DENGUE: GLOBAL STATUS - Healthy DEvelopments –...

DENGUE: GLOBAL STATUS

Stephen Berger, MD

2015 Edition

Copyright

Dengue: Global Status - 2015 edition

Stephen Berger, MD

Copyright © 2015 by GIDEON Informatics, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Publisher assumes no liability to patients with respect to the actions of physicians, health care facilities and other users, and is

not responsible for any injury, death or damage resulting from the use, misuse or interpretation of information obtained

through this book. Therapeutic options listed are limited to published studies and reviews. Therapy should not be undertaken

without a thorough assessment of the indications, contraindications and side effects of any prospective drug or intervention.

Furthermore, the data for the book are largely derived from incidence and prevalence statistics whose accuracy will vary widely

for individual diseases and countries. Changes in endemicity, incidence, and drugs of choice may occur. The list of drugs,

infectious diseases and even country names will vary with time.

Scope of Content

Disease designations may reflect a specific pathogen (ie, Adenovirus infection), generic pathology (Pneumonia - bacterial) or

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Introduction: The GIDEON e-book series

Dengue: Global Status is one in a series of GIDEON ebooks which summarize the status of individual infectious diseases,

in every country of the world. Data are based on the GIDEON web application (www.gideononline.com) which relies on

standard text books, peer-review journals, Health Ministry reports and ProMED, supplemented by an ongoing search of

the medical literature.

Chapters are arranged alphabetically, by country name. Each section is divided into five subsections.

1. Descriptive epidemiology

2. Summary of clinical features

3. Global status including distribution map

4. Status of the disease in a specific country

5. References

The initial items in the first section, Descriptive epidemiology, are defined as follows:

Agent Classification (e.g., virus, parasite) and taxonomic designation.

Reservoir Any animal, arthropod, plant, soil or substance in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies,

on which it depends primarily for survival, and where it reproduces itself in such a manner that it can be

transmitted to a susceptible host.

Vector An arthropod or other living carrier which transports an infectious agent from an infected organism or

reservoir to a susceptible individual or immediate surroundings.

Vehicle The mode of transmission for an infectious agent. This generally implies a passive and inanimate (i.e.,

non-vector) mode.

There are 353 generic infectious diseases in the world today. Many of these are universally distributed, with little

published data regarding their status in specific countries. Although other diseases are not endemic to given countries,

data have been reported concerning imported infection, acquisition by expatriates or other context. All such literature will

be included.

The availability and quality of literature regarding specific infectious diseases vary from country to country. As such, you

may find that many of the sections in this book are limited to a general discussion of the disease itself, with data

regarding only a few countries.

This is a book about the geography and epidemiology of Infection. Comprehensive and up-to-date information regarding

the causes, diagnosis and treatment of each disease is available in the GIDEON web application. Many of the diseases are

generic. For example, such designations as Viral meningitis and Equine encephalitis include a number of individual

diseases. These appear under the subheading, Synonyms, listed after each disease.

We welcome feedback, and will be pleased to add any relevant, sourced material. Email us at [email protected]

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Table of Contents

Introduction: The GIDEON e-book series ......................... 3Dengue...................................................................... 6

Epidemiology ............................................................ 6Clinical ..................................................................... 6Distribution Map ........................................................ 8Images .................................................................... 9The World............................................................... 10

Afghanistan* ........................................................... 19

Albania* ................................................................. 19American Samoa ..................................................... 19

Andorra* ................................................................ 20Angola ................................................................... 20Anguilla.................................................................. 20Antigua and Barbuda ............................................... 22Argentina ............................................................... 23Aruba .................................................................... 26Australia ................................................................ 27

Austria* ................................................................. 30

Azerbaijan*............................................................. 31The Bahamas.......................................................... 31Bangladesh............................................................. 32Barbados................................................................ 34Belarus .................................................................. 36Belgium ................................................................. 36Belize .................................................................... 37Benin..................................................................... 39Bermuda ................................................................ 39Bhutan................................................................... 40Bolivia.................................................................... 41

Bosnia and Herzegovina* .......................................... 43Brazil ..................................................................... 43The British Virgin Islands .......................................... 51Brunei.................................................................... 52

Bulgaria* ................................................................ 53Burkina Faso........................................................... 53Cambodia............................................................... 53Cameroon .............................................................. 56

Canada* ................................................................. 56Cape Verde............................................................. 57The Cayman Islands ................................................ 57

Central African Republic* .......................................... 58Chile...................................................................... 58China..................................................................... 59Colombia................................................................ 62The Comoros .......................................................... 64The Cook Islands..................................................... 65Costa Rica .............................................................. 67Croatia................................................................... 69Cuba...................................................................... 70

Cyprus*.................................................................. 72The Czech Republic.................................................. 72

Denmark*............................................................... 72Djibouti .................................................................. 73Dominica................................................................ 73The Dominican Republic ........................................... 74East Timor.............................................................. 77Ecuador ................................................................. 78

Egypt......................................................................80El Salvador ..............................................................80

Equatorial Guinea*....................................................83Eritrea ....................................................................83

Estonia* ..................................................................83Ethiopia ..................................................................83Fiji .........................................................................83Finland....................................................................85France ....................................................................86French Guiana..........................................................87French Polynesia ......................................................89

Gabon* ...................................................................91

Georgia* .................................................................91Germany.................................................................91Ghana.....................................................................92

Greece* ..................................................................93Grenada..................................................................93Guadeloupe .............................................................94Guam .....................................................................96Guatemala...............................................................97Guinea....................................................................99Guyana ................................................................. 100Haiti ..................................................................... 101Honduras ..............................................................101Hong Kong ............................................................104Hungary................................................................ 105

Iceland* ................................................................ 106India .................................................................... 106Indonesia ..............................................................110Iran...................................................................... 113

Iraq* .................................................................... 113Ireland and Northern Ireland....................................113

Israel* .................................................................. 114Italy ..................................................................... 115Ivory Coast............................................................116Jamaica ................................................................ 116Japan ................................................................... 118

Kazakhstan* ..........................................................120Kenya ................................................................... 120Kiribati.................................................................. 120

Kuwait*................................................................. 121Laos ..................................................................... 121Latvia ................................................................... 123

Lebanon* ..............................................................124Liechtenstein .........................................................124

Lithuania* .............................................................125

Luxembourg* .........................................................125Macao................................................................... 126

Macedonia* ...........................................................126Madagascar ...........................................................126Malaysia................................................................ 127The Maldives..........................................................130Mali ...................................................................... 132

Malta*................................................................... 132The Marshall Islands ...............................................132Martinique .............................................................133Mauritius...............................................................135




Mexico ..................................................................136Micronesia .............................................................139

Moldova*...............................................................140

Mongolia* ..............................................................140Montserrat.............................................................140Mozambique ..........................................................141Myanmar...............................................................141

Namibia* ...............................................................143Nauru ...................................................................143Nepal....................................................................144

The Netherlands*....................................................145The Netherlands Antilles ..........................................145New Caledonia .......................................................148New Zealand..........................................................151Nicaragua..............................................................152Nigeria ..................................................................155Niue .....................................................................155The Northern Marianas ............................................156Norway .................................................................157

Oman* ..................................................................158Pakistan ................................................................159Palau ....................................................................160Panama.................................................................161Papua New Guinea..................................................163Paraguay...............................................................164Peru .....................................................................166The Philippines .......................................................169

Pitcairn Island*.......................................................172Poland ..................................................................172

Portugal*...............................................................172Puerto Rico ............................................................173South Korea ..........................................................175Reunion ................................................................176Romania................................................................177Samoa ..................................................................177

San Marino*...........................................................178Saudi Arabia ..........................................................178Scotland................................................................180Senegal.................................................................181Serbia and Montenegro ...........................................181The Seychelles .......................................................182Sierra Leone ..........................................................183

Singapore..............................................................183Slovakia ................................................................ 188Slovenia................................................................ 189The Solomon Islands...............................................190Somalia ................................................................ 190

South Africa* .........................................................191

Spain* .................................................................. 191Sri Lanka...............................................................192Saint Kitts and Nevis...............................................194Saint Lucia ............................................................196Saint Vincent and The Grenadines ............................197Sudan and South Sudan ..........................................198Suriname ..............................................................198Sweden................................................................. 200Switzerland ...........................................................201

Syria* ................................................................... 202Taiwan.................................................................. 202

Tajikistan*.............................................................206Tanzania ...............................................................206Thailand................................................................ 206Tokelau................................................................. 209Tonga ................................................................... 210Trinidad and Tobago ...............................................212

Tunisia* ................................................................ 214

Turkey*................................................................. 214The Turks and Caicos Islands ...................................214Tuvalu .................................................................. 215

Uganda*................................................................ 215

Ukraine* ...............................................................216

The United Kingdom* ..............................................216The United States...................................................217

Uruguay* ..............................................................223

Uzbekistan* ...........................................................224Vanuatu ................................................................ 224Venezuela .............................................................225Vietnam ................................................................ 228The U.S. Virgin Islands............................................233Wallis and Futuna Islands ........................................234Yemen .................................................................. 236Zambia ................................................................. 236

About GIDEON ..........................................................237

* Not endemic. Imported, expatriate or other context reported.




Epidemiology

Clinical

Dengue

Agent VIRUS - RNA.Flaviviridae, Flavivirus: Dengue virus

Reservoir Human Mosquito ? Monkey (in Malaysia and Africa)

Vector Mosquito - Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti, S. albopictus, S. polynesiensis, S. scutellaris

Vehicle Blood (rare)

Incubation Period 5d - 8d (range 2d - 15d)

Diagnostic Tests

Viral isolation (blood).Serology.Nucleic acid amplification.

