Definitionofinitiatingeventsincludingprotection
misoperation fordynamicstudiesofcascadingoutages
E.Ciapessoni,D.Cirio,A.PittoRicerca sul Sistema Energetico RSES.p.A.
Milan,Italy
1
Overview
• Challengesinmodelingcontingenciesfordynamicstudies
• Probabilisticmodelingapproach• Examples• Conclusions
2
Modeling initating contingencies fordynamicstudies:stateofartandchallenges
• Nowadays’timedomain-based cascading simulators– Dynamicmodels formost commonprotectionrelays (overcurrent,distance,
under/overvoltage)areincluded,tosimulatecascadingevolution (+)– little attentiondevoted tothedefinitionoftheinitiatingevent (-)
• Dependence inN-kevents (kusually <3)is not considered• Simplified representation ofsubstation configuration («bus-branch»model)
• However,thefollowing factors areimportant toevaluate thefinalimpactofadisturbance inadynamic simulation:– Linking contingencieswithroot causes
• Starting fromthreats todrivetheselection ofmost dangerous N-kcontingencies
– Substationconfiguration• Simplebusbar,doublebusbar
– Primaryandback-upprotection response inearly faultstages• Correct operation,stuck breaker,communication failure• Timesequence ofprotection intervention is important:same«static»contingency canbe
translated into different «dynamic»ctgs
3
Modeling theinitiating contingencies inRSE’sProbabilistic Risk Assessment tool
4
Herecontingencymodels aredefined
fordynamicsimulations!
Approach forcontingencymodeling indynamics
• Aninitiatingcontingency isdefined intermsof:– Fault(type,impedance andlocation)– Outaged components– Timesequence ofprotection interventions inthevery early instants after thefault– Its probability ofoccurrence
• Accountingforprimaryandback-upprotections inearly faultstage– Busdifferential protections– Backupprotections (IIzonedistance relays forlines,overcurrent protections fortrafos)– Breaker failure devices
5
Outaged elements
Timesequence ofprot.interventions
Probability ofoccurrence
Hazard model
Substationconfiguration
Protection responsetype C
TG F
EATU
RES
… used to evaluate …
Hazardmodeltheroot causes ofcontingencies
6
Probabilistic models ofhazardspThr(s,t,x)
Probabilistic models ofcomponentvulnerability
PV(t|s,t,x)
DATAinputs (user,onlinemonitoringsystems, historical dataseries,etc.)
Tuning of models
Component failure probability
Forany component,located at x
Contingency probability
Combining component failure probs
SHORT TERMLONG TERM
Selection of«critical»components
( ) ( ) ( )∫ ∫ ⋅=
t
t SThrVF ddsxspxstPtxP
0
,,,,|, τττ
Substation configuration:themodel• «Bus-branch»representation usually available for
substationsmodeling incurrent tools– Lack ofdataonactual substation configuration
• «Bus-branch»modelconverted into «node-breaker»model
– using reasonable assumptions based onbaypower flows
7
Half-busbar
sets
1 Odd elements of LE & TUEven elements of LU & TE
2 Odd elements of LO & TEEven elements of LE & TU
Defining four bay sets:LU (lines with outgoing power flow), TU (transformers with outgoing
power flow), LE (lines with injected power flow), TE (transformers with injected
power flow)Applying the rules in the table above
Contingency Enumeration fromhazard modelsTheinitial setofctgs (tobefurther screened)is given by:- All N-1ctgs- multipleN-kcontingencies
- power plant andbusbarctgs,considering possiblemalfunctioning ofprotection systems
- Multiplebranchcontingencies duetoextensive effect ofacommonthreat (e.g. astorm)
Risk based ctg screening is thenperformed using topological(geodesic length,net-ability)metrics toassess impact
8
Hazard modeling Vulnerabilitymodeling
Calculating probability offailure forpower/ICTcomponents
Identifying setofindividual critical components
Defining N-1,N-kcontingencies(including componentdependencies)
Calculating contingencyprobability
Calculating ex-anteimpact
Calculating «ex-ante»risk
Contingency screeningbased onex-anterisk
Multiplecontingencies:selection criteria
• AnextensiveN-kanalysisis unfeasible– Combinatorial explosion!
