+ All Categories
Home > Technology > Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Date post: 18-Jan-2015
Category:
Upload: international-council-on-clean-transportation
View: 1,213 times
Download: 0 times
Share this document with a friend
Description:
ICCT and IMarEST presentation on the definition of marine black carbon emissions at the IMO on 30 January 2012.
Popular Tags:
32
Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions Ray Minjares & Galen Hon IMO BLG 16 London, UK 30 January 2012
Transcript
Page 1: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Definition and measurement

of marine black carbon

emissions

Ray Minjares & Galen Hon

IMO BLG 16

London, UK

30 January 2012

Page 2: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Overview

Background

Properties

Definition

Measurement

Findings

Impacts

Page 3: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Background

Page 4: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Background

Page 5: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Background

Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., Sato, M., and Lo, K. (2012). Global Temperature in 2011, Trends and

Prospects. http://columbia.us1.list-

manage.com/track/click?u=0ebaeb14fdbf5dc65289113c1&id=f1a50c4e9f&e=03b924f976

Global Land-Ocean Temperature Index, 1880-2011

Page 6: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Background

2011 Annual Mean Surface Temperature Anomaly relative to 1951-1980 base period

Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., Sato, M., and Lo, K. (2012). Global Temperature in 2011, Trends and Prospects.

http://columbia.us1.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0ebaeb14fdbf5dc65289113c1&id=f1a50c4e9f&e=03b924f976

Page 7: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Background

IPCC shows

black carbon has

already

contributed

significantly to

climate warming

ICCT graphical representation of Figure 2.22 contained in Forster, P., V. Ramaswamy, P. Artaxo, T. Berntsen, R. Betts, D.W. Fahey, J.

Haywood, J. Lean, D.C. Lowe, G. Myhre, J. Nganga, R. Prinn, G. Raga, M. Schulz and R. Van Dorland, 2007: Changes in Atmospheric

Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth

Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Slide 7

Page 8: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Properties

Quinn, P., Stohl, A., Arneth, A., Berntsen, T., Burkhart, J. F., Christensen, J., Flanner, M., et al. (2011). The Impact of Black

Carbon on Arctic Climate ( No. 4). AMAP Technical Report (pp. 1–74). Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme.

Page 9: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Properties

1. Solid carbonaceous fraction of

particulate matter emissions

2. Strongly light-absorbing

3. At least 80 percent carbon by

mass

4. Stable at high temperatures

(refractory)

5. Insoluble in water

6. Product of pyrolisis

7. Exists as chain aggregates of

spherules 20-50nm in diameter

8. Molecular structure dominated

by sp2 bonds

9. Absorbs radiation across a wide

spectrum

Page 10: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Definition

Black carbon (BC) is strongly light-absorbing carbonaceous material emitted as solid particulate matter created through incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels. BC contains more than 80 percent carbon by mass, a high fraction of which is sp2-bonded carbon, and when emitted forms aggregates of primary spherules between 20 and 50 nm in aerodynamic diameter. BC absorbs solar radiation across all visible wavelengths and freshly emitted BC has a mass absorption efficiency of 5 m2/g at the mid-visible wavelength of 550 nm. The strength of this light absorption varies with the composition, shape, size distribution, and mixing state of the particle.

Page 11: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Definition

Black carbon (BC) is strongly light-absorbing carbonaceous material emitted as solid particulate matter created through incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels. BC contains more than 80 percent carbon by mass, a high fraction of which is sp2-bonded carbon, and when emitted forms aggregates of primary spherules between 20 and 50 nm in aerodynamic diameter. BC absorbs solar radiation across all visible wavelengths and freshly emitted BC has a mass absorption efficiency of 5 m2/g at the mid-visible wavelength of 550 nm. The strength of this light absorption varies with the composition, shape, size distribution, and mixing state of the particle.

Page 12: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Definition

Black carbon (BC) is strongly light-absorbing carbonaceous material emitted as solid particulate matter created through incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels. BC contains more than 80 percent carbon by mass, a high fraction of which is sp2-bonded carbon, and when emitted forms aggregates of primary spherules between 20 and 50 nm in aerodynamic diameter. BC absorbs solar radiation across all visible wavelengths and freshly emitted BC has a mass absorption efficiency of 5 m2/g at the mid-visible wavelength of 550 nm. The strength of this light absorption varies with the composition, shape, size distribution, and mixing state of the particle.

