Defence Reporter is published bi-annually at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/defence-reporter-mod-research-reports-on-athena. To be notified when a new edition is available, please email [email protected]
Defence Reporter
Defence Reporter provides citations of recently published defence science and technology literature. This publication is part of a series of services and products produced by ATHENA to keep readers up-to-date with the latest developments in defence science and technology.
Defence Reporter provides citations from selected reports which have been added to MOD’s Athena Collection within the last six months. Defence Reporter has been approved for publication.
The full text of reports listed in Defence Reporter can be requested by completing a ‘Need to know’ form for UK Nationals or a ‘Need to know’ form for Foreign Nationals and emailing it to [email protected]. The form will be used, along with the classification and release conditions to determine whether the report can be released. More details and the ‘Need to know’ forms are available at www.gov.uk/guidance/access-defence-science-and-technology-research
A review of UAS lessons identified during Operation Herrick 19 and 20Dstl, Portsdown West (GB) (2015)Many lessons have been identified during the UK’s long deployment to Afghanistan. This report explores some of the UAS lessons identified by Royal Artillery personnel operating UAS during the final stages of Operation Herrick and identifies which of them might be addressed through the UAS Programme’s research activities.
R000326D9
Annual Report - Ricin Antitoxin project 2014-2015.Dstl, Porton Down (GB) (2015)The MOD has a requirement for a post-exposure therapy for emergency use protection following exposure to an inhaled challenge of ricin toxin. The current approach is to develop an ovine plasma-sourced antitoxin consisting of an antibody fragment (F(ab’)2), that when administered to an exposed individual will recognise and bind to the ricin toxin preventing its toxic effects. During the year ricin hyperimmune plasma production has continued, with 138 sheep used in production with a yield of approximately 1,000 litres of plasma per year. Studies have also been conducted to continue the ongoing potency and efficacy studies and to determine the efficacy of the antitoxin against inhalational challenge. Studies to investigate protection against oral intoxication have been concluded in-year. Antitoxin efficacy studies in non-human primates have been contracted and initial studies to characterise the aerosolisation of the toxin have begun. A new PSTF and proposal document have been developed, describing the activities required to move the project to the initial gate approval point. Additionally, a statement of requirement has been written to describe the activities required of a new antitoxin manufacturer. This document will be used in the commercial process used to identify and contract with a new supplier, in accordance with the Public Contracts Regulations (2006).
R00032529
Armour Repair of Protected Mobility Vehicles - FOXHOUNDDstI, Porton Down (GB) (2015)There is an aspiration, for future operations, to enable repair of equipment (including armour) to be undertaken as far forward as possible, to reduce logistic burden and minimise down time. Dstl was requested by Capability Directorate Combat Support
Systems to examine current and future capabilities for vehicle repair, concentrating initially on FOXHOUND and scoping requirements for a more extensive task to look at other UK fleet.
R000324EA
Attendance at Civilian Pre-Deployment Training (GLOBAL) (PDT)Dstl, Portsdown West (GB) (2015)Attendance of the GLOBAL PDT in order to understand whether the course content provided an acceptable level of training for Dstl personnel deploying on an operation in support of the military.
R00032527
Automated MIG Welding for Armoured Fighting Vehicle RepairDstl, Porton Down (GB) (2015)This is a two page summary report of a project investigating Automated Metal Inert gas (MIG) Welding for Armoured Fighting Vehicle Repair. Advanced automated MIG technology was found to provide much finer control over weld properties than is possible with manual welding. Of the two automated MIG processes investigated, the tandem wire feed was found to be the optimum set-up to provide the best productivity and weld quality for the 7018 alloy, reducing the probability of weld defects. Improvements to the weld fusion zone using the automated MIG process should be investigated, including use of higher heat input, matched fillers, and greater weld dilution in order to fully optimise all possible performance benefits from the technology. A study to estimate the volume of weld runs required in the next 10 years should be undertaken, followed by a cost-benefits study to determine if it is suitable to implement automated MIG within Defence Support Group (DSG).
R00032774
C4ISR information superiority delivered from UAS: A review of key issuesDstl, Portsdown West (GB) (2015)UAS must be able to operate seamlessly with other assets in national and coalition operating environments. The report discusses the UAS interface with the C4ISR environment and explores a variety of requirements, barriers, risks and opportunities, with a view to identifying potential future research requirements within the UAS Programme.
R00032463
Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Operational Stockpile (OpStock) Calculator V3 Validation Logbook.Dstl, Porton Down (GB) (2015)This is the model logbook for Chemical, Biological Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Operational
2
Note: The report citations listed in this publication have been generated using an automated document scanning process. As a result, some references may contain formatting and/or punctuation irregularities.
Stockpile (OpStock) Calculator Tool. It contains an overview of the toolset, contacts and (once completed) a section for the verification test scripts.
R000324A8
Compilation of Corrosion Rate Data for Aerospace AlloysAustralian Government Department of Defence Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Edinburgh (AU) (2014)The Corrosion Management Group at the Defence Science and Technology Organisation conducts research into the corrosion performance of materials commonly used in aircraft and techniques for preventing or arresting corrosion in these materials. This report summarises the findings from internal reports, publications and memoranda covering investigations into aerospace alloys conducted from the early 1990s to 2013. The materials investigated include aluminium, steel and magnesium alloys. This report describes the types of corrosion that can be encountered and the methodologies that can be used to minimise corrosion. It highlights where the different alloys assessed may be used in aircraft. Brief descriptions of the tests methodologies used to assess the corrosion rates are provided. A range of different conditions were used to assess the rate of corrosion and performance, including specimens exposed on aircraft and at military bases, simulated environments and accelerated laboratory tests.
R000326CA
Criteria for the Analysis of Chemicals, Biomarkers and Toxins at DstlDstl, Porton Down (GB) (2014)The report outlines the criteria that will be applied within Dstl to the provisional and unequivocal identification of chemicals (including emerging threat chemicals), biomarkers of chemical warfare] agent exposure and toxins (specifically saxitoxin and ricin) at trace and higher levels.
