Degroot 2009 - Candi, Space and Landscape. A study on the distribution, orientation and spatial...

7/23/2019 Degroot 2009 - Candi, Space and Landscape. A study on the distribution, orientation and spatial organization of C

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A g ` g ` g c i j k g j v n j f g t \ i m o s a u s g u a v d d r U d c o g j o u j ` g , C g i ` g j

Hnj`i, Xpnhg nj` Cnj`shnpg

N stu`y dj tfg `istrilutidj, drigjtntidj nj` spntincdrknjizntidj de Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg tgapcg rganijs

Urdjiqug @gkrddt


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Xi`gstdjg RrgssN jgw kgjgrntidj de Rulcisfijk

Ydu nrg rgn`ijk n eucc vgrsidj de tfis lddo, edr ergg!

Pfis lddo is pnrt de tfg Xi`gstdjg g-cilrnry wfgrg adst de dur

pulcihntidjs nrg euccy nhhgssilcg edr ergg. Edr nhhgss td adrg

ergg lddos visit= www.si`gstdjg.hda/cilrnry

@dwjcdn` Eucc R@E

Uisit tfg Xi`gstdjg g-cilrnry td lrdwsg dur g-lddos. Edr n aijianc

egg ydu hnj purhfnsg n euccy eujhtidjnc R@E nj` ly `dijk sd, ydu

fgcp td oggp dur cilrnry rujjijk.

www.si`gstdjg.hda/cilrnry


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Xi`gstdjg Rrgss

HNJ@I, XRNHGNJ@CNJ@XHNRG


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fgsis sulaittg` dj tfg 5tfde Any = >-Xgjtdjd,


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HNJ@I, XRNHGNJ@CNJ@XHNRG

N stu`y dj tfg `istrilutidj, drigjtntidj nj` spntincdrknjizntidj de Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg tgapcg rganijs

Urdjiqug @gkrddt

A \ U, C

Jd.


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NHOJD[CG@KGAGJPX

Ay `gsirg td rgsgnrhf tfg rgcntidjsfip lgtwggj njhigjt Mnvnjgsg nrhfitghturgnj` its jnturnc gjvirdjagjt wns prdlnlcy eirst hdjhgivg` ij >998. fnt sua-agr, I an`g n trip td Ij`djgsin td hdapcgtg tfg writijk de ay LN ìssgrtntidj.fgrg, dj tfg uppgr scdpgs de tfg gvgr-hcdu`g` Wjknrnj vdchnjd, cddoijk dwjnt tfg suceurdus sprijk tfnt rujs lgtwggj tfg sfrijgs de Kg`djk Xdjkd, I gxpg-rigjhg` tfgkgjius cdhide Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg nrhfitghts.

Netgr ay LN stuìgs, I ì` anjy tfijks nj` fn` anjy mdls, jdt ncc de tfganrhfngdcdky-rgcntg`. Jgvgrtfgcgss, wfgj I eijnccy nrrivg` ij Cgi`gj td gjrdccns n Rf@ hnjì`ntg, tfg sulmght jnturnccy iapdsg` itsgce updj ag. Fgrg is tfg

rgsuct, n lddo gxpcdrijk tfg jdtidj de spnhg ij njhigjt Hgjtrnc Mnvn, erda tfgcnydut de tfg tgapcg pcnj td tfg ijtgrrgcntidjsfip lgtwggj tfg luict nj` jnturnccnj`shnpg.

I wduc` ciog td tfnjo ncc tfdsg wfd nhhdapnjig` ag ncdjk tfis pntf? enaicyagalgrs, erigj`s, hdccgnkugs nj` shfdcnrs. Ay eirst tfdukfts kd td ay pnrt-jgr, Dcivigr Agrvgiccg, wfd witjgssg` ay hdjhgptunc gjcikftgjagjt nt Kg`djkXdjkd nj` agjtnccy oihog` ag gvgry tiag I wns tgaptg` td kivg up. d ay twdcittcg kircs, Cgcn nj` Xfnjti wfd an`g tfijks n lit adrg hdapcihntg` - gspghinccydjhg tfgy fn` eduj` tfg dj/dee luttdj dj ay hdaputgr - lut lrdukft sd auhfmdy ijtd ay cieg.

Ij tfg Jgtfgrcnj`s, I wnjt td tfnjo Rrde. @r A.M. Ocdoog wfdsg suppdrtnj` gjhdurnkgagjt pusfg` ag ijtd writijk tfis lddo. I ncsd wnjt td tfnjo ayeirst supgrvisdr, Rrde. @r. Nnrt M.M. Agooijk, edr fis ìshrgtg lut hdjstnjt sup-pdrt nj` fis wisg n`vihg, @r. Rnucijg Cujsijkf Xhfgurcggr edr fgr hdaagjtsdj hgrtnij pnrts de tfg prgsgjt ìssgrtntidj nj` ncc tfg lddos sfg knvg ag erggde hfnrkg, nj` @r. Fgì I.\. Fijzcgr, edr sfnrijk ijedrantidj nj` pfdtdkrnpfswitf ag, ns wgcc ns Rrde. @r. L. Nrps, ay cnst supgrvisdr.

Ij Ij`djgsin, I wnjt td gxprgss ay krntitu`g td tfg stnee de tfg RusntRgjgcitinj Nrogdcdki Jnsidjnc, nj` ij pnrtihucnr td Rrde. @r. Fnri Xuogj`nr,

tfgj fgn` de tfg ijstitutg, nj` @r. Rgtgr Egrìjnjùs. Ay tfnjos kd ncsd td Rrde.@r. Gì Xg`ynwnti, erda tfg Wjivgrsitns Ij`djgsin, nj` @r. Fnrry [iìnjtd,edragr fgn` de tfg Lncni Nrogdcdki Ydkynonrtn, wfd oij`cy suppdrtg` ag ùr-ijk ay eigc`wdro ij Hgjtrnc Mnvn. I ncsd tfnjo tfg stnee de tfg Lncni RgcgstnrinjRgjijkkncnj Rurlnoncn ij Ldkga nj` Rrnalnjnj, ns wgcc ns tfg Cgalnkn IcauRgjkgtnfunj Ij`djgsin (CIRI). Eurtfgr, I wduc` ciog td tfnjo ncc tfg pgdpcg ijIj`djgsin wfd fgcpg` ag td eij` tfg dc` stdjgs I wns cddoijk edr, tfrdukf rihgeigc`s, vdchnjdgs, rivgrs, stnlcgs nj` krnvgynr`s, nj` ncc tfg pgdpcg wfd an`gdur enaicy stny ij Ydknynonrtn tfg adst hfgrisfg` agadry sd enr ij tfg cieg deCgcn.


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Eijnccy, I wduc` ciog td tfnjo ay hdccgnkugs @r. Mucinj Aiccig nj` @r. [iccinaXdutfwdrtf edr fnvijk tnogj tfg trdulcg td hdrrght ay Gjkcisf, nj` ErnjhijgLrijokrgvg edr tfg trnjscntidj de tfg suaanry ijtd @uthf.


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HDJPGJPX

Nhojdwcg`kgagjts U

Xpgccijk hdjvgjtidjs VIII

Jdtg dj tfg pcnjs VU

> Ijtrd`uhtidj= nias, lnhokrduj` nj` agtfd`dcdky >

Rrgvidus rgsgnrhf dj Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg tgapcg rganijs 8

Hfrdjdcdky de Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg adjuagjts= nlsgjhg de hdjsgjsus >0

Hfrdjdcdkihnc ernagwdro de tfg prgsgjt lddo >6

Cnj`shnpg nrhfngdcdky ij Hgjtrnc Mnvn >9

Agtfd`dcdky gapcg rganijs= n `gjitidj @rnwijk nrhfngdcdkihnc anps


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Hdapdsitidj de tfg tgapcg hdrpus 86Xdutfgrj Hgjtrnc Mnvn 00Pg Rrdkd Unccgy 05

Xtntg de prgsgrvntidj 72Xdutfgrj Hgjtrnc Mnvn 729gapcgs nj` rivgrs >>8gapcgs nj` sprijks >


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gapcg drigjtntidj nj` ìstrilutidj pnttgrjs >8>

Pg suj nj` tfg nxgs= spnhg ij Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg ijshriptidjs >88;

Gxnht drigjtntidj= gvintidj erda kgdkrnpfihnc jdrtf >02@ntn nhhurnhy >02@gtgraijijk gnst nj` wgst= tfg Ijìnj agtfd` >00Xujrisg drigjtntidj >00

Hdjhcusidj >06

; Pfg rgcikidus hdapduj`= spntinc nrrnjkgagjt de Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg

rgcikidus hdapcgxgs >7>

ypdcdky de Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg tgapcg hdapduj`s nhhdrìjk td tfgirspntinc nrrnjkgagjt >7>

Xancc shncg snjhtunrigs= ncikjagjt nj` dppdsitidj >78Cnrkg-shncg hdapcgxgs= hgjtrncity, nxincity nj` drknjih krdwtf >78

@istrilutidj de tfg vnridus typgs de tgapcg hdapcgx= hfrdjdcdky, rgkidj, eujhtidj nj`rgcikidus ncintidj. >557Pg hgjtrg nj` tfg nxis ij hdjhgjtrih tgapcg hdapcgxgs >57Pg npprdnhf td Fijù tgapcg hdapcgxgs >55

N pghucinr hnsg= Hnjì Cualujk (Ocntgj) >59Pg snhrg` nj` tfg rgnr >;2@gciaitijk tfg snhrg` krduj`= lduj`nry nj` hgjtrnc stdjgs >;>

Hdjhcusidj >;7

6 Krduj` pcnjs de Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg sfrijgs= tfg sfnpg nj` sikjieihnjhg de

nj nrhfitghturnc spnhg >;;

Pg edra de tfg tgapcg >;;Xqunrg tgapcgs >;9Xtnkkgrg` squnrg tgapcgs >68

\ghtnjkucnr pcnjs >67Pg agnjijk de tfg krduj` pcnj= hdjhgpts nj` trnìtidjs ij Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsgnrhfitghturg >6;

Xyaagtry nj` nsyaagtry de tfg tgapcg pcnj >6;Fijù nj` Lu``fist luicìjk trnìtidjs >66

Pg prdcgs de Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg tgapcgs= gxpcdrijk tfg Fijù nj` Lu``fistnrhfitghturnc trnìtidjs >98

Pg prdcg de tfg eddt de tfg tgapcg ld`y= vnrintidjs nj` ijtgrprgtntidjs >90Pg prdcg de tfg lnsg ij Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg rgcikidus nrhfitghturg >96

Hdfgrgjhg lgtwggj tfg lnsg nj` tfg tgapcg eddt


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Hdjhcusidj


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XRGCCIJKHDJUGJPIDJX

Xnjsorit wdr`s, pgrsdjnc jnags nj` pcnhg jnags, wfgj tfgy dhhur ij nj Ijìnjhdjtgxt, fnvg lggj trnjscitgrntg` nhhdrìjk td Adjigr [iccinas systga, witftfg ìeegrgjhg tfnt i, nj` sf nrg fgrg writtgj , nj` (Adjigr [iccinas>9;0).

Xnjsorit nj` Dc` Mnvnjgsg wdr`s, pgrsdjnc jnags nj` pcnhg jnags, wfgjtfgy dhhur ij nj Dc` Mnvnjgsg hdjtgxt, fnvg lggj trnjscitgrntg` nhhdrìjk td tfgspgccijk hdjvgjtidjs usg` ly ]dgtauc`gr ij fis Dc` Mnvnjgsg-Gjkcisf @ihtidjnry(]dgtauc`gr >96


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JDPGDJPFGRCNJX

Ncc pcnjs nrg ay dwj, gxhgpt wfgrg n spghieih sdurhg is agjtidjg`. fg rgn`grsfduc` jgvgrtfgcgss lg nwnrg tfnt tfgy nrg jdt nrhfngdcdkihnc pcnjs nj` fnvglggj `rnwj td eit tfg edrant de tfg prgsgjt lddo.

fg pcnjs prgsgjtg` fgrg nrg nrhfitghturnc rghdjstruhtidjs= tfgy `d jdt ij-hcu`g cntgr `gedrantidjs dr `nankg td tfg struhturgs. Eurtfgradrg, kivgj tfgjualgr de tgapcgs hdvgrg` ly tfis stu`y, it wns jghgssnry td `gvgcdp n enstagtfd` de `rnwijk, wfihf agnjt tfnt jdt ncc tfg hdapdjgjts de tfg pcnj hduc`lg agnsurg` ij eucc. Edr gnhf tgapcg, tfg ìagjsidjs de tfg lnsg (nt drikijnckrduj` cgvgc), tfg g`kg de tfg pcntedra, tfg tgapcg ld`y (nt tfg lnsg de tfg

eddt) nj` tfg hgccnfnvg lggj agnsurg` dj ncc edur si`gs. Dtfgr gcgagjts fnvglggj agnsurg` dj djg si`g djcy (usunccy dj tfg sdutfgrj si`g, gxhgpt wfgrg itsstntg de prgsgrvntidj wns ijn`gquntg). Hdapcgagjtnry agnsurgagjts fnvg lggjtnogj erda tfg dtfgr si`gs djcy wfgj jghgssnry.

Edr pcnjs de tfg cnrkgr rgcikidus hdapcgxgs jnagcy Cdrd Mdjkkrnjk,Rcndsnj, nj` Xgwu I fnvg usg` tfg pcnjs prdvi`g` ly tfg Ij`djgsinj Hgjtrgedr Rrgsgrvntidj de Fistdrihnc Fgritnkg ns n ernagwdro, lut tfg `gtnics de tfgijìviùnc sfrijgs nrg ay dwj.


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>

Hfnptgr >

IJP\D@WHPIDJ= NIAX, LNHOK\DWJ@NJ@AGPFD@DCDKY

Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg tgapcgs wgrg jdt luict njywfgrg nj` njyfdw, lut quitg tfghdjtrnry= tfgir pdsitidj witfij tfg cnj`shnpg nj` tfgir nrhfitghturnc gsikj wgrg`gtgraijg` ly n sgrigs de sdhid-hucturnc, rgcikidus nj` ghdjdaih enhtdrs. fgijitinc i`gn edr tfis lddo wns tfnt nj ij-`gptf njncysis de tfg hdrrgcntidjs lg-twggj tgapcg istrilutidj, jnturnc surrdujìjks nj` nrhfitghturnc gsikj wduc`

prdvi`g vncunlcg hcugs ns td fdw Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg pgdpcg struhturg` tfg spnhgnrduj` tfga, wfnt enhtdrs wgrg nt wdro lgfij` tfis struhturg, nj` fdw tfg rg-cikidus cnj`shnpg>tfus hrgntg` wns `gvgcdpg` dr nctgrg` dvgr tiag.

fg hfdihg de edhusijk dj rgcikidus nrhfitghturg wns ìhtntg` ly tfg typgde `ntn nvnicnlcg= tfg rgkidj fns yigc`g` vgry egw antgrinc trnhgs de sgttcgagjtsitgs hcgnrcy nttrilutnlcg td tfg Fijù-Lu``fist pgrid`.909? [iccinas >96>), ijvgjtdrigs(Ugrlggo >69>? Orda >9>0n? Ldshf >9>7n), kgjgrnc nrhfitghturnc stuìgs (Orda>9995) dr adjdkrnpfs edhusijk dj n ciaitg` sgt de tgapcgs, ie jdtdj n sijkcg adjuagjt (sgg Orda & Grp >9987? @uanrny >9;;?>96>? >998). Ij adst de tfgsg wdros, hfrdjdcdky wns n anij hdjhgrj, wfgrgns

cittcg nttgjtidj wns kivgj td kgdkrnpfihnc enhtdrs dr tfg fuanj dhhupntidj de

> I usg fgrg H. iccgy nj` H. Hruacgys `gjitidj de cnj`shnpg ns tfg antgrinc anjiegstntidj de tfgrgcntidj lgtwggj fuanjs nj` tfgir jnturnc gjvirdjagjt (iccgy >990=>2? Hruacgy >990=5). Xgglgcdw p.>9

< Nrhfngdcdkihnc gxhnvntidjs fnvg edhusg` dj tfg iaagìntg surrdujìjks de tgapcgs nj` adjnstgr-igs. Hgrnaih survgys, iapdrtnjt edr rgvgncijk sgttcgagjt sitgs, fnvg djcy lggj hnrrig` dut ij tfgjdrtfgnstgrj pnrt de Hgjtrnc Mnvn (nrduj` @gano nj` Ouùs).Pg fikf `gjsity de pdpucntidj rghdr`g` td`ny ij adst de tfg ìstrihts de Hgjtrnc Mnvn, tfg ergqugjhyde dd`s (cnfnrnj` lnjmir), gxtgjsivg wgt-rihg huctivntidj (witf gc`s uj`gr wntgr edr adst de tfgygnr) nj` tfg nlsgjhg de n xg` fnrvgst pgrid` anogs tfg pcnjjijk nj` gxghutidj de hgrnaih survgysìhuct nj` tiag-hdjsuaijk enr lgydj` tfg tiag nvnicnlcg edr rgsgnrhf witfij tfg ciaitg` hdjtgxt

de n Rf@. Adrgdvgr, tfg cdhnc hgrnaih wnrgs rganij cnrkgcy ujstuìg` nj` nrg tfus nt prgsgjt uj`nt-nlcg? lnog` nt cdw tgapgrnturgs, tfgy rnrgcy rgsist gxpdsurg td tfg fgnvy adjsddj rnijs.