Biosafety level 2.

Typical Adult Therapy Supportive; IV fluids to maintain blood pressure and reverse hemoconcentration

Typical Pediatric Therapy As for adult

Clinical HintsHeadache, myalgia, arthralgia, relative bradycardia, leukopenia and macular rash; denguehemorrhagic (DHF) = dengue + thrombocytopenia and hemoconcentration; dengue shock = DHF +hypotension.

SynonymsBouquet fever, Break-bone fever, Dandy fever, Date fever, Dengue Fieber, Duengero, Giraffe fever,Petechial fever, Polka fever.ICD9: 061ICD10: A90,A91

WHO Case definitions for surveillance (1997):1. DENGUE FEVER:Clinical description• An acute febrile illness of 2-7 days duration with 2 or more of the following: headache, retro-orbital pain, myalgia,arthralgia (as many as 41% of cases 1 , rash, hemorrhagic manifestations, leucopenia.Laboratory criteria for diagnosis • One or more of the following:• Isolation of dengue virus from serum, plasma, leukocytes, or autopsy samples• Demonstration of a fourfold or greater change in reciprocal IgG or IgM antibody titers to one or more dengue virus antigensin paired serum samples• Demonstration of dengue virus antigen in autopsy tissue by immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence or in serumsamples by EIA• Detection of viral genomic sequences in autopsy tissue, serum or CSF samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)Case classification• Suspected: A case compatible with the clinical description.• Probable: A case compatible with the clinical description with one or more of the following:• Supportive serology (reciprocal hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titer >1280, comparable IgG EIA titer or positive IgMantibody test in late acute or convalescent-phase serum specimen).• Occurrence at same location and time as other confirmed cases of dengue fever.• Confirmed: A case compatible with the clinical description, laboratory confirmed.

2. DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER:A probable or confirmed case of dengue and hemorrhagic tendencies evidenced by one or more of the following:• Positive tourniquet test (sensitivity questioned • see reference 2 )• Petechiae, ecchymoses or purpura• Bleeding: mucosa, gastrointestinal tract, injection sites or other• Hematemesis or melena• And thrombocytopenia (100 000 cells or less per mm3)• And evidence of plasma leakage due to increased vascular permeability, manifested by one or more of the following:• 20% rise in average hematocrit for age and sex• 20% drop in hematocrit following volume replacement treatment compared to baseline• signs of plasma leakage (pleural effusion, ascites, hypoproteinemia)

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References

3. DENGUE SHOCK SYNDROME:All the above criteria, plus evidence of circulatory failure manifested by rapid and weak pulse, and narrow pulse pressure(<=20 mm Hg) or hypotension for age, cold, clammy skin and altered mental status.

In 2009, WHO introduced the designations Dengue and Severe Dengue. These will replace the 1997designations (above) of Dengue Fever, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Dengue Shock Syndrome: 3

CDC case definition:For surveillance purposes, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) case definition of dengue fever consists of "acutefebrile illness characterized by frontal headache, retro-ocular pain, muscle and joint pain, and rash."• The initial fever rises rapidly and lasts for two to seven days.• Occasionally “saddleback” fever pattern is evident, with a drop after a few days and rebound within 24 hours. 4 Relativebradycardia is common. 5

• Conjunctival injection and pharyngeal inflammation may occur as well as lymphadenopathy.• Rash occurs in up to 50 percent of patients, either early in the illness with flushing or mottling, or between the 2nd to the6th day as a scarlatiniform or maculopapular rash that usually spreads centrifugally.• The later rash usually lasts for two to three days.• Diffuse erythema and late desquamation of hands and feet may be confused with toxic shock syndrome.• As fever drops, petechiae may be seen.• Additional manifestations of dengue may include post-dengue depression, acalculous cholecystitis, uveitis, retinitis andpsychological depression.

Additional clinical features:• The likelihood of encountering classic clinical findings of dengue fever increases with patient age. 6

• The rash of dengue may be mistaken for measles or rubella. 7

• A long time interval between attacks of dengue may actually increase the risk of dengue hemorrhagic fever. 8

• Rare instances of encephalopathy or encephalitis 9-11 , seizures, sensorineural hearing loss {p 25625489) , splenic rupture12 13 , pancreatitis 14 myocarditis, pericarditis 15 16 , hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis 17 18 and aplastic anemiahave been reported. 19

• Hepatic dysfunction is often encountered 20-22 ; however, overt hepatitis is less common 23 , and over liver failure is rare.24

• Retinal involvement may manifest as foveolitis, which can be diagnosed by funduscopy and optical coherence tomography25

• Prolonged post-dengue fatigue is common. 26

• Renal failure is associated with increased mortality rates in dengue. 27 28

• Risk factors for fatal dengue hemorrhagic fever among elderly patients in include male sex, chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease, dengue shock syndrome and acute renal failure. 29

The diagnosis of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is defined by 30

• thrombocytopenia (<100,000/mm3)• evidence of plasma leakage (hematocrit increased by at least 20%) or other objective evidence of increased capillarypermeability• Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) consists of DHF in addition to hypotension or narrow pulse pressure (less than 21 mm Hg).31

Note that Leptospirosis 32 , Zika, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever 33 and dengue are clinically similar, and may coexist ina given country. Fatal cases of leptospirosis / dengue co-infection are reported (2014 publication). 34

• Although the clinical features of dengue and chikungunya are similar, chikungunya patients are more likely to exhibitearly myalgia or arthralgia; while sore throat, cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain 35 , anorexia, tachycardiaand thrombocytopenia will favor a diagnosis of dengue. 36

• Dengue-Zika 37 , Dengue-Chikungunya 38-40 and Dengue-Mayaro co-infections may occur in regions which are endemic forthese diseases. 41

• Elevated levels of serum bilirubin or C-reactive protein favor a diagnosis of malaria rather than dengue. 42

1. Clin Rheumatol 2009 Sep ;28(9):1067-71.2. J Assoc Physicians India 1999 Feb ;47(2):203-4.3. Pathog Glob Health 2015 Jan 28;:2047773215Y0000000003.4. Postgrad Med J 2004 Oct ;80(948):588-601.5. Emerg Infect Dis 2008 Feb ;14(2):350-1.6. Emerg Infect Dis 2007 Jun ;13(6):924-5.7. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2008 Jul-Aug;41(4):338-44.8. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008 Jun ;102(6):522-3.9. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1996 Mar ;54(3):253-5.10. BMJ Case Rep 2013 ;201311. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014 May ;4(Suppl 1):S70-2.

12. Trop Med Parasitol 1993 Dec ;44(4):327-8.13. Braz J Infect Dis 2003 Dec ;7(6):423-5.14. Acta Med Indones 2012 Jan ;44(1):57-61.15. BMC Res Notes 2011 ;4:268.16. J Assoc Physicians India 2014 Mar ;62(3):257-9.17. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014 Jan 24;63(3):49-54.18. Indian Pediatr 2014 Jun 8;51(6):496-7.19. Travel Med Infect Dis 2009 Mar ;7(2):118-20.20. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1992 Sep ;47(3):265-70.21. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010 Oct ;83(4):774-80.22. Iran J Pediatr 2012 Jun ;22(2):231-6.

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Distribution Map

23. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2011 Apr ;4(4):323-4.24. Emerg Infect Dis 2013 Jul ;19(7):1161-3.25. Ophthalmologica 2008 ;222(5):317-20.26. J Clin Virol 2007 Jan ;38(1):1-6.27. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008 Sep ;3(5):1350-6.28. J Nephropathol 2014 ;3(2):57-62.29. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008 Aug ;79(2):149-53.30. Lancet 2007 Nov 10;370(9599):1644-52.31. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998 Jul ;11(3):480-96.32. Trop Doct 2010 Apr ;40(2):92-4.

33. J Infect Dev Ctries 2010 Jul ;4(7):459-63.34. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014 Aug 4;35. Int J Surg Case Rep 2013 ;4(11):1032-4.36. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012 ;6(9):e1786.37. Emerg Infect Dis 2015 Feb ;21(2):381-2.38. J Indian Med Assoc 2012 Oct ;110(10):749, 752.39. Euro Surveill 2014 ;19(10)40. J Clin Microbiol 2010 Dec ;48(12):4586-9.41. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014 Aug 19;42. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014 Mar ;90(3):444-8.

Endemic or potentially endemic to 144 countries.

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Images

Source: CDC/World Health Organization(WHO)Title: This female Aedes aegypti mosquitois shown here after landing on a humanhost, as it is about to obtain a blood meal.Description: The Aedes aegypti mosquitois a known transmitter of both Denguefever, and yellow fever. In fact, A. aegyptiis sometimes referred to as the “YellowFever Mosquito”. The viruses aretransferred to the host when bitten by afemale mosquito.

Source: CDCTitle: This image depicts an Aedesalbopictus female mosquito feeding on ahuman host.Description: There is a small, butsignificant, risk for dengue outbreaks in thecontinental United States. Two competentmosquito vectors, Aedes Aegypti and A.albopictus, are present and, under certaincircumstances, each could transmit dengueviruses.

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The World

Source: Dr. Jay KeystoneTitle: Dengue rashDescription: Typical erythematous rash ofdengue - blanches on pressure

Source: CDCTitle: A photograph of a mosquito spraytruck during the 1965 Aedes Aegyptieradication program in Miami, Florida.Description: In the 1960s, a major effortwas made to eradicate the principal urbanvector mosquito of dengue and yellow feverviruses, A. aegypti, from southeast UnitedStates.