Page 13: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Definition

Black carbon (BC) is strongly light-absorbing carbonaceous material emitted as solid particulate matter created through incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels. BC contains more than 80 percent carbon by mass, a high fraction of which is sp2-bonded carbon, and when emitted forms aggregates of primary spherules between 20 and 50 nm in aerodynamic diameter. BC absorbs solar radiation across all visible wavelengths and freshly emitted BC has a mass absorption efficiency of 5 m2/g at the mid-visible wavelength of 550 nm. The strength of this light absorption varies with the composition, shape, size distribution, and mixing state of the particle.

Page 14: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Definition

Black carbon (BC) is strongly light-absorbing carbonaceous material emitted as solid particulate matter created through incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels. BC contains more than 80 percent carbon by mass, a high fraction of which is sp2-bonded carbon, and when emitted forms aggregates of primary spherules between 20 and 50 nm in aerodynamic diameter. BC absorbs solar radiation across all visible wavelengths and freshly emitted BC has a mass absorption efficiency of 5 m2/g at the mid-visible wavelength of 550 nm. The strength of this light absorption varies with the composition, shape, size distribution, and mixing state of the particle.

Page 15: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Definition

Black carbon (BC) is strongly light-absorbing carbonaceous material emitted as solid particulate matter created through incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels. BC contains more than 80 percent carbon by mass, a high fraction of which is sp2-bonded carbon, and when emitted forms aggregates of primary spherules between 20 and 50 nm in aerodynamic diameter. BC absorbs solar radiation across all visible wavelengths and freshly emitted BC has a mass absorption efficiency of 5 m2/g at the mid-visible wavelength of 550 nm. The strength of this light absorption varies with the composition, shape, size distribution, and mixing state of the particle.

Page 16: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Definition

Black carbon (BC) is strongly light-absorbing carbonaceous material emitted as solid particulate matter created through incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels. BC contains more than 80 percent carbon by mass, a high fraction of which is sp2-bonded carbon, and when emitted forms aggregates of primary spherules between 20 and 50 nm in aerodynamic diameter. BC absorbs solar radiation across all visible wavelengths and freshly emitted BC has a mass absorption efficiency of 5 m2/g at the mid-visible wavelength of 550 nm. The strength of this light absorption varies with the composition, shape, size distribution, and mixing state of the particle.

Page 17: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Other Commonly Used Terms

Soot Particles formed during the quenching of gases at the outer edge of flames of organic

vapours, consisting predominantly of carbon, with lesser amounts of oxygen and hydrogen

present as carboxyl and phenolic groups and exhibiting an imperfect graphitic structure.

(Charlson and Heinstzenberg, 1995, p.406)

Elemental carbon Carbonaceous material that does not oxidize below a temperature threshold of 350

degrees C (Cachier, H., Brémond, M.-P., and Buat-Ménard, P. (1989)

Graphitic carbon An allotrope of carbon defined by a molecular structure that consists of planar layers of sp2

carbon bonds.

Page 18: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Measurement

Filter-Based In-Situ

Page 19: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Measurement

Filter-Based Methods

Transmittance/reflectance methods Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (PSAP)

Aethalometer (AE31)

Multi-angle absorption photometer (MAAP 5012)

Thermal speciation methods DRI carbon analyzer (IMPROVE_A)

Page 20: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Measurement

In-situ methods

Photo-acoustic Micro-soot sensor (AVL 483)

Photo-acoustic soot spectrometer (PASS-1)

Refractive index-based Not commercially available

Laser-induced incandescence Single particle soot photometer (SP2)

Difference method Not commercially available

Page 21: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Measurement

Evaluation of techniques for measurement of BC emissions from international shipping

Page 22: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Findings

1. Black carbon is well defined and can be effectively measured.

2. The photo-acoustic technique is the preferred method, although other techniques reviewed can provide reasonably precise measurements.

3. Parallel measurement of light absorption using the IMPROVE_A protocol provides data useful to correlate with ambient air quality measurements

4. A review of mass absorption efficiency of BC emissions from international shipping would provide further measurement validation

5. A protocol for sampling BC emissions from international shipping can provide measurement consistency

6. Measurement methods should be re-evaluated periodically to account for scientific advances

Page 23: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Impacts

Forcing of black carbon in the atmosphere and cryosphere in the year 2000

Adapted from Fig 3 in Bond, T. C., Zarzycki, C., Flanner, M. G., & Koch, D. M. (2011). Quantifying

immediate radiative forcing by black carbon and organic matter with the Specific Forcing Pulse.