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6tf hgj-tury. [ficg viccnkgrs civijk jgnr tgapcgs wgrg detgj usijk tfg nrhfngdcdkihnc rg-anijs ns stdjg qunrrigs, sdag tgapcg sitgs aust fnvg lggj ns tfgy sticc nrg td-`ny rgknr`g` ns pdwgreuc edr tfg purpdsgs de agìtntidj. Hgrtnij njtiquitigswgrg gj`dwg` witf vncug ns pusnondr ankihnc nrtgenhts (Cujsijkf Xhfgurcggr;76, dr tfg tdur de Rrnalnjnj rgcntg` ij tfg Xrnt Hjtfiji, nMnvnjgsg tgxt erda tfg >9tfhgjtury (Orda >9).

fg eirst deeihinc @uthf nhhdujts de Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg njtiquitigs7wgrg writ-tgj ij tfg >6tfhgjtury nj`, ij >;;6, tfg Lntnvinnshf Kgjddtshfnp vnj Oujstgjgj [gtgjshfnppgj wns eduj`g` (Eggstluj`gc >;;6->96>;), tfg stu`y de njhigjt Mnvnjgsg fistdry nj` its

antgrinc rganijs gvgcdpg` hdjsi`grnlcy nadjk [gstgrj shfdcnrs. Jgvgrtfgcgss,tfg @uthf kdvgrjagjt prdvg` scdw ij tnoijk deeihinc stgps td prdadtg tfg nr-hfngdcdkihnc gxpcdrntidj de tfg adjuagjts de Mnvn. It wns djcy ij >602 tfnttfg hdcdjinc kdvgrjagjt nsog` tfg ìstriht fgn`s td hdccght `ntn hdjhgrjijknjtiquitigs eduj` ij tfgir rgspghtivg rgkidjs nj` td sgj` tfis ijedrantidj tdtfg Lntnvinnshf Kgjddtshfnp (Xwigtgj & Oij`grgj >655). Ij >600, E.Mujkfufj pulcisfg` tfg eirst cist de ojdwj tgapcgs (Mujkfufj >600).

Ij tfg gnrcy >672s, n jgw iapucsg wns kivgj td Gnst Ijìnj stuìgs lytfg pulcihntidj de M.E.K. Lruauj`s Ijìnjn (Lruauj` >670) nj` tfg hrgn-tidj de nj ijstitutg `gvdtg` td tfg cnjkunkgs nj` hucturgs de tfg Ij`djgsinjnrhfipgcnkd (Xiadjs >678=5). fg Odjijocimo Ijstituut vddr `g nnc-, Cnj`- gjUdcogjouj`g vnj Jrcnj`shf Ijì (OICU) wns cijog` td tfg @gcet Ijstitutg,hrgntg` ij >60678=5). Lgsi`gs eigc`s de cgnrjijk tfnt wgrg ìrghtcy usg-euc edr tfg gxgrhisg de hdcdjinc pdwgr, suhf ns cnjkunkgs nj` kgdkrnpfy, tfgOICU ncsd `gvdtg` tiag td tfg stu`y de njhigjt fistdry, ijhcuìjk gpikrnpfynj` nrhfngdcdky.

7 N `gshriptidj de Cdrd Mdjkkrnjk, edr gxnapcg, wns writtgj ly H.N. Cdjs ij >;88 (Cgganjs >677=>2->


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0

H,

fg `gvgcdpagjt de shigjtieih ojdwcg`kg hdjhgrjijk njhigjt Mnvnjgsg fis-tdry jghgssitntg` n systgantih ijvgjtdry de tfg pcnhgs de nrhfngdcdkihnc iapdr-tnjhg. Ij >652, tfg Lntnvinnshf Kgjddtshfnp sgjt n jgw hirhucnr td tfg ìs-

triht fgn`s, rgqugstijk tfga td hdaaujihntg cists de njtiquitigs uj`gr tfgirnàijistrntidj. Ij Npric >65657ee). Wjedrtujntgcy, tfg @uthfanj ìg` ij Ankgcnjk ijAnrhf >658 lgedrg fg wns nlcg td euceic fis aissidj (Ugrlggo >69>=69>=9 tfhgjtury wns n ecdurisfijk pgrid` edr Mnvnjgsg nrhfngdc-dky. Dj tfg djg fnj`, tfg Lntnvinnshf Kgjddtshfnp, jdw cg` ly M.C.N. Lrnj`gsnj` hdjhgrjg` ly tfg stntg de prgsgrvntidj de hgrtnij adjuagjts ijhcuìjkLdrdluùr, urkg` tfg hdcdjinc kdvgrjagjt td ijvgst ij nrhfngdcdkihnc rgsgnrhfnj` rgstdrntidj wdro (Orda >966;, [.R. Krdgjgvgc`t, fgcpg` ly M.C.N. Lrnj`gs, pulcisfgÌj >66;, [.R. Krdgjgvgc`t, fgcpg` ly M.C.N. Lrnj`gs, pulcisfg`n Hntdcdkus `gr Nrhfngdcdkishfg Ugrznagcijk(Krdgjgvgc`t, Lrnj`gs >66;). DjgDjgygnr gnrcigr, ij >665, tfg Lntnvinnshf Kgjddtshfnp fn` nsog` \[email protected]. Ugrlggo

td ijvgstikntg njtiquitigs wficg fg wns tnoijk pnrt ij n kgdkrnpfihnc survgy detfg Admdogrtd nrgn, ij Gnst Mnvn (Ugrlggo >69>=0). Ij tfg edccdwijk ygnrs, fggxtgj`g` fis rgsgnrhf td tfg wfdcg iscnj`, pulcisfijk ij >69> fis Du`fg`gjvnj Mnvn, tfg eirst deeihinc ijvgjtdry de tfg njtiquitigs de Mnvn.

Nctfdukf tgapcg rganijs wgrg ijvgjtdrig`, hcgnjg` nj` dhhnsidjnccy gxhn-vntg` nj` rgstdrg`,6tfg @uthf Gnst Ijìgs ì` jdt pdssgss njy deeihinc nrhfngd-cdkihnc sgrvihg lgedrg tfg 92> tfnt tfg kdvgrjagjt`ghi`g` td hrgntg suhf nj deeihg.

fg jgw nrhfngdcdkihnc sgrvihg wns jnag` Hdaaissig ij Jg`grcnj`shf-Ijì vddr Du`fgiòujìk Dj`grzdgo dp Mnvn gj Anùrn. Nhhdrìjk td its de-Nhhdrìjk td its de-

eihinc `ghrgg, its tnso wns td `gshrilg tfg njtiquitigs de Mnvn nj` Anùrn, td `rnwnj` pfdtdkrnpf tfga (nj` ie pdssilcg td anog hnstijks nj` rullijks de shucp-turgs nj` ijshriptidjs) nj` td prgvgjt tfgir `ghny (Lrnj`gs >92>=>). Wj`grM.C.N. Lrnj`gs cgn`grsfip, tfg hdaaissidj hdjtijug` witf rgstdrntidj prdmghts,

5 Pg wdro `djg ly M.E.K. Lruauj` lgtwggj Npric >65< nj` fis `gntf ij Anrhf >658 wns pulcisfgìj >656 ij tfg Ugrfnj`gcijkgj vnj fgt Lntnvinnshf Kgjddtshfnp(Lruauj` >656).

; J.[. Fdgpgranjs ijvgjtdry wns jnccy pulcisfg` ij >9>8 ly tfg Du`fgiòujìkg @igjstDu`fgiòujìkg @igjst(Fdgpgranjs >9>8).

6 Ciaitg` gxhnvntidj wdro wns hnrrig` dut, edr gxnapcg, nt Ldrdluùr, wfgrg it cg` td tfg ìshdvgryde n rst lnsg, fi``gj ly n cntgr n`mujht? dr nt Cdrd Mdjkkrnjk nj` Imd, wfgrg tfg tgapcg pit wns

gxhnvntg` (IMzgranj >69>? Lgrjgt Ogapgrs >9;6=59, >>0). Nt tfg snag tiag, Agjùt uj`grwgjt nrst pfnsg de rgstdrntidj lgtwggj >695 nj` >92> (Lgrjgt Ogapgrs >9;6=70).


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7

I= ,

nadjk dtfgrs nt Ldrdluùr, Agjùt nj` Rnwdj (Lgrjgt Ogapgrs >9;6=09-59), nj` `gvgcdpg` hdjsi`grnlcy tfg prgvnicijk ojdwcg`kg de Mnvnjgsg nrt fis-tdry tfrdukf M.C.N. Lrnj`gs stuìgs dj stycg, drjnagjtntidj nj` ihdjdkrnpfy

(g.k. Lrnj`gs >9292920).Erda tfg `gntf de M.C.N. Lrnj`gs ij >927 ujtic tfg ygnr >9>2, tfg pdsitidj

de fgn` de tfg Du`fgiòujìkg Hdaaissig rganijg` vnhnjt. Hdjsgqugjtcy,its nrhfngdcdkihnc nhtivitigs wgrg scdwg` `dwj nj` wdro lghnag edhusg` dj tfgrgstdrntidj de Ldrdluùr, wfihf wns nlcg td prdhgg` tfnjos td tfg sgttijk up denj ij`gpgj`gjt hdaaissidj (ij >922) nj` td tfg `gìhntidj de . vnj Grp.

Ns nj ijvgjtdry de tfg adjuagjts fn` ncrgn`y lggj pulcisfg` ij >69>(Ugrlggo >69>), tfg hdaaissidj `ghi`g` td hdjhgjtrntg dj shucpturg, anoijkijvgjtdrigs de gxistijk hdccghtidjs nj` cddsg eij`s gvgrywfgrg dj tfg iscnj`. fiswdro wns hnrrig` dut ly Ojglgc, wfd pulcisfg` fis rgsucts ij vnridus nrtihcgs ijtfg \nppdrtgj vnj `g Hdaaissig ij Jg`grcnj`shf-Ijì vddr Du`fgiòujìkDj`grzdgo dp Mnvn gj An`dgrn, erda >920 td >9>> (Ojglgc >929n? >929l?>9>2n? >9>2l? >9>2h? >9>>n nj` >9>>l). Erda >9>< td >9>8, tfis eigc` rg-sgnrhf wns hdjtijug` ly Xgcc (Xgcc >9>9>9>8).

Ij >9>2, J.M. Orda wns jnag` prgsi`gjt de tfg Hdaaissig vddrDu`fgiòujìk Dj`grzdgo. [itf fis nppdijtagjt, ijtgrgst ij jdj-Mnvnjgsgnjtiquitigs krgw.9 Ij >9>9>9;6=>6;).

Ij >9>0, tfg Du`fgiòujìkg Hdaaissig lghnag deeihinccy tfgDu`fgi oujìkg @igjst ij Jg`grcnj`shf-Ijì. fis wns jdt n agrg hfnjkg defis wns jdt n agrg hfnjkg dejnag, lut lrdukft ncsd n adìeihntidj de tfg nias nj` tnsos de tfg nrhfngdcdki-hnc sgrvihg= its rgait nj` rgspdjsilicitigs wgrg gxtgj`g` td jdj-Fijù njtiq-uitigs nj` ijhcu`g` jdt djcy Mnvn nj` Anùrn, lut tfg gjtirg tgrritdry de tfg@uthf Gnst Ijìgs.

Mnvn, fdwgvgr, wns jdw lustcijk witf nrhfngdcdkihnc nhtivity. It sddj np-pgnrg` jghgssnry td gstnlcisf nj up-td-`ntg cist de adjuagjts, ijhcuìjk njup`ntg` lilcidkrnpfy nj` rgegrgjhgs td tfg juagrdus pfdtdkrnpfs tnogj gi-tfgr ly tfg Hdaaissig dr ly tfg Du`fgiòujìkg @igjst. fis jgw ijvgj-

tdry wns hdapicg` ij Lntnvin, eirstcy uj`gr tfg supgrvisidj de J.M. Orda, nj`cntgr ly [email protected]. Ldshf (Orda >9>0n? Ldshf >9>7n).>2Nctfdukf ldtf shfdcnrsfn` eigc`wdro gxpgrigjhg, tfgir ijvgjtdry is prianricy n hdapicntidj de writtgjsdurhgs. Its jnag is gcdqugjt ij tfis rgknr`=Its jnag is gcdqugjt ij tfis rgknr`= Ijvgjtnrisntig `gr Fij`dg-du`fg`gjdp `gj krdj`scnk vnj @r. \[email protected]. Ugrlggos Du`fg`gj vnj Mnvn snagjkgstgc` dpfgt Du`fgiòujìk Lurgnu. fg wdro lgkuj ly J.M. Orda nj` [email protected]. Ldshf ijfg wdro lgkuj ly J.M. Orda nj` [email protected]. Ldshf ij

9 @urijk tfg >9tf hgjtury, dhinc nrhfngdcdkihnc rgsgnrhf wns edhusg` dj Mnvn, gvgj tfdukf sdagijìviùncs fn` ncrgn`y `rnwj nttgjtidj td Xuantrnj njtiquitigs, edr gxnapcg \[email protected]. Ugrlggo ij

fis Fij`dg-rujgj lim Adgrn-nodgs (Ugrlggo, @gc`gj & Krdgjgvgc`t >662).>2 Ij >9>7, [email protected]. Ldshf suhhgg`g` Orda ns tfg fgn` de tfg Du`fgiòujìkg @igjst.


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>9>0->9>7 wns hdapcgtg` ij >999695->920), Rnwdj (>928) nj` Cdrd Mdjkkrnjk (>9>6->9982s, wfgj, ùg td tfg ghdjdaih hrisis,adjgy edr rgsgnrhf wns ln`cy cnhoijk.

Pfg pdst-wnr pgrid`

@urijk tfg Xghdj` [drc` [nr nj` tfg sulsgqugjt wnr de ij`gpgj`gjhg, tfgtfg Xghdj` [drc` [nr nj` tfg sulsgqugjt wnr de ij`gpgj`gjhg, tfgwdro de tfg Du`fgiòujìkg @igjst wns hdjsi`grnlcy rgùhg`? tfg ìrghtdrs detfg sgrvihg, ncc de tfga @uthf, wgrg ìsaissg`, nj` djcy rgstdrntidj wdro wnshdjtijug`, witf ciaitg` euj`s nj` aixg` rgsucts (Lgrjgt Ogapgrs >9;6=;6).

