Deliverable D1.3

Analysis in research laboratories of the selected CDW

Grant Agreement number 723916

Project acronym

Project full title

InnoWEE

INNOvative pre-fabricated components including different

Waste construction materials reducing building Energy and

minimising Environmental impacts

Due date of deliverable 31/05/2017

Lead beneficiary CNR-ICMATE

Other authors CIRCe, ZAG

Dissemination Level

PU Public

CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission

Services) X

Cl Classified, as referred to in Commission Decision 2001/844/EC

Ref. Ares(2017)2702330 - 30/05/2017

InnoWEE D1.3 “Analysis in research laboratories of the selected CDW”

30/05/2017 1

Document History

Version Date Authors Description

1 16/05/2017 CNR-ICMATE Creation of the document

2 17/05/2017 CIRCe Addition of chemico-pysical

analyses

3 23/05/2017 ZAG Addition of results of chemical-

physical test

4 21/05/2017 CNR-ICMATE Integration of contributions

5 25/05/2017 CNR-ICMATE Draft for reviewers

6 29/05/2017 ECO, AMS Reviewed draft

7 30/05/2017 CNR-ICMATE Integration of revision

8 30/05/2017 CNR-ISAC Revision of Coordinator

Disclaimer

This document is the property of the InnoWEE Consortium.

This document may not be copied, reproduced, or modified in the whole or in the part for any

purpose without written permission from the InnoWEE Coordinator with acceptance of the

Project Consortium.

This publication was completed with the support of the European Commission under the

Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. The contents of this publication do not

necessarily reflect the Commission's own position. The document reflects only the author’s

views and the Community is not liable for any use that may be made of the information

contained therein.

InnoWEE D1.3 “Analysis in research laboratories of the selected CDW”

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Contents

Publishable summary......................................................................................................................... 3

List of Figures .................................................................................................................................... 4

List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................... 5

Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................... 5

Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 6

1 Analysis on SRM obtained from selected CDW ............................................................................... 7

1.1 Preliminary notes on materials and methods .................................................................................. 7

1.1.1 Mineralogical quantitative phase analyses (QPA) ..................................................................................... 7 1.1.2 Chemical, physical and microstructural analyses ...................................................................................... 8

1.1.2.1 Quantitative chemical analyses ........................................................................................................ 9 1.1.2.2 Particle size distribution (PSD) and specific surface area ................................................................. 9 1.1.2.3 Density, loose bulk density and water absorption ............................................................................ 9 1.1.2.4 Leaching tests ................................................................................................................................... 9 1.1.2.5 Geopolymeric reactivity .................................................................................................................. 10 1.1.2.6 Carbonates, chlorides and sulphates .............................................................................................. 10 1.1.2.7 Quantification of organic compounds ............................................................................................ 10 1.1.2.8 Wood moisture content .................................................................................................................. 10

1.2 Mineralogical Composition ............................................................................................................ 11

1.3 Bulk chemical composition ............................................................................................................ 15

1.4 Microstructure and microchemical composition ........................................................................... 16

1.5 Particle size distribution ................................................................................................................. 20

1.6 Specific surface area ...................................................................................................................... 21

1.7 Density and loose bulk density ...................................................................................................... 22

1.8 Water absorption ........................................................................................................................... 22

1.9 Leaching test on CDWs................................................................................................................... 23

1.10 Geopolymeric reactivity ................................................................................................................. 24

1.11 Carbonate content ......................................................................................................................... 24

1.12 Chloride content ............................................................................................................................ 25

1.13 Sulphate content ............................................................................................................................ 25

1.14 Quantification of organic compounds ........................................................................................... 26

1.15 Tests on wood chips ....................................................................................................................... 27

2 Performance of SRM from selected CDW included in geopolymer formulations ............................ 28

2.1 High-Density Geopolymer (HDG) mixtures, with inorganic waste................................................. 28

2.1.1 Compressive strength ............................................................................................................................. 28 2.1.1.1 Blends of concrete and fired clay .................................................................................................... 28 2.1.1.2 Type of waste .................................................................................................................................. 29 2.1.1.3 Waste aggregate content ............................................................................................................... 29 2.1.1.4 Particle size distribution .................................................................................................................. 30

2.1.2 Porosity, water absorption, leaching in water and salt efflorescence .................................................... 30 2.1.2.1 Porosity and water absorption ....................................................................................................... 31 2.1.2.2 Leaching in deionized water ........................................................................................................... 31 2.1.2.3 Efflorescence ................................................................................................................................... 32

2.1.3 Drying Shrinkage ..................................................................................................................................... 33

2.2 Wood-geopolymer (WGP) mixtures ............................................................................................... 34

3 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 36

4 References .................................................................................................................................. 37

InnoWEE D1.3 “Analysis in research laboratories of the selected CDW”

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Publishable summary

In the Deliverable 1.3 "Analysis in research laboratories of the selected CWD", a comprehensive

protocol of analysis of the Secondary Raw Materials (SRM), obtained from selected

Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW), is described in terms of chemical and physical

parameters. Within the InnoWEE project, results will serve as a basis for the assessment of SRM

performance in geopolymer binders.

The multi-analytical protocol employed for the characterization of the SRM from CDWs,

selected for the production of prefabricated panels, allowed reaching a full degree of

knowledge of materials, and verified that they meet the prescribed compositional, textural and

morphological standards for the defined purposes.