• Need forcriteria todrivethesearch
• Selecting componentsmorepronetofail(«critical components»)using cumulativescreeningmethod
9
Criticalcomponents allowidentifying:
– Thecritical branches– Criticalsubstations:if theirbusbars orat least one ofconnectedbranch arelistedinthecritical componentset
– Criticalpower plants:iftheir busbars orgeneratorsarelisted inthecriticalcomponentset
Which dependencies?• Geographical dependency among components inN-kmultiplebranch contingencies– All components affected bythesame root cause
• Functional dependencies in:– Doublecircuit outages– Power Plant (PP)outages
• AFaultonEHVbusbarmaydisconnectedthewholePPconnectedtothebusbar
– Busbar outages• Anincorrectoperationofprotectionsmay tripmorecomponentsthan expected
• Afailureonameasurement transformers andcircuitbreakersmaylead totheoutageofthebusbar theyareconnectedto
10
Protection SystemResponsemodelMultiplecontingencies onbusbars
• Busbar contingencies– different assumptions onprotectionsystem responses:B1)correctfaultclearingwithbusdifferentialprotectionsB2)Acircuitbreakeronabayisstuck.B3)Busbar couplerdoesn’topen
• onlyfortheseparable busbarB4)missedinterventionofbusbardifferentialprotection
• Specifications ofcontingenciesB1andB2arerequired accordingtothesubstation configuration (singleordoublebusbar)
• Probability oftheN-kcontingency is evaluated bycombiningfailure probabilities ofthedifferent involveddevices (branches,relays,circuit breakers,etc.)
11
Protection SystemResponsemodelMultiplecontingencies onpower plants
• Power plant contingencies cansignificantly threatenpower system securityduetothepowermismatch theymay cause
• Tripping ofmany units at atimeis possible incaseof:– Stressed operating conditions– Problems totherelated thermal process (incaseofthermalunits)
– Faultonthebusbars oftheEHVsubstation which connectsthePPtothegrid
12
Assessing theprobability ofoccurrence:Commonmodeevents
• Importantexampleofcommonmodeoutages– E.g.Storm affecting aportion ofthegrid
• Usingthesame threat modeltodetermine failure probs ofinvolvedcomponents is theintrinsic causeofdependenceamongPFj(t)– Thehigher thehazard magnitude,thehigher theprobabilities ofall affected
components• N-kbranchoutages probalso is given by
PCTG(t)=Pj=1…TR PFj(t)*Pk=TR+1…N (1-PFk(t))
TR=nroftripped components, N=total nrofcomps• Incaseofdoublecircuit lines (circuits AandB)theapproachallows toestimate
failureprobability ofthedoublecircuitp(AOUT&BOUT)=C([PA PB],rho)
C is thecorrelationmodel(copula),rhomaybederivedfromanalysisofhistoricaldata(rho=0incaseoftwo lineswithsameterminals but nocommonpathway)
13
From samehazard model!
( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )[ ]( )( )( )
( )( )⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎦
⎤
⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢
⎣
⎡
⋅−×
×⋅−−×
×⋅−×−
−
∏
∏
∏
⎭⎬⎫
⎩⎨⎧=
⎪⎭
⎪⎬⎫
⎪⎩
⎪⎨⎧=
⎭⎬⎫
⎩⎨⎧=
Xbusbar -half on theconnectedstrasformer
,
Xbusbar -half on theconnected linescircuit double
ofcircuit singletripping,,,,
Xbusbar -half on theconnectedlinescircuit single
,
1
,,1
11
1
jocCBtrafo
k
ocCBkBkAkAk
iocCBiHB
jj
k
iX
ptp
ptptpCtp
ptptp
ρ
Assessing theprobability ofoccurrence:busbar contingencies
14
OK
Line breaker doesn’t open
F
F
Busbar doesn’t open
F
F
N-k all the
section
N-k faulted half
busbar
N-k faulted half
busbar
Busbar Differential doesn’t trip
N-k all the
section
Initial Condition
Final Condition
Resulting Contingency
Conditions
Tripping the remote end of the lines
C = correlation model; pk,A = failure prob. of circuit A of k-th double circuit
Example (only for substations with separable busbars)Opening bays of half-busbar X (X = 1, 2) of busbar v
Busbar fail. prob increased by including PT’s and CB’sphalf-busbar system = 1 – (1-phalf-bus)*Õi: all CBs (1-pCBi) Õj: all PTs (1-pPTj).
