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Definition of Spacing based Definition of Spacing based ononSpacing Reference Point, Spacing Reference Point, SRPSRPPresentation of a proposal for a generic definition of spacing to be used for ASAS spacing applications.
Most of the work on a spacing definition has been performed by SAS within the frame of NUP I and NUP II.
Presented at the ASAS Thematic Network Workshop 07OCT 2003 by:Capt. Michael Agelii, representing Aviator System
Spacing Definition based on SRP 2
Need for a definition of Need for a definition of spacingspacing• Spacing is a defined distance between two aircraft
denoted as Leader and Follower• In order to measure a distance between the leader and
follower in space you must define along which line or curves in space the distance shall be measured.
• The great circle track between two aircraft is a truly useful representation of spacing only in the special case when both aircraft are flying with the same track and in line.
• In order to be able to use spacing operationally where aircraft frequently alter their track, we must broaden the definiton to encompass curves in space and track changes.
• It is an advantage to convert the defined distance to time by using follower ground speed.
Spacing Definition based on SRP 3
Basic requirements on a Basic requirements on a definition of spacingdefinition of spacing• Common to all stakeholders
All stakeholders must have the same definition of the spacing dist/time.
• Operational functionalityFor maximum benefit spacing should be possible in as many flight situations as possible.
• Generic PropertiesThe same generic definition should encompass:
– ”All” ASAS spacing applications (C&P excluded)– Both distance and time definitions– ADS-B and TIS-B technical solutions
Spacing Definition based on SRP 4
Spacing onlySpacing only
The SRP spacing definition does
not provide separation!!!
Spacing Definition based on SRP 5
Spacing onlySpacing only
The SRP spacing definition is a tool to enhance traffic
flow!!!
Spacing Definition based on SRP 6
Basic IdeaBasic Idea
• Spacing Reference Point SRPUsed to derive the spacing distance Ss
SRP
LF
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – SRP)
Ss = Fs - Ls
Spacing Definition based on SRP 7
Basic IdeaBasic Idea
• Spacing Reference Point SRP (fixed)Used to derive the spacing distance Ss
SRPf
LF
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – SRP)
Ss = Fs - Ls
Spacing Definition based on SRP 8
Basic IdeaBasic Idea
• Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic)Used to derive the spacing distance Ss
SRPd
LF
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – SRP)
Ss = Fs - Ls
Spacing Definition based on SRP 9
Basic IdeaBasic Idea
• Spacing Reference Point SRP (fixed)Used to derive the spacing distance Ss
SRPf
LF
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – SRP)
Ss = Fs - Ls
Let´s start with fixed SRP
Spacing Definition based on SRP 10
Basic IdeaBasic Idea
• Spacing Reference Point SRP (fixed) Used to derive the spacing distance Ss
SRPf
LF
Ls = (L – W1 - SRP)
Fs = (F – W1 - SRP)
Ss = Fs - Ls
W1
Spacing Definition based on SRP 11
Basic IdeaBasic Idea
• Spacing Reference Point SRP (fixed) Used to derive the spacing distance Ss
SRPf L
F
Ls = (L – W3 – W4 - SRP)
Fs = (F – W1 - W2 – W3 – W4 - SRP)
Ss = Fs - Ls
W2W4
W3
W1
Spacing Definition based on SRP 12
Basic IdeaBasic Idea
• Spacing Reference Point SRP (fixed) Used to derive the spacing distance Ss
SRPf
L
F
Ls = (L – W2 – W3 – W4 - SRP)
Fs = (F – Y3 – W3 – W4 - SRP)
Ss = Fs - Ls
W2W4
W3
W1
Y3
Spacing Definition based on SRP 13
Link sequence
Sequence determined by AMAN/Controller
Spacing executed by indiviual aircraft/pilots
Separation monitored by Controller
SRP
Spacing Definition based on SRP 14
Basic IdeaBasic Idea
• Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic)Used to derive the spacing distance Ss
SRPd
LF
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – SRP)
Ss = Fs - Ls
Let´s go on to dynamic SRP
Spacing Definition based on SRP 15
Basic IdeaBasic Idea
• Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic)Used to derive the spacing distance Ss L
F
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – SRP)
Ss = Fs - Ls
Spacing Definition based on SRP 16
Basic IdeaBasic Idea
• Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic)Used to derive the spacing distance Ss L
F
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – SRP)
Ss = Fs - Ls
