65

20 71

20 71

19 73

18 77

16 77

15 79

Strong local support for the final repositoryin Östhammar municipality

The poll 2009 was taken in

April and May, i.e.before

SKB announced its site selection

on June 3


Consultations with various stakeholders

National/internationalAuthoritiesSwedish Radiation Safety AuthorityThe Swedish EPA, etc.

Baltic sea countries(The Espoo Convention)

NGOsNature and environmental conservation organisations, etc.

Local/regionalMunicipality, county administrative board

Members of the publicParticularly affected members of the public

NGOsNature and environmental conservation organisations, etc.


Staging in information/dialogue work

• 1983-1992 Nation-wide information

• 1992-2000 SIGYN exhibitions – ads – dialogue

• 1995 - Information offices in the feasibility study municipalities • Individual information, small groups, study

visits to Oskarshamn and Forsmark.

• 2001 – Emphasis on local information/dialogue with neighbours


Meet the public


Dialogue with individuals


Local land-owners

…important in our communication

SKB International AB© SKB International AB 2010 1

Arguments are sometimes very emotional !


It pays to be open

~ 25.000 visitors per year


Demonstrating a laboratory…

…a way of bringing science close to the public


Key factors for the progress of the Swedish system • The early road map to geological disposal from a governmental

study (early 1970-ies)

• The legislation (1976) putting the responsibility on the nuclearindustry for development and financing – clear roles

• The interim storage for spent fuel (CLAB)

• The process with RD&D reports every third year

• The extensive technical investigations performed

• The international cooperation

• The interaction with authorities and stakeholders


Time frame

8 Feasibilitystudies

Site investigationForsmarkOskarshamn

Construction Operation

1990 2000 2010 2020


To move from RD&D to industrialisation

To further strengthen the scientific base for the safety case

To keep and develop the public confidence

Challenges

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