Time and Place:The first dengue-like epidemics were reported in 1635 in Martinique and Guadeloupe, and in 1699 in Panama. 1

- Dengue was later reported in the Caribbean-Latin American region in 1827 (Virgin Islands), presumably imported withAfrican slaves.- An outbreak of dengue was reported in Cuba. At this time, the word "dunga" was first used, and later changed to "dengue."2

- A second pandemic during 1848 to 1850 involved Cuba and New Orleans.- A third pandemic struck the region during 1979 to 1880.Outbreaks of severe dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) emerged beginning in the 1950s. 3

- Prior to the 1970's only nine countries had experienced severe dengue epidemics - as of 2012, the disease was endemic toover 100 countries.

The risk for dengue among travelers to endemic destinations is estimated at 10.2 to 30 per 1,000 person-months; and the

Dengue




disease accounts for up to 16% of febrile illness episodes in this group (2013 publication). 4

Dengue in Africa:During 1960 to 2010, a total of 22 countries in Africa reported sporadic cases or outbreaks of dengue; 12 other countries inAfrica reported dengue only in travelers. 5 A review published in 2012 suggested that dengue is endemic to 34 Africancountries. 6

- Dengue virus was first isolated in Africa during 1964 to 1968 (Nigeria); and had been identified in 14 African countries as of2009. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

- Serosurveys suggest that dengue is hyper-endemic in certain areas of West Africa, and probably East Africa as well.- Clinical cases are probably misdiagnosed as malaria.- Dengue / Chikungunya co-infections are reported in endemic areas. 16 17

Graph: Worldwide. Dengue, casesNotes:1. As of 1998, 2.5 billion persons are considered at risk, and two-thirds of the world's populationlive in areas infested with potential dengue vectors.2. An estimated 500,000 are hospitalized for dengue each year (2010 publication) 18

3. 10,000 to 300,000 cases of dengue per year were estimated for the period 1955 to 1959; 67.7million in 1987; 20.2 million to 32.3 million per year for the period 1994 to 1996; 50 million to100 million per year as of 2011. 19

4. An average of 908 cases were officially reported annually during 1955 to 1959; 15,497 during1960 to 1969; 122,174 during 1970 to 1979; 295,591 during 1980 to 1989; 514,139 during 1990to 1998.5. Risk for dengue among travelers peak in Southeast Asia during June and September, South-central Asia in October, South America in march and the Caribbean in August and October. 20

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Graph: Worldwide. Dengue, deathsNotes:1. Also see reference - 21

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF):- As of 2012, four serotypes of Dengue virus had been identified. Although the existence of fifth serotype was reported inMalaysia in 2013, the clinical significance of this strain appears to be minimal. 22 23

- The risk for DHF is 0.2% during the first attack of dengue, but increases 10-fold during reinfection by a second dengueserotype. 24 Rarely, a given patient may be co-infected by two serotypes simultaneously. 25

- A long time interval between attacks of dengue may actually increase the risk of dengue hemorrhagic fever. 26

- It is estimated that over 100,000 of DHF occur each year worldwide.- 715,238 cases of DHF and 21,345 deaths were reported worldwide during 1956 to 1980; 1,263,321 cases of DHF and15,940 deaths during 1986 to 1990.- The world's first epidemic of DHF was reported in the Philippines during 1953 to 1954.- The first outbreak of DHF in the Americas was reported in 1981, from Cuba. 27

- The incidence of DHF is higher in Asia than in other dengue-endemic areas, with two-thirds of regional cases reported fromViet Nam and Thailand.- Over 100,000 dengue deaths were estimated for Asia in 1995.

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Graph: Americas region. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 700,000 cases of dengue were reported in the region during 1978 to 1980; 1,033,417 during1980 to 1989; 2,725,405 during 1990 to 1999; 4,732,594 during 2000 to 2007. 28

2. Additional references: 1997 29 1980 to 2007 30 2000 31 2010 32

Individual years:1996 - Included outbreaks in Brazil, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Nicaragua,

Panama, Puerto Rico and Venezuela.1998 - 72.2% of cases reported by Brazil2002 - 17,457 cases (333 DHF, 28 fatal) were reported in the Caribbean region.2010 - 344,346 cases (144 fatal) were reported during January to April. 33

2011 - 979,774 cases (672 fatal) were reported during January to October. 34 35 36

2012 - 892,000 cases (23,925 DHF or serious, 521 fatal) were reported during January toDecember. 37 38

2013 - 2,294,721 cases (1,244 fatal) were reported during January to December. 39

2014 - 1,081,067 cases (624 fatal) were reported during January to November. 40 41

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Graph: Americas region. DHF, casesNotes:1. The first documented outbreak of DHF in the Americas was reported in Cuba, in 1981. 42

2. 60 cases of DHF (involving only 5 countries) were reported in the Americas during 1968 to1980; 37,030 (24 countries) during 1981 to 1985; 13,398 during 1980 to 1989; 58,419 during1990 to 1999; 111,724 during 2000 to 2007. 43

3. 42,246 cases of DHF (582 fatal) were reported in the Americas during 1981 to 1996.4. Three to five dengue epidemics were reported in each of the French territories (French Guiana,Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Martin and Saint Barthelmy) during 2000 to 2012. 44

Graph: Americas region. Dengue, deaths

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Notes:1. 242 fatal cases were reported during 1980 to 1989; 577 during 1990 to 1999; 1,391 during2000 to 2007. 45

Graph: Southeast Asian region. Dengue, casesNotes:1. Also see reference - 46

Graph: Southeast Asian region. Dengue, deaths

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Graph: Western Pacific region. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 33 of 37 countries in the Western Pacific region report dengue.2. 552,088 cases were reported in the region during 1993 to 1997.

Individual years:1998 - 78,608 cases were reported in the region during January to July.

Graph: Western Pacific region. Dengue, deaths

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Notes:Individual years:1998 - 246 fatal cases were reported in the region during January to July.

Dengue in Europe: 47

- 43% of cases reported in Europe in 2008 originated from Southeast Asia, 14% Latin America, 11% the Caribbean and 4%Africa. 48

- In 2008, Dengue accounted for 1.5% of febrile illness among returning European travelers. 49

- In 2010, autochthonous cases of dengue were reported in France 50 51 52 53 and Croatia. 54 55 56 57

- In 2012, 2,050 autochthonous cases of dengue were reported in Madeira, Portugal. 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68

69 70 42 cases were reported among travelers who returned from Madeira to Germany, Sweden, France and the UnitedKingdom.

Graph: European Union. Dengue, cases

Reservoirs:Dengue virus has been identified in a variety of primates 71 , and in neo-tropical forest mammals belonging to the Rodentia,Marsupialia and Chiroptera 72

Vectors:- Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti was eradicated from 21 countries in the American Region during 1948 to 1962; however, as of1996, the mosquito was found in all countries in the area, except Bermuda, Canada, Chile and Uruguay. 73

Stegomyia (Aedes) albopictus 74 has recently been found in Europe: Albania in 1979, Italy in 1990, France in 1998,Belgium in 2000, Spain in 2004 and Germany in 2011. 75 76 77 As of 2003, S. Albopictus was also present in 10 Americancountries: Brazil, the Cayman Islands, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Trinidadand the United States. 78

S. Albopictus was first reported in the United States in 1985 79 , and in Africa in 1989 (South Africa) and had beenidentified on the continent only 4 times to 2003 - in Nigeria, South Africa and Equatorial Guinea.

S. Polynesiensis has also been implicated as a dengue vector. 80

Transfusion-related dengue is extremely rare. 81 82

- Dengue hemorrhagic fever has been acquired through blood transfusion. 83

- Cases of dengue acquired through bone marrow and renal transplantation have been reported.- Vertical transmission during pregnancy has also been reported. 84