Spacing Definition based on SRP 17
Basic IdeaBasic Idea
• Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic)Used to derive the spacing distance Ss L
F
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – SRP)
Ss = Fs - Ls
Spacing Definition based on SRP 18
Basic IdeaBasic Idea
• Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic)Used to derive the spacing distance Ss L
F
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – SRP)
Ss = Fs - Ls
L-track = 260 dgr
F-track = 260 dgr
Delta-track = 0 dgr
Spacing Definition based on SRP 19
Basic IdeaBasic Idea
• Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic)Used to derive the spacing distance Ss L
F
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – SRP)
Ss = Fs - Ls
L-track = 260 dgr
F-track = 260 dgr
Delta-track = 0 dgr
Standard rate turn = 3 dgr/sec = 180 dgr/60 sec
Spacing Definition based on SRP 20
Basic IdeaBasic Idea
• Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic)Used to derive the spacing distance Ss L F
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – SRP)
Ss = Fs - Ls
L-track = 260 dgr
F-track = 275 dgr
Delta-track = 15 dgr
Standard rate turn = 3 dgr/sec = 15 dgr/5 sec
SRP = 5 sec ahead of target(based on Leader ground speed)
5 s
Spacing Definition based on SRP 21
Basic IdeaBasic Idea
• Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic)Used to derive the spacing distance Ss L
F
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – SRP)
Ss = Fs - Ls
L-track = 260 dgr
F-track = 290 dgr
Delta-track = 30 dgr
Standard rate turn = 3 dgr/sec = 30 dgr/10 sec
SRP = 10 sec ahead of target
10 s
Spacing Definition based on SRP 22
Basic IdeaBasic Idea
• Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic)Used to derive the spacing distance Ss L
FLs = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – SRP)
Ss = Fs - Ls
L-track = 260 dgr
F-track = 320 dgr
Delta-track = 60 dgr
Standard rate turn = 3 dgr/sec = 60 dgr/20 sec
SRP = 20 sec ahead of target
20 s
Spacing Definition based on SRP 23
Basic IdeaBasic Idea
• Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic)Used to derive the spacing distance Ss L
FLs = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – SRP)
Ss = Fs - Ls
L-track = 260 dgr
F-track = 350 dgr
Delta-track = 90 dgr
Standard rate turn = 3 dgr/sec = 90 dgr/30 sec
SRP = 30 sec ahead of target
30 s
Spacing Definition based on SRP 24
Basic IdeaBasic Idea
• Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic)Used to derive the spacing distance Ss L
F
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – SRP)
Ss = Fs - Ls
L-track = 260 dgr
F-track = 035 dgr
Delta-track = 135 dgr
Standard rate turn = 3 dgr/sec = 135 dgr/45 sec
SRP = 45 sec ahead of target
45 s
Spacing Definition based on SRP 25
Basic IdeaBasic Idea
• Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic)Used to derive the spacing distance Ss L
FLs = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – SRP)
Ss = Fs - Ls
L-track = 260 dgr
F-track = 080 dgr
Delta-track = 180 dgr
Standard rate turn = 3 dgr/sec = 180 dgr/60 sec
SRP = 60 sec ahead of target
60 s
Spacing Definition based on SRP 26
Basic IdeaBasic Idea
• Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic)Used to derive the spacing distance Ss L
F
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – SRP)
Ss = Fs - Ls
L-track = 260 dgr
F-track = 080 dgr
Delta-track = 180 dgr
Standard rate turn = 3 dgr/sec = 180 dgr/60 sec
SRP = 60 sec ahead of target
60 s
Spacing Definition based on SRP 27
2T algorithm 2T algorithm
• Two Turn distance algorithmUsed to derive the spacing distance Ss closer to real flight path L
F
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP)
Ss = Fs - Ls
60 s
Let´s introduce curves
Spacing Definition based on SRP 28
2T algorithm 2T algorithm
• The ”Two Turn” distance algorithm has been developed in a thesis by mathematics student Robert Lundmark on assignment by SAS within the framework of NUP II.
• The complete thesis can be downloaded from the NUP webside at:www.nup.nu Documents/General Documents/sep-algo
Spacing Definition based on SRP 29
2T algorithm 2T algorithm
• The shortest possible way to fly from follower position to leader position and end up in the same direction is at most via two turns and a straight line.
Spacing Definition based on SRP 30
2T algorithm 2T algorithm
• The shortest possible way to fly from follower position to leader position and end up in the same direction is at most via two turns and a straight line.