InnoWEE D1.3 “Analysis in research laboratories of the selected CDW”

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List of Figures

Figure 1. Example of W1 (left) and W3 (right), before sieving ................................................................ 7

Figure 2. W1 samples, carbonates amount ........................................................................................... 13

Figure 3. W1 samples, silicates amount................................................................................................. 13

Figure 4. W1 samples, AFm-AFt phases amount ................................................................................... 14

Figure 5. W1 samples, amorphous phases amount ............................................................................... 14

Figure 6. W2 samples, carbonates amount ........................................................................................... 14

Figure 7. W2 samples, silicates amount................................................................................................. 14

Figure 8. W2 samples, AFm-AFt phases amount ................................................................................... 14

Figure 9. W2 samples, amorphous phases amount ............................................................................... 14

Figure 10. W3 samples, carbonates amount ......................................................................................... 15

Figure 11. W3 samples, silicates amount............................................................................................... 15

Figure 12. W3 samples, firing phases amount ....................................................................................... 15

Figure 13. W3 samples, amorphous phases amount ............................................................................. 15

Figure 14. W4 samples, mineral phases amount ................................................................................... 15

Figure 15. W4 samples, amorphous phases amount ............................................................................. 15

Figure 16. Sample W4, SEM EDS micrograph, backscattered electrons signal. ..................................... 17

Figure 17. Sample W4, SEM EDS micrograph, backscattered electrons signal. ..................................... 17

Figure 18. Sample W4,EDS microanalysis of a glass particle. ................................................................ 17

Figure 19. Sample W4,EDS microanalysis of a glass particle. ................................................................ 17

Figure 20. Sample W3, SEM EDS micrograph, backscattered electrons signal. ..................................... 18

Figure 21. Sample W3, SEM EDS micrograph, backscattered electrons signal. ..................................... 18

Figure 22. Sample W3, EDS microanalysis of a fired clay particle. ........................................................ 18

Figure 23. Sample W3, EDS microanalysis of a fired clay particle. ........................................................ 18

Figure 24. Sample W1, SEM EDS micrograph, backscattered electrons signal. ..................................... 19

Figure 25. Sample W1, SEM EDS micrograph, backscattered electrons signal. ..................................... 19

Figure 26. Sample W1,EDS microanalysis of the portion of cement matrix highlighted in Figure 25. .. 19

Figure 27. Sample W1,EDS microanalysis of the portion of cement matrix highlighted in Figure 25. .. 19

Figure 28. Sample W1,EDS microanalysis of the portion of cement matrix highlighted in Figure 25. .. 19

Figure 29. Sample W1,EDS microanalysis of the portion of interstitial phase highlighted in Figure 25.19

Figure 30. Sample W2, SEM EDS micrograph, backscattered electrons signal. ..................................... 20

Figure 31. Sample W2, SEM EDS micrograph, backscattered electrons signal. ..................................... 20

Figure 32. Sample W4, particle size distribution. .................................................................................. 20

Figure 33. Sample W3, particle size distribution ................................................................................... 21

Figure 34. Sample W2, particle size distribution. .................................................................................. 21

Figure 35. Sample W1, particle size distribution. .................................................................................. 21

Figure 36. Strength of blended concrete and fired clay. ....................................................................... 29

Figure 37. Strength of reference materials and mixtures with selected CDW. ..................................... 29

Figure 38. Strength of HDG with aggregate content increasing from 40% to 60% in weight. .............. 30

Figure 39. Strength of mixtures with different particle size distribution of aggregates (7-day results).30

Figure 40. Water absorption and open porosity of HDG mixtures. ....................................................... 31

Figure 41. Amount of leaching measured after 24 h in deionized water .............................................. 32

Figure 42. Samples ready for efflorescence test ................................................................................... 32

Figure 43. Moderate efflorescence after 7 days .................................................................................... 32

Figure 44. Efflorescence index for the tested HDG mixtures ................................................................ 33

Figure 45. Drying shrinkage versus aggregate–wet matrix ratio. .......................................................... 34

Figure 46. Density and bending strength of WGP samples, reported together with wood content and molding pressure ................................................................................................................. 35

InnoWEE D1.3 “Analysis in research laboratories of the selected CDW”

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Figure 47. Water absorption and porosity of WGP samples ................................................................. 35

Figure 48 Thickness swelling as a function of wood content in WGP samples ..................................... 35

List of Tables

Table 1. List of the samples subjected to XRPD-QPA analyses. ............................................................... 8

Table 2. Results of the XRPD-QPA analyses on CDW samples, according to the defined granulometric intervals. .............................................................................................................................. 13

Table 3. Bulk chemical composition of the analysed samples, oxides of the major elements (% wt), together with the relative loss on ignition. ......................................................................... 16

Table 4. Bulk chemical composition of the analysed samples, trace elements (ppm). ......................... 16

Table 5. Specific surface area values of the analysed samples. ............................................................. 22

Table 6. Density values of the analysed samples. .................................................................................. 22

Table 7. Water absorption of analysed samples. ................................................................................... 23

Table 8. Chemical composition of the leachates obtained in water from the analysed samples. ........ 23

Table 9. Chemical composition of the leachates obtained in alkaline solution on the analysed samples. ............................................................................................................................................. 24

Table 10. Carbonate content values of the analysed samples. ............................................................. 25

Table 11. Soluble chloride content values of the analysed samples. .................................................... 25

Table 12. Soluble sulphate content values of the analysed samples. ................................................... 26

Table 13. Concentrations of different organic compounds within the analysed samples. ................... 26

Table 14. Carbonate, water-soluble sulphate, chloride and moisture contents in wood samples obtained from ECO (used pallets) ....................................................................................................... 27

Abbreviations

CDW Construction and Demolition Waste

HDG High Density Geopolymer

InnoWEE Innovative pre-fabricated components including different Waste construction

materials reducing building Energy and minimising Environmental impacts

OPC Ordinary Portland Cement

PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

PCB Poly-Chlorinated Biphenyls

PSD Particle Size Distribution

TOC Total Organic Carbon

VOC Volatile Organic Compounds

WGP Wood GeoPolymer