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References

Reviews and updates: 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110

111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138

139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166

167 168 169

1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.2. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.3. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009 Apr ;22(2):186-201, Table of Contents.4. J Travel Med 2013 Nov-Dec;20(6):384-93.5. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 Aug ;17(8):1349-54.6. Paediatr Int Child Health 2012 May ;32 Suppl 1:18-21.7. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009 Mar 13;84(11-12):85-8.8. Euro Surveill 2010 Feb 18;15(7)9. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100826.301010. Euro Surveill 2010 Sep 9;15(36)11. Emerg Infect Dis 2010 Nov ;16(11):1770-2.12. J Infect Public Health 2011 Mar ;4(1):1-6.13. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100913.330814. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100222.059715. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100826.301016. Med J Malaysia 2007 Oct ;62(4):335-6.17. Postgrad Med J 2009 Jul ;85(1005):342-6.18. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101018.377719. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120130.102595520. Emerg Infect Dis 2008 Jul ;14(7):1081-8.21. Lancet 2012 Dec 15;380(9859):2095-128.22. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131023.201656923. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140910.276201524. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998 Jul ;11(3):480-96.25. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1985 Jan ;34(1):170-3.26. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008 Jun ;102(6):522-3.27. Rev Cubana Med Trop 2012 Jan-Apr;64(1):5-14.28. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010 Jan ;82(1):128-35.29. Epidemiol Bull 1997 Jul ;18(2):1-6.30. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010 Jan ;82(1):128-35.31. Epidemiol Bull 2000 Dec ;21(4):4-8.32. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.33. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100503.143934. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110214.049835. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110325.093836. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111108.332037. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120910.128859038. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121226.146620039. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131230.214362640. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140905.274960541. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141215.303456042. Arch Virol 2014 Aug 5;43. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010 Jan ;82(1):128-35.44. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014 Nov ;8(11):e3235.45. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010 Jan ;82(1):128-35.46. J Infect Dev Ctries 2011 Apr ;5(4):239-47.47. Travel Med Infect Dis 2013 Sep-Oct;11(5):274-84.48. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090629.235349. BMC Infect Dis 2010 ;10:330.50. Euro Surveill 2010 Sep 30;15(39):19676.51. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100915.334552. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100921.339953. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100927.350654. Euro Surveill 2010 ;15(40)55. Euro Surveill 2011 ;16(9)56. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014 Dec ;8(12):e3278.57. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101012.369758. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2012 Oct 26;87(43):413.59. Euro Surveill 2012 ;17(49)60. Euro Surveill 2013 ;18(2)61. Travel Med Infect Dis 2013 Sep-Oct;11(5):274-84.62. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121021.135631363. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121006.132815864. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121107.139780165. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121112.140482966. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121121.141773467. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121124.142292568. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121205.143936869. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121212.144745270. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121216.145395271. Am J Primatol 2014 Jan ;76(1):97-102.72. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2009 Apr ;9(2):157-70.73. Trends Parasitol 2013 Sep ;29(9):460-8.74. BMC Public Health 2012 ;12:72.75. Euro Surveill 2012 ;17(4)76. J R Soc Interface 2012 Oct 7;9(75):2708-17.77. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120126.102307778. Trends Parasitol 2013 Sep ;29(9):460-8.79. J Med Entomol 2012 Nov ;49(6):1163-76.80. Asian J Infect Dis 1979 Jun ;3(2):77-9.81. Transfusion 2008 Jul ;48(7):1348-54.82. Transfusion 2008 Jul ;48(7):1355-62.83. N Engl J Med 2008 Oct 2;359(14):1526-7.

84. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1991 ;84(5 Pt 5):513-21.85. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998 Jul ;11(3):480-96.86. J Travel Med 2004 May-Jun;11(3):161-70.87. Nat Med 2004 Dec ;10(12 Suppl):S98-109.88. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009 Apr ;22(2):186-201, Table of Contents.89. Travel Med Infect Dis 2009 Sep ;7(5):278-83.90. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009 Jul ;28(7):635-6.91. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2000 Mar ;14(1):121-40, ix.92. Lancet 2007 Nov 10;370(9599):1644-52.93. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1994 Mar ;8(1):107-28.94. World Health Stat Q 1992 ;45(2-3):292-8.95. Emerg Infect Dis 1995 Apr-Jun;1(2):55-7.96. World Health Stat Q 1997 ;50(3-4):161-9.97. Adv Virus Res 1999 ;53:35-70.98. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004 Jun ;23(6):425-33.99. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 2005 Jan ;16(1):60-5.100. Euro Surveill 2010 Mar 11;15(10):19509.101. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2010 Jun ;104(6):379-86.102. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2010 Oct ;23(5):438-44.103. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2010 Mar ;41(2):326-32.104. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2010 Jul 1;59(2):119-30.105. Nat Rev Microbiol 2010 Dec ;8(12 Suppl):S7-16.106. Biotechnol Adv 2011 Mar-Apr;29(2):239-47.107. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2010 May ;12(3):157-64.108. Trop Med Int Health 2011 May ;16(5):598-607.109. J Infect Dev Ctries 2011 Apr ;5(4):239-47.110. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 Aug ;17(8):1349-54.111. Infect Genet Evol 2011 Oct ;11(7):1769-81.112. Viruses 2011 Oct ;3(10):1800-14.113. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2012 Jan ;106(1):1-2.114. BMC Public Health 2012 ;12:72.115. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Apr ;18(4):623-30.116. Trop Med Health 2011 Dec ;39(4 Suppl):83-7.117. Scand J Infect Dis 2012 Jul ;44(7):522-30.118. J R Soc Interface 2012 Oct 7;9(75):2708-17.119. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2012 Jul ;73(3):215-20.120. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012 ;6(5):e1648.121. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 May ;86(5):743-4.122. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 May ;86(5):753-5.123. Paediatr Int Child Health 2012 May ;32 Suppl 1:28-32.124. Paediatr Int Child Health 2012 May ;32 Suppl 1:18-21.125. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Jul ;18(7):1147-50.126. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2012 Oct ;25(5):523-9.127. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012 ;6(9):e1786.128. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.129. Pharmacol Ther 2013 Feb ;137(2):266-82.130. PLoS One 2012 ;7(11):e50972.131. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013 ;7(2):e2055.132. J Infect 2013 Jul ;67(1):65-71.133. Transl Res 2013 Sep ;162(3):144-55.134. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013 May ;238(5):566-78.135. Emerg Infect Dis 2013 Aug ;19(8):1335-7.136. Travel Med Infect Dis 2013 Sep-Oct;11(5):274-84.137. Antiviral Res 2013 Nov ;100(2):500-19.138. Trends Parasitol 2013 Sep ;29(9):460-8.139. Acta Trop 2013 Oct 23;130C:100-107.140. BMC Public Health 2013 ;13:1048.141. PLoS One 2013 ;8(10):e76044.142. J Travel Med 2013 Nov-Dec;20(6):341-3.143. J Travel Med 2013 Nov-Dec;20(6):384-93.144. Biomed Res Int 2013 ;2013:905043.145. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014 May ;20 Suppl 5:92-4.146. Front Immunol 2014 ;5:93.147. Infect Dis Poverty 2014 ;3:12.148. J Nephropathol 2014 ;3(2):57-62.149. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2014 May ;16(5):404.150. PMID 24786282151. J Theor Biol 2014 Sep 7;356:174-91.152. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014 May ;8(5):e2848.153. Trop Med Int Health 2014 May 28;154. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014 Jun 9;155. Parasit Vectors 2014 Jun 23;7(1):282.156. Front Immunol 2014 ;5:280.157. Lancet Infect Dis 2014 Aug 26;158. Acta Med Port 2014 Jul-Aug;27(4):503-510.159. J Vector Borne Dis 2014 July-September;51(3):165-171.160. BMC Med 2014 Sep 4;12(1):147.161. Emerg Infect Dis 2014 Oct ;20(10)162. J Neurovirol 2014 Oct 7;163. Int J Appl Basic Med Res 2014 Sep ;4(Suppl 1):S8-S12.164. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014 Nov ;8(11):e3235.165. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014 Nov 15;:1-12.166. Open Med 2014 ;8(4):e105-e115.

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Afghanistan

References

Albania

References

American Samoa

167. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014 Aug ;10(8):2245-6.168. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014 Dec ;8(12):e3278.169. Pathog Glob Health 2014 Dec 9;:2047773214Y0000000163.

Seroprevalence surveys:19.7% of febrile patients (IgG, 2008 to 2010) 1

1. J Infect Dev Ctries 2014 ;8(9):1176-80.

Dengue, cases: None reported between 1990 and 2013

Stegomyia (Aedes) albopictus first appeared in Europe in 1979, in Albania. 1 2

1. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1999 Dec ;15(4):475-8.2. Trends Parasitol 2013 Sep ;29(9):460-8.

A single case of dengue hemorrhagic fever was reported during 1980 to 1984.

Graph: American Samoa. Dengue, casesNotes:1. Only three cases of dengue were reported during 2003 to 2006.

No fatal cases were reported during 1980 to 2000; 0 in 2002.

Seroprevalence surveys:95.6% of the general population (2010) 1

A potential vector, Aedes albopictus, was not identified in this country (2004). 2

Dengue










References

Andorra

Angola

References

Anguilla

Notable outbreaks:2001 - An outbreak (1,646 cases, 237 hospitalized, 3 fatal) was reported. 3 Other sources estimate number at 1,800 4

2008 - An outbreak (602 cases) was reported. 5 6

2009 - An outbreak (373 cases, 2 fatal - to October) was reported. 7

2011 - An outbreak (131 cases - to April) was reported. 8

2014 - An outbreak (100 cases to July) was reported. 9

1. Emerg Infect Dis 2013 Feb ;19(2):324-6.2. Parasit Vectors 2012 ;5:247.3. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20070730.24404. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20070719.23135. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20081020.3316

6. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20081223.40427. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091111.38988. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110425.12949. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140731.2647343


Sporadic cases of dengue are reported. 1

2013 - Dengue was reported among travelers from four continents, returning from Angola. 2 3 4 19 cases imported fromAngola were reported by a clinic in Portugal. 5

Notable outbreaks:2013 - An outbreak (1,008 clinical cases, 10 fatal to August) of dengue was reported - the first in Angola's history. 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130415.16458922. Euro Surveill 2013 ;18(21)3. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130512.17071394. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130527.17383375. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130420.16601936. Euro Surveill 2013 ;18(21)7. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013 Jun 21;62(24):504-7.8. Glob Health Action 2013 ;6:21822.