Leader position can of course be substituted by SRPd
Spacing Definition based on SRP 31
2T distance 2T distance algorithm using algorithm using SRPSRPdd
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP)
Spacing = Fs - Ls +
6 0 s
L
F+
Spacing Definition based on SRP 32
2T distance 2T distance algorithm using algorithm using SRPSRPdd
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP)
Spacing = Fs - Ls +
6 0 s
L
F+
Spacing Definition based on SRP 33
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP)
Spacing = Fs - Ls +
2T distance 2T distance algorithm using algorithm using SRPSRPdd 57 s
F+
L
Spacing Definition based on SRP 34
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP)
Spacing = Fs - Ls +
2T distance 2T distance algorithm using algorithm using SRPSRPdd 5 4 s
F+
L
Spacing Definition based on SRP 35
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP)
Spacing = Fs - Ls +
2T distance 2T distance algorithm using algorithm using SRPSRPdd 51 s
F+
L
Spacing Definition based on SRP 36
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP)
Spacing = Fs - Ls +
2T distance 2T distance algorithm using algorithm using SRPSRPdd 4 8 s
F+
L
Spacing Definition based on SRP 37
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP)
Spacing = Fs - Ls +
2T distance 2T distance algorithm using algorithm using SRPSRPdd 4 5 s
F
+
L
Spacing Definition based on SRP 38
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP)
Spacing = Fs - Ls +
2T distance 2T distance algorithm using algorithm using SRPSRPdd 42 s
F
+
L
Spacing Definition based on SRP 39
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP)
Spacing = Fs - Ls +
2T distance 2T distance algorithm using algorithm using SRPSRPdd 3 6 s
F
+
L
Spacing Definition based on SRP 40
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP)
Spacing = Fs - Ls +
2T distance 2T distance algorithm using algorithm using SRPSRPdd 3 0 s
F
+
L
Spacing Definition based on SRP 41
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP)
Spacing = Fs - Ls +
2T distance 2T distance algorithm using algorithm using SRPSRPdd 2 5 s
F
+
L
Spacing Definition based on SRP 42
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP)
Spacing = Fs - Ls +
2T distance 2T distance algorithm using algorithm using SRPSRPdd 2 2 s
F
+
L
Spacing Definition based on SRP 43
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP)
Spacing = Fs - Ls +
2T distance 2T distance algorithm using algorithm using SRPSRPdd 19 s
F
+
L
Spacing Definition based on SRP 44
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP)
Spacing = Fs - Ls +
2T distance 2T distance algorithm using algorithm using SRPSRPdd
17 s
F
+
L
Spacing Definition based on SRP 45
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP)
Spacing = Fs - Ls +
2T distance 2T distance algorithm using algorithm using SRPSRPdd
14 s
F
+
L
Spacing Definition based on SRP 46
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP)
Spacing = Fs - Ls +
2T distance 2T distance algorithm using algorithm using SRPSRPdd
11 s
F
+
L
Spacing Definition based on SRP 47
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP)
Spacing = Fs - Ls +
2T distance 2T distance algorithm using algorithm using SRPSRPdd
8 s
F
+
L
Spacing Definition based on SRP 48
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP)
Spacing = Fs - Ls +
2T distance 2T distance algorithm using algorithm using SRPSRPdd
6 s
F
+
L
Spacing Definition based on SRP 49
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP)
Spacing = Fs - Ls +
2T distance 2T distance algorithm using algorithm using SRPSRPdd
3 s F
+
L
Spacing Definition based on SRP 50
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP)
Spacing = Fs - Ls +
2T distance 2T distance algorithm using algorithm using SRPSRPdd
0 s F
+
L
Spacing Definition based on SRP 51
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP)
Spacing = Fs - Ls +
2T distance 2T distance algorithm using algorithm using SRPSRPdd
0 s F
+
L
Spacing Definition based on SRP 52
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP)
Spacing = Fs - Ls +
2T distance 2T distance algorithm using algorithm using SRPSRPdd
0 s F
+
L
Spacing Definition based on SRP 53
Ls = (L – SRP)
Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP)
Spacing = Fs - Ls +
2T distance 2T distance algorithm using algorithm using SRPSRPdd
Spacing Definition based on SRP 54
Operational applicability of Operational applicability of SRPSRPdd
•MergingIn managed or unmanaged airspace in order to establish the desired spacing in the required sequence.
•Spacing•Spacing to TIS-B aircraft
•Spacing to aircraft not flying a predefined route
Spacing Definition based on SRP 55
Input data to the definition Input data to the definition of Ssof Ss• Leader input data (ADS-B/TIS-B)
– Position– Track– Velocity (GS)– Distance to SRP Ls (fixed SRP only)– SRPf (fixed SRP only)
• Follower input data (onboard + ADS-B for ground)– Position– Track– Velocity (GS)– Distance to SRP Fs– SRPf (fixed SRP only)
Spacing Definition based on SRP 56
Addition to basic ADS-B Addition to basic ADS-B datadata(for fixed SRP only)(for fixed SRP only)
• Distance to SRP (Ls)– Broadcast as extension to data– Distance to SRP as 10 bit info (99.9)
• SRP– Broadcast as extension to data– SRP as lat, long or Nav database reference
Spacing Definition based on SRP 57
Operational applicability Operational applicability with SRPwith SRP• In-Trail
• STAR (incl. diff STAR) ADS-B• Straight and curved ADS-B TIS-B
• Merging• Merging STARs ADS-B• Free space merging ADS-B TIS-B
Spacing Definition based on SRP 58
The Spacing Algorithm The Spacing Algorithm (highlevel)(highlevel) Define SRP method
1. Select SRP method to be used Define distances to SRPf
3. Retrieve Follower distance to SRP from FMS4. Retrieve Leader distance to SRP from ADS-B data
or Define distances to SRPd
2. Calculate Leader distance to SRP3. Calculate Follower distance to SRP
Derive spacing distance and time4. Compare Leader dist to SRP with Follower distance to
SRP5. Convert spacing distance to spacing time by dividing
with follower GS
Spacing Definition based on SRP 59
Thank YouThank You
• Remember!• This is not a final definition of
spacing• …but
• – It may be a starter!!!