R0003277F
Current Understanding and Attitudes Relating to Work-Life Balance in the Armed ForcesBAE Systems, Yeovil (GB) (2015)Research on Work-Life Balance (WLB) suggests that a negative imbalance in favour of the work domain can lead to disengaged staff, who may be more likely to leave the organisation (Batt and Valcour, 2003). The potential benefits of providing employees with a greater say in how they manage their work and non-work domains (by providing flexible working) is becoming apparent (e.g., Dex and ScheibI, 2001). However, much of the available research relates to the civilian workforce and less is known about WLB in the military. The following research questions were addressed: • What are the theories and the current understanding relating to WLB?; • What are
the tools/activities/policies facilitate WLB?; and • What are the perceptions (e.g. cultural attitudes) of Service personnel with regard to WLB? A literature review was conducted, nine military stakeholders w/ere interviewed and 116 Service personnel took part in 14 focus groups across all Services. The findings indicate that a one-size-fits-all approach to improving the WLB of Service personnel simply will not work. There are too many individual differences (gender, rank. Service, type of role) that will impact on what an individual wants in terms of their WLB. This will also vary depending on the stage of their life/career.
R000324FB
Destructive Diesel - Decontamination by Adiabatic CompressionDstl, Porton Down (GB) (2015)This report summarises the work carried out to investigate whether air purification of an airstream is possible using the adiabatic compression alone. The work was conducted as part of a programme to investigate the use of engines in military vehicles to provide broad band performance against chemical agents, TICs and biological challenges and supply clean air to the military COLPRO capability. Theoretical temperatures which might be achieved due to the compression of air in the engine cylinder were calculated. Based on these calculations an experiment was designed to test for the destruction of chemicals by adiabatic compression alone. An engine was used to provide the compression because, although the time at the maximum temperature is very short (<millisecond) it is possible to change the conditions by changing the engine speed or by addition of a supercharger to compress the air before it enters the engine, therefore a range of conditions could be investigated.
R000324A7
Detecting Change in Military Tactical Symbols during Cued and Uncued SearchAustralian Government Department of Defence Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Edinburgh (AU) (2014)This study assessed whether a 7-colour version of 2525B symbology supported faster change detection than a 4-colour version and whether the speed of change detection using a 4-colour version of 2525B symbology differed from 7-colour NCDS symbology. Detection time was measured under cued and uncued search conditions. During cued search participants were instructed to look for the appearance of a particular symbol. During uncued search participants were instructed to look for the appearance of any symbol. The current study found that mean cued search time using the 7-colour version of 2525B symbology was 0.4 seconds faster than cued searches using the 4-colour version of 2525B symbology. However, the mean cued search time for the 4-colour version of 2525B did not differ from the NCDS
3
symbology. No differences were found in uncued detection time between 4-colour 2525B symbology and any other set. Significant differences in the relative detection times for each symbol were observed between symbol sets.
R000326F2
DHCSTC Tin 3.136 Big Data Experimentation to Improve Understanding and Decision Making Geographic Reference Datasets MemoBAE Systems, Yeovil (GB) (2015)This document provides the Geographic Reference Datasets Memo for a concept demonstrator that extracts information about people, places and dates from high volumes of unstructured (text) data. The demonstrator supports text in English, Turkish, Russian, Chinese, Farsi and Arabic and a variety of document formats. A web interface targeted at the analyst community provides geo-spatial visualisation of the extracted intelligence driven from structured queries. The demonstrator is built on the Cloudera software stack and is delivered as a processing pipeline incorporating: ingest of text from a variety of document formats; the extraction of relevant fields from the text; the geo-location of spatial fields; the index and storage of the extracted information.
R000324B9
Dismounted Close Combat Obstacle Breaching Requirements Analysis Summary ReportSystems Engineering & Assessment Ltd, Beckington (GB) (2015)This is a summary report covering “Dismounted Close Combat Obstacle Breaching Requirements Analysis” (SEA/15/TR/12462). This study has been conducted in response the Army capability audit identifying potential gaps in the provision of a dismounted breaching capability onwards from 2015. lt has conducted analysis of dismounted operations to determine likely obstacles encountered by the Infantry Section on operations and has conducted a capability assessment against current and planned equipment items. The study includes analysis of the roles of Assault Pioneers and Close Support Engineers in conjunction with infantry forces. A pan-DLOD assessment is reported highlight issues and considerations to improve and manage the future breaching capability. This in-turn has been used to generate a series of capability planning recommendations in order to address existing and future capability issues.
R00032610
Dstl Finite Element Analysis of the Infra Red Threat Warning System Technology Demonstration Programme Ground Rig FrameworkDstl, Porton Down (GB) (2014)This report details the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) conducted on Version 2 of the infra-red Threat Warning System (IRTWS) ground test frame. The analysis mirrored that conducted on Version 1 of the rig, which is detailed in Dstl report DSTL/LR83858. The overall aim of the analysis was to determine the structural response of the frame during typical manoeuvres. For example, the maximum angular deflection at the extremities of the rig’s arms. During the analysis the maximum stress seen in the rig during any manoeuvre was 83.3 MPa. This gave a safety factor approximately 3 with respect to yield. Another objective was to estimate the material/structural response of sensor frame during deceleration to assess the risk of failure. By applying different deceleration rates to the rig, from a constant angular velocity of 60 deg/s, it was found that for a safety factor of 2 (wrt yield) an angular deceleration rate of -620 deg s to the power of two should not be exceeded. For the majority of simulations the stresses witnessed in rig Version 2 are less than those witnessed during the same simulations of Version 1.
R0003277E
Final Report TIN 2.053 Trends in the Cost of PeopleBAE Systems, Yeovil (GB) (2015)This report provides a broad brush review of the factors, drivers and components underpinning the costs of Defence personnel to enable the Ministry of Defence (MOD) to describe, defend and potentially influence costs in the future. Manpower costs are defined and bounded. Factors that are likely to influence these costs (until 2035) are described covering economic, social and policy and defence changes. A comparison of the use of Contractors and Reserves in the UK to the United States, France, Spain, New Zealand and Israel is included. It provides recommendations for strategies for mitigating inflation trends covering: use of Reserves; contractorisation; sickness; training; areas where the MOD has joint interests with other (non-military) organisations; and alterations to the recruitment model. It also contains recommendations for quantification and further examination, including: comparison with other nations, industries and other government departments; sickness; civilianisation; contractorisation; public private collaborations; indirect functions; time spent training; and reduced manning of equipment.
