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DEMAND FORECASTING
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Page 1: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

DEMAND FORECASTING

Page 2: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

• Before making an investment decision, must answer these question:

– What should be the size or amount capital required?

– How large should be the size of workforce?

– What should be the size of the order and safety stock?

– What should be the capacity of the plant?

NEED FORECAST

Page 3: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

DEFINITION FORECASTING

(American Marketing Association)

• “An estimate of sales in physical units for a specified

future period under proposed marketing plan or program

and under the assumed set of economic and other

forces outside the organisation for which the forecast is

made”

• Forecasting is an estimate of future event achieved by

systematically combining and casting in predetermined

way data about the past.

• Forecasting is based on the historical data and its

requires statistical and management science techniques.

Page 4: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

Need for Demand Forecasting• Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales

• Projected demand for the future assists in decision making with respect to investment in plant and machinery, market planning and programs.

• To schedule the production activity to ensure optimum utilisation of plant’s capacity

• To prepare material planning to take up replenishment action to make the materials available at right quantity and right time

• To provide an information about the relationship between demand for different products

• To provide a future trend which is very much essential for product design and development

Page 5: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

Forecasting Time Horizon

• Short Range Forecast:– This forecast has a time span of up to 1 year but is generally less than

3 months.

– It is used for planning purchasing, job scheduling, workforce levels, job

assignments, and production levels

• Medium Range Forecast:– This forecast has a time span from 3 months to 3 years

– It is used for sales planning, production planning, and budgeting, and analysis of various operating plans

• Long Range Forecast:– Generally 3 years or more in time span

– It is used for new products, capital expenditures, facility location or expansion, and R&D

Page 6: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

Forecasting Approaches

• Qualitative Methods– Incorporate such factors as the decision maker’s intuition, emotions,

personal experiences, and value system in reaching a forecast.

• Quantitative Methods– It use a variety of mathematical models that rely in historical data or

associative variables to forecast demand.

Page 7: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

Individual Opinion : Opini peramalan berasal dari pribadi

(Individu) → pakar/expert dalam bidangnya

yaitu :

- Konsultan : Ilmiah / non Ilmiah

- Manajer pemasaran / produksi

- Individu yang banyak bergerak pada

masalah tersebut.

Group Opinion : Opini peramalan diperoleh dari beberapa

orang dengan mencoba merata-ratakan

hasil peramalan yang lebih obyektif

(rasional)

Qualitative Forecasting

Page 8: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

MACAM-MACAM GROUP OPINION:

• Riset Pasar– Berguna bila ada kekurangan data historik atau data tidak reliabel.

– Tahapan dalam riset pasar:

• Memastikan informasi yang dicari

• Memastkan sumber-sumber informasi

• Menetapkan cara pengadaan atau pengumpulan data

• Mengembangkan uji pendahuluan peralatan pengukuran

• Menformulasikan sampel

• Mendapatkan informasi

• Melakukan tabulasi dan analisa data

Page 9: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

• Metode Delphi– Teknik yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan konsensus pendapat dari

kelompok ahli kemudian mengumpulkan dan menformulasikan daftar pertanyaan baru dan dibagikan kepada kelompok.

• Analogi historik– Peramalan dilakukan dengan menggunakan pengalaman historik

produk sejenis.

• Konsensus Panel– Gagasan yang didiskusikan secara terbuka oleh kelompok untuk

menghasilkan ramalan yang lebih baik daripada dilakukan seseorang. Partisipan terdiri dari: eksekutif, orang penjualan, para ahli dan langganan

Page 10: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

Quantitative Forecasting

• Time Series Analysis

– Identifies the historical pattern of demand for the product or project and extrapolates this demand into the future.

– Past data is arranged in a chronological order as a dependent variable and time as an independent variable

• Causal Methods

– Identifies the factors which cause the variation of demand and tries to establish a relationship between the demand and these factors not only depend on time variable.

