Define corrections in terms of criminal justice…

Then, provide three examples of corrections used in the US today. Provide pros and cons of each.

Corrections refers to the great number of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of people accused or convicted of criminal offenses. In addition to prisons and jail, corrections include probation, halfway houses, education and work release programs, parole supervision, counseling, and community service.

Chapter 10: Criminal Justice in America

Colonial Period (1600s-1790’s)

FeaturesAnglican CodeCapital & Corporal

Punishments, fines○ 13 capital offenses

Philosophical BasisReligious LawDoctrine of

Predestination○ God has plan

Penitentiary Period (1790’s-1860’s)

FeaturesSeparate ConfinementReform IndividualPower of Isolation & LaborAccording to severity of crime

Philosophical BasisEnlightenmentDeclaration of IndependenceReligious PenitencePower of Reformation

Reformatory Period (1870’s-1890’s)

FeaturesIndeterminate SentencesParoleRehab ProgramsSeparate for Juveniles

Philosophical BasisNational Prison Assoc.Crime as moral diseaseCriminals as “victims of

social disorder”

Progressive Period (1890’s-1930’s)

FeaturesIndividual Case ApproachAdministrative DiscretionBroader Probation & ParoleJuvenile Courts

Philosophical BasisAge of ReformPunishment according to

needCrime as urban, immigrant

ghetto problem

Medical Period (1930s-1960s)

FeaturesRehab primary focusPsychological testingVarious types of treatment

Philosophical BasisBiomedical SciencePsychiatry & PsychologySocial Work PracticeCrime as signal of personal

“distress” or “failure”

Community Period (1960’s – 1970’s)

FeaturesReintegration into communityAvoid IncarcerationVocational/Educational

Programs

Philosophical BasisCivil Rights MovementCritique of PrisonsSmall is better

Crime Control Period (1970s-2000s)

FeaturesDeterminate SentenceMandatory SentenceSentencing guidelinesRisk Management

Philosophical BasisCrime ControlRising Crime RatesPolitical shift to rightNew punitive agenda