9. J Infect Dev Ctries 2014 ;8(9):1210-5.10. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130512.170713911. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130521.172708212. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130527.173944513. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130624.178818514. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130701.180046315. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130805.1863726

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Graph: Saint Kitts, Nevis and Anguilla. Dengue, cases reported

Graph: Anguilla. Dengue, cases

Dengue




References

Antigua and Barbuda

Graph: Anguilla. DHF, cases

Dengue, deaths: None reported between 1982 and 2013

Aedes aegypti has been confirmed in Anguilla. 1

1. Rev Panam Salud Publica 1998 Oct ;4(4):243-51.

Dengue





References

Argentina

Graph: Antigua and Barbuda. Dengue, cases

DHF, cases: None reported between 1960 and 2013


Seroprevalence surveys:94.7% of pregnant women (2009 to 2011) 1

Aedes aegypti has been confirmed in Antigua. 2

Notable outbreaks:2011 - An outbreak of dengue was reported. 3

1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014 Sep 3;91(3):642-4.2. Rev Panam Salud Publica 1998 Oct ;4(4):243-51.3. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110913.2795

Time and Place:Indigenous cases of dengue were reported in 1905, 1911 and 1916 in the north (Chaco, Corrientes, Formosa and MisionesProvinces).- The last major dengue outbreak (15,000 cases - none hemorrhagic) in Argentina was recorded in Entre Rios Province during1916.- It was estimated at the time that 85% of the populations along the Uruguay and Parana Rivers were infected.- A subsequent outbreak was reported in 1926, involving the Mesopotamia Region and Rosario City. No additional outbreakswere reported during 1927 to 1996.

494 indigenous cases were detected during 1997 to 1999 - 378 of these during an outbreak in the summer of 1998.- A total of 818 suspected cases (none characterized as dengue hemorrhagic fever) were reported in 1998 - most fromTartagal, with additional cases in Salvador Mazza, Salta Capital, Oran, General Mosconi, Embarcacion, Araguay, ColoniaSanta Rosa, Santa Victoria Este and El Galpon. 1

- Four imported cases and 19 indigenous cases (in Salta Province) were confirmed in 1997. 2

- A case of indigenous dengue was reported in Buenos Aires in 2007, the southernmost reported case to date. 3

Dengue







Graph: Argentina. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 922 cases were detected through laboratory surveillance during 1995 to 2001. 4

2. 85 imported cases were reported in Buenos Aires during December 1999 to March 2000. 5

Individual years:1998 - 2. 822 cases were reported during the first 46 weeks.

Graph: Argentina. DHF, cases

Dengue




References

Graph: Argentina. Dengue, deaths

Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti was considered eradicated by a campaign conducted during 1955 to 1963, but subsequentlyreappeared in 1986. 6 7

- Ae. Albopictus was first detected in San Antonio City (Missiones Province) in 1998. 8 9

- An extensive mosquito control campaign was conducted in northeastern Argentina during 2003 to 2007. 10

Notable outbreaks:1916 - Outbreaks of dengue were reported in Corrientes and Entre Rios. 11

1988 - An outbreak (378 cases) of dengue was reported in Salta Province. 12

2004 - An outbreak (487 cases) was reported in Tartagal, northwestern Argentina. 13

2009 - An outbreak (10,379 cases confirmed as of May) was reported in northeastern Argentina. 14 15 16 17 18 Anoutbreak was also reported in Buenos Aires. 19

2010 - An outbreak was reported in the northern region. 20 21 22 25 cases were reported in Buenos Aires duringJanuary to June. 23 24

2011 - Outbreaks were reported in Santa Fe 25 26 and Chaco. 27 28

2012 - Outbreaks were reported. 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

2013 - Outbreaks (2,921 cases, 0 fatal) were reported. 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

1. Medicina (B Aires) 2001 ;61(2):129-36.2. Emerg Infect Dis 1999 Jul-Aug;5(4):575-8.3. Emerg Infect Dis 2008 Sep ;14(9):1498-9.4. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Jun ;9(6):738-42.5. Emerg Infect Dis 2000 Nov-Dec;6(6):655-6.6. Emerg Infect Dis 1999 Jul-Aug;5(4):575-8.7. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2004 Jun ;99(4):351-6.8. Rev Saude Publica 2004 Feb ;38(1):136-8.9. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1999 Sep ;15(3):422.10. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009 ;3(4):e427.11. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.12. Medicina (B Aires) 2000 ;60(6):875-9.13. Acta Trop 2007 Jul ;103(1):1-13.14. Medicina (B Aires) 2009 ;69(6):593-600.15. Acta Trop 2014 Aug ;136:129-36.16. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090518.186817. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090601.204018. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091228.437119. PLoS One 2014 ;9(10):e111017.20. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100216.053721. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100222.059722. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100316.084023. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100405.1094

24. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100627.215225. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110313.081326. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110325.093827. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110419.121728. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110510.143729. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120226.105263530. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120313.106946231. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120423.111040032. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121030.136862933. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121105.139140434. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121217.145394035. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130106.148248136. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130224.155722737. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130304.156761438. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130310.157909939. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130318.159017540. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130401.161486741. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130408.162923342. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130420.166062343. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130428.167682344. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130512.170680945. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130521.172599546. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130526.1738367

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Aruba

47. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130602.175131048. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130611.1764199

Graph: Aruba. Dengue, cases

Graph: Aruba. DHF, casesNotes:1. Two cases of DHF were reported during 1981 to 1984; 11 (2 fatal) during 2006 to 2010.

Dengue






Australia

Graph: Aruba. Dengue, deaths

Notable outbreaks:2005 - An outbreak (3,880 cases) was reported.2006 - An outbreak (1,486 cases) was reported.

Time and Place:Historical evidence suggests that at least 17 outbreaks of dengue (994 fatal cases) occurred in Australia during 1895 to1930. 1 2

- Peak incidence extends from December to March- Dengue is commonly reported from North Queensland 3 and the Torres Strait islands.- Outbreaks appear to begin with introduced cases.- During 1995 to 2011, 93.9% of reported dengue cases were locally-acquired, most in the Cairns and Hinterland District;49.7% were males, and the mean age was 38.0 years old. 24.6% of imported cases originated in Indonesia, 23.2% Papua-New Guinea, 13.4% Thailand, 8.9% East Timor and 6.7% the Philippines. 4

Dengue




Graph: Australia. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 15 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) were reported in 1979 - none fatal.2. No fatal cases were reported during 1991 to 2001.

Individual years:1999 - No cases of DHF and none fatal2000 - 111 from Northern Territory.2004 - Included two fatal cases in the Torres Straits - the first dengue fatalities in Australia in

over 100 years. 5

2005 to 2006 - 46% of Dengue cases were acquired overseas. 6

2006 to 2007- Included 39 cases in Townsville 7

2012 - 1,049 cases were reported during January to June.2013 - Western Australia reported its first case of dengue in over 70 years. 8

Dengue




Graph: Australia. Dengue, cases in QueenslandNotes:1. 196 cases of dengue were confirmed in north Queensland during 1981 to 1982. 9

2. 26 outbreaks of dengue were reported in Queensland during 1990 to 2008; 9 in NorthQueensland during 2005 to 2008. 10 11

3. 99 cases were imported into Queensland from other countries during 1999 to 2008 - including30 from Papua New Guinea.4. A review of dengue importations into Queensland during 2002 to 2010 - see reference 12

Nine Australian soldiers contracted dengue in East Timor during 1999 to 2000. 13 14

Prevalence surveys:0% of donated blood units (2003) 15

In 2011, the risk for a dengue-infectious blood donation was estimated at 1 in 7,146. 16

Vectors:Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti was once widespread, extending as far south as the border of Victoria and the ease, and south ofPerth in Western Australia.- By the 1970's the mosquito had retreated to a small area of northern Queensland, where it continues to be prevalent.- The range for this mosquito currently extends from the Torres Strait, to Mount Isa and Boulia (west), to Roma (south) anGladstone (east).- Aedes aegypti was identified in the Northern Territory in 2013. 17 18

Ae. albopictus has been identified sporadically. Larvae were identified (and destroyed) in Townsville port in 1997.- Ae. albopictus was identified in Sydney in 1999 19 ; aboard ship in Northern Territory in 2000 20 ; in Queensland in 200921 ; and in the Northern Territory in 2013. 22

- Ae. albopictus has been increasingly prevalent in the Torres Straits since 2004. 23 24

Notable outbreaks:1897 - An outbreak (60 deaths) of presumed dengue was reported in Queensland. 25

1897 - An outbreak (201 deaths) of presumed dengue was reported in Brisbane. 26

1921 - An outbreak (560,000 cases) was reported in the Queensland-New South Wales areas.1942 to 1943 - Outbreaks of dengue were reported among American military personnel in Australia. 27

1954 to 1955 - Outbreaks (15,000 cases - total) were reported from Townsville (Queensland). 28

1964 - An outbreak was reported among American and Australian military personnel in Thailand. 29

1981 to 1983 - Outbreaks (450 cases or more reported, true number estimated at 3,000) were reported in Townsville andCairns - no cases of DHF or mortality. 30 31

Dengue




References

Austria

1990 to 1991 - Outbreaks were reported in the Torres Straits.1992 to 1993 - Outbreaks (652 cases) were reported in the Torres Straits. An estimated 15% to 20% of persons in

Townsville and Charters Towers were infected. 32 33 34 35 36

1996 to 1997 - 208 cases were reported, and 109 confirmed (7 hospitalized; no deaths; no DHF) in Torres Straits -notably on the islands of Mer and Masig. 37 38 Seven cases were confirmed in Cairns during April to June 1997; 165 duringDecember 1997 to May 1998. 39

1997 to 1999 - 498 cases (101 hospitalized) were confirmed in Cairns, Port Douglas and Mossman. 40

2000 - Seven cases were imported from East Timor into north Queensland. 41

2001 - An outbreak (9 cases) was reported in North Queensland. 42

2002 - Outbreaks (21, 2 and 2 cases) were reported in North Queensland. 43

2003 - 365 confirmed cases (0 DHF) were reported in Cairns, and 160 in the Torres Straits (notably Yam Island).2003 to 2004 - An outbreak (536 cases) was reported in Cairns, Townsville. Initially, 277 cases were confirmed in Torres