Page 11: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

Faktor-faktor yange berpengaruh:

- harga produk

- saluran distribusi

- promosi

- pendapatan

- jumlah penduduk, dll

dt = f (faktor penyebab demand)

Pada metode ini diperlukan : - identifikasi variabel yang relevan

- mencari fungsi yang cocok

Kebaikan : - mempunyai ketepatan hasil yang tinggi

- dapat digunakan untuk peramalan jangka panjang

Kelemahan : - tidak praktis, membutuhkan banyak jenis data

- waktu lama

- mahal

Page 12: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

Forecasting : upaya memperkecil resiko yang mungkin

timbul akibat pengambilan keputusan dalam

suatu perencanaan produksi

Namun, upaya memperkecil resiko dibatasi

oleh biaya

Biaya totalBiaya peramalan

Biaya

resiko

Upaya

peramalan

Page 13: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

Metode

peramalan

Model

kualitatif

Model

kuantitatif

Time

series

kausal

smoothing

regresi

ekonometri

Regresi

multivariate

Moving

average

Exponential

smoothing

Page 14: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

Faktor-faktor yang harus dipertimbangkan dalam pemilihan

metode peramalan :

- tujuan peramalan

- jangkauan peramalan

- tingkat ketelitian

- ketersediaan data

- bentuk pola data

- biaya

Hal-hal yang harus dilakukan :

- definisikan tujuan peramalan

- buat diagram pencar

- pilih beberapa metode peramalan

- hitung ramalan dan kesalahannya

- pilih metode dengan kesalahan terkecil

Page 15: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

JENIS POLA DATA :

- Konstan

- Trend (linier )

- Musiman (seasional)

- Cyclic (siklis)

Fungsi peramalan :

- Konstan : dt’ = a

- Trend (linier) : dt’ = a + bt

- Kwadratis : dt’ = a + bt + ct2

- Eksponential : dt’ = a.ebt

- Cyclic (siklis) : dt’ = a + b sin cos

Page 16: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

Standar Error Of Estimate (SEE)

f = derajat bebas

1 = untuk data konstan

2 = untuk data linier

3 = untuk data kwadratis

Contoh :

Dari12 bulan terakhir ini dicatat penjualan produk “x” sbb :

Bagaimana ramalan permintaan produk “x” untuk 12 bulan

mendatang ?

Bulan J F M A M J J A S O N D

Penjualan

(dt = Xt)

30 20 45 35 30 60 40 50 45 65 50 35

n

t

t

fn

FXSEE

1

2

Page 17: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

METODE REGRESI LINIER SEDERHANA

dt’ = f(t)

Konstan :

→ a = 30 + 20 + …. + 50 + 35 = 42

12

dt ’ = 42

n

dt

a

andt

adt

n

t

n

t

n

t

n

t

1

1

1 1

.

Page 18: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

dt = X(t) Ramalan (dt’) dt – dt’ (dt-dt’)2

1. 30

2. 20

3. 45

4. 35

5. 30

6. 60

7. 40

8. 50

9. 45

10. 65

11. 50

12. 35

42

42

42

42

42

42

42

42

42

42

42

42

-12

-22

3

-7

- 12

18

-2

8

3

23

8

- 7

144

484

9

49

144

324

4

64

9

529

64

49

Jumlah 1873

MENCARI SEE :

Page 19: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

n

t fn

dtdt

1

2)'(

SEE

05,1327,170

112

1873

Page 20: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

REGRESI LINIER ~ TRENDdt’ = a + bt

2

11

2

1 1 1

.

..

n

t

n

t

n

t

n

t

n

t

ttN

ttytytN

b

2

1 1

2

1 1 1

.

..

n

t

n

t

n

t

n

t

n

t

ttN

tdtdttN

b

Page 21: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

N

t

bN

dt

a

n

t

n

t

11

btdtaN

t

bN

dt

a

n

t

n

t

11

Page 22: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

T dt = y(t) t.dt t2 dt’ dt-dt’ (dt-dt’)2

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

30

20

45

35

30

60

40

50

45

65

50

35

30

40

135

140

150

360

280

400

405

650

550

420

1

4

9

16

25

36

49

64

81

100

121

144

31

33

35

37

39

41

43

45

47

49

51

53

-1

-13

10

-2

-9

19

-3

5

-2

16

-1

-18

1

169

100

4

81

361

9

25

4

256

1

324

∑ = 78

= 6,5

505

= 423560 650 ∑ = 1335

Page 23: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

b = 12.(3560) – 505.78

12(650) – 782

= 3330 = 1,94

1716

= 42 – 1,94 (6,5)

