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Demonstrating, Regulating and Celebrating Community Forestry REDD in Cambodia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea
Dr. D. Andrew Wardell
Taking stock of smallholder and community forestry Where do we go from here?CIFOR/CIRAD/IRD, Montpellier 24-26 March 2010
Norad grant GLO 4244, INS 09/010/Rockefeller Foundation grant 2009 COR 202
Outline
• Why community forestry and REDD?
• Cambodia
• Indonesia
• Papua New Guinea
• Concluding remarks
Case study framework• Focus on a two year period (2007-2009);
work in progress; REDD still being invented.
• Context– Forestry/decentralization reforms– Progress with community forestry– REDD readiness and projects
• Case study – a REDD project or an ‘event’
Why community forestry and REDD?
• Community forestry not yet performing well– Custodians of the land/resources?– Moving out of poverty?
• Limits of decentralization in practice
• REDD financing – the missing link?
• Early optimism and cautionary notes
Contradictory forest policies?• Community forest management• State-granted privileges and
management by restriction, exclusion and fear
• Legal pluralism and the negotiation of access and rights
• Untying rights to resources from the territorial claims of the state
• Rents of non-enforcement
Decision 2/CP.131. “Invites Parties to further strengthen
and support ongoing efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation on a voluntary basis;
3. Further encourages Parties to explore a range of actions, identify options and undertake efforts, including demonstration activities, to address the drivers of deforestation relevant to their national circumstances….”
Cambodia - Context
• War - commodification of forests• Peace accord, 1991• Moratorium on forest
concessions, (3.4m ha), 31.12.2000
• Commune Sangkat Law, 2001• Economic Land Concessions,
2005• Annual Bidding Coupes w/e 2007• Organic Law, 2008• Global Witness, 1999-Oct. 2009
Cambodia – Community Forestry
• Sub-Decree on CF, 2003• prakas 8-step CF process• CF training materials and
mapping services• 124 CF sites protected by law
(15 years + 15)• Community vs. conservation
forestry (Rectangular Strategy II, Nov. 2008)
• 2 million ha CF by 2020 (19% of national forest estate)
Cambodia – REDD readiness
• Two demonstration projects– Oddar Meanchey– Seima BCA
• Sar Char Nor 699, May 2008• R-PIN, March 2009• UN-REDD ‘Observer’, Nov. 2009• REDD Task Force, Jan. 2010• Replication CF REDD in Siem
Reap (37 CF sites)
Oddar Meanchey CF REDD Project
• ‘Bundled’ 13 CF sites – economies of scale
• Avoided mosaic deforestation METH – dual validation (VCS)
• Co-benefits (CCB Standard)• Cancellation/conversion of ELCs• Secure tenure for CF groups• Border dispute with Thailand• Benefit-sharing/distribution
Cambodia - strengthening CF?
Indonesia - Context• 130m ha of ‘state’ forest land• Land rights weakly-recognized in
1960 Agrarian Law• Dominance of forest concession
model (timber, plywood, pulp and paper and potentially, REDD), 1960s to present
• Recentralizing while decentralizing – do forests or communities benefit?
• Ministry of Forestry – a vertically-integrated bureaucracy
Indonesia – Community Forestry
• Regulation 6/2007 (34/2002 and 1/2004) – 4 options, viz.– Village Forestry– Community Forestry– Peoples’ Plantation Forests– Partnerships between communities and
concessionaires
• Less than 40% of all properties with title (BPN - Sertipikat)
• Very few ulayat (collective) tenure rights recognized
• Historical CF focus in Java• 2.1 million ha by 2010 (1.6% of forest
estate)
Community forestry - Java
Indonesia – REDD readiness
• IFCA process (pre-COP.13) • A plethora of MOF regulations• P. 36 (11 benefit-sharing
models)• National MRV system(s)• R-Plan endorsed• UN-REDD ‘Fast track’ funds,
2009• Inter and intra-institutional
factionalism• ca. 25 REDD projects
Katingan peat forest REDD Project
• Ecosystem Restoration License • High carbon density forests• Avoided Planned Deforestation
METH – dual validation (VCS)• Community benefits – Puter/FPP• MOF vs provincial regulations
– Spatial planning– Environmental Impact Assessments
• A new generation of concessionaires?
Katingan peat forest REDD project
Indonesia – a geographic disconnect?
Papua New Guinea - Context
• Customary ownership of PNG’s land (97%)
• Dominance of (Malaysian) logging industry
• PNG Forest Authority• FMAs negotiated with
Incorporated Land Groups and concessionaires
• PNGFA’s 34 step process
PNG – Context 2
• State of PNG’s Forests, 1972-2002– Subsistence agriculture (45.6%)– Logging (48.2%)– Mining (6%)– Forest fires (4.4%)– Plantations (1%)• Logging, Legality and Livelihoods
• Creation of OCC (NEC 56/2008) and proposed structures (TAB, NAB and IAB)
PNG log exports, 1978-2007
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Volume ('000 m3)
PNG – Community Forestry
• Systematic failure of ICDPs• Earlier efforts to develop CF and
PES (FORCERT and Eco Forestry Forum, 2007-09)
• Community-based forest enterprises (mobile sawmills)
• Village REDD concept (WCS)• Potential of provincial forest
governance (EHP and Medang Provinces)
PNG – REDD readiness
• COP.11 to COP. 13• National vs. sub-national REDD• Coalition of Rainforest Nations• OCC-ES and OCC-CT• 3-tier structure proposed • Suspension of Exec.
Director/OCC• Parliamentary Public Accounts
Committee investigation• No credible projects
PNG REDD+ Gala Event, COP.15
• CRFN – 3 representatives only• Maya Lin, Vivienne Westwood,
Bianca Jagger, some large conservation NGOs et al
• 5 awards (WIM Foundation)• Absence of a PNG REDD project• Edelman PR (on behalf of CRFN)• McKinsey & Company (Jan.
2010)• Carbon is my government now
PNG - celebrating REDD on the world’s stage?
Concluding Remarks
• Need to align forest sector reforms more closely with broader decentralization reforms
• Rights to land = rights to trees = rights to carbon?
• Moving beyond the REDD project approval culture – governance of future benefit-sharing and distribution mechanisms