4
R0003253A
Final Report TIN 3.128-Thermal Manikin Testing of Body Armour SystemsBAE Systems, Yeovil (GB) (2014)Manikin measurements were performed for two ballistic vests worn over combat clothing using a thermal manikin of the Newton type. Heat and vapour resistances were determined. Differences between the Osprey and the System C vest seem limited when considered for the whole body. However, Osprey, due to its larger volume and coverage seems to affect the vapour resistance for the zones not under the vest slightly more negatively than the System C vest, giving lower whole body values for System C for vapour resistance. For the vest area however, the latter has a slightly lower heat resistance, but a marginally (not of practical significance) worse vapour resistance.
R0003253B
Final Summary Report TIN 2.036: The Long Term Ability of E-Learning to Deliver Training and Education in Support of Military CapabilityBAE Systems, Yeovil (GB) (2015)This research was commissioned by the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl) Programme and Delivery Directorate under the Training Programme. The Owning Stakeholder for the work is the Defence Centre of Training Support, part of the Defence Academy. The research relates to the Defence Human Capability Science and Technology Centre (DHCSTC) ‘Tri-Service Training and Education’ Theme. The intent is to examine the ability of electronic learning (E- Learning) to deliver Training and Education (T&E) in support of military capability. This Summary Report summarizes the current state of E-Learning within the Ministry of Defence (MOD). It includes the results of a literature survey and a case study of E-Learning use within other United Kingdom (UK) organizations that are broadly comparable to the MOD. On the basis of this analysis, it presents recommendations that will help MOD to exploit this E-Learning best practice.
R00032769
Final Summary Report TIN 2.063 Digital LiteracyBAE Systems, Yeovil (GB) (2015)This research was commissioned by the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl) under the Defence Human Capability Science and Technology Centre (DHCSTC). Within the MOD, there is an increasing need to make use of digital technologies to support education and training as a result of recent Defence initiatives such as the New Employment Model (NEM) and the Whole Force Concept (WFC), as well as the aspiration to optimise training delivery. In order to effectively make use of digital technologies
for learning and training and to be able to become a more flexible and distributed training organisation, there is a requirement to better understand the level of Digital Literacy (DL) across MOD personnel. Document reviews, literature reviews and semi-structured interviews were used to determine the required and current level of DL in the MOD as well as identifying key barriers, and good-practice approaches to, the development of DL. A definition of DL in the MOD was developed as well as an initial model of DL that represented the different levels of expertise. The findings from this report will be explored more comprehensively in Phase 2; the digital skills survey.
R000326F9
Final Technical Report TIN 3.146 Hearing Protection and Communication IssuesBAE Systems, Yeovil (GB) (2015)This document presents the final outputs from the work undertaken in order to: 1. Understand the relevance of auditory cues in maintaining Situational Awareness (SA) amongst Military Users. 2. Investigate the potential utility of technologies such as Head-Related Transfer Functions (HRTFs) in supporting 3D audio perception in a tactical military environment. The report contains an extract of the sounds required to support ASA under varying operational conditions, and presents frequency spectra plots of representative target and masking sounds. The operational details are contained in a separate classified Annex. In general the auditory cues are dependent upon the activity being undertaken and the environment in which the signal is being presented. The report identifies important factors that must be considered when employing HRTFs and other advanced audio processing techniques, and makes recommendations for future research into presenting information in 3D space. The proposed techniques for investigation include the adaptation of HRTF algorithms object-based spatial audio, Active Noise Cancellation and Active Noise Reduction. The report also discusses hearing loss and its potential impact on the ability of the individual to perceive 3D audio.
R00032767
Full Technical Report. TIN 3.139 Fitness for Complex Terrain: A Review of the Validity of the British Army Annual Fitness TestBAE Systems, Yeovil (GB) (2015)This report addresses two questions: 1. Is the British Army Annual Fitness Test (AFT) currently a valid measure of a soldier’s “vocational fitness”? The report recommends soldier’s “vocational” fitness should be based on their “combat” role, not career employment group; the current AFT is not deemed to be a valid measure of a soldier’s physical preparedness to undertake their combat role. 2. Can additional activities be identified to test wider
5
components of fitness that will better demonstrate basic military fitness competence? Aerobic endurance, anaerobic endurance, muscular strength and muscular endurance were identified as the four key components of fitness. These components should be tested in a future AFT using a loaded march, fire and movement, lift, and carry test. The report makes five key recommendations: 1. Review the AFT to include tests to assess the four key components of fitness required for a combat role 2. Determine the minimum performance standard required for two or more “combat roles” 3. Convene facilitated working group(s) to consider details and practicalities of implementing a new AFT 4. Review the implications of adopting new AFT and standards 5. Investigate the validity of energy expenditure and sustainment models for determining equivalency of load carriage tasks.
R0003276B
Generic Bio Detector Model Log BookDstl, Porton Down (GB) (2015)The Generic Bio Detector model has been developed to simulate the response of any bio- aerosol detector technology to a threat agent challenge. This log book provides up-to-date information on the model, its software implementation, trained users and fitness-for-purpose.
R0003276C
Generic Bio Detector Model Software Test Report (STR)Dstl, Porton Down (GB) (2015)The Generic Bio-aerosol Detector model has been developed to represent any device that can detect biological aerosol, independent of any specific technology. Most devices can be characterised by a common set of parameters that can be used as input to this model. The model, therefore, may be used to compare detector technologies when presented with the same threat. This document contains the results of the verification tests that have been carried out on the model. A description of the tests can be found in the Software Test Plan (STP).