= 42 – 12,61

= 29,39

→ dt’ = 29,39 + 1,94t ~ dt’ = 29 + 2t

55,11

5,133212

1335

1

SEE

SEE

fn

dtdt

SEE

n

t

i

Page 24: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

Untuk regresi konstan : dt’ = 42

SEE = 13,05

Untuk regresi linier : dt’ = 29 + 2t

SEE = 11,55

METODE SMOOTHING

Pada metode smoothing, data digunakan periode per periode

terdiri dari 2 kelompok, yaitu :

metode rata-rata dan metode exponential smoothing

a) Single Moving Average

atau rata-rata bergerak

Moving average pada suatu periode merupakan peramalan

untuk satu periode ke depan dari periode rata-rata tersebut.

Page 25: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

Contoh : Data Penjualan suatu produk 12 bulan terakhir :

t Data penjualan (Unit) Moving Total Ramalan

123456789

10111213

400490570500640680710800820910860950?

-1460156017101820203021902330253025902720

-

-

487520570607677730777844864907

-

Page 26: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

• Peramalan untuk bulan ke 13 = 907

• Peramalan untuk bulan ke 14 =

Last moving total +demand utk bulan ke 13 – demand utk bulan ke 10

3

= 2720 +907 – 910

3

= 906 units

Page 27: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

b. Linier Moving Average

Jika pola data menunjukan “Pola Trend” maka single moving

average tidak tepat. Yang lebih tepat adalah linier moving average.

Dasarnya : Penggunaan moving average kedua untuk memperoleh

penyesuaian pola trend

1. Hitung single moving average dari data dengan periode

perata-rataan tertentu; hasilnya notasikan St’

2. Hitung moving average kedua, yaitu moving average dari

St’ dengan periode perata-rataan yang sama, hasilnya

notasikan dengan St’’

3. Hitung komponen at dengan rumus :

at = St’ + (St’ - St’’)

4. Hitung komponen trend bt dengan rumus :

bt = 2 (st’ – st‘’)

N-1

Page 28: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

5. Peramalan m periode ke depan setelah t adalah sbb :

Ft = at + bt Contoh :

t Penjualan (unit)

MA (4)(st’)

MA (4)(st’’)

at bt at+bt

123456789

1011121314

140159136157173131177188154179180160??

148156,25149,25159,50167,25162,50174,50175,25168,50

153,25158,06159,62165,93169,87170,12

165,75176,43165,37183,06180,62166,37

4,176,131,925,713,58-1,25

169,91182,56167,29188,77184,20165,12163,85

Page 29: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

Single Exponential Smoothing

Dipakai untuk peramalan jangka pendek.

Dasar pemikiran :

Nilai ramalan pada periode t + 1 merupakan nilai aktual pada

periode t ditambah dengan penyesuaian yang berasal dari

kesalahan nilai ramalan yang terjadi pada periode tersebut.

Ft + 1 = Ft + α (Xt – Ft)

Permasalahan : Inisialisasi !!!

- Nilai awal F1?

- Harga α (parameter / koefisien smoothing)

F1 → Nilai X1 atau

Nilai rata-rata 4 s/d 5 (Xt) pertama

α → 0 < α < 1

Modifikasi :

dt+1’ = α dt + (1- α ) dt’

Page 30: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

dt 30 20 45 35 30 60 40 50 45 65 50 35

Jika α = 0,1

d1’ = d1 = 30, maka

d2’ = 0,1 (30) + 0,9(30) = 30

d3’ = 0,1(d2) + 0,9 (d2’)

0,1(20) + 0,9 (30) = 29

d4’ = 0,1(45) + 0,9 (29) = 30,6

dst

Page 31: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

PROSEDUR PERAMALAN

1. Definisikan tujuan peramalan yang akan dilakukan

2. Buat diagram pencar dari data

3. Pilih paling tidak 2 metode yang dapat mengakomodasikan tujuan tersebut dan mendekati pola data yang tergambar dari langkah 2

4. Hitung kesalahan peramalan yang terjadi

5. Pilih metode peramalan yang terbaik, yaitu :

- yang memberikan kesalahan terkecil atau

- kalau ingin menguji lebih halus lagi gunakan tes variansi

Contoh

Dari 12 bulan terakhir, tercatat penjualan produk “x” sebagai

berikut :

Bulan J F M A M J J A S O N D

Penjualan 30 20 45 35 30 60 40 50 45 65 50 35

Page 32: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

Bagaimana ramalan permintaan produk “x” untuk 12 bulan mendatang? Penggambaran diagram pencar

Berdasarkan gambar diagram pencar tersebut akan dicoba 2 bentuk pola data, yaitu konstan dan trend. Untuk konstan diambil metode moving average 4 periode dan untuk trend digunakan metode linear moving average 4 periode.