Erda >90; td >978, N.M. Lgrjgt Ogapgrs lghnag tfg fgn` de tfgDu`fgiòujìkg @igjst, rgjnag` @ijns Rurlnoncn \gpulcio Ij`djgsin. Ij>978, tfis eujhtidj wns tnogj dvgr, edr tfg eirst tiag ij fistdry, ly nj Ij`djgsinjshfdcnr - \. Xdgoadjd. fg @ijns Rurlnoncn cnhog` quncieig` stnee nj` eijnjh-gs. Lgtwggj >975 nj` >957 tfg edhus rgturjg`, djhg nknij, td rgstdrntidj rntf-gr tfnj rgsgnrhf (Xdgmdjd >96;=8). Ij`gg`, tfg adst urkgjt prdlcga enh-ijk Ij`djgsinj nrhfngdcdkists fn` n wgcc-ojdwj jnag= Ldrdluùr. Ncrgn`y ly>977, tfg ydujk @ijns Rurlnoncn uj`grstdd` tfnt tfg tnso de rgstdrijk tfgwdrc`-enadus adjuagjt wns tdd iaagjsg edr its dwj agnjs. fg eirst np-prdnhf edr nssistnjhg wns tfgj an`g td WJGXHD, lut ij vnij. Nj ijtgrjn-tidjnc tgna wns eijnccy sgt up ij >957? its wdro cnstg` ujtic >9;5 nj` ijvdcvg`


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I= ,

tghfjihinjs nj` shigjtists erda Ij`djgsin, Ernjhg, tfg Jgtfgrcnj`s nj` Mnpnj(@uanrny >9;;? Lgrjgt Ogapgrs >9;6=9;8? Nsanr, Lrdjsdj, Auj`nrmitd & Hfristig >9;7).

fg krdwtf de nrhfngdcdkihnc nhtivitigs cg`, ij >9;7, td tfg ìvisidj de tfgedragr @ijns Rurlnoncn ijtd twd ìstijht ijstitutgs= n hgjtrg edr nrhfngdcdki-hnc rgsgnrhf, edhusijk dj survgy nj` gxhnvntidjs? nj` n hgjtrg edr tfg prgs-grvntidj de fistdrihnc fgritnkg. fg eirst ìrghtdrs de tfg jgwcy hrgntg` ijsti-tutgs wgrg rgspghtivgcy Xntynwnti Xucgianj nj` Won mnj`rnsnsaitn (LgrjgtOgapgrs >9;6=6;). Netgr >9;;, \.R. Xdgmdjd, Fnris Xuogj`nr, Fnsnj Nalnrynj` djy @mulinjtdjd suhhgg`g` Xucgianj ns fgn` de tfg hgjtrg edr nrhfngd-cdkihnc rgnsgnrhf.

fis hfrdjdcdkihnc dvgrvigw de rgsgnrhf dj Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg tgapcg rg-anijs wduc` lg ijhdapcgtg witfdut agjtidjijk tfg Ergjhf nrhfitght Mnhqugs@uanrny erda tfg Ghdcg Ernjnisg `Gxtrag-Drigjt, wfdsg jnag wicc detgjlg agjtidjg` ij tfis wdro. Fg `gìhntg` adrg tfnj 82 ygnrs de fis cieg td tfgstu`y de Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg nrhfitghturg. Fis wdro dj tfg hdjstruhtidj tghfjiqugsnj` luicìjk stnkgs de Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg tgapcgs fgcpg` ij rgtrnhijk tfg tghfji-hnc gvdcutidj de Fijù-Lu``fist nrhfitghturg nj` rgvgncg` fdw detgj nj` fdw

prdeduj`cy Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg adjuagjts fn` lggj adìeig`.

Fistdrihnc lnhokrduj`= `yjnstih sistdry nj` stntgdrknjizntidj

Lgedrg kdijk eurtfgr nj` ìshussijk ay agtfd`s de ijvgstikntidj, I wduc` ciogtd prgsgjt tfg fistdrihnc lnhokrduj` de tfg Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg pgrid` nj`, dj tfislnsis, gxpcnij wfy I anog sd cittcg rgegrgjhg td `ntgs, oijks nj` gvgjts ij tfiswdro.

Gnrcy Xdutfgnst Nsin= Ijìnj aikrnjts, ijìnjizntidj nj` hucturnchdjvgrkgjhg

Hdaagrhinc gxhfnjkgs lgtwggj Ijìn, Xdutfgnst Nsin nj` Hfijn cg`, ùrijktfg 995=


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6

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Ly tfg 7tf hgjtury N.@., tfg anritiag rdutg pnssijk tfrdukf tfg Xtrnits deAncnhhn lghnag tfg anij trn`g rdutg lgtwggj Ijìn nj` Hfijn (Fikfna >995?nycdr >99999). d wfnt gxtgjt Ijìnj i`gns nj` tghfjiqugs wgrg trnjs-edrag` is jdt prghisgcy ojdwj, nj` tfg prdhgss de trnjsaissidj is ncsd ujhcgnr,lut tfgrg is jd `dult tfnt Xdutfgnst Nsinj hucturgs wgrg neeghtg` `ggpcy nj` djn cdjk-tgra lnsis ly tfgir hdjtnhts witf Ijìn.

@ug td tfg iapdrtnjt rdcg pcnyg` ly Ijìnj hucturg ùrijk tfg vgry pgridìj wfihf gnrcy Xdutfgnst Nsinj pdcitigs wgrg trnjsedrag` ijtd trug stntgs, itwns eirst tfdukft tfnt stntg edrantidj ij tfg rgkidj wns ùg td tfg prgsgjhgde Ijìnj aikrnjts, gitfgr trn`grs wfd sgttcg` ncdjk tfg hdnsts dr wnrridrs ijsgnrhf de jgw tgrritdrigs.>>fis vigw wns eirst rgeutg` ly M.H. vnj Cgur, wfd, ijfis >980 tfgsis, ijtrdùhg` tfg hdjhgpt de Ijìnjizntidj. It wns cntgr n`dptg`ly [email protected]. Ldshf nj` I. Anllgtt (Cgur >980? >977? Ldshf >95>n? Anllgtt>9;;n? >9;;l? Oucog >992? Uihogry >996). Nhhdrìjk td tfis tfgdry, XdutfgnstNsinj sdhigtigs wgrg jd cdjkgr pnssivg spghtntdrs, lut trug nhtdrs ij tfg hrgn-tidj de jgw, Ijìnjizg` stntgs. Ij dr`gr td cgkitiaizg tfgir pdsitidj, cdhnc oijkstfgasgcvgs ijvitg` Ijìnj Lrnfaijs td hdag td Xdutfgnst Nsin td lghdag tfgir

pdcitihnc n`visdrs nj` ritunc spghincists.Jgvgrtfgcgss, tfg tgra Ijìnjizntidj ij itsgce `gjdtgs nj Ij`dhgjtrih vigwde Xdutfgnst Nsinj fistdry. It `dwjpcnys tfg rdcg de cdhnc sdhigtigs ij tfgir dwj`gvgcdpagjt, ns ie tfgy wgrg cnhoijk tfg tddcs jghgssnry td trnjsedra hfige`dasijtd stntgs nj` fn` td hncc dj Ijìn edr fgcp (Oucog >992=>8). fis prdlcga,ncrgn`y uj`grcijg` ly @g Hnspnris (>968=8), fns lggj fikfcikftg` ly nrhfngd-cdkihnc ìshdvgrigs an`g ij anijcnj` Xdutfgnst Nsin ùrijk tfg cnst 969? >995). fgsg eijìjks sfdw tfnt tfg rgkidj wns ncrgn`y nhgjtrg de hucturnc prdkrgss nj` jdt sdag lnhownr` prdvijhg? jdtnlcy sd ij hda-pnrisdj witf Xdutf Ijìn. fis rgncity cg` F. Oucog td edraucntg tfg fypdtfgsis

tfnt hucturnc hdjvgrkgjhg lgtwggj Xdutf Ijìn nj` Xdutfgnst Nsin, rntfgr tfnjtfg `daijntidj de djg hucturg dvgr tfg dtfgr, wns tfg ogy td uj`grstnjìjk tfgautntidj de Xdutfgnst Nsinj pdcitigs (Oucog >992=>7).

Ij njy hnsg, tfg gxnht prdhgss de stntg edrantidj nj` tfg ijtrdùhtidjde Ijìnj gcgagjts ijtd Xdutfgnst Nsinj hucturgs is sticc n anttgr de `glntg.Hdjshidus de tfgir Ij`dhgjtrih ecnvdur, I fnvg nvdi`g` tfg usg de tfg tgrasIjìnjizntidj dr Ijìnjizg` Xtntgs. Ijstgn`, I fnvg dptg` edr tfg n`mghtivg

>> Xgg, nadjk dtfgrs, Orda >9992=9->


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Fijù-Lu``fist, gvgj tfdukf it gapfnsizgs tfg rdcg pcnyg` ly iapdrtg` rgci-kidjs td tfg `gtriagjt de cdhnc lgciges.

@yjnstih fistdry de Hgjtrnc Mnvn= tfg dc` nj` jgw fypdtfgsgs

Dj tfg iscnj` de Mnvn, tfg eirst tnjkilcg trnhgs de n oijk`da nrg tfg rdho ijshrip-tidjs de Oijk Rrnvnranj de ran>9;>->9;->2tf hgjtury, tfg rgkidj nrduj` tfg adujtnijsde Agrnpi nj` Xualijk ij Hgjtrnc Mnvn wns tfg hgjtrg de pdwgreuc oijk`dastfnt luict Fijù nj` Lu``fist adjuagjts ns prgstikidus ns Hnj`Ldrdluùr.Jgvgrtfgcgss, rgtrnhijk tfg `yjnstih fistdry de tfdsg oijk`das is jdt nj gnsy

tnso. Ijshriptidjs, wfihf hdjstitutg tfg anij sdurhg de ijedrantidj, nrg shnrhg(nldut 0Nrduj` 672, pdwgr sggas

td fnvg enccgj nknij ijtd tfg fnj`s de n Fijù rucgr.>7N vnst prdkrnaag detgapcg luicìjk wns tfgj uj`grtnogj, tfg cnst ij Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg fistdry. >5Ijdjg hgjtury, tfg Mnvnjgsg hivicizntidj knvg td tfg wdrc` ldtf Ldrdluùr nj`Cdrd Mdjkkrnjk, twd nrhfitghturnc anstgrpighgs rgecghtijk n rgeijg` nrt tfnt wnslrdukft td n cgvgc de supgrl anstgry. Lgsi`gs tfgsg hdjstruhtidjs, adrg tfnj2tfhgjtury, tfg gpihgjtrg de tfg Mnvnjgsg hivicizntidjadvg` td tfg gnstgrj pnrt de tfg iscnj` (Orda >98>=99;). Edradrg tfnj edur hgjturigs netgr tfis ntg, oijks rgsi`g` nj` luict tfgir tgapcgs ijGnst Mnvn. Ij hdjtrnst td Hgjtrnc Mnvn, tfg Gnstgrj Mnvnjgsg pgrid` is rgcntivgcywgcc ojdwj, sijhg it cget jdt djcy ijshriptidjs lut ncsd anjushripts de fistdrihnchfnrnhtgr. Hgjtrnc Mnvn wns jdt td lghdag pdwgreuc nknij ujtic sgvgrnc hgjturigscntgr, tfrdukf tfg iapgtus kivgj ly Iscna.

>< Pg jnag is spgccg` ran ij tfg Hi-Nrutgj ijshriptidj nj` rua ij tfg ijshriptidj de Mnalu.nag is spgccg` ran ij tfg Hi-Nrutgj ijshriptidj nj` rua ij tfg ijshriptidj de Mnalu.ran ij tfg Hi-Nrutgj ijshriptidj nj` rua ij tfg ijshriptidj de Mnalu.>8 Ijshriptidj de Xnmnyn (ncsd jnag` ijshriptidj de Kujujk [uoir), sgg Xnronr >9;>-;0 Ijshriptidj de Oncnsnj, sgg Xnronr >9;>-;7 Ijshriptidjs de ucnjk Nir (672 N.@.), sgg Xnronr >9;>-;5->;.>5 Pis fistdrihnc rghdjstruhtidj is anijcy lnsg` dj Orda >98>? Hnspnris >972? >975? Hdg`s >950.


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Nhfigvijk `ggpgr uj`grstnjìjk de tfg `gtnics de tfis fistdry fdwgvgr is nauhf adrg `gcihntg tnso. @ieeihuctigs nrisg jdt djcy erda tfg shnrhity nj` tfgjnturg de tfg ijshriptidjs, lut ncsd erda tfg hdapcgxity de Mnvnjgsg rdync ti-

tcgs nj` jdagjhcnturg= td jnag n pnrtihucnr rucgr, ijshriptidjs hduc` usg fishdjsghrntidj jnag (suhf ns Ij`rn Xnjkkran`fnjnmnyn), fis rdync titcg (rAnfrmn) dr fis npnjnkg titcg (wfihf ìeegrs edr gnhf oijk, edr gxnapcg \nogRiontnj), sdagtiags nhhdapnjig` ly fis pgrsdjnc jnag (@yn Xncn ij tfghnsg de \nog Riontnj). Ij suhf hdjìtidjs, it is jdt ncwnys gnsy td gtgraijg prg-hisgcy wfd is lgijk rgegrrg` td. wd ijshriptidjs, fdwgvgr, tfrdw sdag cikft djtfis rntfgr hdjeusijk pihturg, jnagcy tfg AnjtysiI ijshriptidj (92; N.@.),ncsd ojdwj ns Lncitujks cist? nj` tfg [njun jkn III ijshriptidj (926N.@.), ìshdvgrg` ij tfg >962s.>;fgsg twd rghdr`s kivg n cist de tfg oijks wfdprghg`g` Lncitujk dj tfg tfrdjg de Antnrna. Wjedrtujntgcy, tfg cists `d jdthdrrgspdj` gxnhtcy.

Ij fis Fij`dg-Mnvnnjshfg kgshfig`gjisde >98>, J.M. Orda wns de tfg dpij-idj tfnt tfg anij `yjnsty de Hgjtrnc Mnvn wns gssgjtinccy Fijù, lut tfnt tfgcijg de Fijù oijks fn` lggj ijtgrruptg` ly tfg rucg de djg dr twd Lu``fistrucgrs. fg oijks tfdukft td lgcdjk td tfis nicgj`rn ijtgrrgkjua wgrg \nogRnjnjkonrnj (wfd issug` tfg ijshriptidj de Oncnsnj ij ;;6 N.@.) nj` Ij`rnXnjkkran`fnjnmnyn (agjtidjg` ij tfg ijshriptidj de Ocurno ij ;6< N.@.,lut jdt cistg` ij tfg AnjtysiI ijshriptidj). Wsijk Lncitujks cist nj` tfg ij-shriptidjs hdjtgapdrnry witf tfg ìeegrgjt rucgrs, J.M. Orda rghdjstitutg` tfg

cist de Mnvnjgsg oijks ns edccdws (Orda >98>=97->95)=

>; Edr trnjscntidj nj` lilcidkrnpfy de tfg AnjtysiI nj` [njun jknIII ijshriptidjs, sgg Xnronr>9;>-;


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wgjty ygnrs cntgr, ij fis krduj`lrgnoijk tfgsis, M.K. `g Hnspnris knvg nrntfgr ìeegrgjt pihturg (Hnspnris >972). noijk up nj i`gn ncrgn`y gxprgssg` lyUnj Jngrssgj (Jngrssgj >90;), @g Hnspnris hdjsi`grg` tfnt tfg ijshriptidj de

Oncnsnj rgegrg` jdt td djg, lut td twd oijks? n vnssnc oijk jnag` Rnnonrnnnj` fis nicgj`rn suzgrnij, wfdsg pgrsdjnc jnag is jdt agjtidjg` ij tfg ij-shriptidj. Edr @g Hnspnris, tfg nicgj`rns wgrg n pdwgreuc `yjnsty ij tfgir dwjrikft, wfd rucg` dvgr Hgjtrnc Mnvn erda h. ;;7 N.@. td h. 68< N.@. It is djcynrduj` 686/60< tfnt n Fijù prijhg erda Xnmnyns cijgnkg wns nlcg td rgknijeucc hdjtrdc de tfg rgkidj. Edr @g Hnspnris, Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg `yjnstih fistdrylgtwggj ;8< nj` 66< N.@. hnj lg suaanrizg` ns edccdws (Hnspnris >972=>88?>976=972=>8>).