Assessing theprobability ofoccurrence:power plant (PP)outages
• Possible loss ofaPPgiven afaultonEHVside• Similar tobusbar outages but increased failureprobability ofstep-up transformers toaccountforgenerators’failure probability
15
tr_2
~
Set T_G_tr_1
tr_1
HV 1
G1
ptr1’ = 1- (1-ptr1)*(1-ptr2)*(1-pG1)
NO CB’s!
EXAMPLE
Timesequence ofprotection interventionstheadditional protection device models
• Timesequence ofprotection interventionsplayanessential rule toassess ctg impactonpower systemdynamics– Same «static»contingency is translated into different
«dynamic»ctgs• Dynamic studies requiresadditionalmodels toaccount
forfurther protectionresponse types anddeviceswhichmayaffect timesequence
– Missing signal fromprotection relays– Breaker failure device (BFD)operation
• possible toassess theprobabilityofoccurrencealso for«dynamic»ctgs
– see tables innext slides
• IncludesP4andP5multiplecontingencies reported inTable1ofNERCStandardTPL-001-4—“TransmissionSystemPlanningPerformanceRequirements”,lastrev.Nov2014
16
87
21
BFD
KCB
Dynamic definition ofcontingencies
17
CTGID
Description Probability ICT failure/stuckbreaker
Action
1 Busbar fault withcorrect operationof all CBs and BDP
psb/2*prod(1-pCBj)*(1-pK)*prod(1-p_bdpj)*(1-p_bdpK)*(1-pBDP)
NO Intervention of BDP
2a Busbar fault withmalfunction ofone signal to a CB
Psb/2*p_bdpj*(1-pCBj) *(1-pBDP)(forany j)
YES, missing signalto a CB
Intervention of BDP and breaker failuredevice on one CB
2b Busbar fault withone stuck breaker
Psb/2*pCBj*(1-pBDP)(forany j)
YES, one CB stuck Intervention of BDP and back up protectionfor one CB
3a Busbar fault withmissing signal to K
Psb/2*(1-pK)*p_bdpK*(1-pBDP)For any half-busbar
YES, missing signalto K
Intervention of BDP for faulty half-busbar +back-up protections for components of safehalf-busbar
3b Busbar fault withstuck K
Psb/2*pK*(1-pBDP)For any half-busbar
YES, stuck K Intervention of BDP for faulty half-busbar +breaker failure device for components ofsafe half-busbar
3c Busbar fault withBDP out of service
Psb/2*pBDPFor any half-busbar
YES, BDP out ofservice
Intervention of all backup protections forall components at two half-busbars
Source: TERNA (Italian TSO)
K = bus couplerpsb = failure probability (f.p.) at a busbarptr2 = transformer failure probabilitypl = line failure probabilityp_bdpj = BDP signal f.p. at component jp_dsj = distance protection signal f.p.p_ptj = Transformer protection signal f.p.p_BDP = probability of failure of Bus Differential Protection (BDP)
LEGEND
P4 and P5 outagesfrom TPL 001-4
P5
P4
P4
P5
P5
18
CTGID
Description Probability ICTfailure/stuckbreaker
Action
4 Line fault Pl* (1-pCBj)*(1-p_dsj) NO Opening of faulty line with distanceprotections + telepiloting
5 Transfo fault Ptr2* (1-pCBj)* (1-p_ptj)
NO Opening of faulty transformer withovercurrent/differential protections
6 Line fault with stuckbreaker
Plj*pCBjFor any line j
YES, stuckbreaker
Intervention of breaker failure devicefor all safe CBs and backup protectionintervention for faulty CB
6b Line fault with missingtripping signal fromdistance protection(telepiloting)
Plj*(1-pCBj)*p_dsjFor any line j
YES, missingsignal
Intervention of back-up protections forcomponents of the whole substationconnected the faulty component
7 transfo fault with stuckbreaker
Ptr2j*pCBjFor any transfo j
YES, stuckbreaker
Intervention of breaker failure devicefor all safe CBs and backup protectionintervention for faulty CB
7b transfo fault withmissing signal fromovercurrent/differentialprotection
Ptr2j*(1-pCBj)*p_ptjFor any transfo j
YES, missingsignal
Intervention of back-up protections forcomponents of the whole substationconnected the faulty component
K = bus couplerpsb = failure probability (f.p.) at a busbarptr2 = transformer failure probabilitypl = line failure probabilityp_bdpj = BDP signal f.p. at component jp_dsj = distance protection signal f.p.p_ptj = Transformer protection signal f.p.p_BDP = probability of failure of Bus Differential Protection (BDP)
LEGENDDynamic definition of
contingencies
P4
P4
Applicationexamples onrealistic EHVPS
• EHVgrid undertest:220/400kVSicily network
• Contingency setdefinedstartingfroma«storm»scenarioaffectingNorth-Westofisland– Includes 253ctgs (N-1,N-2and
multiple dependent N-kbusbarandpower plant ctgs)
• Two cases:– ScenarioA:telepiloting of
distance relays ON(IIzone=140ms)
– ScenarioB:Telepiloting OFF(IIzone=400ms)
19
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012
N-1_CORP211_CRCP211N-1_CORP211_CRCP211SSB1_PRRP211SSB2_PRRP211N-1_BLLP211_CRCP211N-1_BLLP211_CRCP211N-1_CMRP211_PRRP211N-1_CMRP211_PRRP211N-1_PNAP211_PRRP211N-1_PNAP211_PRRP211N-2_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211N-2_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211N-2_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211N-2_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-2_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-2_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211N-2_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211N-2_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-2_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-1_BLLP211_PRRP211N-1_BLLP211_PRRP211N-1_CMRP211_CRCP211N-1_CMRP211_CRCP211N-2_Ln_CMRP211-CRCP211_CMRP211-CRCP211N-2_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211N-2_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-2_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-2_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-2_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211SSB1_PRRP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2250SSB2_PRRP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2251N-1_CORP211_SRGP211N-1_CORP211_SRGP211N-2_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211SSB1_PRRP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2225SSB2_PRRP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2224SSB1_PRRP