R0003276F
Generic Bio-aerosol Detector Model Software Test Plan (STP)Dstl, Porton Down (GB) (2015)The Generic Bio-aerosol Detector model has been developed to represent any device that can detect biological aerosol, independent of any specific technology. Most devices can be characterised by a common set of parameters that can be used as input to this model. The model, therefore, may be used to compare detector technologies when presented with the same threat. This document contains a set of software tests that may be used to verify the implementation of the Generic Bio-aerosol Detector model software. A set of validation tests are also provided in order to test the scientific basis for the
complete model. The input parameters for each test are given and, where practical, the expected model output is also given. This is to allow independent verification and validation of the model to test that it meets all of the requirements laid out in the model requirements document.
R0003270F
High Level Design TIN 3.133 [Dismounted Integrated Survivability Toolset]Dstl, Porton Down (GB) (2015)The Dismounted Integrated Survivability Toolset (DIST) project aims to provide a toolset, a collection of existing models bound together by a framework, that holistically addresses the question of what is ‘best’ in terms of equipment for dismounted infantry in hostile environments. This document provides a high level design for the prototype DIST. This document was created as part of the design phase of the DIST project and is based on the requirements gathered during the requirements capture phase of the project.
R00032564
Impact of Contracting on Equipment Resilience (ICER)Dstl, Institute of Naval Medicine, (GB) (2014)As part of the drive towards more effective delivery and support of military capability, MOD has increasingly contracted industry to provide maintenance of its equipment based on service level agreements. This has been undertaken with the intention of reducing the in-house maintenance burden and taking an opportunity to realise cost savings. However, the commercial and contractual terms within these contracts can lead to unintended consequences when considering equipment resilience. This report attempts to collate and quantify the implications of contractual constraints and requirements on MOD’S desire to improve the resilience of its capabilities. Both positive and negative impacts on equipment resilience are demonstrated through the selected case studies, with the aim of providing MOD supporting evidence to enable potential changes to contracting practice.
R0003259D
LVC Simulation Project - Work Stand 2 Infrastructure and Service Enablers - Capstone Report 2014/2015Dstl, Portsdown West (GB) (2015)This document details the progress of the Infrastructure and Service Enablers work strand of the Live Virtual and Constructive Simulation Project undertaken in Financial Year 2014/2015. The work strand consisted of four sub tasks Simulation Technical Advice and Guidance (SimTAG), Persistent Coalition Research Infrastructure, Communications Strategy Implementation and Knowledge Integration and Test Environment Infrastructure. Outputs include
6
7
CORDA, Farnborough (GB) (2015)This report describes trials undertaken to test two aspects of an approach intended to result in better evidence for Army capability planning. The approach is focused on the early stages of capability planning, specifically the formulation of analytical studies to support capability decisions. Two key elements of this approach are: a set of methods to gain a shared understanding of the problem and solution space, termed sensemaking (SM); and a method for evidence quality assessment. For the first aspect, a four-day experiment compared the utility of applying a SM approach, using a widely-published concept termed Cynefin, against a more traditional approach. The results suggested that the Cynefin approach increased the level of team sensemaking observed but the quantity and quality of output was not significantly greater. It is recommended that these methods are modified to help participants evolve their consideration of the problem into a better study plan, and to capture the team’s sensemaking in the output. For the second aspect, an Evidence Readiness Level (ERL) hierarchy has been designed to aid evidence quality assessment. In general, participants were satisfied with the concept and believe it provides an ‘80 percent solution’ in its current form. They believe it will help facilitate the dialogue between commissioners and analysts on the level of evidence required of, and attainable by, a study. However, there are a few issues with the current design and some improvements need to be made to increase its usability for the next iteration.
R00032736
ORSAT Software Requirements Specification - User Requirements DocumentFrazer-Nash Consultancy Stonebridge House, (GB) (2015)This document specifies the User Requirements for an Ordnance RADHAZ Site Assessment Tool (ORSAT). ORSAT will be used to assist in conducting site and platform Hazard of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance (HERO) assessments. The tool will advise on where it is safe to process, store, transport, handle, load and use weapons, ordnance, munitions and explosives (WOME) containing electro explosive devices (EED) and platforms with safety related systems susceptible to electromagnetic radiation (EMR). The tool will be used to calculate minimum safe separation distances (MSSD) from WOME containing EEDs and platforms to sources of EMR. The high level requirement is presented in conjunction with Use Cases which define the possible ways in which the tool is expected to be used. The individual User Requirements are then derived from the Use Cases.
some key recommendations to MOD with regards to maturity and readiness of simulation infrastructure and components (through SimTAGs) and development of a shared working environment to facilitate collaboration and engagement across customers, stakeholders, and the supplier base. A number of International Research Collaboration activities have also been undertaken with NATO and The Technical Cooperation Programme (TTCP).
R0003269C
OAC Task 55 Evidence Framework Approach Concept of Analysis Sense-making & evidence quality assessment in Land Force Development Analysis & Experimentation ProjectsCORDA, Farnborough (GB) (2015)This document is deliverable IDS of the Operational Analysis Collaboration framework Task 55 project. The focus of this project is the development and trialling of an Evidence Framework Approach (EFA) that will address shortfalls observed across government, and commented by Sir Nick MacPherson in a recent report. The aim of the EFA project is to demonstrate a framework that will result in better evidence for Army planning. The EFA comprises means of sense-making and evidence assessment throughout the life of an analysis study. Previous work proposed the use of Cynefin and RIGOUR for these purposes. The EFA will incorporate the perspectives of the pan-government Analytical Quality Assurance book. An initial spiral of development and trialling of sense-making and evidence quality assessment methods is proposed. Two problems have been chosen for the trials. The first concerns Information Manoeuvre and the second concerns Medium Capability. Three complementary methods have been selected for the initial sense- making trial. These methods are entitled: ‘Future, Backwards’, ‘Four Points Contextualisation’, and ‘Ritual Dissent’. Trials approaches are proposed to test the validity of the methods and to determine the effectiveness of using them. We propose to develop a simple evidence hierarchy termed Evidence Readiness Level (ERL). Its purpose is primarily around the communication of the broad level of evidence expected from, or achieved by, a piece of analysis, particularly facilitating the discussion between commissioner and analyst. Trials approaches are suggested on the usability, reliability and validity of the ERL hierarchy. Specific guidance to be incorporated in the Land Handbook will be developed based around the lifecycle of a typical Land Force Development study.