Nctfdukf fg rgpgntg` nj` `gvgcdpg` fis Xnmnynvn vgrsus nicgj`rn tfgdry

ij >975 (Hnspnris >975), fis fypdtfgsis wns jgvgr ujnjiaduscy nhhgptg` lytfg shfdcnrcy hdaaujity. Ij n >976 pnpgr, \.A.J. Rdgrlntmnrnon qugstidjg`tfg vgry gxistgjhg de sgpnrntg Xnmnyn nj` nicgj`rn `yjnstigs. Fg gquntg` tfgoijks agjtidjg` ij Lncitujks cist (nj` tfdukft td lg erda tfg Xnmnyn `y-jnsty) witf oijks hnccg` nicgj`rn ij dtfgr ijshriptidjs.>6Ij fis vigw, Lncitujkscist, writtgj ij tfg Dc` Mnvnjgsg cnjkunkg, siapcy usg` Mnvnjgsg jnags nj` ti-tcgs, wficg Xnjsorit jnags wgrg rgsgrvg` edr Xnjsorit ijshriptidjs (Rdgrlntmnrnon>976=6 Ij Mnvn, tfg jnag nicgj`rn is agjtidjg` ij tfg ijshriptidjs de Oncnsnj (;;6 N.@.), Ocurno (;6962s, de n sghdj` rdync cist erda tfg rgikj de Lncitujk,tfg [njun jkn III ijshriptidj, sfnttgrg` tfg rghdjstruhtidj de HgjtrncMnvnjgsg fistdry (Ousgj >990? [issganj Hfristig ). Nctfdukf it wns writ-

tgj djcy djg ygnr netgr tfg AnjtysiI ijshriptidj, [njun jknIII agjtidjsadrg rdync jnags, n`ìjk jgw oijks ij lgtwggj tfdsg ncrgn`y ojdwj erdatfg AnjtysiI ijshriptidj. Eurtfgradrg, tfis ijshriptidj anogs jd rgegrgjhgwfntgvgr td `yjnstigs, nj` `dgs jdt agjtidj njy enaicy rgcntidjsfip lgtwggjdjg rucgr nj` tfg jgxt? `gadjstrntijk tfg vgry ciaitg` stntg de dur prgsgjt uj-`grstnjìjk de cijgnkg nj` suhhgssidj urijk tfg Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg pgrid`. Ij tfgcikft de tfg [njun jknIII ijshriptidj, M. [issganj Hfristig prdpdsgs tfgedccdwijk fistdrihnc ernagwdro ([issganj Hfristig =8976=966? >990? Ldghfnri >969? >992?[issganj Hfristig =80-87). Fgjhg [issganj Hfristigs i`gjtieihntidj de\nog Rnjnjkonrnj witf Ij`rn Xnjkkran`fnjnamnyn, rnog Rnjnrnlnj witf@fnraadttujkkn`gwn, nj` \nog [nrno witf Xnanrnttujkkn ([issganjHfristig =87).>9Ns edr \. Mdr`nnj, fg fns strdjkcy dppdsg` tfg sijkcg `y-

>9 M. Xuj`lgrk, witfdut ìsaissijk tfg sijkcg `yjnsty tfgdry, fns rikftcy pdijtg` dut tfnt pnrt de[issganj Hfristigs nrkuagjt is spghidus, sijhg tfgrg nrg jd rdync nàijistrntivg ijshriptidjs erda

tfg rgikjs de Rnjnjkonrnjn, Rnjnrnlnj nj` [nrno tfnt hduc` hdjra wfgtfgr Mnvnjgsg titcgs wgrgusg` ij tfg adrg prdsnih Mnvnjgsg cnjkunkg ijshriptidjs (Xuj`lgrk 5-;05) \ntuXnmnyn

Rfnsg II= Gxpnjsidj nj` hdjsdci`ntidj (;05-6


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>8

I= ,

jnsty ad`gc, ijsistijk dj gvi`gjhg erda ijshriptidjs nj` Hfijgsg rghdr`s tfntsukkgst tfnt tfgrg any fnvg lggj nt cgnst twd hgjtrgs de pdwgr ij Hgjtrnc Mnvn(Mdr`nnj 965? [issganj Hfristig>965).

fg dvgrstntg` pihturg de n ujieig` stntg rucg` dvgr ly n pdwgreuc anfrmnwns qugstidjg`, nadjk dtfgrs, ly Ldghfnri nj` F. vnj Jngrssgj. Ldtf shfdcnrsijsistg` dj tfg auctipcihity de hgjtrgs tfnt wduc` fnvg hfnrnhtgrizg` tfg HgjtrncMnvnjgsg pgrid`. Edr Ldghfnri, tfg oijk`da wns `ivi`g` ijtd nutdjdadus nr-gns kdvgrjg` ly rnons, wfd hduc` nht ij`gpgj`gjtcy erda tfg oijk (Ldghfnri

>958). Edr fis pnrt, Unj Jngrssgj ijsistg` dj tfg gxistgjhg, nt cgnst ujtic 6;8N.@., de sgvgrnc ij`gpgj`gjt rucgrs (Jngrssgj >9;5=999= 965). Dj tfg djg fnj`, rgcntidj-sfips lgtwggj hgjtrnc kdvgrjagjt nj` cdhnc hdaaujitigs sgga td fnvg lggj den adrg hdapcgx jnturg tfnj tfnt prgsgjtg` ij tfg anncnad`gc. Dj tfg dtfgrfnj`, rgcntidjs sgga td fnvg gvdcvg` dvgr tiag wfgrgns tfg anncn stntgstruhturg is gssgjtinccy stntih.


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>0

H,

fg stntg nppnrntus nppgnrs td fnvg lggj quitg ciaitg` nj`, nhhdrìjktd tfg ijshriptidjs, tfg rnon wgrg tfg djcy cgvgc de nàijistrntidj lgtwggjtfg anfrmn nj` tfg viccnkgs (Hnspnris >965=7>, 75-79? [issganj Hfristig

>965=;2). fgrg is jd gvi`gjhg de tfg auctipcg-tigrg` nàijistrntidj de hgjtrnc-izg` stntgs. Jgvgrtfgcgss, tfg nutfdrity de tfg hgjtrg wns jdt purgcy ritunc, ns issukkgstg` ly tfg anncntfgdry= tfg anfrmnwns ìrghtcy gjtitcg` td cgvy tnxgsnj` trnjsegr tnx rikfts. Fdwgvgr, jgitfgr tfg anfrmnjdr tfg rnonfgc` rikftsdvgr cnj`= adst de tfg cnj` dwjgrsfip rganijg` ij tfg fnj`s de tfg viccnkgrs?tfg oijks rikfts wgrg anijcy ciaitg` td cgvigs dj prdùhg ([issganj Hfristig>996965=;2), wfgrgns n prdhgss de kgdkrnpfihnc ìsijtgkrntidjwns ncrgn`y uj`grwny ij dtfgr pnrts de tfg rgkidj. Nt ncc gvgjts, ly tfg sghdj`fnce de tfg 9tf hgjtury, tfg tgrritdrigs uj`gr tfg murisìhtidj de tfg ìeegrgjtwntojd cdjkgr edrag` istijht kgdkrnpfihnc ujits. [ntofdcìjks fn` lghdagfikfcy ìspgrsg` nj`, ly tfis tiag, rnonswgrg hgrtnijcy jdt rucijk dvgr nutdjd-adus, pdtgjtinccy ij`gpgj`gjt rgkidjs ns edraucntg` witfij tfg anncnad`gc([issganj Hfristig >965=;2-;>).

fg pihturg `rnwj erda ncc tfis, tfgrgedrg, is jgitfgr tfnt de n strdjkcy hgj-trncizg` stntg fgcpg` ly n auctipcg-tigr nàijistrntidj, jdr de n adsnih de ij-`gpgj`gjt stntgs. Wjedrtujntgcy, jd sntiseyijk nctgrjntivg ad`gc i.g. n ad`-gc tfnt wduc` nhhdujt edr tfg rgcntivg nutdjday de viccnkg hdaaujitigs, tfghfnjkijk rdcg de tfg rnon dvgr tiag nj` tfg krdwijk iapdrtnjhg de tfg hgjtrncnàijistrntidj fns ygt lggj edraucntg`.

Hfrdjdcdky de Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg adjuagjts= nlsgjhg dehdjsgjsus

Njdtfgr anmdr nj` rghurrijk prdlcga de Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg nrhfngdcdky is tfg`ntijk de tgapcgs. fgrg is cittcg hdjsgjsus nadjk shfdcnrs dj tfis qugstidj nj`ncadst jd hgrtnijtigs. Xpghincists nkrgg dj djg tfijk= tfg vnst anmdrity de tfg rg-anijs de Hgjtrnc Mnvn `ntg lnho td tfg Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg pgrid`= Ij dtfgr wdr`s,tfgy wgrg luict lgtwggj tfg 6tfnj` tfg ai``cg de tfg >2 tfhgjtury. Jgvgrtfgcgss,ncadst gvgrytfijk gcsg is dpgj td `glntg, hdaagjhijk witf tfg stnrtijk `ntg detfg Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg pgrid`. @. Hfifnrn nj` \. Xdgoadjd prdpdsg` tfg sghdj`fnce de tfg ;tfhgjtury (Hfifnrn >995=9>? Xdgoadjd >9;9=076-079), lut dtfgr


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>7

I= ,

shfdcnrs usunccy prgegr tfg `ntg de ;8< N.@., wfihf hdrrgspdj`s td tfg gnrcigst`ntg` ijshriptidj de Hgjtrnc Mnvn, tfg ijshriptidj de Hnjkknc ([iccinas >96>?@uanrny >998).

[fgrg dtfgr sdurhgs nrg cnhoijk, tfg nssdhintidj de n tgapcg witf n `ntg` ij-shriptidj is tfg djcy wny td nshrilg nj nlsdcutg ntijk td tfg luic`ijk. Fdwgvgr,usijk ijshriptidjs td `ntg Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg tgapcgs hnj lg fikfcy prdlcgantih.Ij hdjtrnst td tfg Ofagr trn`itidj, Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg stdjg ijshriptidjs nrg jdthnrvg` dj `ddrmnals, lut dj advnlcg scnls.


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>5

H,

rght, nj` tfnt is ncrgn`y qugstidjnlcg, it is hcgnr erda tfg tgxt tfnt it rgcntgs tdtfg tgapcg eduj`ntidj. Ij >902, @uthf nrhfngdcdkists `isanjtcg` pnrt de tfgtgapcg nj` `ishdvgrg` tfnt tfg prgsgjt-`ny rganijs hdvgrg` nj dc`gr sfrijg

(Lgrjgt Ogapgrs >902=96909?>97


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>;

I= ,

n - Ij tfis pfnsg, (n), (l) nj` (h) hdrrgspdj` td ìgrgjt nrhfitghturnc trnìtidjs hnccg` ly \.Xdgoadjd (n) Jgw @igjk Xtycg (ij hdjtrnst td Rfnsg I, wfihf fg jnags Gnrcy @igjk Xtycg),(l) Gnrcy nicgj`rn Xtycg nj` (h) n agrkijk de tfg Jgw @igjk stycg nj` tfg Gnrcy nicgj`rnstycg (Xdgoadjd >9;9=0;? @uanrny >998? Hfifnrn >995). N prg`dai-

jnjt hdjhgrj de tfgsg tfrgg hfrdjdcdkigs wns td tnog ijtd hdjsi`grntidj tfgvnridus luicìjk pfnsgs de tfg tgapcgs nj` td ìstijkuisf tfg `ntijk de tfgsgpfnsgs. fg nrhfitght M. @uanrny lnsg` fis stu`y dj luicìjk tghfjiqugs, nj`wns pnrtihucnrcy hnrgeuc ij gxnaijijk tfg pdssilcg rgluicìjk nj` trnjsedran-tidjs uj`grkdjg ly gnhf tgapcgs. fis is rgecghtg` ij fis hfrdjdcdky de tfgadjuagjts de Hgjtrnc Mnvn.

N siapcg kcnjhg nt tfg nldvg tnlcgs sfdws tfg ankjitu`g de tfg prdlcgade `ntijk Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg tgapcg nrhfitghturg. Gvgj tfdukf gvgrydjg sggastd nkrgg tfnt Hnjì Nrmujn is djg de tfg dc`gst tgapcgs, tfgrg is jd hdjsgjsusnldut wfnt gnrcy aikft agnj ij tgras de nlsdcutg hfrdjdcdky. It sikjieigs tfgpgrid` 572-;82 N.@. edr \. Xdgoadjd, 562-;82 N.@. edr @. Hfifnrn, ;82-;72 edr @uanrny, ;82-;;2 edr M. [iccinas nj` h. ;52 edr G.L. Udkcgr (Udkcgr>978? Xdgoadjd >9;9? [iccinas >96>? @uanrny >998? Hfifnrn >995). Ns edrKujujk [uoir, it is `ntg` td h. ;82 N.@. (dj tfg lnsis de tfg ijshriptidj) ly \.Xdgoadjd, @. Hfifnrn nj` M. [iccinas, lut, nhhdrìjk td G.L. Udkcgr, its stycganogs it adrg ciogcy td `ntg erda tfg auhf cntgr Gnst Mnvnjgsg pgrid` (Udkcgr>978? Xdgoadjd >9;9? [iccinas >96>? Hfifnrn >995).

Rfnsg I 572-;82 N.@. Nrmujn, Xganr, Xrionjì, Kntdtonhn.

Rfnsg IIn ;82-622 N.@. (n) Rujtn`gwn, Xgaln`rn, Lian, Kg`djk Xdjkd, Aujhuc.

(l) Kujujk [uoir, Rrijknpus, Oncnsnj, Xgwu.

(h) Lntuairijk, Xnalisnri, Kglnjk, Cualujk (Ocntgj).

;82-;72 N.@. Kujujk [uoir >, Nrmujn, Xganr, Rujtn`gwn >, Kntdtonhn.

h.;72 N.@. Xrionj i, Rujtn gwn , Xgwu >.

;92-622 N.@. Oncnsnj (ocntgj), Lulrnf >, Agjùt


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>6

H,

Hfrdjdcdkihnc ernagwdro de tfg prgsgjt lddo

fg anmdr ujhgrtnijtigs hdjhgrjijk tfg hfrdjdcdky de Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg adju-agjts fnvg hdapgccg` ag td ciait rgegrgjhgs td nlsdcutg `ntgs ij ay rgsgnrhf,nj` td edccdw vgry lrdn` hfrdjdcdkihnc cijgs. fg djcy hfrdjdcdkihnc ernagwdroI rgegr td is tfg edccdwijk hcnssieihntidj de Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg tgapcgs ijtd nj gnrcynj` n cntg krdup lnsg` dj n stycistih njncysis de sgvgrnc drjnagjtnc adties - nsprdpdsg` ly A.M. Ocdoog ij n rghgjt pulcihntidj (Ocdoog


37/519

>9

I= ,

de hgrnaih gxpgrtisg?2? Hruacgy >990=5). Nhhdr`ijk td tfispdijt de vigw, cnj`shnpg sfnpgs fuanj gxpgrigjhg nj` is ij its turj sfnpg` lyanj. fg rgsuct is n hdapcgx pnciapsgst de fuanj sdhigty, rgecghtijk its prnhti-hnc gxikgjhigs, lut ncsd its aytfihnc, hdsadcdkihnc nj` ritunc nspghts. d qudtgiccgy=

Pg cnj`shnpg is hdjtijunccy lgijk gjhucturg`, lrijkijk tfijks ijtd agnjijk nspnrt de n syaldcih prdhgss ly wfihf fuanj hdjshidusjgss anogs tfg pfysihnc rgncityde tfg jnturnc gjvirdjagjt ijtd nj ijtgccikilcg nj` sdhincizg` edra. Pg cnj`shnpgis rg`dcgjt witf pnst nhtidjs, it pcnys n anmdr rdcg ij hdjstitutijk n sgjsg de fistdry


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990=5;)

Ij tfg prgsgjt tfgsis, nctfdukf I sdagtiags njncysg tfg Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsgcnj`shnpg ij tfg cikft de ghdcdky nj` gxhfnjkg jgtwdros, I fnvg trig` td ijtrd-`uhg gcgagjts ijspirg` erda n adrg pfgjdagjdcdkihnc nj` syaldcih npprdnhftd cnj`shnpg. Ij ay njncysis, I fnvg hdjsi`grg` jdt djcy tfg pdsitidj de sitgs djtfg anp, lut ncsd wfnt is nhtunccy sggj ly n fuanj sulmght visitijk gnhf pcnhg.Ij ay njncysis de tgapcg drigjtntidj, lgsi`gs tghfjihnc hdjhgrjs, I ncsd tnogijtd hdjsi`grntidj jdt djcy tfg nrhfitghturg itsgce, lut ncsd fdw tfg nrhfitghturgany kui`g tfg sikft de tfg `gvdtgg tdwnr`s n spghieih pdijt ij tfg cnj`shnpg.\gegrgjhgs td tfg rgcikidus nj` hdsadcdkihnc lnhokrduj` de Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg

sdhigty nrg ncsd iapdrtnjt ij tfis npprdnhf. I fnvg shrutijizg` tfg survivijkgpikrnpfy edr hcugs td uj`grstnj` fdw njhigjt Mnvnjgsg pgdpcg vigwg` tfg cnj`-shnpg ij tfgir ijshriptidjs.