Page 33: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

Data MA(4) Ramalan e e2

302045353060405045655035

32,5032,5042,5041,2545,0048,7550,0052,5048,75

32,5032,5042,5041,2545,0048,7550,0052,5048,75

-2,5027,50-2,508,75

016,25

017,50

6,25756,25

6,2576,56

0264,06

0306,25

1415,62

Moving Average 4 Periode :

Page 34: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

DataMA(4)

St’M4(4x4)

St”at bt Ft + m e e2

302045353060405045655035

32,5032,5042,5041,2545,0048,7550,0052,5048,75

37,1940,3144,3846,2549,0649,94

45,3146,6953,1253,7555,9447,56

2,713,132,912,500,63-0,79

48,0249,8256,0356,2556,5746,77

1,98-4,828,97-6,25-21,57

3,9223,2380,4639,06

465,26

611,93

Linear Moving Average 4 Periode :

Page 35: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

SEE data berpola trend “lebih kecil”, sehingga ramalan permintaan untuk 12 bulan mendatang sebagai berikut :

Ft + m = 47,56 – 0,79m

Bulan 13 Ft = 46,77

Bulan 14 Ft = 45,98

Bulan 15 Ft = 45,19

Bulan 16 Ft =

Bulan 17 Ft =

Bulan 18 Ft =

Bulan 19 Ft =

Bulan 20 Ft =

Bulan 21 Ft =

Bulan 22 Ft =

Bulan 23 Ft =

Bulan 24 Ft =

Page 36: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

Untuk menguji apakah fungsi cukup representatif pola datanya,

digunakan proses verifikasi digunakan Moving Range Chart

(Peta sebaran bergerak)

Dari data yang lalu : dt’ = 29 + 2t. Regresi Linier

Page 37: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

Dari data yang lalu : dt’ = 29 + 2t. (Regresi Linier)

t dt dt’ dt – dt’ MRt

123456789101112

302045353060405045655035

313335373941434547495153

-1-1310-2-919-35-216-1-18

1223127282287181717171

Page 38: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

BA A B C

t

BB A B C

41,32

27,48

13,74

0

-13,74

-27,48

-41,23

Page 39: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

KONDISI – KONDISI OUT OF CONTROL

- Bila ada titik sebaran (dt-dt’) diluar batas kontrol (>BA

; <BB)

Jika semua titik sebaran berada pada batas kontrol,

apakah dijamin bahwa fungsi tersebut representatif ?

Belum tentu !!

Cek, ikuti aturan berikut :

- Aturan 3 titik : bila ada tiga buah titik secara berurutan

yang ada pada salah satu sisi, daerah A

- Aturan 5 titik : bila terdapat lima buah titik secara

berurutan berada pada salah satu sisi, daerah B

- Aturan 8 titik : bila terdapat 8 buah titik secara

berurutan berada pada salah satu sisi, daerah C

Page 40: DEMAND FORECASTING - Everything at Once · PDF file04-06-2013 · Need for Demand Forecasting • Majority of the activities is depend on the future sales ... – It is used for new

MRC

OUT OF

CONTROL

Gunakan Fungsi

yang

Diperoleh untuk

meramal

Gejala tsb bukan

Bersifat random

Sehingga data

Menyimpang

(≠ tidak mengikuti

hk. Statistika)

Fungsi

Penyebabnya

diketahui

Ganti dengan

Fungsi baru

Ulangi

kembali

Mengitung kembali

Fungsi tsb dengan

Menghilangkan titik-

titik out of control

sehingga diperoleh

Fungsi baru

(jumlah data berkurang)

tidak

ya

ya

tidak

Mis: pada titik

tsb ada pesanan

khusus


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