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2223SSB2_PRRP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2222SB_CRCP211_BDP_OOSSB_CRCP211_BDP_OOSSB_CRCP211_HB2_stuck_BusCouplSB_CRCP211_HB1_stuck_BusCouplSSB1_PRRP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2250SSB2_PRRP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2251SSB1_PRRP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2225SSB2_PRRP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2224SSB2_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2210SSB2_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2210SSB2_CRCP211SSB2_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_T_CRCP211A1SSB2_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_T_CRCP211A3SSB2_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_T_CRCP211A1SSB2_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_T_CRCP211A3SSB1+DT_PRRP211_L_251 _stuckCBSSB2+DT_PRRP211_L_250 _stuckCBSSB1_PRRP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2223SSB2_PRRP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2222SSB1+DT_CRCP211_L_210 _stuckCBSSB1_PRRP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2250SSB2_PRRP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2251SSB2_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2211SSB1_PRRP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2225SSB2_PRRP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2224SSB2_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2248SSB2_CRCP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_T_CRCP211A1SSB2_CRCP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_T_CRCP211A3SSB2_CMRP211SSB2_CMRP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_T_CMRP211A2SSB2_CMRP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_T_CMRP211A2SSB1_PRRP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2223SSB2_PRRP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2222SSB2_CRCP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2210N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211N-3_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211SB_CRCP211_HB2_MSig_2_BusCouplSB_CRCP211_HB1_MSig_2_BusCouplN-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211SSB1_CORP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_T_CORP211A2SSB1_CORP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_T_CORP211A2SSB1_CORP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2205SSB1_CORP211SSB1_CORP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2205SSB2+DT_CRCP211_L_209 _stuckCBSSB2_CMRP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2250SSB1_CMRP211SSB1_CMRP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_T_CMRP211A1SSB1_CMRP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_T_CMRP211A1SSB2_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2211SSB2_CMRP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2249N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211SSB1_PRRP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_PRRP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_PRRP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_PRRP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_PRRP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_PRRP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_CORP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2210N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211SSB2_CMRP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_T_CMRP211A2N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211SSB1_CMRP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2251SSB2_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2248SSB1_CMRP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2248N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211SSB1_CORP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2231SSB2_CRCP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2211SSB2+DT_CRCP211_L_212 _stuckCBSSB2_CMRP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2250SSB1_CMRP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_T_CMRP211A1SSB2+DT_CRCP211_L_249 _stuckCBSSB1_CORP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2205N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211SSB1_CORP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2210SSB1_CORP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_T_CORP211A2N-4_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211SSB2_CRCP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2248SSB2+DT_CMRP211_L_251 _stuckCBSSB2_CMRP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2249SSB2_CRCP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_CRCP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_CRCP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_CRCP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_CRCP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2+DT_CMRP211_L_248 _stuckCBSSB2_CMRP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2250SSB1_BLLP211SSB1_BLLP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_T_BLLP211A2SSB1_BLLP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_T_BLLP211A2SSB1_CMRP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2251N-5_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-5_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211SSB2_CMRP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_CMRP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_CMRP211_no_signal_to_one_CBN-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211SSB2_CMRP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2249SSB1+DT_CORP211_L_209 _stuckCBSSB1+DT_CMRP211_L_250 _stuckCBSSB1_CMRP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2248SSB1_BLLP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2211SSB1+DT_CMRP211_L_249 _stuckCBSSB1_CORP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2210N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211SSB1_CMRP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2251SSB1_CMRP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_CMRP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_CMRP211_no_signal_to_one_CBN-5_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-5_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-6_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211SSB1_BLLP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2222SSB2_BLLP211SSB2_BLLP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_T_BLLP211A3SSB2_BLLP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_T_BLLP211A3SSB1_CMRP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2248SSB1_BLLP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_T_BLLP211A2N-5_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-5_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211SSB1_BLLP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2211SSB2_BLLP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2212SSB1+DT_BLLP211_L_212 _stuckCBSSB2_BLLP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2223SSB2_BLLP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_T_BLLP211A3SSB1_BLLP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2211SSB2_BLLP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2212SSB1_BLLP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2222SSB1_BLLP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_BLLP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_BLLP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_BLLP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2222SSB2+DT_BLLP211_L_211 _stuckCBSSB2_BLLP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2212SSB2_BLLP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2223SSB2_BLLP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_BLLP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_BLLP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_BLLP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2223SSB1_CORP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2231SSB1_CRCP211SSB1_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_T_CRCP211A2SSB1_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_T_CRCP211A2SSB1_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2226SSB1_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2226SSB1_CORP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_CORP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_CORP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_CORP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_CORP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2231SSB1_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2209SSB1_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2209SSB2_CORP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2204SSB2_CORP211SSB2_CORP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2204SSB1_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2249SSB1_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2212SSB1_CRCP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2226N-1_CORP211_SFMP231SSB2_CORP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2209SSB1_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2212SSB1_CRCP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_T_CRCP211A2SSB1_CRCP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2209SB_CMRP211_HB2_stuck_BusCouplSB_CMRP211_HB1_stuck_BusCouplSSB1_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2249SSB1+DT_CRCP211_L_248 _stuckCBN-1_CORP211_SFMP221SSB1_CRCP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2212SSB1+DT_CRCP211_L_211 _stuckCBSSB1_CRCP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2249SSB2_CORP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2232SSB2_CORP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2209SSB2_CORP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2204SSB1_CRCP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_CRCP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_CRCP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_CRCP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_CRCP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2+DT_CORP211_L_210 _stuckCBSSB2_CORP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2209SB_CMRP211_HB1_MSig_2_BusCouplSB_CMRP211_HB2_MSig_2_BusCouplSB_CMRP211_BDP_OOSSB_CMRP211_BDP_OOSN-1_CRCP211_TIMP211SSB2_CORP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2232SSB2_CORP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2232SSB2_CORP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_CORP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_CORP211_no_signal_to_one_CB
Angle based Instability Impact Index (dt = 10 minutes)Impact value
Con
tinge
ncy
ID
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012
N-1_CORP211_CRCP211N-1_CORP211_CRCP211SSB1_PRRP211SSB2_PRRP211N-1_BLLP211_CRCP211N-1_BLLP211_CRCP211N-1_CMRP211_PRRP211N-1_CMRP211_PRRP211N-1_PNAP211_PRRP211N-1_PNAP211_PRRP211N-2_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211N-2_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211N-2_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211N-2_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-2_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-2_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211N-2_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211N-2_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-2_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-1_BLLP211_PRRP211N-1_BLLP211_PRRP211N-1_CMRP211_CRCP211N-1_CMRP211_CRCP211N-2_Ln_CMRP211-CRCP211_CMRP211-CRCP211N-2_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211N-2_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-2_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-2_