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I= ,

hfngdcdkihnc rganijs, tfnt is td sny (ruijg`) luicìjks nj` luicìjk eduj`n-tidjs? 7, it sddj lghnag nppnrgjt tfnt n jgw, up`ntg` ijvgjtdry wns jgg`-g`. I tfgrgedrg hdjhgjtrntg` eirst dj kntfgrijk ijedrantidj erda @uthf njÌj`djgsinj sdurhgs.

Pgapcg rganijs= n `geijitidj

Ij hdjtrnst td tfg dc`gr ijvgjtdrigs, tfg ijvgjtdry prgsgjtg` fgrg djcy tnogs ijtdnhhdujt nhtunc tgapcg rganijs. Xitgs wfgrg djcy n egw shucpturgs, nj ijshriptidjdr sdag agtnc nrtgenhts fnvg lggj eduj` nrg gxhcu`g`. fis hfdihg wns an`g ijdr`gr td kntfgr n hdrpus ns fdadkgjgdus nj` rgcinlcg ns pdssilcg edr n ìstrilu-tidj stu`y. gapcgs nrg eixg` cnjànros, wfgrgns ijshriptidjs nj` shucpturgs nrggnsicy advg` erda djg pcnhg td njdtfgr, nj` nrg adrg ìeeihuct td usg witfij tfgernagwdro de nj fistdrihnc stu`y de tfg tgrritdry.

Rnrn`dxihnccy, i`gjtieyijk n tgapcg is jdt ns gnsy ns it any sgga. Anjy fnvglggj rgùhg` td djcy n egw shnttgrg` stdjgs cyijk ncdjk n hdujtry rdn`. I tfgrg-edrg hdjsi`grg` ns tgapcg rganijs njy sitg tfnt= >) sticc sfdws ij situluicìjkegnturgs? 6.82 I sgt tfg ciait nt n aijiaua de >7 stdjgs. Pgsg sfduc` ijhcu`g pcnij stdjgs ns wgcc ns hnrvg` djgs.

Hnrvg` stdjgs nrg ij`gg` cgss rgprgsgjtntivg= lghnusg de tfgir ngstfgtih vncug, tfgy nrg detgj advg`

nj` rg-usg` ns drjnagjts ij knr`gjs nj` adsqugs. Gxhgptidjs fnvg lggj an`g edr sitgs wfgrg tfgstdjgs wgrg sticc pnrtcy lurig` ij tfg krduj`.


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dr shucpturg desueeihigjt ìagjsidjs td anog it ujciogcy tfnt it hduc` fnvg lggj advg`.89>7).

I tfgrgedrg hdccghtg` `ntn erda tfg dc`gr @uthf ijvgjtdrigs nj` tfg ad`grjIj`djgsinj cists. Ijedrantidj wns tfgj hdapcgtg` ly rgnìjk tfg vnridus nr-hfngdcdkihnc rgpdrts, ldtf @uthf nj` Ij`djgsinj, witf nj gapfnsis dj rgpdrtsissug` ùrijk tfg cnst tfrgg qunrtgrs de tfg =9>2s, rgvisg` ij tfg >982s.>=72,222 Mnvn gj An`dgrn dpdkrneishfg @igjst= eirst an`g ij tfg

>9>2s, rgvisg` ij tfg >9982s.>=72,222 Mnvn, Anùrn nj` Lnci WX Nray Anp Xgrvihg= >902s.>=992s.

Ij dr`gr td hfgho tfg nhhurnhy de tfg `ntn nj` ijedrantidj `rnwj erdawrittgj sdurhgs, I hnrrig` dut eigc`wdro ij tfg rgkidjs de Ydkynonrtn, Ankgcnjk,Xganrnjk nj` Ldydcnci, wfgrg adst de tfg tgapcg rganijs nrg cdhntg`.Wjedrtujntgcy, ùg td n cnho de tiag nj` rgsdurhgs, I hduc` jdt hdjtijug eigc`-wdro ij tfg dutgr rgkidjs. Ijedrantidj edr tfg nrgns nrduj` ganjkkujk,[djdsdld nj` [gst Hgjtrnc Mnvn nrg tfgrgedrg `grivg` anijcy erda writtgjsdurhgs, nctfdukf I fnvg visitg` tfg anij sitgs. fg hfdihg jdt td ijvgstikntgtfgsg rgkidjs eurtfgr wns n pnijeuc djg, lut it wns an`g witf tfg ojdwcg`kgtfnt tfis nrgn wns tfg djcy djg edr wfihf I hduc` rgcy dj n ad`grj, up-td-`ntgijvgjtdry, pulcisfg` ly tfg Lncni Nrogdcdki (mnfmdjd >990- Rg`gstnc edr nRg`gstnc edr n cijkkndr niwn iankg, usunccy squnrg witf, dj djg si`g, nj gxtgjsidj hut ly n sancc`rnij edr custrnc wntgr.

8< I nrlitrnricy xg` tfg ciait td >a squnrg edr nydjinj` nt >.7a fikf edr shucpturgs. I jgvgrtfgcgssgxhcu`g` cnrkg pighgs wfgj tfgrg wns kdd` rgnsdj td lgcigvg tfnt tfgy wgrg pnrts de nj njtiqug hdc-cghtidj rntfgr tfnj ij situnrtgenhts.

88 Pis wdro wns hnrrig` dut erda Mucy td Eglrunry


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9>8 ij tfg \nppdrtgj vnj `gj Du`fgiòujìkgj@igjst ij Jg`grcnj`shf-Ijì (Fdgpgranjs >9>8). fis ijvgjtdry hdvgrs [gstnj` Hgjtrnc Mnvn, ns wgcc ns Anìuj nj` Ogìri. Fdwgvgr, Lnjtgj (ij [gst Mnvn)nj` tfg gnstgrjadst tip de tfg iscnj` wgrg jdt survgyg`.

Nctfdukf tfg tgxt fns jd ijtrdùhtidj `gtnicijk tfg agtfd`s usg` edr hdc-cghtijk `ntn, it is dlvidus erda juagrdus pnssnkgs tfnt tfis @uthf shfdcnr vis-itg` ncc tfg pcnhgs agjtidjg` ij fis ijvgjtdry. Fg ì` jdt rgcy siapcy dj `ntnkivgj ly cdhnc hivic sgrvnjts= fis ijedrantidj wns eirst-fnj`. Fdgpgranjs detgj`gshrilgs tfg npprdnhf cgnìjk up td tfg rganijs, tfg pgrspghtivg de tfg sitgs,fis ìeeihuctigs ij rgnhfijk tfga dr tfg dpijidjs de cdhnc pgdpcg hdjhgrjijk tfgruijs.

N hcgnr gxnapcg de tfis hnj lg rgn` dj p. >78=>7


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8=9>8=9>8=>;8). Fdwgvgr,njhigjt stdjgs i` jdt ncwnys fnvg suhf auj`njg usgs, nj` tfgy wgrg ncsd kntf-grg` ij krnvgynr`s nj` usg` edr tdals, ns wns tfg hnsg ij Adjksijk-ldgagjviccnkg (Fdgpgranjs >9>8=>;8).

Ns tfg eirst witjgss td tfg stntg de prgsgrvntidj de anjy Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg nr-hfngdcdkihnc sitgs, Fdgpgranjs wdro is fikfcy vncunlcg, nctfdukf fis ijvgjtdryis jdt ncwnys ns systgantih ns djg wduc` fdpg.

Cdhncizntidj de tfg sitgs is hgrtnijcy tfg anij prdlcga. Ns tfgrg is jd anpnttnhfg` td fis cist, djg fns td rgcy dj tfg nàijistrntivg ìvisidjs. [ficg tfgrgsi`gjtigsnj` istrihts nrg ncwnys kivgj, sul-ìstrihts nrg djcy dhhnsidjnccy agj-tidjg`. Xdagtiags, tfg @uthf shfdcnr ncsd ijhcu`gs jnags de jgnrly viccnkgs,lut fis usg de pfrnsgs ns vnkug ns hcdsg td, jdt enr erda dr ij tfg jgikfldur-fdd` de `d jdt ncwnys fgcp. Fdgpgranjs ijedrantidj hdjhgrjijk tfg cdhn-tidj de Riontnj, edr gxnapcg, is ciaitg` td tfg edccdwijk pnssnkg (Fdgpgranjs

>9>8=>;9>8=>;9>8=>;


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69>), wfihf ijhcu`g` nj nrhfngdcdkihnc anp. Fdwgvgr, tfg sitgsagjtidjg` ly Fdgpgranjs `d jdt ncwnys eikurg dj Ugrlggos anp.

\[email protected]. Ugrlggos Du`fg`gj vnj Mnvn

Ij >69>, \[email protected]. Ugrlggo pulcisfg` tfg eirst deeihinc ijvgjtdry de tfg njtiqui-tigs de Mnvn ij tfg Ugrfnj`gcijkgj vnj fgt Lntnvinnshf Kgjddtshfnp, uj`gr tfg ti-

tcg Du`fg`gj vnj Mnvn. Cimst gr vddrjnnastg dvgrlcimesgcgj uit gj Fij`dgtim`dp Mnvn agt ggjg du`fgiòujìkg onnrt.

Nctfdukf Ugrlggos ijvgjtdry fns its `rnwlnhos, it is hgrtnijcy n fikfcy vncu-nlcg wdro? jdt djcy edr fis up-td-`ntg cist de nrhfngdcdkihnc rganijs, lut ncsd edrtfg anp tfnt nhhdapnjigs tfga. Ugrlggo wns n kgdkrnpfgr. Fg tddo hnrg td pcdtadst de tfg sitgs dj fis anp nj` ncsd ijhcu`g` sogthfgs de tfg Rrnalnjnj nrgnnj` tfg @igjk pcntgnu. Fis wdro deegrs tfg eirst nrhfngdcdkihnc anp de HgjtrncMnvn, gvgj tfdukf its shncg wns tdd cnrkg td lg rgnccy prghisg.

Ugrlggos ijvgjtdry `gncs witf tfg wfdcg iscnj`, ijhcuìjk Lnjtgj nj` GnstMnvn. Ciog fis prg`ghgssdr, fg cists ncc tfg pcnhgs de nrhfngdcdkihnc ijtgrgst, i.g.

jdt djcy tgapcg rganijs, lut ncsd shucpturgs, ijshriptidjs nj` dtfgr sancc eij`s.Fis ijvgjtdry is jdt `gshriptivg= ns stntg` ij tfg titcg, it is siapcy n cist. Edr gx-napcg, tfg gjtry edr Hnjì Rnwdj is ciaitg` td=

= jd = jd = jd 69>= jd


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0>. Pmnjì Nrkn odgsdgan(@istriht Ld`mn, ne`ggcijk Xganrnjk). d tfg JJGde Agìji? erda Xdgsdgonj, djg kdgs gnstwnr`s td Ocdgrno (Ocdgwno dj tfg tdpd-krnpfihnc anp)? jdt enr erda tfis `gsn tfgrg is n fdt sprijk hnccg` Nrkntnpn nj`,jgnr td it, tfg twd hdccnpsg` tgapcgs _jnag`Q Nrkn odgsdgan. Pg rst djg usg`td lg ; agtgrs wi`g ly 6 agtgrs cdjk, witf tfg gjtrnjhg dj tfg jdrtfgrj si`g? tfgsghdj` tgapcg wns 5a ly ;a. Edragrcy, Erig`grihf wns sticc nlcg td rghdkjizg tfgwncc de _tgapcgQ j >. Fikfgr ij tfg adujtnijs tfgrg aust fnvg lggj 8 dtfgrtgapcgs, lut tfgy wgrg jdt visitg` ly Erig`grihf. Pg shucpturgs hdaijk erda tfgsgtgapcgs fnvg lggj lrdukft td Ld`mn.0= jd oicdagtgr tgj wgstgj vnj Lnrn ldg`dgr nnj `gj krddtgj wgk oicdagtgr tgj wgstgj vnj Lnrn ldg`dgr nnj `gj krddtgj wgkGgj `gsn, djkgvggr > oicdagtgr tgj wgstgj vnj Lnrn ldg`dgr nnj `gj krddtgj wgkjnnr Xncnanj. Figr stnnt ggj vdgtstuo, wnnrjnnr agj vrdgkgr agt ggj stggjgj trnp ne`nnc`g? `g trnpis ju agt nnr`g dvgr`got. Ag`g`ggcijk vnj `gj Hdjtrdcgur vnj Adgjticnj, H.M. Fnssgcna.(Ugrlggo>69>= jd 0>. mnjì Nrkn odgsdgan (@istriht Ld`mn, ne`ggcijk Xganrnjk). gj J. J. D. vnj Agìji? agj>0>. mnjì Nrkn odgsdgan (@istriht Ld`mn, ne`ggcijk Xganrnjk). gj J. J. D. vnj Agìji? agj>0>. mnjì Nrkn odgsdgan (@istriht Ld`mn, ne`ggcijk Xganrnjk). gj J. J. D. vnj Agìji? agjknnt vnj Xdgsdgonj ddstwnnrts jnnr Ocdgrno (dp `g tdpdkrnpfishfg onnrt Ocdgwno)? jigt vgr vnj `gzg`gsn cikt ggjg wnrag lrdj, kgjnna` Nrkntnpn, gj `nnrlim `g < vgrvnccgj tgapgcs Nrkn odgsdgan. @g>g wns ; lim 6 agtgr lrgg` gj cnjk, ijknjk nnj `g jddr`zim`g? `g wns vdrgj `ddr Erig`grihf `g auur jdk tg fgrogjjgj. Fddkgr ij fgt kglgrktg adgtgj jdk 8

tgapgcs kgcgkgj fgllgj, ddo kgfggc vgrvnccgj, annr `ddr Erig`grihf jigt lgzdhft. Lggc`gj vnj `gzgtgapgcs zimj jnnr Ld`mn kglrnhft. (Ugrlggo >69>= jd >0>)


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48/519

82

H,

triht nj` ne`ggcijk05nrg prdvi`g`, wficg edr Xurnonrtn, djcy ne`ggcijkgjnrg agj-tidjg`, nj` edr Ydkynonrtn djcy rgkgjtshfnp.0;

fg hdrrgspdj`gjhgs lgtwggj Fdgpgranjs nj` Ugrlggos ijvgjtdrigs nrg

jdt ncwnys gnsy td gstnlcisf. Eirst de ncc, ùrijk tfg cnpsg de tiag tfnt sgpn-rntg` tfgir rgsgnrhf, Hgjtrnc Mnvn uj`grwgjt n jualgr de nàijistrntivg adì-eihntidjs. Ij Fdgpgranjs tiag, tfg nrgn wns ìvi`g` ijtd rgsi`gjtigs nj` ìs-trihts, nj` ij sdag hnsgs sul-ìstrihts. Fdwgvgr, wfgj Ugrlggo hdjùhtg` fisrgsgnrhf, tfg ne`ggcijkgjfn` lggj ijtrdùhg`, sdag njhigjt ìstrihts fn` ìs-nppgnrg`, dtfgrs fn` lggj agrkg` nj` sdag ldr`grs rg`geijg`. Ij tfg >652s,edr gxnapcg, Jknìrgmd wns n ìstriht, lut ij tfg >662s it is jd cdjkgr agj-tidjg` ns suhf nj` sggas td fnvg lggj ijtgkrntg` ijtd tfg ìstriht de Og`dg,ne`ggcijk ganjkkdgjk. fg sitgs de Mnadgs/Ornant, Rgrdt dr Rrijknpdgs,agjtidjg` ly Fdgpgranjs uj`gr Jknìrgmd, nrg tfgrgedrg td lg eduj` uj`grOg`dg. Fdgpgranjs ganjkkdgjk ìstriht is ìvi`g` ijtd tfg ìstrihts de @mtisnj` Xdganwnjn, ne`ggcijkganjkkdgjk.06fg sitgs de Riontnj, Lrdjkodc njÒ`dgjkcd, edragrcy ij ganjkkdgjk ìstriht, nrg kivgj ij Ugrlggos wdro gi-tfgr ij @mtis dr ij Xdganwnjn. Eurtfgr, hgrtnij ìstriht lduj`nrigs wgrg adì-eig` nj` ns n rgsuct sdag sitgs, edragrcy ij djg ìstriht, cntgr eduj` tfgasgcvgsij njdtfgr. Ldrdluùr nj` Rnwdj, edragrcy witfij tfg ìstriht de Rrdldcijkd,nrg eduj` ij tfg >662s uj`gr tfg nutfdrity de tfg Aijdrgf ìstriht, ne`ggcijkAnkgcnjk. fgsg nrg lut n egw gxnapcgs de tfg nàijistrntivg hfnjkgs tfnt dh-hnsidjnccy anog it vgry hdjeusijk td hdapnrg tfgsg twd gnrcy ijvgjtdrigs.