Straits, 26 in Townsville and 44 in Cairns. 44 45

2008 to 2009 - An outbreak (1,200 cases) was reported in Queensland, with 73 cases in Townsville. 46 47 48 49 50 51

52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

2009 - Outbreaks were reported in Queensland. 60 61 62

2010 - An outbreak was reported in north Queensland. 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

2011 - An outbreak (69 cases) was reported in north Queensland. 71 72 73 74 75 76 77

2012 - An outbreak was reported in north Queensland. 78 79 80 81 82

2013 - An outbreak (101 cases during January to March) was reported in north Queensland. 83 84 85 86

2014 - Outbreaks were reported in north Queensland. 87 88 89

1. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009 Apr ;22(2):186-201, Table of Contents.2. Aust Fam Physician 1999 Apr ;28(4):319-23.3. Aust N Z J Public Health 1999 Aug ;23(4):414-7.4. Parasit Vectors 2014 Aug 19;7(1):379.5. Med J Aust 2005 Jul 4;183(1):35-7.6. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep 2006 ;30(4):411-29.7. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep 2008 Mar ;32(1):31-47.8. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131104.20382129. Med J Aust 1984 Jun 23;140(13):765-9.10. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep 2009 Mar ;33(1):32-3.11. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep 2009 Jun ;33(2):198-203.12. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Nov ;18(11):1850-7.13. J Travel Med 2002 Jul-Aug;9(4):180-3.14. Commun Dis Intell 2000 Dec ;24(12):365-8.15. Transfusion 2008 Jul ;48(7):1355-62.16. Emerg Infect Dis 2013 May ;19(5):787-9.17. Parasit Vectors 2014 ;7(1):447.18. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140221.229320219. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 19990412.060520. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20000210.018721. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091205.414822. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140221.229320223. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2006 Sep ;22(3):358-65.24. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep 2005 ;29(3):296-8.25. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009 Apr ;22(2):186-201, Table of Contents.26. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009 Apr ;22(2):186-201, Table of Contents.27. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Apr ;18(4):623-30.28. Med J Aust 1967 Dec 9;2(24):1078-80.29. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Apr ;18(4):623-30.30. Med J Aust 1984 Mar 3;140(5):264-8.31. Arch Virol 1988 ;100(3-4):213-20.32. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1993 Nov 26;68(48):357-60.33. Aust N Z J Public Health 1996 Oct ;20(5):545-7.34. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998 Sep ;59(3):457-61.35. Epidemiol Infect 1998 Aug ;121(1):151-6.36. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090413.141237. Commun Dis Intell 1997 Feb 6;21(3):33.38. Med J Aust 1998 Mar 2;168(5):221-5.39. Commun Dis Intell 1998 Jun 11;22(6):109-10.40. Med J Aust 2001 Feb 19;174(4):178-82.41. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20000413.053142. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep 2002 ;26(4):596-600.43. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep 2003 ;27(3):384-9.44. Transfusion 2009 Jul ;49(7):1482-7.45. Travel Med Infect Dis 2009 Jul ;7(4):212-4.

46. BMJ 2009 ;338:b967.47. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2010 Dec ;104(8):623-40.48. PLoS One 2013 ;8(7):e68137.49. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2013 Jul 4;44(4):613-22.50. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20081215.394251. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20081223.404252. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090105.004153. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090113.013354. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090223.076255. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090331.122756. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090413.141257. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090512.177458. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090525.195259. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091215.424860. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091221.430061. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091228.437162. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100420.127963. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100426.134764. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100510.152865. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100826.301066. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100927.350667. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101012.369768. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101110.407269. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101227.456770. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110102.002071. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110131.037272. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110222.057973. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110228.066574. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110313.081375. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110325.093876. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110328.097077. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110620.188878. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120611.116351179. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120617.117068980. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121209.144355681. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121218.145617582. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121226.146932283. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130114.149616184. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130128.151749085. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130304.156923486. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130401.161492987. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140211.226833288. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140217.228326189. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20150116.3096024

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References

Azerbaijan

The Bahamas

Graph: Austria. Dengue, cases

90 cases of dengue were reported by a single hospital in Vienna during 1990 to 2004. 1

1. Travel Med Infect Dis 2006 Dec ;4(6):319-23.

No cases of dengue were reported in 2001.

Dengue





References

Bangladesh

Graph: Bahamas. Dengue, casesNotes:1. No fatal cases or cases of DHF were reported during 1995 to 2006.


1998 - An outbreak (25 cases) was reported. 2

2011 - An outbreak (7,000 cases to August) was reported. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.2. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100426.13473. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110801.23124. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110807.23975. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110818.2499

6. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110829.26527. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110905.27078. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110913.27959. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111026.318310. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120109.1003951

Time and Place:Dengue was reported in Dhaka as early as 1964. At the time it was referred to as "Dacca Fever".- Dengue was also reported in 1977, 1978, 1982 to 1986, and 1996.- DHF was reported for the first time in Bangladesh in 2000. 1

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Graph: Bangladesh. Dengue, casesNotes:

Individual years:2000 - Included hospitalized cases only. 1.6% of the cases were fatal. 2

2006 - Included 1,423 cases (4 fatal) in Dhaka. 3

Graph: Bangladesh. Dengue, deaths

Prevalence surveys:11% of pediatric hospitalizations for fever in Chittagong (1996)9.6% of febrile patients (2008 to 2009) 4

Dengue




References

Barbados

Seroprevalence surveys:0.5% to 13% of the general population are seropositive24.4% of febrile patients and 0.54% of healthy blood donors (1996 to 1997) 5

Approximately 12,000 cases were registered in Dhaka during 2000 to 2003 - including 136 fatal cases in 2000; 36 in 2001;21 in 2002.

Low rates have been ascribed to low vector density in cities.

Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti and S. albopictus occur in Dhaka and in other areas of Bangladesh.

Notable outbreaks:2000 - An outbreak (5,000 cases, 93 fatal) was reported. 6 7

2001 - Outbreaks of dengue and leptospirosis were reported. 8

2002 - An outbreak (6,132 cases, 58 fatal) was reported. 9 10

2004 (publication year) - An outbreak was reported among employees of a recreation club in Dhaka. 11

2008 - An outbreak was reported in Dhaka. 12

2011 - An outbreak (473 cases) was reported in Dhaka. 13

2013 - An outbreak (500 cases) was reported in Dhaka. 14

1. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Jul ;8(7):738-40.2. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006 Feb ;74(2):263-5.3. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20070719.23134. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Jan ;86(1):58-64.5. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Nov ;9(11):1411-4.6. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003 Dec ;69(6):634-40.7. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2005 Apr ;31(1):36-45.

8. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 May ;11(5):766-9.9. Jpn J Infect Dis 2006 Apr ;59(2):85-91.10. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091021.362511. Emerg Infect Dis 2004 Apr ;10(4):747-50.12. Mymensingh Med J 2013 Oct ;22(4):781-6.13. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110818.249914. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130908.1930898

Approximately 20% of the population are seropositive.

Graph: Barbados. Dengue, casesNotes:1. During 2000 to 2009, 702 cases of dengue were confirmed among children ages 0 to 16 years.1

Individual years:

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1992 - Included one imported case.1995 - 976 cases confirmed.1997 - 631 cases confirmed.

Graph: Barbados. DHF, cases

Graph: Barbados. Dengue, deathsNotes:1. 10 fatal cases were reported during 2006 to 2010.

Dengue




References

Belarus

Belgium

Prevalence surveys:38.8% of febrile illness and 1.7% of hospital admissions, among children ages 0 to 16 years (2000 to 2009) 2

Notable outbreaks:1997 to 1998 - An outbreak (13 cases) was reported among Canadian tourists on the west coast during a 2-week period -

December to January. 3

2010 - An outbreak (321 cases, 3 fatal - to October) was reported. 4 5

2011 - An outbreak (135 cases, 1 fatal - to April) was reported. 6


2013 - An outbreak (600 cases, 1 fatal) was reported. 9 10

1. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013 Apr ;107(4):254-60.2. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013 Apr ;107(4):254-60.3. Can Commun Dis Rep 1998 Oct 15;24(20):161-4.4. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100913.33085. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101018.3777

6. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110419.12177. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121006.13281588. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130114.14947969. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130930.197514510. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131016.2005656

Graph: Belarus. Dengue, cases

Dengue














References

Belize

Graph: Belgium. Dengue, casesNotes:

Individual years:2002 - Included 29 from Southeast Asia, 13 from Latin America, 5 from the Pacific region and 1

from Africa (Togo).2012 - 45 cases of dengue were reported among travelers who returned from Madeira to

Belgium 1 , Finland 2 , Germany, Sweden, France and the United Kingdom. 3

Stegomyia (Aedes) albopictus was first identified in Belgium in 2000.

1. J Travel Med 2014 Sep-Oct;21(5):344-8.2. Euro Surveill 2013 ;18(8)3. Euro Surveill 2013 ;18(14):20446.

Dengue







Graph: Belize. Dengue, casesNotes:

Individual years:1982 - Most reported from Belize City and Santa Elena.1995 - Included nine confirmed cases.

No fatal cases were reported during 1995 to 2006; 0 in 2010.