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-2_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211SSB1_PRRP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2250SSB2_PRRP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2251SSB1_PRRP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2225SSB2_PRRP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2224SSB1_PRRP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2223SSB2_PRRP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2222SSB1_PRRP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_PRRP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_PRRP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_PRRP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_PRRP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_PRRP211_no_signal_to_one_CBN-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211SSB1_PRRP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2250SSB2_PRRP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2251N-1_CORP211_SRGP211N-1_CORP211_SRGP211N-2_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211SSB1_PRRP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2225SSB2_PRRP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2224N-3_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211SSB1_PRRP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2223SSB2_PRRP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2222SB_CRCP211_BDP_OOSSB_CRCP211_BDP_OOSSSB1+DT_PRRP211_L_251 _stuckCBSSB2+DT_PRRP211_L_250 _stuckCBSSB1_PRRP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2223SSB2_PRRP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2222SSB1_PRRP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2225SSB2_PRRP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2224SSB1_PRRP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2250SSB2_PRRP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2251SB_CRCP211_HB2_MSig_2_BusCouplSB_CRCP211_HB1_MSig_2_BusCouplN-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-3_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-4_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-5_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-5_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-5_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-5_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211SB_CRCP211_HB2_stuck_BusCouplSB_CRCP211_HB1_stuck_BusCouplSSB2_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2210SSB2_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2210SSB2_CRCP211SSB2_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_T_CRCP211A1SSB2_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_T_CRCP211A3SSB2_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_T_CRCP211A1SSB2_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_T_CRCP211A3SSB2_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2211SSB2_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2248SSB1+DT_CRCP211_L_210 _stuckCBSSB2_CRCP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_CRCP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_CRCP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_CRCP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_CRCP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2211N-5_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211N-5_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211SSB2_CRCP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2248N-4_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211SSB2_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2248SSB2_CRCP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_T_CRCP211A1SSB2_CRCP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_T_CRCP211A3SSB2_CRCP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2211SSB2+DT_CRCP211_L_249 _stuckCBSSB2_CRCP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2210SSB2_CMRP211SSB2_CMRP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_T_CMRP211A2SSB2_CMRP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_T_CMRP211A2SSB2+DT_CRCP211_L_212 _stuckCBSSB2_CMRP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2250SSB2_CMRP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2249SSB1_CORP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_T_CORP211A2SSB1_CORP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2205SSB1_CORP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_T_CORP211A2SSB1_CORP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2205SSB1_CORP211SSB2+DT_CRCP211_L_209 _stuckCBSSB2_CMRP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2250SSB1_CMRP211SSB1_CMRP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_T_CMRP211A1SSB1_CMRP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_T_CMRP211A1SSB1+DT_CORP211_L_209 _stuckCBSSB2_CMRP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_CMRP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_CMRP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2+DT_CMRP211_L_248 _stuckCBSSB1_CORP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2210SSB2_CMRP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2249N-6_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_BLLP211-CRCP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CMRP211-PRRP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211_Ln_CORP211-CRCP211SSB2+DT_CMRP211_L_251 _stuckCBSSB1_CMRP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2251SSB2_CMRP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2249SSB1_CORP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2231SSB1_CORP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2210SSB1_CMRP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2248SSB2_CMRP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2250SSB1_CORP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_CORP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_CORP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_CORP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_CMRP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_T_CMRP211A2SSB1_CMRP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2251SSB1+DT_CMRP211_L_249 _stuckCBSSB1_CMRP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_CMRP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_CMRP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_CORP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2231SSB1_CMRP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2248SSB1_CMRP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2248SSB1+DT_CMRP211_L_250 _stuckCBSSB1_CORP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2231SSB1_CORP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2210SSB1_CMRP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2251SSB1_CMRP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_T_CMRP211A1SSB1_CORP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2205SSB1_CORP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_T_CORP211A2SSB1_BLLP211SSB1_BLLP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_T_BLLP211A2SSB1_BLLP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_T_BLLP211A2SSB1_BLLP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2211SSB1_BLLP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2222SSB1_BLLP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2211SSB1_BLLP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_BLLP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_BLLP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_BLLP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2222SSB1+DT_BLLP211_L_212 _stuckCBSSB1_BLLP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2222SSB2_BLLP211SSB2_BLLP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_T_BLLP211A3SSB2_BLLP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_T_BLLP211A3SSB1_BLLP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2211SSB1_BLLP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_T_BLLP211A2SSB2_BLLP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2212SSB2_BLLP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2223SSB2_BLLP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2212SSB2_BLLP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_BLLP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_BLLP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_BLLP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2223SSB2_BLLP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2223SSB2_BLLP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2212SSB2_BLLP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_T_BLLP211A3SSB2+DT_BLLP211_L_211 _stuckCBSSB1_CRCP211SSB1_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2226SSB1_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_T_CRCP211A2SSB1_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_T_CRCP211A2SSB1_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2226SSB1_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2209SSB1_CRCP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_CRCP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_CRCP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_CRCP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_CRCP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB1_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2249SSB1_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2209SSB1_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2212SB_CMRP211_HB1_MSig_2_BusCouplSB_CMRP211_HB2_MSig_2_BusCouplSSB2_CORP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2204SSB2_CORP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2204SSB2_CORP211SSB1_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2249SSB1_CRCP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2212SSB2+DT_CORP211_L_210 _stuckCBSB_CMRP211_BDP_OOSSB_CMRP211_BDP_OOSSSB1_CRCP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2212SSB2_CORP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2209SSB1_CRCP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2209SSB1_CRCP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2249SSB1+DT_CRCP211_L_211 _stuckCBSSB1+DT_CRCP211_L_248 _stuckCBN-1_CORP211_SFMP231SSB2_CORP211_BUSFAULT_stuckCB_L_PP2232SSB2_CORP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_CORP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_CORP211_no_signal_to_one_CBSSB2_CORP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2209SSB1_CRCP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2226SSB1_CRCP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_T_CRCP211A2SB_CMRP211_HB2_stuck_BusCouplSB_CMRP211_HB1_stuck_BusCouplN-1_CORP211_SFMP221SSB2_CORP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2232SSB2_CORP211_BUSFAULT_MSig_CB_L_PP2232SSB2_CORP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2209SSB2_CORP211_stuckCB_FAULT_ON_L_PP2204N-1_CRCP211_TIMP211
Angle based Instability Impact Index (dt = 10 minutes)Impact value
Conti
ngen
cy ID
…Telepiloting OFF
… Telepiloting ON to …
Detect the change in top 10 most severe contingencies passing from …
Conclusions• Need foramoredetaileddefinitionofinitiatingevents forcascadingdynamic
simulations• ApproachdevelopedbyRSEdefines contingencies fordynamicstudiesstarting
from:– Current root causes acting onthesystem– Substation configuration– Different protection response types
• Each initiatingcontingency is characterisedby threeelements:(1)outagedcomponents,(2)probabilityofoccurrence,(3)timesequenceofprotectioninterventions
• Tool able toidentifymostdangerousmultiplecontingencies– Avoiding combinatorial explosion
• Useful tool toinvestigatemultipleevents reported inNERCstandardTPL001-4.
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Contact:Dr.EmanueleCiapessoni,PhDe-mail:[email protected]