Njdtfgr sdurhg de hdjeusidj is tfg ergqugjt hfnjkg de sitg jnags. fis isn rghurrijk prdlcga ij Mnvnjgsg nrhfngdcdky. Ns tfg drikijnc jnags nrg jdtojdwj, djg fns td rgcy dj ad`grj jnags. Fdwgvgr, tfgsg jnags aikft hfnjkgnhhdrìjk td tfg hdjvgjtidjs usg` ly tfg viccnkgrs, tfg ecuhtuntidj de nàij-istrntivg lduj`nrigs, tfg systga usg` td trnjshrilg tfg Mnvnjgsg cnjkunkg, drgvgj tfg gnr de tfg rgsgnrhfgr. Edrtujntgcy, Ugrlggo kivgs nt cgnst sdag de tfghdrrgspdj`gjhgs lgtwggj jnags usg` ij fis ijvgjtdry nj` tfdsg nppgnrijk ijFdgpgranjs wdro. Edr gxnapcg, writijk nldut Xualgrwntu, fg uj`grcijgstfnt fg (Fdgpgranjs) hnccs tfg stntug de Knjgn Lntdg Hnpgccn () 09(Ugrlggo >69>=>;9>8=69>=>;0), Ximwdg 8 isNsdg (Fdgpgranjs, >9>8=69>=852), nj` Og`ntdjk is \ntdgLnon/@nwdjk (Fdgpgranjs >9>8=


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8>

R

Fdgpgranjs, lut wfihf I fnvg jdt lggj nlcg td trnhg ij Ugrlggos ijvgjtdry=mnjì (Xganrnjk, Wjknrnj), Lntu Ogjtgjk (Ogù, Jknìrgmd), mnjì(Ogù, Rrdldcijkd) nj` Xncnonj (Ogù, Rrdldcijkd? Fdgpgranjs >9>8=08 nj` >02).Ugrlggo n``s twgjty-gikft jgw tgapcg rganijs td Fdgpgranjs cist, adst de

tfga ij tfg nrgn de Rrnalnjnj. fis wns an`g pdssilcg ly tfg iaprgssivg wdrode njdtfgr shfdcnr= M.[. IMzgranj.

M.[. IMzgranj ij Rrnalnjnj

Lgtwggj >667 nj` >665, M.[. IMzgranj, wfd tfgj civg` ij Ydkynonrtn, stnrtg`gxpcdrijk tfg tgapcg rganijs de tfg Rrnalnjnj nrgn. Hnrgeuccy nj` systga-ntihnccy, fg visitg` tfg sitgs, `gshrilg` tfga nj` pcdttg` tfga dj n anp. Fg

rgturjg` td tfg Jgtfgrcnj`s prdlnlcy ij tfg eirst fnce de >66; nj` pulcisfg`pnrts de fis nrhfngdcdkihnc ijvgstikntidjs ij tfg Ugrscnkgj gj ag`g`ggcijkgj `grOdjijocimog Non`gaig vnj [gtgjshfnppgj (ne`ggcijk cgttgrouj`g) uj`gr tfgad`gst titcg de Igts dvgr `g tgapgcrujgj vnj Rrnalnjnj (IMzgranj >66;).Ugrlggo an`g napcg usg de tfis wdro ij fis dwj ijvgjtdry.

Ij >69>, tfg snag ygnr tfnt Ugrlggo pulcisfg` fis Du`fg`gj vnj Mnvn,IMzgranj eijnccy fn` dhhnsidj td euccy pulcisf fis dwj rgsgnrhf. Fis lddo,Lgshfrimvijk gr du`fg`gj jnlim g krgjs gr rgsi`gjtigs Xdgrnonrtn gj @mdk`mnonrtnis n ad`cg ù kgjrg, ldtf shigjtieih nj` rgn`nlcg, wgcc iccustrntg` nj` nhhda-pnjig` ly `rnwijks nj` anps (IMzgranj >69>). It is hgrtnijcy tfg adst prghisg

nj` hdapcgtg nhhdujt hdjhgrjijk tfg nrhfngdcdkihnc rganijs de tfnt nrgn nj`djg hnj djcy wisf tfnt IMzgranj fn` fn` tfg tiag nj` dppdrtujity td gxtgj`fis wdro td dtfgr pnrts de tfg iscnj`.

J.M. Orda nj` [email protected]. Ldshf= Ijvgjtnris `gr Fij`dg-du`fg`gj

fg cnst ijvgjtdry de Mnvnjgsg njtiquitigs hdapicg` ly tfg @uthf nrhfngdcdki-hnc sgrvihgs wns tfg wdro de J.M. Orda, [email protected]. Ldshf nj` A.N. Auusgs (Orda>9>0n? Ldshf >9>7n? Auusgs >969>, lut tfg jgw ijvgjtdry n``s jd cgss tfnj;> tgapcg rganijs td Ugrlggos cist. Edrtujntgcy, nt nldut tfg snag tiag ùrijktfg gnrcy >9>2s, tfg dpdkrneishfg @igjst de Lntnvin stnrtg` td pulcisf n sgrigsde tdpdkrnpfihnc anps de Hgjtrnc Mnvn, nt shncgs de >==72,222. Nstfg nàijistrntivg ìvisidjs nrg rdukfcy tfg snag ns tfdsg kivgj ly Ldshf njÒrda, tfgsg anps hnj lg usg`, td sdag gxtgjt, td pcdt tfg sitgs agjtidjg` ij


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87n= jd. >69>=>58). Xiaicnrcy,nhhdrìjk td Ldshf, ij tfg `gsn de Rgcga nj` napir tfgrg wgrg edragrcy twd

stnjìjk tgapcgs (Ldshf >9>7n=90).7>

Jd `gtnics nrg kivgj fdwgvgr hdjhgrj-ijk tfg stntg de prgsgrvntidj ij >9>7.79>7n=08). fis stntgagjt is tnogj erda Ugrlggo (>69>=>59), wfd, ij fisturj, lnsg` fis gjtry dj IMzgranj (>66;=69>=> Lim `g `gsns Rgcga gj napir fgllgj vrdgkgr twgg tgapgcs kgstnnj (Ldshf >9>7=90,Lim `g `gsns Rgcga gj napir fgllgj vrdgkgr twgg tgapgcs kgstnnj (Ldshf >9>7=90,Lim `g `gsns Rgcga gj napir fgllgj vrdgkgr twgg tgapgcs kgstnnj (Ldshf >9>7=90, hnjì

Rnfijknj).

7< Nhtunccy, djg de tfg twd tgapcgs is sticc hcgnrcy visilcg td`ny.78 Kgwdjg Ldg``fn fdu ijk.Kgwdjg Ldg``fn fduìjk.


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88

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rgsuct, tfg nssdhintidj de Hnjì Nlnjk witf Lu``fisa sfduc` lg trgntg` witfhnutidj.

Ij kgjgrnc, tfg @uthf ijvgjtdrigs tgj` td dvgrgstiantg tfg rdcg de Lu``fisa

ij njhigjt Mnvn. Ij tfg nlsgjhg de hcgnr gvi`gjhg, sdag sitgs nj` shucpturgs wgrgsiapcy prgsuag` td lg Lu``fist= tfg hnsg de Hnjì Cdrd Mdjkkrnjk is wgccojdwj.70fis npprdnhf is eduj` adst ergqugjtcy ij tfg gnrcigr wdros lut fnssijhg lggj trnjscntg` ijtd tfg nrhfngdcdkihnc vdhnlucnry itsgce. Fdgpgranjs,edr gxnapcg, ergqugjtcy usg` tfg tgra ldg`fnodp td `gsikjntg wfnt is jdwojdwj ns n ocn.77Xiauctnjgduscy, tfgrg is n tgj`gjhy td nvdi` tfg wdr` ydji,wfihf is rgpcnhg` ly vdgtstuo (pg`gstnc). fg agjtidj de suhf pg`gstncs ijtfg hnsgs de Hnjì Oglcno nj` Onjkknj, dr tfg prgsgjhg de n cijkn agt vdgt-stuo ij Hnjì Imd, anogs it hcgnr tfnt wg nrg `gncijk fgrg witfydjirntfgr tfnjsiapcg, ujspghieig` pg`gstncs.

Ij`djgsinj sdurhgs

Ij rghgjt tiags, tfg Jntidjnc Hgjtrg edr Nrhfngdcdkihnc \gsgnrhf nj` tfgJntidjnc Fgritnkg Ijstitutg fnvg ncsd an`g ijvgjtdrigs de sitgs nj` nrtgenhts.Fdwgvgr, ij hdjtrnst td tfgir @uthf prg`ghgssdrs, tfgsg ijvgjtdrigs nrg anijcyjdj-stnj`nrìsg`, ujpulcisfg` cists de rganijs. @gshriptidjs nrg rnrgcy kivgjnj` hgrtnij nrgns, gspghinccy witfij tfg prdvijhg de Mnwn gjknf, nrg pddrcyhdvgrg`.

Ij tfg nrgn tfnt hdjstitutgs tfg kgdkrnpfihnc edhus de tfg prgsgjt stu`y,tfrgg Ij`djgsinj ijstitutidjs fnvg hnrrig` dut survgys= tfg Xunon RgjijkkncnjXgmnrnf `nj Rurlnoncn @ngrnf Istiagwn Ydkynonrtn (XRXR @IY)? tfg XunonRgjijkkncnj Xgmnrnf `nj Rurlnoncn Mnwn gjknf (XRXR M)?75 nj` tfg LncniNrogdcdki Ydkynonrtn,7; n cdhnc deeihg de tfg Jntidjnc Nrhfngdcdkihnc Ijstitutg(Rusnt Rgjgcitinj `nj Rgjkgalnjknj Nrogdcdki Jnsidjnc).

XRXR @IY

fg XRXR @IY fns an`g twd ijvgjtdrigs - djg `gncijk witf advnlcg nrhfngd-cdkihnc nrtgenhts, tfg dtfgr cistijk tgapcg sitgs.

70 Lgedrg tfg hcgnjijk de tfg tgapcg ly Imzgranj, it wns hdaadjpcnhg td nssdhintg Cdrd Mdjkkrnjkwitf Lu``fisa (Lruauj` >656=>


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80

H,

fg ijvgjtdry de advnlcg nrhfngdcdkihnc nrtgenhts hdvgrs tfg wfdcg prdvijhgde Ydkynonrtn. Gnhf nrtgenht, shucpturg, cddsg tgapcg stdjg dr agtnccih dlmght iskivgj nj ijvgjtdry jualgr, agnsurg` nj` detgj pfdtdkrnpfg`. Its nàijistrn-

tivg cdhntidj is rghdr`g`. fg `ntn is drknjisg` ij vnridus sgrigs nhhdrìjk tdonlupntgjdr `gsn. fg anij sgrigs nrg= Fnsic pgjkuapucnj `ntn ogpurlnoncnnj,Cnpdrnj ijvgjtnrisnsi lgj`n hnknr lu`nyn, Cnpdrnj pgjijmnunj situs ogpurlnon-cnnjnj` Cnpdrnj ijvgjtnrisnsi ogpurlnoncnnj. Djg aust gapfnsisg tfnt tfgsgcists `d jdt ijhcu`g ij situtgapcg rganijs nj`, nctfdukf tfgy nrg de fikf ij-tgrgst, tfgy hnj lg ìeeihuct td usg. Nrtgenhts nrg cistg` nhhdrìjk td ijvgjtdryjualgr/ìshdvgry `ntg nj` jdt nhhdrìjk td cdhntidj. Nrtgenhts eduj` ij tfgsnag viccnkg nrg tfgrgedrg jdt spghieihnccy cistg` tdkgtfgr, sd tfnt it is ìeeihuct tdkgt nj i`gn de tfg sitg ij its tdtncity dr td prdpdsg n hdrrght ijtgrprgtntidj de it(tfnt is td sny, wfgtfgr it is tfg sitg de n edragr tgapcg dr jdt).

Lgsi`gs tfgsg sancc-shncg cists de njtiquitigs, tfg XRXR @IY ncsd pdssgssgs nkgjgrnc ijvgjtdry de tfg prdvijhg, jnag` @netnr pgjijkkncnj sgmnrnf `nj pur-lnoncn lgj`n lgrkgrno ì prdpijsi @IY. Fdwgvgr, it wns hdapicg` ij >967 njìs td`ny sdagwfnt ijhdapcgtg, sd tfnt djg sticc jgg`s td kd tfrdukf tfg sanccgrcists td eij` adrg rghgjt ijedrantidj. Ns n pnrnccgc prdmght td tfgsg nrtgenht ij-vgjtdrigs, tfg XRXR @IY is jdw ij tfg prdhgss de luicìjk up n jgw cist, ijhcu`-ijk djcy tgapcg rganijs.

XRXR MP

Ij tfg prdvijhg de Mnwn gjknf, tfg situntidj is adrg hdjeusg`. fg gxtgjt detfg nrgn anogs njy ijvgjtdry n auhf adrg ìeeihuct gjtgrprisg. Fdwgvgr, sdagìstrihts fnvg lggj tfg sulmght de ij-`gptf survgys ly tfg XRXR M, survgys tfntfnvg prdvi`g` ijedrantidj edr ijvgjtdrigs suhf ns tfg @netnr ijvgjtnris pgj-ijkkncnj purlnoncn Mnwn gjknf, Onrgsi`gjnj Xganrnjk, dr Cnpdrnj fnsic pgj-kuapucnj lgj`n-lgj`n purlnoncn ì `ngrnf Ocntgj. Edr dtfgr nrgns, ciog on-lupntgj Ankgcnjk, djcy lrige cists de njtiquitigs gxist nj` tfgy `d jdt rgnccykivg njy gtnics hdjhgrjijk tfg eij`s, tfgir iagjsidjs dr jnturg. Ij sdag hnsgs,suhf ns tfg Ldydcnci nrgn, tfg lgst ijedrantidj `dgs jdt ganjntg erda tfg hgj-trnc deeihg de tfg XRXR M, lut erda tfg vnridus ogpncn `gsn, wfd kgjgrnccy fdc`n cist de tfg njtiquitigs eduj` witfij tfgir viccnkg ciaits.

Lncni Nrogdcdki

[ficg tfg twd XRXR deeihinccy `gnc witf tfg hdjsgrvntidj nj` rgstdrntidj de nr-hfngdcdkihnc rganijs, njdtfgr ijstitutg is ij hfnrkg de nrhfngdcdkihnc rgsgnrhf=tfg Lncni Nrogdcdki, n lrnjhf deeihg de tfg Rusnt Nrogdcdki (jntidjnc nrhfngd-cdkihnc sgrvihg).