Graph: Belize. DHF, cases


Dengue




References

Benin

References

Bermuda

Notable outbreaks:2009 - An outbreak (114 cases) was reported in Cayo District. 2

2010 - An outbreak (348 cases, 1 fatal - to July) was reported. 3

2014 - An outbreak (323 cases - to October) was reported. 4

1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014 Sep 3;91(3):642-4.2. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090727.2642


Sporadic cases have been reported. 1

In 2010, travelers from Japan 2 and France acquired dengue in Benin. 3 4 5

Seroprevalence surveys:14.8% of German aid workers returning from Benin (1999 publication) 6

1. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20080820.25972. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100826.30103. Euro Surveill 2010 Sep 9;15(36)

4. Euro Surveill 2010 Sep 30;15(39):19674.5. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100913.33086. Infection 1999 Mar-Apr;27(2):82-5.

Graph: Bermuda. Dengue, casesNotes:1. Four imported cases were reported during 2006 to 2010.

Individual years:1999 - No DHF or fatal cases were reported.2005 - No DHF reported.2006 - No DHF or fatal cases reported


Dengue














References

Bhutan


1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014 Sep 3;91(3):642-4.2. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.

Dengue was first reported in Bhutan in 2004. 1

Graph: Bhutan. Dengue, casesNotes:

Individual years:2012 - 2 cases were reported during January to July. 2

Dengue






References

Bolivia

Graph: Bhutan. Dengue, deaths

1. Emerg Infect Dis 2009 Oct ;15(10):1630-2.2. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120810.1237330

Dengue fever was first recognized in Bolivia in 1931. 1

Graph: Bolivia. Dengue, casesNotes:

Individual years:

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1987 - The true number was estimated at 200,000 cases.1988 - The true number was estimated at 152,000 cases.1997 - Major activity recorded in Santa Cruz - 6.5% of adults and 5.1% of children ages 5 to 7

were found to be seropositive. 2

2010 - Included 3,044 cases in Santa Cruz and 1,616 in Beni. 3

Graph: Bolivia. DHF, cases

Graph: Bolivia. Dengue, deaths

Dengue




References

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Brazil

Prevalence surveys:26.0% of febrile participants reporting to local health clinics or hospitals in Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Paraguay (2000 to

2007) 4

Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti was eradicated in 1948, and reappeared in Bolivia in 1980.- The vector is currently found in 69 localities in 4 departments (Santa Cruz, Cochabamba, Beni and Tarija).


2008 to 2009 - An outbreak (56,167 cases, 25 fatal) was reported. 6 7 8


2010 - An outbreak (2,586 cases, 291 DHF, 14 fatal) was reported. 11 12 13 14 15 16

2011 - Outbreaks (11,341 cases, 47 fatal to October) were reported in Beni (3,269 cases, 14 fatal) 17 18 19 , SantaCruz (5,727 cases, 29 fatal) 20 21 22 23 , Cochabamba 24 and La Paz (993 cases, 1 fatal). 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

2012 - An outbreak (38,400 cases, 47 fatal to October) was reported. 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

2013 - An outbreak (6,200 cases, 4 fatal - during January to March) was reported. 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57

58

2014 - An outbreak (1,800 cases during January to April) was reported. 59 60 61

1. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2009 Jun ;9(3):337-44.2. Trop Med Int Health 1998 Nov ;3(11):857-8.3. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110117.01984. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010 ;4(8):e787.5. Salud Publica Mex 1998 Nov-Dec;40(6):469-73.6. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090406.13417. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090113.01338. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090505.16779. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091012.352410. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091221.430011. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100216.053712. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100302.068513. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100322.091014. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100329.098215. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100426.134716. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110111.012217. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110117.019818. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110124.029219. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110209.044920. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110411.114621. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110510.143722. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110620.188823. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120102.000624. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120109.100395125. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110222.057926. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110228.066527. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110313.081328. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110325.093829. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110404.104130. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110419.121731. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110502.1364

32. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111114.336433. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120123.101959934. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120214.104113535. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120221.104746336. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120306.106091437. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120313.106946238. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120416.110219339. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120820.125234140. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120922.130532341. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121030.136862942. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121105.139140443. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121203.143428244. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121210.144357245. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121226.146620046. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130106.148248147. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130114.149479648. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130121.150644549. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130128.151749150. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130203.152680951. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130217.154583952. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130224.155722753. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130304.156761454. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130318.159017555. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130325.160145356. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130401.161486757. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130507.169574058. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131104.203842659. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140203.225237060. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140310.232466361. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140421.2417927


Time and Place:The first epidemic of dengue in Brazil was reported in 1845.- Dengue is most common in Alagoas, Bahia, Ceara, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo.

Dengue

































































Graph: Brazil. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 4,243,049 cases of dengue were reported in Brazil during 1981 to 2006 - including 5,817 DHFand 338 fatal cases. 1

2. 2,336,751 cases were reported during 1980 to 2001; 294,419 during 1986 to 1993; 2,826,948during 1994 to 2002. 2

3. Review of dengue in Rio de Janeiro State during 1986 to 1998 - see reference 3

Individual years:1986 - 1,000,000 cases were estimated for Rio de Janeiro alone that year.1995 - 57% from Rio de Janeiro and Bahia States.1997 - 7.4% of cases reported from the northeast.1998 - Brazil accounted for 72.2% of all cases in the Latin American region.1999 - The disease rate in Roraima was 1,418.39 per 100,000.

Disease rates per 100,000 in the Amazon region: 283.8 in 2001; 173.0 in 2002; 199.6 in 2003; 106.6 in 2004; 164.4 in2005; 147.9 in 2006. 4

Geographical notes:Alagoas State reported 54,200 cases in 2009 5 ; 56,384 cases (19 fatal) during January to November, 2010 6 7 8 9 ;

10,647 (10 fatal) during January to December 2011 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ; 23,000 (12 fatal) during Januaryto July, 2012 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 ; 8,935 (4 fatal) during January to November 2013. 29

Amazonas State - outbreaks were reported during 1998 to 1999 30 ; 2008 to 2009 31 , 2010 (3,200 cases to November)32 ; 56,552 cases (12 fatal) during January to October, 2011 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 ; 16,858 (9 fatal) toNovember 2013. 44 45

Bahia reported outbreaks in 1987 46 ; 1994 47 and 1997 ; 39,972 cases (14 fatal) in 2008 - including 3,600 (1 fatal) inSalvador 48 49 ; 103,788 (66 fatal) during January to August, 2009. 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 ; outbreak activity in2010 59 ; 50,000 during January to December, 2011 60 61 62 63 ; 68,414 (27 fatal) during January to December 2012 64

65 66 67 68 ; 61,674 cases (21 fatal) during January to November 2013. 69 70 71 72

Brasilia reported 274 locally-acquired cases in 2008; 271 during January to October 2009 73 ; 1,956 (2 fatal) duringJanuary to March, 2010 74 75 ; 16,621 cases, 7 fatal (Federal District) during January to November, 2013 76 77 78 ; 4,920cases (Federal District) during January to May, 2014. 79

Ceara State reported 47,798 cases in 1986 80 ; 47,889 cases (25 DHF, 12 fatal) in 1994 81 82 ; 172 DHF (15 fatal) in2006 83 ; 24,793 (298 DHF, 10 fatal) in 2007. 84 ; 44,508 (436 DHF, 31 fatal) in 2008 - including 30,622 cases in Fortaleza85 86 87 88 89 ; 4,513 (17 fatal) during January to October, 2009 90 91 92 ; 13,196 (21 fatal) in 2010 93 94 ; 50,593(55 fatal) during January to September, 2011 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 ;46,489 (26 fatal) during January to August, 2012 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 ; 32,039 (54 fatal) during January

Dengue




to November, 2013 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 ; 998 cases during January 2015. 129

Espirito Santo reported 43,536 cases (133 fatal) during January to May, 2009 130 131 132 ; 32,913 cases (14 fatal)during January to September 2010 133 134 135 ; 51,087 (25 fatal) during January to November 2011 136 137 138 139 ;66,874 cases, 23 fatal during January to November, 2013 140 141 142 143 ; 20,205 cases, 11 fatal during January to July2014. 144 145

Goias reported 115,000 cases in 2009 146 147 ; 102,726 cases (87 fatal) in 2010 148 149 150 151 152 153 ; 41,00 (24fatal) during January to December 2011 154 155 ; 140,399 cases (58 fatal) during January to November, 2013 156 157 ;47,848 cases in 2014. 158

Mato Grosso State reported 10,489 cases during January to August 2008; 58,410 (57 fatal) in 2009 159 160 161 162

163 164 165 166 167 168 ; 44,762 (65 fatal) during January to December, 2010. 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177

178 179 180 181 ; 40,391 (6 fatal) during January to July, 2011 182 ; 43,158 (22 fatal) during January to December 2012183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 ; 44,600 (37 fatal) during January to December,2013. 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 ; 8,086 cases, 5 fatal during January to July 2014. 209 210 211 212 213

Mato Grosso do Sul reported 1,800 cases during January to November 2008; 2,500 (17 DHF, 6 fatal) during January toDecember 2009 214 215 216 ; 81,863 (47 fatal) during January to December, 2010 217 218 219 220 221 ; 12,840 (3 fatal)during January to July, 2011 222 223 224 225 ; 16,506 in 2012 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 ; 81,741 cases(34 fatal) during January to October 2013 236 237 238 239 ; 1,845 cases during January to February 2014. 240 241

Minas Gerais reported 7,875 cases (5 DHF) in 2007 242 ; 42,880 (104 DHF, 11 fatal) in 2009 243 244 245 246 247 248

; 220,121 (66 fatal) during January to July, 2010 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 ; 54,588 during January toAugust 2011 260 261 262 263 264 265 ; 4,000 during January to February 2012 266 267 ; 435,828 (116 fatal) duringJanuary to November, 2013 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 ; 30,131 cases(24 fatal) during January to July 2014. 286 287 288 289