R0003262D
OAC Task 55 Evidence Framework Approach Trials Report Sense-making & evidence quality assessment in Land Force Development Analysis & Experimentation Projects
8
R00032631
Quantum Photonics: Likely Operational Range of an Underwater Single Photon Counting DetectorDstl, Porton Down (GB) (2015)This report is an update on research by Heriot Watt University, funded by Dstl, into an application of quantum photonics. The current research is funded by a Dstl Defence and Security PhD programme reference 11/12_NatPhD_235 ‘Quantum Detection Techniques for Underwater Imaging’ which started in Apr 2012 and ends in Mar 2016. Time Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC) exploits the ability of modern tuneable lasers to emit one photon at a time, and to correlate their return. This may provide the solution to a number of challenges of underwater detection and imaging. A key question for such a quantum photonics based approach is thus the likely operational range of such a system when deployed as an underwater sensor for use, for example, in mine clearance operations close to shore. This report describes both theoretical work and experiments which give the first indications of what might be achieved in practice.
R00032497
Reactive Chemistries Summary ReportDstl, Porton Down (GB) (2015)Reaction chemistries employed in current chemical warfare agent (CWA) decontaminants and destruction processes severely limit their use in contemporary military scenarios. In an attempt to address these shortfalls, this project seeks to identify and evaluate previously unexplored chemical reaction strategies that may find application in generation-after-next Hazard Management and Elimination technologies. Recent developments in chemical technologies of relevance to Hazard Management or Elimination were reviewed and four approaches were identified as sufficiently novel to warrant further investigation. Decontaminants have been prepared and tested against CWAs and shown that chemical warfare agents are decontaminated. It is recommended that this project should continue to investigate the novel reaction strategies which have been identified and to benchmark established decontamination and destruction chemistries against selected CW agent precursor chemicals.
R00032485
Risk Methodology: Technical Report FY2015-16Dstl, Porton Down (GB) (2015)UK Armed Forces are subject to numerous threats and hazards whilst deployed on operations. One of the responsibilities of the MOD is to help address these threats and hazards by using the best methodology for identifying, assessing and managing risk. Although Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) events are believed to be unlikely or rare, the cost of their rectification and the strategic political-military impact of their occurrence are likely to be extremely high.
R000324E9
Phase 2 Annexes to Phase 2 Summary Report TIN [3.097] Developing Training Data Standards and FormatsBAE Systems, Yeovil (GB) (2015)The Ministry of Defence (MOD) has recognised that there is a need for a common open standard for describing training and simulation activity, and that this could be used to store the data in a standardised manner. This would allow common analysis tools to exploit data from different sources, and greatly simplify the exchange of data between environments. The aim of this study is to develop a framework for a common standard and format for land training (of dismounted combat platoon) and simulation data in order to assess the feasibility of the concept and inform any plans for its delivery. This report is the Annexes to the phase 2 summary report, which the remaining Phase (3) of this study will build upon.
R000324E5
Phase 2 Summary Report TIN [3.097] Developing Training Data Standards and FormatsBAE Systems, Yeovil (GB) (2015)The Ministry of Defence (MOD) has recognised that there is a need for a common open standard for describing training and simulation activity, and that this could be used to store the data in a standardised manner. This would allow common analysis tools to exploit data from different sources, and greatly simplify the exchange of data between environments. The aim of this study is to develop a framework for a common standard and format for land training (of dismounted combat platoon) and simulation data in order to assess the feasibility of the concept and inform any plans for its delivery. This report covers the summary report for phase 2 which the remaining Phase 3 will build upon.
R00032754
Plenoptic Cameras for Imaging through Distortion and TurbulenceDepartment of Computer Science, York University (GB) (2014)In the original proposal the aims of the project were stated to provide proof-of-concept for a new approach to the problem of imaging through atmospheric distortion and turbulence by using a light-field (plenoptic) camera. The plenoptic camera is a passive sensing system which uses a microlens array to sense both image intensity and ray direction simultaneously in the scene (the ‘light-field’). The goals are to (a) use the provided equipment to capture light-field imagery of a standard target, (b) develop the algorithms and models necessary to detect and correct atmospheric distortion (c) demonstrate the output of undistorted imagery. This system can potentially replace bulky and costly active optics used in current imaging systems.
9
This report seeks to provide an improved risk-based assessment methodology that can be used to support MOD and Government risk management and decision-making. The methodology has been constructed with support from academia (University of Southampton) and in collaboration with CBR Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) partners.
R00032706
Strategic Balance of Investment Linear Programme 2013 Code Improvements ValidationDstl, Portsdown West (GB) (2015)In 2013 the Whole Force Analysis Study started an activity under the Policy and Capability Studies Department (PCSD) Strategic Intervention Study to see if improvements could be made to the Strategic balance of investment (Strat Bol) Linear Programme (LP) to enable the study to investigate larger problems. The activity was contracted to CORDA and carried out by Chippington Derrick Consultants. This report details the Dstl validation and verification activities conducted to assure that the changes recommended in the Strategic Intervention activity are suitable for use. In addition there was a requirement to upgrade the operating system on the High Performance Computing blade on which the Strat Bol LP runs and upgrade to the latest version of the Xpress software and these were also included in this validation and verification activity.