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87

R

Its rgsgnrhf prdmghts hdjhgrjijk sd-hnccg` anrkijnc sitgs dj tfg djg fnj`nj` lriho nrhfitghturg ij tfg Ankgcnjk nrgn dj tfg dtfgr fnvg cg` tfg LncniNrogdcdki td prdùhg n sgrigs de cdhnc ijvgjtdrigs, hdvgrijk anijcy wgst Hgjtrnc

Mnvn nj` tfg onlupntgj de Ankgcnjk.fg ijvgjtdry de wgst Hgjtrnc Mnvn eirst nppgnrg` ij n sgrigs de ujpulcisfg`

wdros ly L.@. mnfmdjd (mnfmdjd >990? >997? >99;? >996). fis ntn wns cntgrkntfgrg` ij n sijkcg vdcuag pulcisfg` ly tfg Lncni Nrogdcdki ij ,722,222. Wjedrtujntgcy, tfg adrgprghisg anps (nt >=2 ;, tfg snag sitg is cdhntg` ij tfg ùsujde Ogairirgmd II nt ; 80 7;

X, >>2 >2 78 G. [g hnj sgg fgrg tfnt jdt djcy `d tfg ùsujnj` tfg hddr-

ìjntgs ìeegr, lut tfnt, ij tfg eirst ijstnjhg, tfg hddrìjntgs nrg ijhdrrghtcy

gxprgssg`.76 Xiaicnr aistnogs nrg gvi`gjt dj pp. >0->7 ij tfg hddrìjntgs

edr Kdaldjk, Hnjì, Xnalgrnj, Xikgjtnj nj` @ianmnr. Adrgdvgr, dj p. ;,

tfg hddrìjntgs agjtidjg` edr Hnjì[urujknrg ; 8; >6 >>2 >>2 >2 >2 ;


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85

H,

Eigc`wdro `ntn

fg gnrcigr ijvgjtdrigs prdvi`g` ag witf fikfcy vncunlcg ijedrantidj, sdag-tiags nccdwijk kciapsgs de n pnst tfnt hnj jd cdjkgr lg dlsgrvg`. Fdwgvgr,sijhg tfg cnst pulcisfg` ijvgjtdry de Mnvn ij >9>7, nrhfngdcdkists, ldtf @uthfnj` Ij`djgsinj, fnvg `djg nj nanzijk nadujt de wdro nj` lrdukft anjy jgwsitgs td cikft. Netgr ncadst n hgjtury de nrhfngdcdkihnc rgsgnrhf, n rgvisg` ijvgj-tdry is tfgrgedrg ln`cy jgg`g`.

Eurtfgradrg, prgvidus ijvgjtdrigs sueegrg` erda sgvgrnc sfdrthdaijks= ncnho de ijedrantidj hdjhgrjijk tfg agtfd` de `ntn kntfgrijk, hdjeusidj lg-twggj eirst-fnj` nj` sghdj`-fnj` `ntn, tfg nlsgjhg de n rgcinlcg nrhfngdcdkihncanp nj` prdlcgas de cdhntijk tfg sitgs (ùg gitfgr td n cnho de prghisidj dr tdadìeihntidj de tfg nàijistrntivg lduj`nrigs).

Ay gxnaijntidj de tfg gxistijk ijvgjtdrigs cg` ag td tfg hdjhcusidj tfnt aydwj rgsgnrhf hduc` jdt trgnt tfga ns nlsdcutg nutfdritigs. Nldvg ncc, I jgg`g` tdsiet hnrgeuccy tfrdukf tfga ij dr`gr td gxtrnht djcy tfg ijedrantidj tfnt wduc`lg vncunlcg td ag, i.g. tfg `ntn dj tgapcg rganijs.

Lnsg` dj tfg `rnwlnhos i`gjtieig` ij tfg gxistijk ijvgjtdrigs, I `rgw upn cist de pdijts tfnt sfduc` lg trgntg` witf hnrg ij dr`gr td hrgntg n prnhtihnc,usgr-erigj`cy ijvgjtdry. Ij sfdrt, ie I wnjtg` td nvdi` ns enr ns pdssilcg tfg snagwgnojgssgs ns ay prg`ghgssdrs, I fn` td lg systgantih nj` prghisg, lut I ncsd fn`td eij` n wny td nvdi` tfg dlvidus ìeeihuctigs cijog` td tfg cntgr adìeihntidjde nàijistrntivg lduj`nrigs. Nctfdukf tfg ijvgjtdry sfduc` rganij suhhijht,

it fn` td lg `gshriptivg td lg rgnccy usgeuc, gspghinccy td jdj-nrhfngdcdkists.Eurtfgradrg, n hcgnr ìstijhtidj sfduc` lg anijtnijg` lgtwggj sghdj`-fnjìjedrantidj nj` eirst-fnj` `ntn, ij dr`gr td prdvi`g tfg rgn`gr witf n hcgnr i`gnde wfnt fn` djhg gxistg` nj` wfnt sticc rganijg` nt tfg tiag de tfg ijvgjtdry.

fg rgsuct hnj lg eduj` ij tfg nppgjìxgs= n jgw ijvgjtdry de HgjtrncMnvnjgsg tgapcgs ij tfg spghinc rgkidj de Ydkynonrtn nj` ij tfg ìstrihts deAnkgcnjk, Xganrnjk, Ocntgj nj` Ldydcnci.


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8;

Hfnptgr 8

PGARCG\GANIJXDEHGJP\NCMNUN= HD\RWX

N sfdrt kgdkrnpfy de Hgjtrnc Mnvn

Pdpdkrnpfy

fg iscnj` de Mnvn hdaprisgs nj gcdjkntg` strgthf de cnj`, adrg tfnj >,222 oa

cdjk erda gnst td wgst nj` nldut >22 oa erda jdrtf td sdutf (Eikurg >). Itsjdrtfgrj hdnst, enhijk tfg Mnvn Xgn, is ldr`grg` ly nj nccuvinc pcnij tfnt vnr-igs ij wi`tf nhrdss Hgjtrnc Mnvn, erda up td 02oa (jgnr gknc) td djcy n egwoicdagtgrs (lgtwggj Rgoncdjknj nj` Ogj`nc). Eurtfgr ijcnj`, pnrnccgc td tfghdnst, rujs tfg iaprgssivg Jdrtf Xgrnyu \i`kg. Its anij suaaits nrg, erdawgst td gnst, Xcnagt (8,0807a), Agrnpi (


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86

H,

Fy`rdkrnpfy

Hgjtrnc Mnvn pdssgssgs edur anij fy`rdkrnpfihnc lnsijs (Eikurg


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89

H M=

Eikurg>=AdrpfdcdkihncAnpdeMnvn


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02

H,

lgsi`g n rdn`. Dj tfg dtfgr fnj`, hgrtnij luicìjks nrg rgcntivgcy wgcc prgsgrvg`dr fnvg lggj krnjtg` n jgw cieg tfrdukf njnstycdsis. \ghgjtcy rgstdrg` erda tdptd ldttda, tfgsg tgapcgs nrg jdw wnitijk td lg visitg` nj` nàirg`.

fg ijedrantidj hdjhgrjijk tgapcgs nj` tgapcg rganijs is tfgrgedrg fikfcyfgtgrdkgjgdus. fg hdrpus is fukg ie djg edhusgs dj ìstrilutidj, lut is quitgciaitg` edr tfdsg ijtgrgstg` ij nrhfitghturg dr ihdjdkrnpfy. fis agnjs tfnt tfgjualgr de tgapcg sitgs I fnvg tnogj ijtd nhhdujt ij tfg hfnptgrs `gncijk witfìstrilutidj is jghgssnricy auhf cnrkgr tfnj tfg jualgr de tgapcg luicìjkstfnt I hduc` usg edr tfg stu`y de drigjtntidj nj` tgapcg pcnjjijk.

Dj tfg dtfgr fnj`, tfg nluj`njhg de rganijs td lg pcdttg` dj n anp wns sdfukg tfnt I hduc` jdt needr` td hfgho gvgrytfijk tfrdukf eigc` survgy. Edr tfgprgsgjt stu`y, eigc`wdro wns hnrrig` dut ij tfg rgkidjs de Ydkynonrtn, Ocntgj,Ankgcnjk, Ldydcnci nj` Xganrnjk (gxhcuìjk Odtnan`yn Xganrnjk). fg hdc-cghtg` `ntn rgknrìjk tgapcg rganijs ij tfgsg nrgns fns lggj lrdukft tdkgtfgrij n jgw, up-td-`ntg ijvgjtdry (Nppgjìx >-8). Lghnusg ìstrilutidjnc stuìgslgjgeit erda n lrdn` hdvgrnkg, I fnvg ncsd ijtrdùhg` `ntn hdjhgrjijk tfg sur-rdujìjk rgkidjs, tnogj erda dc`gr ijvgjtdrigs?

ij pnrtihucnr erda tfg wdro de Lnosdrd @nru mnfmdjd (mnfmdjd 9>0 (Orda >9>0n) rganijs tfg anij rgegrgjhgedr tfg gnstgrj ìstrihts. It nppgnrs tfnt vgry egw rganijs nrg ojdwj nrduj` tfgad`grj tdwj de Xdcd, witf tfg gxhgptidj de tfg cntgr tgapcgs de Xuouf nj`

Hgtd.5>

fg rgkidj ijhcuìjk tfg @IY nj` tfg onlupntgj de Ocntgj5>2sitgs tfnt hnj lg hdjsi`grg` ns lgijk (dr fnvijk lggj) tgapcg rganijs (nlcg>). fg ìstriht de Ankgcnjk hdjtnijs 62 sitgs, Ldydcnci >2, Xganrnjk ,58Odtnan`yn Xganrnjk 7,50ganjkkujk , Lnjyuans ;, Rurlncijkkn >, Rgancnjk 59nj` Lnjmnrjgknrn 5.;2

5> Ij enht, djcy djg tgapcg `ntijk erda tfg Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg pgrid` fns lggj rghdr`g`= Hnjì Lgj`d.5< Pg Onlupntgj Ocntgj (ìstriht de Ocntgj) is pnrt de tfg prdvijhg de Mnwn gjknf. It is cdhntg` gnst

de Ydkynonrtn nj` sdutf de Ldydcnci.58 Ijhcuìjk tfg sgvgj tgapcg krdups de Kg`djk Xdjkd.50 Pg ijedrantidj hdjhgrjijk tfis ìstriht fns lggj tnogj erda prijtg` sdurhgs.57 @igjk is fgrg hdujtg` ns n sijkcg sitg.55 Npnrt erda tfgsg nppnrgjt tgapcg sitgs, eurtfgr shucpturgs erda tfg Fijù-Lu``fist pgrid` fnvg

ncsd lggj eduj` ij dtfgr cdhntidjs witfij tfg ìstriht de Ogj`nc.5; [itfdut hdujtijk tfg vg n`ìtidjnc sitgs wfgrg djcy shucpturgs fnvg lggj eduj`.56 Ij tfgsg twd hnsgs, djcy n hdupcg de stdjgs fnvg lggj ìshdvgrg`.59 Lgsi`gs tfgsg rganijs, wfihf nhtunccy hdaprisg twd stdjg lnsgs, n cijkknnj` n ydji cdhntg` jgnr

tfg Xgpcnwnj hnvg, twd hnvgs witfij tfg ìstriht de Rurwdrgmd sfdw trnhgs de dhhupntidj ùrijk tfgFijù-Lu``fist pgrid`. Ij tfrgg dtfgr viccnkgs, isdcntg` ydjifnvg lggj eduj`.

;2 Ij enht, edur de tfgsg sitgs any lg hdjsi`grg` tdkgtfgr, jnagcy tfg tgapcgs cdhntg` dj tfg @igjkpcntgnu= tfg Nrmujn krdup, Hnjì @wnrnwnti, Kntdtonhn nj` Lian.


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0>

H M=

Eikurg


60/519

0Adrgdvgr, cdhnc deeihincs(`istriht fgn`s sijhg tfg ai``cg de tfg >9tfnj` viccnkg fgn`s sijhg tfg ai``cg detfg


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08

H M=

Eikurg8=N`aijistrntivgAnpdeHgjtrncMnvn


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00

H,

fg pgrhgptidj de Fijù-Lu``fist njtiquitigs ly cdhnc pdpucntidjs anyncsd fnvg ijecugjhg` tfg survivnc de tgapcg rganijs. gapcgs nrg ogy nttrnhtidjsedr tfg tdurisa ijùstry ij tfg @IY nj` nrduj` Ldrdluùr. Ij tfgsg nrgns, tfg

pgrhgptidj de tgapcgs ns pdtgjtinc sdurhgs de ijhdag any fnvg pcnyg` n rdcg ijtfg survivnc de Fijù-Lu``fist rganijs.;8

Xdutfgrj Hgjtrnc Mnvn

Ns agjtidjg` gnrcigr, rgsdcvijk tfg qugstidj de wfgtfgr rganijs hdjstitutg nsijkcg sitg dr drikijntg erda ìeegrgjt snjhtunrigs is jdt gnsy. Ij sdutfgrj HgjtrncMnvn (@IY nj` Ocntgj ìstriht), tfg sitgs nt wfihf ìeegrgjtintidjs de tfis oij`rganij `dulteuc nrg= >) Lurionj, Muagjgjk, Odjtgjk nj` Hnjì?


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07

H M=

ìeegrgjt fnacgts is sfdrt= Muagjgjk is cdhntg` 522a erda Lurionj, 722a erdaOdjtgjk nj` 522a erda Hnjì. Npnrt erda tfis hcdsg prdxiaity, tfg jnturgde tfg stdjgs aikft ncsd lg rgvgncijk. Rcnij lcdhos wgrg eduj` djcy nt Lurionj

nj` Odjtgjk, wficg djcy hnrvg` stdjgs wgrg eduj` nt Hnjì, nj` djcy shucp-turgs nt Muagjgjk. Djcy Lurionj sfgctgrs n wi`g vnrigty de stdjgs= pcnij lcdhos,ernkagjts de eijincs, njtgeixgs, n ydji, n anonrn, n stntug de iwn nj` tfnt de nkd``gss, ns wgcc ns gnrtfgj mnrs tfnt hduc` fnvg lggj pnrt de n tgapcg `gpdsit.It is tfgrgedrg pdssilcg tfnt wg nrg `gncijk witf tfg rganijs jdt de edur sgpnrntgtgapcgs, lut rntfgr de twd (nt Odjtgjk nj` Lurionj) dr gvgj de djcy djg (ntLurionj).

fg ìstrilutidj de stdjgs lgcdjkijk td n sijkcg tgapcg dvgr n ìstnjhg deadrg tfnj >oa is jdt surprisijk= njtgeixgs erda Hnjì Agrno wgrg eduj` ij tfgùsujde Ldkdr, >oa nwny erda tfgir drikijnc sitg, nj` dtfgr hnrvg` stdjgs lg-cdjkijk td tfg snag tgapcg wgrg usg` td luic` n hrdssrdn`s 969>=>58), wficg ij Jkgpds, pcnijstdjg lcdhos, n cijkkn, n @urk stntug, < Kngn stntugs, < luccs nj` n ancg eikurgwgrg djhg visilcg (Ldshf >9>7n= >6? @netnr Rgjijkkncnj Lgj`n @IY>967= 95,96, >28). Nknij, tfg prdxiaity de tfg sitgs nj` tfg enht tfnt tfg stdjg gcgagjtssfdw krgntgr vnrigty nt Jkgpds aikft sukkgst tfnt wg nrg `gncijk witf tfg rg-anijs de n sijkcg struhturg, nctfdukf tfis hnjjdt lg rgknr`g` ns n hgrtnijty.

Xuaur Lnjùjk nj` Imd rgecght n ìeegrgjt situntidj. Xuaur Lnjùjk is cdhnt-g` >72a nwny erda Hnjì Imd. fg djcy egnturg visilcg td`ny is tfg eduj`ntidj

de n wncc, nctfdukf twd shucpturgs wgrg djhg eduj` dj tfis spdt? n Jnrnsijkfnnj` n riwiornan (Xnjtdsd >9927 tgapcg sitgs, rntfgr tfnj >>2. fg pdssilicity tfnt rganijs eduj` ij ìe-egrgjt viccnkgs aikft lgcdjk td n sijkcg struhturg sfduc` lg ogpt ij aij` wficgnjncysijk tfg ìstrilutidj pnttgrjs nj` sitg `gjsity de gnhf pnrtihucnr nrgn= ncnrkg jualgr de `dts dj n ìstrilutidj anp aikft jdt ncwnys rgecght n hdjhgj-trntidj de tgapcg rganijs, lut n aisijtgrprgtntidj de tfg nrhfngdcdkihnc `ntn.

fg prdlcga fdwgvgr djcy lghdags sikjieihnjt ie djg ijtrdùhgs tfg cdhntidj


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05

H,

de advnlcg nrtgenhts (gspghinccy shucpturgs nj` agtnccih dlmghts) eduj` dutsi`gnj nrhfngdcdkihnc hdjtgxt. Gvgj tfg ìshdvgry de suhf antgrincs lurig` ij tfgkrduj` `dgs jdt kunrnjtgg tfnt tfgy nrg ij situ tfg eirst pridrity wduc` tfgj

lg td `gtgraijg fdw, wfy nj` wfgj tfgy wgrg lurig`.

