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DEFINITION OF SPORTSINJURY
• 1. Occurs as a result of participation in an organized practice or game.
• 2. Requires medical attention by a team athletic trainer or physician.
• 3. Results in restriction of athlete’s participation for one or more days beyond day of injury
DEFINITION OF ACUTEINJURY
• “Characterized by a rapid onset, resulting from a traumatic event.”
• Critical Force or impact force
• Example: Broken bone from a one time traumatic force.
• Ex: Sam Bradford (Oklahoma QB out 2-4 weeks with shoulder injury sustained on a hit by BYU linebacker)
DEFINITION OF CHRONICINJURY
• “Characterized by a slow, insidious (spreading harmfully and quietly) onset, implying a gradual development of structural damage.”
• Not associated with one traumatic episode• Develops progressively over time• Overuse injuries that cause a progressive breakdown
over tissue, leading eventually to failure• Popular sites for these are Achilles tendon (running),
patellar tendon (jumping, landing, kicking), and rotator cuff(overhead movements)in shoulder.
• Example: Deceleration phase of a swing or throw. “Slamming the brakes!”
• EX: Daisuke Matsuzaka (Red Sox P shoulder fatigue)
SOFT TISSUE VS. SKELETAL TISSUE
• There is a difference between an injury that involves soft tissue and skeletal tissue.
SOFT TISSUE
• MUSCLES
• FASCIA
• TENDONS
• JOINT CAPSULES
• LIGAMENTS
• BLOOD VESSELS
• NERVES
MUSCLES (SOFT TISSUE)
• MUSCLES – Contractile tissue of the body responsible for movement
FASCIA (SOFT TISSUE)• FASCIA – Fibrous membrane that covers,
supports, and separates muscles
TENDONS (SOFT TISSUE)• TENDONS – A tendon is a tough yet
flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone
JOINT CAPSULES (SOFT TISSUE)• JOINT CAPSULES – Sac-like structure
that encloses the ends of bones in a diarthrodial (movable) joint
LIGAMENTS (SOFT TISSUE)• LIGAMENTS – Ligaments are the fibrous,
slightly stretchy connective tissues that hold one bone to another in the body, forming a joint. Ligaments control the range of motion of a joint, preventing your elbow from bending backwards, for example, and stabilizing the joint so that the bones move in the proper alignment.
BLOOD VESSELS (SOFT TISSUE)• BLOOD VESSELS - Blood vessels are
hollow utensils for carrying blood.
NERVES (SOFT TISSUE)• NERVES - Any of the cordlike bundles of
fibers made up of neurons through which sensory stimuli and motor impulses pass between the brain or other parts of the central nervous system and the eyes, glands, muscles, and other parts of the body. Nerves form a network of pathways for conducting information throughout the body.
SKELETAL TISSUE
• SKELETAL TISSUE INCLUDES ANY BONY STRUCTURE IN THE BODY
WHAT IS CARTILAGE?• CARTLAGE - Cartilage is a type of connective tissue in
the body. It is made of cells called chondrocytes embedded in a matrix, strengthened with fibers of collagen and sometimes elastin, depending on the type of cartilage. There are three different types: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. Cartilage serves to provide structure and support to the body's other tissues without being as hard or rigid as bone. It can also provide a cushioning effect in joints.
• Cartilage is avascular, meaning that it is not supplied by blood vessels; instead, nutrients diffuse through the matrix. Cartilage is usually flexible, again depending on the type. Some of the bodily structures that include cartilage are the ears, nose, ribcage, and intervertebral discs.
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES VS. SKELETAL TISSUE
INJURIES• SOFT TISSUE INJURIES:
CONTUSIONS, SPRAINS, STRAINS
SKELETAL TISSUE INJURIES:
FRACTURES
WHAT IS A CONTUSION?
• CONTUSION – A contusion is a fancy word for a BRUISE. Broken Blood Vessel. Ecchymosis (dicoloration) and Hematoma (pooling of blood)
WHAT IS A SPRAIN?• SPRAIN – Sprains are injuries to
LIGAMENTS/CAPSULES, which surround all synovial joints (the most common and most movable type of joints in the human body)
• First Degree Sprain – Mildest form of sprain (little or no swelling with minor ligament damage)
• Second Degree Sprain – More damage, swelling is more pronounced.
