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• Definitions– Economist articles
• Types of Scales
• Features of Criterion Measures– Census article
Developing Measures in HR
• Variable• Can take two or more ‘values’, exist in
multiple states (e.g., Supervisory rating)
• Concept• General label used to describe observations
(e.g., performance)
• Construct• Scientific concept used in theories (e.g., job
performance)
Definitions
• Operational Definition• Translate characteristics of the concept into
measurable features• Break down concept into dimensions that are
further broken down into elements
Definitions
FIGURE 8.2Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E
Example of Learning
• Identify the concept, construct, variable, dimensions & elements in the “measuring generosity” article
• Identify the main constructs in the unemployment article• What are the two variables? • How are the variables measured?• What are their relative advantages &
disadvantages?
Economist Articles
8BCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E
Types of Scales
8CCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E
8DCopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E
8ECopyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sekaran/RESEARCH 4E
• Nominal• Name-based differences between 2 or more
exclusive categories (a.k.a. categorical variable)• e.g., gender, nationality• Suggest 2 possible nominal variables and ways to
measure them
• Ordinal• Rank/order-based differences • e.g., Letter grades, IV in career-services study
Types of Scales
• Interval• Differences between categories are equal• Cannot square/take square roots • E.g rating scales, thermometer
• 4-2=5-3 (but 6 is not the same as 2x3)
• Ratio• Has an absolute zero-point, assesses
proportion of differences• Cannot add/subtract a constant number• e.g., GPA, absenteeism study, frequency scales,
quantity scales
Types of Scales
• Convert the following ratio scales to interval scales• In the past 3 months how often have you..• Sought feedback from your supervisor on how
well you are performing your job?• Checked w/your subordinates that what you are
doing is not getting in the way of their efficient performance
Exercise
• Criterion relevance• Assessing the concept
• Criterion deficiency• Lacking important components of concept
• Criterion contamination• Assessing irrelevant components• Leads to Bias, unreliability
• Example: CIR admission criteria
Features of Criterion Measures
ConstructMeasure
Criteriondeficiency
Criterioncontamination
Criterionrelevance
• Criterion Practicality
• Criteria’s ability to discriminate b/w objects
Features of Criterion Measures
• Discuss problems w/the following & apply defn of criterion relevance, contamination & deficiency:• Counting Immigrants • Counting visible minorities• Having high housing costs• Having non-traditional households• Having untrained researchers• Allowing for Open-ended responses
Census Article
• What is the item-order effect in the census? How can it be resolved?
• How would you re-define place of residence?
• How would you ask for race info?
• How would you re-define marriage?
• What is an example of a confidence interval given in the article?
Census Article
• Definitions– Economist articles
• Types of Scales
• Features of Criterion Measures– Census article
Developing Measures in HR