R00032596
Surgeon General’s Armed Forces Feeding Project: Physical Status of a Shore-Based Submariner PopulationDstl, Institute of Naval Medicine (GB) (2015)The Institute of Naval Medicine (INM) was tasked by Surgeon General’s Research Strategy Group to undertake a programme of work that examined nutrition for UK Armed Forces. The present study investigated physical status dietary intake of Royal Navy submariners. Body mass, body composition, physical fitness and dietary intake were measured in (n=58) male submariners (aged: 30 + - 6 y; height: 1.79 + - 0.1 m; body mass: 85.9 + - 11 kg; Body Mass Index [BMI]: 27 + - 3 kg.m -2) whilst alongside over a three-month observation period. Mean body mass did not change over the 3-months, where percentage body fat {21.4 + - 5 percent) was at the upper end of normative values for young males. Twenty four percent of volunteers were classified as at risk of obesity- related diseases according to BMI and waist circumference measurements. Aerobic fitness (45.9 + - 7 ml.kg” min” ) and hand grip strength (47.5 + - 7 kg) of volunteers was maintained, but static lift strength increased (122.8 + - 23.1 kg vs. 146.6 + - 25.8 kg; P less than 0.05). Half of the volunteers self-reported taking a dietary supplement, with multivitamins and protein supplements being the most popular varieties. Total energy intake (assessed from food diaries) was sufficient according to both
public health and military guidelines. The balance of macronutrient intake was sub-optimal for health, but dietary micronutrient intake was consistent with recommended levels. The present study provides comparative baseline data for sea-going submariner cohorts to assist in identifying possible physiological changes associated with submarine operational deployments.
R00032757
System Requirements and System Design Document for the BASILISK ModelAtkins Defence, Farnham (GB) (2015)The wider Land Survivability Analysis (LSA) project seeks to develop an understanding of the balance of survivability measures required to maximise mission effectiveness for mounted forces, dismounted forces and operational infrastructure, engaged within current and likely future operations. This will also include the analysis of mission survivability and the risk to the degradation of the Land Fires mission, where the effector platform is but one component of that capability. The BASILISK prototype (Phase 2) represents the LF component of an armoured Battle Group mission. It seeks to simulate the interactions between the effector platforms and their targeting and logistical functions. Each element of the process is defined by a series of operating states that mimic the combat functions of Blue and Red LF capabilities. BASILISK is a Monte Carlo stochastic framework and is driven by data from several sources, covering the areas of platform characteristics, logistics supply, detection, damage and repair. This provides an extremely flexible tool for future Land Fires studies. This document details the System Requirements and System Design for the BASILISK model developed by ATKINS and is part of a suite of supplier deliverable documents produced for LSA- WP4-P08. This report is a companion to BASILISK Phases 1 and 2 Assessment Report, DSTL/CR87539.
R00032758
Test Plan for the BASILISK ModelAtkins Defence, Farnham (GB) (2015)The wider Land Survivability Analysis (LSA) project seeks to develop an understanding of the balance of survivability measures required to maximise mission effectiveness for mounted forces, dismounted forces and operational infrastructure, engaged within current and likely future operations. This will also include the analysis of mission survivability and the risk to the degradation of the Land Fires mission, where the effector platform is but one component of that capability. The BASILISK prototype (Phase 2) represents the LF component of an armoured Battle Group mission. It seeks to simulate the interactions between the effector platforms and their targeting and logistical functions. Each element of the process is defined by a series of operating states that mimic the combat functions of Blue and Red LF capabilities.
10
BASILISK is a Monte Carlo stochastic framework and is driven by data from several sources, covering the areas of platform characteristics, logistics supply, detection, damage and repair. This provides an extremely flexible tool for future Land Fires studies. This document details the Test Plan for the BASILISK model developed by ATKINS and is part of a suite of supplier deliverable documents produced for LSA-WP4-P08. This report is a companion to BASILISK Phases 1 and 2 Assessment Report, DSTL/CR87539.
R000324C6
The Full Spectrum Approach Across GovernmentDstl, Porstdown West (GB) (2015)The UK Government has made a commitment to delivering its operations using a Full Spectrum Approach (FSA), widely known across Government as the Integrated Approach (IA). As part of the wider Information Activities and Outreach (IAS<0) project, this study sets about developing a baseline understanding of FSA planning across Government. A series of semi-structured interviews were conducted with stakeholders involved in planning from different governmental department to baseline where FSA planning is being conducted and what is limiting its use. This study has found that this aspiration is becoming more widely adopted across UK government, however its practice is still varied and some significant barriers exist to its wider adoption. The uptake of the IA or FSA is limited by among other factors, insufficient knowledge and training of cross-governmental effects, increasing barriers to its wider adoption.
R000325C3
The RICE Model for Capability ConvergenceDstl, Porton Down (GB) (2014)This document describes the RICE model for capability convergence as applied to the land tactical RF EM spectrum. Convergence occurs through steps of Rationalisation, Integration, Coalescence and Enrichment.
R00032677
TIN 2.025(C) Supporting Geographically Dispersed Service Families (GDSF) Two-Page Summary ReportBAE Systems, Alvington (GB) (2015)This research was conducted on behalf of the MOD/Dstl. There is anecdotal evidence to suggest that Service families who live on-base may have better access to the support mechanisms that are in place (e.g. welfare officers, community centres, HIVE), due to their proximity to what is on offer; whereas those living off-base (geographically dispersed) may not perceive the same benefit from the support that is
available (in terms of provision or accessibility). This research was designed to address these current gaps in understanding through a systematic programme of desk-based research, combined with direct consultation with geographically dispersed Service families (GDSF) and welfare support providers. The findings show that many of the challenges experienced by GDSF are the same as those experienced by families living on-base (e.g. separation, deployments, uncertainty), and indeed there are both positives and negatives associated with living off- base. Various factors (e.g. age, proximity to wider family) will impact on the needs and experiences of GDSF, and also impact on levels of coping and help-seeking, so a one-size-fits-all approach to family support is unlikely to work. It is recommended that MOD collects data to identify where GDSF are living, and welfare policies should be ‘geography proofed’.