• Third Degree Sprain – Most severe, Complete tear of ligament. Extensive damage, pain, swelling and hemorrhage along with considerable loss of joint stability
WHAT IS A STRAIN?• STRAIN –Injury involving MUSCLES and TENDONS or
the junction between the two.• FIRST DEGREE STRAIN – Mildest form of strain. Pain
is noticable during use. There may be mild swelling and muscle spasm present
• SECOND DEGREE STRAIN – More extensive. Pain and swelling are more pronounced. Functional loss is moderate. These types of injuries are associated with excessive forced stretching.
• THIRD DEGREE STRAIN – Most severe form and imply a complete rupture of the soft-tissue structures involved.
WHAT IS A FRACTURE?• FRACTURE – A break or crack in a bone• Swelling, • Deformity – compare injured part with non-injured
part• Pain and tenderness – usually can point to pain at
site – feel gently along bone to find pain• Loss of Use• Grating Sensation – broken bone ends rub
together . DO NOT MOVE INJURED LIMB• History of Injury – suspect a fracture when severe
forces are involved. Athlete may have heard or felt the bone snap.
WHAT IS A STRESS FRACTURE?• STRESS FRACTURE – A break or crack in the bone
that develops over a long period of time as opposed to a break that occurs from one traumatic event. (Can also be caused by low calcium levels in diet)
• Things to look for: • Pain/Tenderness - A constant ache is NOT relieved
with rest• Absence of Trauma - Suspect a fracture when there
is no history of traumatic event, yet symptoms persist• Repetitive Activity – Athlete is involve in repeated
stressful episodes• Duration – Symptoms have slowly developed over a
longer period of time.
WHAT IS AN AVULSION FRACTURE?
AVULSION FRACTURE –An avulsion fracture is an injury to the bone in a place where a tendon or ligament attaches to the bone. When an avulsion fracture occurs, the tendon or ligament pulls off a piece of the bone.
WHAT IS A GREENSTICK FRACTURE?
GREENSTICK FRACTURE –A fracture in which one side of a bone is broken while the other is bent (like a green stick). Usually associated with infants or young children.
WHAT IS A SPIRAL FRACTURE? SPIRAL FRACTURE – A fracture, sometimes
called a torsion fracture, in which a bone has been twisted apart. Usually associated in abuse cases.
WHAT IS A COMMINUTED FRACTURE?
COMMINUTED FRACTURE – A fracture in which bone is broken, splintered or crushed into a number of pieces.
WHAT IS A TRANSVERSE FRACTURE?
TRANSVERSE FRACTURE – A fracture in which the break is across the bone, at a right angle to the long axis of the bone.
WHAT IS A COMPOUND FRACTURE?
COMPOUND FRACTURE – A fracture in which the bone is sticking through the skin. Also called an open fracture.
WHAT IS A COMPRESSION FRACTURE?
COMPRESSION FRACTURE – A compression fracture is usually understood to mean a compression fracture of the spine, or vertebral compression fracture. A compression fracture occurs when a number of vertebrae in the spine are broken.
WHAT IS A DISCLOCATION?
DISLOCATION – The displacement of contiguous surfaces of bones comprising a joint. Examples: Shoulder joint and Hip Joint
TYPES OF DISLOCATIONS
TWO TYPES OF DISLOCATIONS CAN OCCUR DEPENDING ON THE SEVERITY OF THE INJURY.
SUBLUXATION – Partial or Incomplete dislocation of an articulation
LUXATION – Complete dislocation of a joint
WHAT IS SUBLUXATION?
SUBLUXATION– A partial or incomplete dislocation of an articulation
WHAT IS LUXATION?
LUXATION– A complete dislocation of a joint
DEFINITION OF CATASTROPHICINJURY
• Sport injury that results in a brain or spinal cord injury or skull or spinal fracture.
• Majority of fatalities occur with brain injuries.