Pfg Rrdkd Unccgy

fgsg prdlcgas nrg, de hdursg, jdt ciaitg` td sdutfgrj Hgjtrnc Mnvn. Ij Ankgcnjk,sgvgrnc sitgs nrg sd hcdsg td gnhf dtfgr tfnt, ij tfg nlsgjhg de ij siturganijs, itis ncadst iapdssilcg td `gtgraijg ie tfgrg wns edragrcy djg dr sgvgrnc tgapcgs nj` ie djcy djg, ij wfihf viccnkg it wns cdhntg`.

@ipnj, edr gxnapcg, cigs djcy ;22a erda Mdwdfnj, wficg Lnrgpnj is djcy522a eurtfgr nwny. N lriho lnsg fns lggj ìshdvgrg` nt @ipnj, lut djcy cddsg

lrihos wgrg eduj` nt Mdwdfnj, nj` djcy n ydji nt Lnrgpnj. It is pdssilcg tfnttfg lrihos nj` tfg ydjidrikijnccy hnag erda n tgapcg cdhntg` ij tfg viccnkg de@ipnj, nj` tfnt Mdwdfnj nj` Lnrgpnj sfduc` jdt lg hdujtg` ns sgpnrntg sitgs.

fg situntidj is siaicnr ij tfg edccdwijk hnsgs= >) Onjkknj nj` Onrnjkrgmd(cdhntg` 722a erda gnhf dtfgr)? 69>= j 9>8= >52? Orda>9>0n= j 979). Hnjì Rgrdt wns cdhntg` witfij tfg fnacgt de Hnjì, wficgRrijknpus cny sgvgrnc fuj`rg` agtgrs td tfg gnst. d`ny, fdwgvgr, tfgrg is djcy njihg rdw de stdjgs must ij erdjt de Hnjì Rrijknpus. [fgj tfg trgg krdwijk djHnjì Rgrdt wns lcdwj dvgr ly tfg wij`, tfg tgapcg hdccnpsg` (Orda >9


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0;

H M=

luicìjk ns n ujit is its pfysihncity= Ns nj dlmght it is gnsicy `geijg` nj` i`gj-tieinlcg.;0Ly `geijitidj, it wduc` ncsd kivg n adrg nhhurntg pihturg de tgapcg`gjsity? edr gxnapcg, tfg rgn`gr wduc` lghdag adrg nwnrg de tfg ìeegrgjhgs

lgtwggj tfg luict cnj`shnpg de tfg Rrnalnjnj nrgn nj` tfnt de tfg Rrdkd vnc-cgy. Fdwgvgr, lgydj` tfis sggaijk dlmghtivity, tfg luicìjk, ns n ujit de njncysistgj`s td ìstdrt sdag gssgjtinc pnrnagtgrs. Ly kivijk tfg snag iapdrtnjhg td nsulsiìnry sfrijg ns td tfg anij tgapcg (i.g. n siapcg `dt dj n anp), it any ìs-tdrt dur pgrhgptidj de tfg sgttcgagjt pnttgrj (tfg auctipcihntidj de `dts lgijkgnsicy hdjeusg` witf tfg edragr gxistgjhg de juagrdus viccnkgs) nj` hdjeusg tfgstu`y de tgapcg drigjtntidj. It ncsd grnsgs tfg pfysihnc rgcntidjsfip gxistijk lg-twggj tfg luicìjks de n sijkcg tgapcg hdapcgx. Dptijk edr tfg sitg ns tfg anijujit de njncysis is, dj tfg hdjtrnry, td uj`grcijg tfis cijo, ly rghdkjizijk tfg nr-hfitghturnc ujity gjvisnkg` ly tfg hdjstruhtdrs. It is ìeeihuct fdwgvgr td `geijgwitf prghisidj nj` dlmghtivity wfnt n sitg nhtunccy is. Ij tfis lddo, tfg tgra (rg-cikidus) sitg is usg` td `gsikjntg nj isdcntg` sfrijg, n sgrigs de sfrijgs gjhcdsg`witfij n pgriagtgr wncc, dr n sgrigs de sfrijgs luict jgxt td djg njdtfgr nj`drknjizg` nhhdrìjk td n rghdkjiznlcg pnttgrj. Nhhdrìjk td tfis uj`grstnjìjkde tfg tgra, Hnjì Rnwdj (nj isdcntg` sfrijg ij tfg Aujticnj nrgn) is tfgrgedrgn sitg dj tfg snag lnsis ns Cdrd Mdjkkrnjk (nj iaprgssivg snjhtunry hdaprisijk


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06

H,

Hnjì (Acnti) Muagjgjk Jdkdsnri Xdsrdousuanj

Hnjì (Jknkcio) Onìsdon Rncknìjk Xualgrwntu

Hnjì (Rnoga) Oncnsnj Rnjkkgrnj Xuaur Lnjùjk

Hnjìrgmd Onrnjktnjmujk Rnyno Xusuonj

Hgldjknj Onrnjk Pgjknf Rcnjkkno Pnjmujktirtd

Hgpgt Oglcno Rcndsnj Pnjkoisnj

Hdj`rdwnjksnj Ogùcnj Rcgalutnj Pnwnjkrgmd

Hupuwntu Ogpitu Rcualdj Pgkncsnri

@nwnjksnri Ocnhi Rdcnjknj Pijmdj

@gjkdo Ocd`njknj Rdcgjknj [n`nsKnmnf Odjtgjk Rdj`do [nrno

Knapijknj Ornpyno Rrijktnci [ntukicnjk

Kntno Cgjkodjk Ruj`gj [ntukuìk

Kglnjk Cdrd Mdjkkrnjk Rurgj [icn`gk

Kcnknf Ancnjk \ntu Ldod [rijkijrgmd

Krgalynjknj Anjtup \isnj

Ocntgj

Lulrnf Onrnjkjdjkod Agrno Xdmiwnj

Knjn Oucdj Rcndsnj Oiùc

Onciwdrd Cdr Rcndsnj Cdr

Oncdjknj Cualujk Xgwu

Ankgcnjk

Nsu Kidaldjk Orijhijk \gtjd

Lnjdj Kdaldjk Cualujk Xncnonj

Lnrgpnj Kujujk Anjtijknj Xnalgrnj

Lntur Kujujk Kdjd Agjùt Xgogti

Lntu \djk Kujujk Cganf Aucdsnri XgcdkriydLgjkoujk Kujujk Rrijk Aujkoi`nj Xganwg

Lcnlurnj Kujujk Xnri Jnalnjknj Xgtnj

Ldldsnj Kujujk [uoir Jknapgc Xiìonj

Ldrdluùr Mgrdjldtd Jknjtgj Oiùc Xijknlnrdjk

Ldwdjknj Mcgkdjk Jknwgj Xikgjtnj

Lrijkij Mdaldrnj Jkrnmgo Xdldrdmd

Lrdjkodc Mdwnfnj Rnoga Xualgr

Hnjì Oncnjknj Rnwdj Pgapurrgmd

Hgtdonj Onciancnjk Rgj`ga Pilnj

@napit Onjkknj Ririonj Pi`nrnj


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09

H M=

@ianmnr Onpdjnj Rcnjì Pualu@ipnj Onrnjkrgmd Rrijknpus Waluc

Kg`djknj Ogairgj Rrdkdwnti [ntgs

Kgùjknj Ogj`nc Ruhnjkkujujk [urujk

Kgmnknj Ogtdrnj \nalgnjno

Ldydcnci

Hnlgnj Oujti Ouwnriknj Rnfijknj Pnapir

Hnjìpgtno Cnwnjk Xnri

Hnjìrgmd Anjkis Xuaur Xdjkd

Pganjkkujk

Nrknpurn Kdj`dsuci Jknlgnj Rciodj

Ldjkodc Kujujk Ogalnjk Jkgpdf Rrijknpus

Lrdjkodc Kujujk Rgrtnpnj Jkcnrnjknj Pcnfnl

Luagj Mnaus Rgrdt Prnmi

Lutuf Onrnjklgj`d Rintno [djdogrsd

Hnjì Ogùjkcd Riontnj

Xganrnjk LnjyuansNrhn Knjgsn Lgsnr Jkgapdj Nrnhwijnjkuj Puku

Lg`djd Jkgjtno Lnjyuau`nc

Lutno [gtnj \gjtgjk Hnjìjgknrn

@uouf Xnjmnyn Oncilgjijk

Kg`djk Xdjkd Xi`dauoti Onciùrgj

Kgjtdjk [umic Oncigjhit

Onciocdtdo Cgalu Nyu

[djdsdld Odtnan`yn Xganrnjk

Ldjkodttnj @igjk Hnjì Jkrgsgp

Hnjì Onrnjksnri @uùfnj Pukurgmd

Hnjì Ldknjk Onjkoujk

Ogj`nc Lnjmnrjgknrn

Knjnwgrti [gtnj Orijhijk Lnjmnroucdj Onrnjkkdj`njk

Kujujk Kgjtdjk Jkciaut Hnjìnkujk Onrnjkpuhujk

Mualcgjk Rgjkicdj Hdj`djk Ordadjk

Ogjtgjksnri


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72

H,

Lntnjk Rgancnjk Pgknc Lrglgs

Lgj`dsnri Lnjyuau`nc Lnjtnrsnri Onrnjk`nwn

Onuanj Oncicijksgjk Aujhnjk Cnrnjk Orioic

Oghgpit Rcnwnjknj

Xianjkci

Rurwd`n`i Ou`us Rurwdrgmd Ogluagj

Agj`njk Ogaucnj Rrnwnt Kun Kdjk Ogaimijk

Rurlncijkkn

Lrgjkodc

Pnlcg >= Cist de Hgjtrnc Mnvnjgsg tgapcg rganijs

Xtntg de prgsgrvntidj

fg stntg de prgsgrvntidj de tfg tgapcg rganijs vnrigs krgntcy erda sitg td sitgnj` erda djg rgkidj td njdtfgr. Ij sdutfgrj Hgjtrnc Mnvn (@IY nj` Ocntgj),72 tgapcgs dut de tfg >>2 cistg` nrg jd cdjkgr visilcg (07.7%), wficg >9 (>;%)jdw hdjsist djcy de cddsg, shnttgrg` stdjgs. Ij djcy 0> hnsgs (8;.7%) d rganijssticc gxist pnrtcy ij situ (nlcg


69/519

7>

H M=

Eikurg 7= \ganijs de aijinturg sfrijgs nt Anjtup (Lnjtuc, @IY) Mujg


70/519

7 sitgs tfnt prgsgrvg ij situ rganijs, djcy/7 de tfg tdtnc jualgr de sitgs. Ij dtfgr wdr`s,wficg tfgrg is gjdukf `ntn td hrgntg n ìstrilutidj anp kivijk n enir i`gn de tfgnjhigjt luict cnj`shnpg, tfg ijedrantidj nvnicnlcg edr tfg stu`y de ldtf drigjtn-tidj nj` spntinc drknjizntidj is adrg ciaitg`. Ij anjy hnsgs, djcy n egw cnygrs destdjgs nrg prgsgrvg` (Eikurg 7). Xdagtiags, tfg ij situ rganijs nrg gvgj ciaitg`

td n siapcg aduj` de gnrtf aixg` witf stdjgs dr lrihos (nlcg 8).fg prgsgjt cist hdjtrnsts witf tfg dc`gr ijvgjtdrigs= Ldtf Ugrlggo nj`Ldshf cistg` 00 tgapcg sitgs ij tfgir wdro (Ugrlggo >69>? Ldshf >9>7n). ;6Nadjk tfg 00 tgapcg rganijs agjtidjg` ly Ugrlggo edr sdutfgrj HgjtrncMnvn, >< hdjsistg` de cddsg stdjgs, wficg >7 fn` hdapcgtgcy hdccnpsg`,;9 >2fn` hdccnpsg`62nj` djcy ; wgrg sticc stnjìjk (jnagcy Mgtis, Oncdjknj, CdrdMdjkkrnjk, Cualujk (Ocntgj), Rcndsnj Cdr, Xgwu nj` [ntukuìo).6>

Ldshf n``g` tfrgg jgwcy-eduj` tgapcg rganijs (tfgj sticc ij situ) tdUgrlggos cist= Hgldjknj, Hupuwntu nj` Rcualdj.6 Nhhdrìjk td tfg spgccijk usg` ly \[email protected]. Ugrlggo= @mtis, [ntdg kdgìk, Rrnalnjnj, Xgwdg,

Cdgaldgjk, Rcndsnj nj` Oncdjknj.6< Nhhdrìjk td tfg spgccijk usg` ly [email protected]. Ldshf= mgldjknj, Rcdgaldj nj` mdgpdg [ntdg.

Pnlcg >2 72 (07.7%) >9 (>;%) 0> (8;.7%)

Ankgcnjk 62 08 (78.;7%) 5.


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78

H M=

Xnwd, Xganrnjknj nj` ijmdj.68fis wns ncsd tfg hnsg edr Hnjì Oucdj nj`Cdr, ij tfg vihijity de Xgwu.

Gvgj tfdukf sdag tgapcgs wgrg ij n lgttgr stntg de prgsgrvntidj ij Ugrlggos

tiag tfnj td`ny, gxhnvntidjs hnrrig` dut lgedrg nj` netgr [drc` [nr II fnvg gx-tgj`g` dur ojdwcg`kg de sdag iapdrtnjt struhturgs. fg tgapcgs de Lnjyujild,Lnrdjk, Kglnjk, Imd, Cdrd Mdjkkrnjk, Rcndsnj Oiùc, Rcndsnj Cdr, \ntu Ldod,Xgwu, nj` Xdmiwnj, ncc de wfihf usg` td lg ij n hritihnc stntg de `ghny, fnvg lggj(dr nrg lgijk) rgstdrg` witf sdag suhhgss.

Ij tdtnc, 55 rganijs fnvg lggj n``g` td tfg 00 tgapcg sitgs agjtidjg` ij tfgdc`gr ijvgjtdrigs edr tfg nrgn de Ydkynonrtn-Ocntgj. Adst de tfga nrg jd adrgtfnj picgs de cddsg stdjgs, lut sdag nrg ij situ struhturgs tfnt nrg sticc hcgnrcyvisilcg. fis is tfg hnsg witf Knapijknj nj` Rnyno ij tfg onlupntgj deLnjtuc,@gjkdo nj` Rcgalutnj ij onlupntgjKujujk Oiùc, Onciwdrd nj` Agrno ijonlupntgj Ocntgj, Kcnknf nj` Xnalirdtd ij onlupntgj Oucdj Rrdkd, nj` ei-jnccy, @nwnjksnri, Kglnjk, Onìsdon, Ogùcnj, Cgjkodjk nj` Xnalisnri ij tfgonlupntgj deXcganj.60

68 Ij enht, cddsg stdjgs erda HnjìXganrnjknj, Xnwd nj` Jdkdsnri nrg sticc visilcg td`ny, wficg sdagij situ rganijs de Hnjì ijmdj nrg sticc stnjìjk ncdjk tfg rdn` cgnìjk erda tfg pcnij de tfgXdrdkgùo td Hnjì Imd. Pg rgnsdj tfnt Ldshf tfdukft tfnt ijmdj fn` ìsnppgnrg` hnj lg gnsicygxpcnijg`= tfg sitg is quitg enr erda tfg ùsuj de ijmdj, nj` adst ijfnlitnjts de ijmdj `gsn`djdt ojdw de its gxistgjhg. Adrgdvgr, tfg siapcg aduj` de gnrtf nj` stdjg ernkagjts nrg jdt vgryjdtihgnlcg.

60 @gjkdo, Rcgalutnj, Kcnknf, Xnalirdtd, Onciwdrd, Knapijknj, Rnyno, Onìsdon, Xnalisnri,

Ogùcnj, @nwnjksnri nj` Cgjkodjk fnvg lggj ìshdvgrg` ly tfg Ij`djgsinj nrhfngdcdkihnc sgrvihgs,wficg tfg dtfgr sitgs wgrg gxhnvntg` ly @uthf nrhfngdcdkists lgedrg [drc` [nr II.

Pnlcg 8= Xtntg de prgsgrvntidj de ij situ tgapcg rganijs ij sdutfgrj Hgjtrnc Mnvn (@IY njÒcntgj)

Pfis tgapcg is hurrgjtcy uj`gr rgstdrntidj nj` wicc prdlnlcy lg rgstdrg` up td tfg cgvgc detfg supgrstruhturg, mu`kijk ly tfg jualgr de stdjgs prgsgr

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Degroot 2009 - Candi, Space and Landscape. A study on the distribution, orientation and spatial...

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