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11(4), 1505–1525. doi:10.5194/acp-11-1505-2011

Page 24: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Impacts

Global average forcing of black carbon per unit mass, by region

Fig 5 in Bond, T. C., Zarzycki, C., Flanner, M. G., & Koch, D. M. (2011). Quantifying immediate

radiative forcing by black carbon and organic matter with the Specific Forcing Pulse. Atmospheric

Chemistry and Physics, 11(4), 1505–1525. doi:10.5194/acp-11-1505-2011

Page 25: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Impacts

Average Monthly Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Sep 1979-2010

National Snow and Ice Data Center, 2008

Page 26: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Impacts

Marine BC emissions north of 60° (2005-2050), BAU and high growth scenarios

Corbett, J., Lack, D., & Winebrake, J. (2010). Arctic shipping emissions inventories and

future scenarios. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, (10), 9689–9704.

Page 27: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

For further information please contact

Ray Minjares, Climate and Health Program

International Council on Clean Transportation

[email protected]

+1 415.202.5748

Galen Hon, Starcrest Consulting Group

[email protected]

+1 206.819.1723

Page 28: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

References

Arctic Council An Assessment of Emissions and Mitigation Options for Black Carbon for the Arctic Council.

(2011). An Assessment of Emissions and Mitigation Options for Black Carbon for the Arctic Council. A Technical

Report of the Arctic Council Task Force on Short-Lived Climate Forcers (pp. 1–178). Arctic Council.

Bond, T. C., & Bergstrom, R. (2006). Light absorption by carbonaceous particles: An investigative review.

Aerosol Science and Technology, 40(1), 27–67.

Bond, T. C., Zarzycki, C., Flanner, M. G., & Koch, D. M. (2011). Quantifying immediate radiative forcing by black

carbon and organic matter with the Specific Forcing Pulse. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11(4), 1505–

1525. doi:10.5194/acp-11-1505-2011

Corbett, J., Lack, D., & Winebrake, J. (2010). Arctic shipping emissions inventories and future scenarios.

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, (10), 9689–9704.

Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T. K., Betts, R., Fahey, D., Haywood, J., et al. (2007). Chap

02: Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report.

Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., Sato, M., and Lo, K. (2012). Global Temperature in 2011, Trends and Prospects.

http://columbia.us1.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0ebaeb14fdbf5dc65289113c1&id=f1a50c4e9f&e=03b924f976

Moosmüller, H., Chakrabarty, R., & Arnott, W. (2009). Aerosol light absorption and its measurement: A review.

Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 110(11), 844–878.

Quinn, P., Stohl, A., Arneth, A., Berntsen, T., Burkhart, J. F., Christensen, J., Flanner, M., et al. (2011). The

Impact of Black Carbon on Arctic Climate ( No. 4). AMAP Technical Report (pp. 1–74). Arctic Monitoring and

Assessment Programme.

Watson, J., and Chow, J. (2010) Defining elemental and black carbon in the atmosphere. Presentation to the

AWMA International Specialty Conference on Leapfrogging Opportunities for Air Quality Improvement, 10-14

May, Xi’an, China.

Page 29: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Additional Slides

Page 30: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Impacts

Quinn, P., Stohl, A., Arneth, A., Berntsen, T., Burkhart, J. F., Christensen, J., Flanner, M., et al. (2011).

The Impact of Black Carbon on Arctic Climate ( No. 4). AMAP Technical Report (pp. 1–74). Arctic

Monitoring and Assessment Programme.

Country contributions to anthropogenic BC emissions north of 40°C in the year 2000

Page 31: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Impacts

Quinn, P., Stohl, A., Arneth, A., Berntsen, T., Burkhart, J. F., Christensen, J., Flanner, M., et al. (2011).

The Impact of Black Carbon on Arctic Climate ( No. 4). AMAP Technical Report (pp. 1–74). Arctic

Monitoring and Assessment Programme.

Trends in marine emissions of BC for 2000 to 2007 related to activities at Svalbard

Page 32: Definition and measurement of marine black carbon emissions

Estimated health impacts of carbonaceous

particle emissions north of 40°in the year 2012

Prevention of air pollution from ships. Submission of Clean Shipping Coalition to 62nd

session of the Marine Environment Protection Committee. 6 May 2011. MEPC 62/INF.32


Recommended