R000324D8
TIN 2.027 Support to Future Reserves 2020: Organisational Benefits of Employing ReservistsBAE Systems, Yeovil (GB) (2015)This research was conducted for the MoD via the Defence Human Capability Science and Technology Centre (DHCSTC). It focused on the benefits that employers obtain from employing Reservists and how they might leverage these as well as how they might address the challenges from employing Reservists. Data were gathered via: desk research; interviews with stakeholders; case studies of employers of Reservists and interviews with Reservists; case studies of employers of comparator volunteers and interviews with employers who do not employ Reservists. The results identified perceived benefits connected to employing Reservists. These can be classified as: transferable skills; training; soft skills; attitudes and personal qualities; experience of Defence and reputation. However, many employers struggle to recognise or leverage these benefits. Those that do leverage the benefits do so via mechanisms such as re-deployment; increasing responsibilities or using Reservists to provide training. The challenges of employing a Reservist are linked to increased absence due to training or mobilisation. Employers address this by using existing employees or offering stretch assignments to junior staff. Employers do not assess the impact of employing a Reservist on the bottom line but it this is probably dependent on how well benefits are leveraged and challenges addressed.
R00032708
TIN 2.045 Outsourced Training Services: Development of a Decision FrameworkBAE Systems, Yeovil (GB) (2015)An increased level of outsourcing within the training domain has led to the need for a decision framework to support outsourcing decisions. The aim of the framework was to support decision makers
11
in determining the costs, benefits and risks of outsourcing within the Royal Navy Maritime Training Domain. A structured approach was taken to develop the framework. This approach incorporated: workshops and expert judgement; a focused review of relevant literature; and investigation of other outsourcing decisions that have been made (case studies). The decision framework comprises four main sections: Terms of reference (understand reasons behind the desire to outsource and the scope of the outsourcing); Preliminary assessment (assessment of feasibility); Detailed assessment (assessment of costs, benefits and risks); Final implementation checks (identification and assessment of potential implementation issues). An outsourcing decision can be made at the preliminary assessment; detailed assessment; and final implementation check stages. The framework has been structured so that it funnels out activities that should not be outsourced at the earliest opportunity and allows detailed analysis of the activities that offer the greatest potential to be outsourced, thereby directing detailed analytical effort to decisions where it is needed most. This process and the framework should be further refined through a trial application of the framework.
R00032520
TIN 2.051 The Defence Trainer Capability - Trainer Selection, Reward and Career Management Technical Report 2: Methodological PlansBAE System, Yeovil (GB) (2015)This research project investigates the breadth of issues and good practice relating to the attraction, identification, selection, reward, and career management of those employed in training roles, in order to better understand the human capability implications of the Defence Trainer Capability (DTC). Phase 1 of the project identified issues relating to selection and career management of personnel in Defence training roles and established a set of research questions to address these. Phase 2 now develops and implements detailed methodological plans to support an investigation of selected research questions from Phase 1. This report presents the two methodological plans which have been developed in Phase 2 to support investigation of selected research questions from Phase 1. Methodological Plan 1 sets out a methodology for examining the question “What does a good trainer look like and what opportunities exist to broaden the volunteer pool for trainer roles?” A job analysis approach is taken. Methodological Plan 2 sets out a methodology for examining the question “What are the wider benefits of embedding a workplace trainer culture across Defence?” A Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) approach is taken. Customer endorsement of these plans takes Phase 2 into a subsequent implementation stage.
R0003259E
TIN 2.057 Competence Retention Analysis User GuideBAE Systems, Yeovil (GB) (2015)This research was conducted for Dstl via the Defence Human Capability Science & Technology Centre. It is aimed at providing information for training designers regarding the scheduling of refresher training or practice intervals, improving training design and to inform decision-making about the specification of training priorities (initial and refresher). This guide contains step-by-step guidance on how to conduct a Competence Retention Analysis (CRA) and provides an overview of training design strategies which can be used to reduce skill fade. The CRA provides an indicative model of knowledge and skill retention which may be exploited to give practical, usable advice and quick wins to optimise competence retention. The CRA is flexible in that it can be applied as part of the Defence Systems Approach to Training (DSAT) training analysis and/or training design stages, or independently. In particular, it complements Difficulty, Importance and Frequency (DIF) analysis. Steps one to four of CRA are relevant if you wish to know more about the retention of task components and specify evidence-based refresher training intervals and priorities. Step 5 is relevant if you wish to apply the CRA output to the design and delivery of training.
R000324DE
TIN 3.127 Reserves Post-Operational Stress Management (POSM) Study: Stage One - ScopingBAE System, Yeovil (GB) (2015)Previous research has suggested that Reservists are more likely to suffer post-operational stress and mental health issues than Regulars (e.g. Hotopf et al., 2006; Harvey et al., 2012). There is currently a lack of clarity regarding the robustness and efficacy of current Post-Operational Stress Management (POSM) policies with regards to meeting the needs of Reservists, as the main focus of current POSM policy is on Regulars. The purpose of this research was to review the current POSM system, to assess its suitability for effectively managing the mental welfare of Reservists, now and in the future (as more Reservists will be deployed alongside Regulars as part of Future Force 2020). This report describes the findings from the initial scoping phase of the research, Which involved: a literature review to identify existing theoretical models and accepted practice in the area of POSM; evaluation of current POSM delivery against these models; and a literature review to understand the post-operational needs of Reservists. This report presents a roadmap for future research in this area, to inform Stage Two of the research programme, as well as recommendations for the future evaluation of specific POSM provision for Reservists.
12
R000324DC
Two-Page Summary Report TIN 2.027 Support to the Future Reserves 2020 Programme: Organisational Benefits of Employing ReservistsBAE System, Somerset (GB) (2015)This research was conducted for the MoD via the Defence Human Capability Science and Technology Centre (DHCSTC). It focused on the benefits that employers obtain from employing Reservists and how they might leverage these as well as how they might address the challenges from employing Reservists. Data were gathered via: desk research; interviews with stakeholders; case studies of employers of Reservists and interviews with Reservists; case studies of employers of comparator volunteers and interviews with employers who do not employ Reservists. The results identified perceived benefits connected to employing Reservists. These can be classified as: transferable skills; training; soft skills; attitudes and personal qualities; experience of Defence and reputation. However, many employers struggle to recognise or leverage these benefits. Those that do leverage the benefits do so via mechanisms such as re-deployment; increasing responsibilities or using Reservists to provide training. The challenges of employing a Reservist are linked to increased absence due to training or mobilisation. Employers address this by using existing employees or offering stretch assignments to junior staff. Employers do not assess the impact of employing a Reservist on the bottom line but it this is probably dependent on how well benefits are leveraged and challenges addressed.
