DementiaDementia

Definition Definition Dementia is a syndrome manifested by

several cognitive deficits that include memory impairment involving at least one of the following: aphasia(language disturbance), agnosia(inability to carry out motor activities despite intact motor function), apraxia(failure to recognize or identify objects despite intact sensory function) that interferes with social, occupational, or interpersonal skills.

Additional featuresAdditional featuresEmotional labilityImpairment of intellect Mood, personality, judgment, and

social behavior-Thought abnormalitiesUrinary and fecal incontenenceDisorientation Neurological signs +/-

D= Drugs, Delirium

E= Emotions (such as depression) and Endocrine Disorders

M=Metabolic Disturbances

E= Eye and Ear Impairments

N=Nutritional Disorders

T= Tumors, Toxicity, Trauma to Head

I= Infectious Disorders

A= Alcohol, Arteriosclerosis

Possible Etiologies of Possible Etiologies of DementiaDementia Degenerative dementias

   Alzheimer's disease   Frontotemporal dementias (e.g., Pick's disease)   Parkinson's disease   Lewy body dementia   Idiopathic cerebral ferrocalcinosis (Fahr's disease)   Miscellaneous   Huntington's disease   Wilson's disease  Psychiatric   Pseudodementia of depression   Cognitive decline in late-life schizophreniaPhysiologic   Normal pressure hydrocephalusMetabolic   Vitamin deficiencies (e.g., vitamin B12, folate)   Endocrinopathies (e.g., hypothyroidism)   Chronic metabolic disturbances (e.g., uremia)

Contd…Contd…

Tumor   Primary or metastatic (e.g., meningioma or metastatic breast or lung cancer)Traumatic   Dementia pugilistica, posttraumatic dementia   Subdural hematomaInfection   Prion diseases (e.g., Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease   Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)   SyphilisCardiac, vascular, and anoxia   Infarction (single or multiple)   Binswanger's disease (subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy)   Hemodynamic insufficiency (e.g., hypoperfusion or hypoxia)Demyelinating diseases   Multiple sclerosisDrugs and toxins   Alcohol   Irradiation   Pseudodementia due to medications (e.g., anticholinergics)   Carbon monoxide

DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSISAccording to the ICD-10 the following features are required for the diagnosis:-1)evidence of decline in both memory and thinking,sufficient enough to impair personal activities of daily living.2)Memory impairment typically affects the registration,storage and retrieval of new information(recent memory)but previously learned material(remote memory) may also be lost,particularly in later stages.

3)Thinking is impaired,the 3)Thinking is impaired,the flow of ideas is reduced,and flow of ideas is reduced,and the reasoning capacity is also the reasoning capacity is also impaired.impaired.4)Presence of clear 4)Presence of clear consciousness.consciousness.(Consciousness can be (Consciousness can be impaired if delirium is also impaired if delirium is also present).present).5) Duration of atleast 6 5) Duration of atleast 6 months.months.

Features Cortical dementia Subcortical dementia

1.Site of lesion Cortex(Frontal and temporo-parieto-occipital association areas and hippocampus)

Subcortical grey matter(thalamus,basal ganglia,brain stem)

2.Examples Alzheimer’s diseasePick’s disease

Huntington’ choreaParkinson’s disease

3.Severity Severe Mild to moderate `

4.Motor system Usually normal Flexed\Extended psture,Tremors,chorea

5.Other features ,depression uncommon.Severe aphasia,amnesia,agnosia,

Delusions,depression rarely mania

Types of Dementia Associated Types of Dementia Associated pathological findingspathological findings

Alzheimer’s disease

Vascular dementia

Lewy body

dementia

Generalised atrophy of the brain. Widening of the sulci and ventricles. Extracellular senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Reduced levels of neurotransmitters,

Multiple white matter infarcts. Cystic necrosis of infarcted areas, reactive gliosis, patches of demyelisation of white matter.

Lewy bodies (eosinophilic intracellular structures) in cortical and subcortical neurones.

Dementia of the Alzheimer's Dementia of the Alzheimer's TypeType AD is a neurodegenerative disease of the brain with an average

duration of 8–10 years between onset and death, AD has an insidious onset, most commonly after the age of 60 years,

AD is divided into three stages based on functional and cognitive capacity :

Early AD MMSE is equal to or greater than 18, moderate AD MMSE is between 12 and 18, and severe AD MMSE is less than 12. On average the MMSE score declines by 3 points per year.

Short-term memory loss is the earliest manifestation ,with mild aphasia and impaired visuospatial ability, which evolve into fluent aphasia and constructional apraxia.

Other cognitive functions such as calculations, reasoning, judgment, and executive functioning also become impaired.

Donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, memantine are the drugs presently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of AD

Compare Compare central sulcuscentral sulcus of of Alzheimer’s patient with normal Alzheimer’s patient with normal 81 year old woman81 year old woman

Normal vs AD BrainNormal vs AD Brain

Normal brain Alzheimer’s brain

Vascular DementiaVascular Dementia Vascular dementia accounts for approximately 15% of all

dementias.

Vascular dementia was classically characterized by an abrupt onset and stepwise deterioration of dementia and have risk factors such as hypertension, cardiac disease, diabetes, and strokes.

Alcohol-Related DementiaAlcohol-Related DementiaChronic alcohol use has long

been considered an etiology of dementia.

Wernicke's encephalopathy, and Korsakoff's syndrome may be the de facto etiology for alcohol-related dementia

Dementia due to Parkinson's DiseaseDementia due to Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD)-induced dementia accounts for 5–10% of all dementias.

Parkinson's disease is a slowly progressive neurologic condition associated with dopamine deficiency and characterized by the triad of resting tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity.

Its onset is usually in middle to late life. Approximately 40–50% of patients with PD develop dementia.

Dementia due to Lewy Body DiseaseDementia due to Lewy Body Disease

It has a more rapid onset with a fluctuating course.

Visual hallucinations, parkinsonian symptoms, and susceptibility to delirium are common early in the course.

Pt are sensitive to extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotic medications.

Histopathologic feature of LBD is the presence of Lewy inclusion bodies in the cerebral cortex.

Frontal Lobe DementiasFrontal Lobe DementiasPick's disease and other forms of fronto-

temporal dementia have impaired executive functioning and personality and behavioral changes, including disinhibition, affective blunting, and deterioration of social skills.

In Pick's disease, there is profound atrophy of the frontal and/or temporal lobes, with characteristic Pick inclusion bodies found on autopsy.

It typically presents between the ages of 50 and 60 years

Difference between Dementia and Pseudodementia

Dementia pseudodementia (Depressive)

1.Patient rarely complains of the cognitive impairment.

1.Patient usually always complaints about the impairment.

2.Patient emphasizes achievements.

2.Patient emphasizes disability.

3.Patient appears unconcerned. 3.Patient communicates distress.

4.Patient makes mistake on examination.

4.Don’t know answer are frequent.

5.Recent memory impairment found on examination.

5.Recent memory impairment rarely found on examination.

6.Consistently poor performance on similar tests.

6.Marked variability in performance on similar tests.

7. History of depression uncommon.

7.Past history of maniac\depressive episodes may be present.

Basic Investigations Basic Investigations CBCUrinalysisBlood glucoseElectrolytesRFT, TFT,Arterial PO2/PCO2Chest x-ray,EEG,LP, CT/MRI,Drug level

Treatment Treatment Rx the underlying causeSupportive careBenzodiazepines

(lorazepam,oxazepam) for anxietyCitolapram , sertraline for depressionAntipsychotics

(haloperidole,risperidone)ChlorpromazineDonepezil or rivastigmine in AD