R0003253C
Two-Page Summary Report TIN 2.036: The Long Term Ability of E-Learning to Deliver Training and Education in Support of Military CapabilityBAE Systems, Yeovil (GB) (2015)This research was commissioned by the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl) Programme and Delivery Directorate under the Training Programme. The Owning Stakeholder for the work is the Defence Centre of Training Support, part of the Defence Academy. The research relates to the Defence Human Capability Science and Technology Centre (DHCSTC) ‘Tri- Service Training and Education’ Theme. The intent is to examine the ability of Electronic-Learning (E- Learning) to deliver Training and Education (T&E) in support of military capability. This Technical Report summarizes the current state of E-Learning within the Ministry of Defence (MOD). It includes the results of a literature survey and a case study of E-Learning use within other United Kingdom (UK) organizations that are broadly comparable to the MOD. On the basis of this analysis, it presents recommendations that will help the MOD to exploit this E-Learning best practice.
R000326EB
Two-Page Summary Report TIN 3.146 Hearing Protection and Communication IssuesBAE Systems, Yeovil (GB) (2015)This document presents a concise summary of the final outputs from the work undertaken in order to: 1. Understand the relevance of auditory cues in maintaining Situational Awareness (SA) amongst Military Users. 2. Investigate the potential utility of technologies such as Head-Related Transfer Functions (HRTFs) in supporting 3D audio perception in a tactical military environment. The full report entitled ‘TIN 3.146 Final Technical Report, Hearing Protection and Communication Issues’(OS_DHCSTC_I394574_H_T3_146/002) contains an extract of the sounds required to support ASA under varying operational conditions, and presents frequency spectra plots of representative target and masking sounds. The operational details are contained in a separate classified Annex. In general the auditory cues are dependent upon the activity being undertaken and the environment in which the signal is being presented. The report identifies important factors that must be considered when employing HRTFs and other advanced audio processing techniques, and makes recommendations for future research into presenting information in 3D space. The proposed techniques for investigation include the adaptation of HRTF algorithms, object-based spatial audio. Active Noise Cancellation and Active Noise Reduction. The report also discusses hearing loss and its potential impact on the ability of the individual to perceive 3D audio.
R0003254A
Two-Page Summary Report: TIN 3.118 Percentile Limits ReviewBAE Systems, Yeovil (GB) (2014)The objectives of the work were to answer the following questions: 1: What evidence is there to demonstrate the effectiveness and limitations of the current approach to the application of percentile limits as a means to determine whether a person of a given size can fit safely into a land vehicle? 2 What alternative approaches to the application of percentile limits exist, other than setting percentile ranges, for specifying anthropometric requirements for land vehicles? 3 What is the potential impact of using these alternative approaches when compared to the use of percentile limits? 4: What are the potential dependencies for the current approach to the application of percentile limits and alternative anthropometric approaches through the Defence system lifecycle of a land vehicle? Published literature was reviewed to gain an understanding of the different approaches for integrating people into vehicles across Defence and civil industries. Practitioner workshops were conducted with MOD, Dstl, industry and academia to identify how anthropometries is currently being specified and applied across a range of industries. The study identifies a range of issues
13 13
ATHENA is run by Dstl to provide MOD with a central repository for storing scientific and technical (S&T) reports of current and past research programmes and projects. The ATHENA Collection is made available to MOD and Industry through a variety of products and services.
For further information about Defence Reporter, or to provide feedback, please contact:[email protected] AcknowledgementsThis publication was supported by the Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) of Australia and the Institute of Naval Medicine, who have provided report citations for inclusion in Defence Reporter.
Disclaimer: Defence Reporter is compiled from research reports and is offered as a service by Dstl Knowledge and Information Services solely for informational purposes. The appearance of an item in Defence Reporter does not constitute an endorsement by Dstl or MOD.
and concerns associated with current approaches and provides recommendations as to how future armoured vehicle programmes could improve the application of anthropometries.
R00032479
Understanding Ageing Aircraft Research and Development Summary Report FY14/15Dstl, Porton Down (GB) (2015)This report provides an overview of the work undertaken during FY14/15 in support of the Ageing Aircraft (AA) programme. This includes the Understanding Ageing Aircraft Research and Development (UAAR&D) programme (Project 704379), sponsored by the Programmes Office, the Technology Insertion in Support of Ageing Aircraft Fleets (TISAAF) programme (Project 705854) and the Science and Technology Sustaining Military Aircraft (SATSUMA) programme (Project 707498), sponsored by Defence Equipment and Support (DE&S) Technology Delivery Air (SATSUMA is co-sponsored by the DE&S Airworthiness Team (DAT)) and the Military Aviation Authority support task (705872). In addition, this report also describes collaborative programmes partly funded by DE&S Project Teams and by Industrial partners.
R0003275A
User Requirements Document for the BASILISK ModelAtkins Defence, Aldershot (GB) (2015)The wider Land Survivability Analysis (LSA) project seeks to develop an understanding of the balance of survivability measures required to maximise mission effectiveness for mounted forces, dismounted forces and operational infrastructure, engaged within current and likely future operations. This will also include the analysis of mission survivability and the risk to the degradation of the Land Fires mission, where the effector platform is but one component of that capability. The BASILISK prototype (Phase 2) represents the LF component of an armoured Battle Group mission. It seeks to simulate the interactions between the effector platforms and their targeting and logistical functions. Each element of the process is defined by a series of operating states that mimic the combat functions of Blue and Red LF capabilities. BASILISK is a Monte Carlo stochastic framework and is driven by data from several sources, covering the areas of platform characteristics, logistics supply, detection, damage and repair. This provides an extremely flexible tool for future Land Fires studies. This document details the User Requirements for the BASILISK model developed by ATKINS and is part of a suite of supplier deliverable documents produced for LSA-WP4-P08. This report is a companion to BASILISK Phases 1 and 2 Assessment Report, DSTL/CR87539.