Para State reported 17,440 cases in Belem during 1996 to 1997 290 ; 925 in the entire state during January 2011 291

292 293 ; 9,419 (3 fatal) during January to July, 2012 294 295 296 ; 16,868 during January to December, 2013. 297 298

299

Paraiba State reported 709 cases (1 fatal) were reported in 2009; 4,391 (3 fatal) during January to October 2010 300 ;7,230 (7 fatal) during January to September 2011 301 ; 9,799 (8 fatal) during January to November 2012 302 303 304 305

306 307 308 309 ; 13,050 (15 fatal) during January to November, 2013. 310 311 312 313 314

Parana State reported 59,195 cases were reported during January to September, 2010 315 316 317 ; 25,099 (14 fatal)during January to June 2011 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 ; 1,913 (1 fatal) during Januaryto August 2012. 332 333 334 335 ; 69,444 (24 fatal) during January to November, 2013 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343

344 345 346 ; 564 cases during January to February 2014. 347 348 349 350

Pernambuco State reported 33,247 clinical cases (10,092 confirmed, 13 fatal) in 2007 351 ; 39,332 (249 DHF, 59 fatal)during January to July 2010 352 353 354 355 356 ; an outbreak in 2012 357 ; 33,177 (19 fatal) during January to November2013. 358

Piaui State reported outbreaks during 2006 to 2007 359 360 ; 7,719 cases (6 fatal) during January to November 2010361 362 ; 5,542 during January to March 2011; 13,992 (5 fatal) during January to August 2012 363 364 365 ; 4,664 (1fatal) during January to November 2013 366 367 ; 4,157 (1 fatal) during January to July 2014. 368

Rio de Janeiro State reported 92,000 cases during 1986 to 1987 369 370 371 372 ; 85,891 in 1991 373 ; 51,465 during1995 to 1996; 155,242 during 2001 to 2002 374 375 376 377 ; 31,054 in 2006; 66,553 (31 fatal) in 2007 378 379 380 -including 25,000 (27 fatal) in Rio de Janeiro City 381 ; 248,609 (1,761 DHF, 181 fatal) in 2008 - including 124,203 (105fatal) in Rio de Janeiro City 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 ; 27,885 (39 fatal) during January to December, 2010 390

391 392 393 394 ; 165,764 (137 fatal) during January to December 2011. 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405

406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 ; 112,143 (22 fatal) during January to May, 2012423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 ; 212,933 (48 fatal) during January to November, 2013. 437

438 ; 2,290 (2 fatal) during January to February 2014. 439

Rio Grande do Norte reported an epidemic in 1997 440 ; 37,147 cases (1,161 DHF, 63 fatal) during January to July 2008441 ; 25,131 (6 fatal) during January to May 2011. 442 443 444 445 ; 24,165 (5 fatal) during January to July 2012 446 447

448 ; 16,035 (8 fatal) during January to November 2013. 449

Rio Grande do Sul reported an outbreak in 1916 450 ; 3,128 cases during January to March 2010 451 452 ; 483 duringJanuary to March 2011 453 454 455 456 457 ; 2,341 (0 fatal) during January to December 2013. 458 459 460

Rondonia reported 22,689 cases (15 fatal) in 2009 461 462 ; outbreaks in 2010 463 ; 9,365 cases (3 fatal) duringJanuary to November 2013 464 465 466 ; 4,258 (2 fatal) during January to November 2014.

Roraima experienced an outbreak during the 1980's 467 468 ; 3,120 cases (61 DHF) in 2009 469 ; 6,383 cases, 77 DHF(8 fatal) during January to September 2010 470 471 472 473 474 ; 1,876 in 2012 475 476 ; 849 (0 fatal) during January toNovember 2013. 477

Sao Paulo reported 21,891 cases during 1986 to 1996 478 479 ; 847 in 1997; 4,134 in 1998; 4,567 during the first half

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of 1999; 51,700 in 2001 480 ; 50,027 cases (6 fatal) in 2006 481 ; 82,912 in 2007 482 ; 185,966 (120 fatal) during Januaryto June 2010. 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 ; 55,100 (21fatal) during January to June, 2011. 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524

525 526 527 ; 19,929 during January to July 2012 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 ; 220,865 (72 fatal) duringJanuary to November, 2013. 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 ; 18,445 during January to April, 2014.550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559

Sergipe reported 861 cases in 2007 560 ; 1,130 (287 confirmed) during January to August 2009 561 ; 1,063 (2 fatal)during January to July 2011 562 563 ; 5,977 (0 fatal) during January to April 2012 564 565 566 ; 745 (3 fatal) duringJanuary to November 2013. 567

Graph: Brazil. DHF, casesNotes:1. A total of 696 cases of DHF (26 fatal) were reported during April 1990 to March 1997; 893 (44fatal) during 1991 to 2000.

Individual years:2007 - 86 in the states of Ceara, Rio, Maranhao, Pernambuco, Amazonas, Mato Grosso do Sul,

Piaui, Goias, Alagoas, Paraiba, and Rio Grande do Norte. 568

Dengue




Graph: Brazil. Dengue, deathsNotes:

Individual years:2007 - Included 29 deaths in Rio.

Prevalence surveys:0.06% of donated blood units (2003) 569

0.4% of healthy blood donors in Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo (2012 publication) 570

16.9% of patients suspected to have measles and/or rubella (Pernambuco, 2001 to 2004) 571

33.0% of patients with maculopapular rash (Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro State, 1994 to 1998) 572

47% of encephalitis cases and 10% of meningitis cases in a dengue-endemic area (2011 publication) 573

3.8% of patients with suspected viral meningitis/meningoencephalitis in a dengue-endemic area (2005 to 2008) 574

Seroprevalence surveys:5.4% of persons in Ribeirao Preto (1992) 575

11.9% of persons in Belo Horizonte (2006 to 2007) 576

26.6% of children ages 0 to 3 years, in Salvador (1998 to 2000) 577

Vectors:- Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti was identified in 1,787 cities in 1995.- As of 2003, Aedes albopictus was present in 10 American countries: Brazil, the Cayman Islands, the Dominican Republic, ElSalvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Trinidad and the United States.

Aedes albopictus is present in 59% of Brazilian municipalities and 24 states (2014 publication) 578

Notable outbreaks:1986 - An outbreak of dengue was reported in Rio de Janeiro. 579

2010 - An outbreak (936,260 cases, 592 fatal - during January to November) was reported. 580 581 582 583 584

2011 - An outbreak (716,000 cases during January to October) was reported. 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594

595

2012 - An outbreak (565,510 cases, 3,774 DHF, 247 fatal - to November) was reported. 596 597 598 599 600 601 602

2013 - Outbreaks (1,400,000 cases, 573 fatal - during January to November) were reported. 603 604 605 606 607 608

609 610

2014 - Outbreaks (587,800 cases, 405 fatal) were reported. 611 612 613 614 615 616

Dengue




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The British Virgin Islands

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589. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110425.1294590. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110502.1364591. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111011.3046592. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111026.3183593. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111114.3364594. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111213.3587595. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111219.3631596. Trop Med Int Health 2014 Oct 20;597. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120221.1047463598. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120306.1060914599. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120402.1087547600. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121105.1391404601. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121203.1434282602. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130203.1526809603. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130121.1506445604. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130128.1517491605. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130211.1537285606. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130217.1545839607. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130304.1567614608. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130408.1629233609. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130414.1645719610. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131125.2073441611. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140515.2475763612. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140520.2485827613. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140723.2629258614. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140928.2811464615. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141129.2997254616. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20150116.3096024

Graph: British Virgin Islands. Dengue, casesNotes:1. No fatal cases were reported during 2008 to 2010.

Individual years:2014 - 47 cases were reported during January to March. 1


Notable outbreaks:1995 - An outbreak (22 cases) was reported among visitors to Tortola. 2

1996 - An outbreak was reported among American tourists following a trip to the British Virgin Islands. 3

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References

Brunei

1. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140324.23529532. J Travel Med 2000 Mar-Apr;7(2):59-63.3. Md Med J 1997 Jul ;46(6):299-302.

Graph: Brunei. Dengue, casesNotes:1. No fatal cases were reported during 1991 to 2001; 0 in 2003; 0 in 2004.2. 45 cases were confirmed during April 2005 to April 2006. 1

Individual years:2010 - 77 cases were reported during January to April. 2 3

2013 - 349 cases were reported during January to October. 4

2014 - 108 cases were reported during January to July. 5

Dengue







References

Bulgaria

Burkina Faso

References

Cambodia

Graph: Brunei. DHF, cases

1. Jpn J Infect Dis 2007 Jul ;60(4):205-8.2. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100412.11903. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100510.1528



Sporadic cases of dengue have been reported among visitors to Burkina Faso. 1

Seroprevalence surveys:9.2% of German aid workers returning from Burkina Faso (1999 publication) 2

Dengue virus was isolated from wild mosquitoes near Bobo Dioulasso in 1980, and has been identified in Aedes luteocephalusand Ae. (St.) aegypti (1983 to 1986). 3 4 5


1982 - An outbreak (30 confirmed cases) of dengue was reported in Ouagadougou - the country's first dengue outbreak.7

1. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20080820.25972. Infection 1999 Mar-Apr;27(2):82-5.3. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1993 ;86(2):90-100.4. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009 Mar 13;84(11-12):85-8.

5. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100222.05976. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 Aug ;17(8):1349-54.7. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1985 ;78(1):7-14.

Time and Place:Dengue fever was first documented in Cambodia in 1963. 1

- Since 1980, DHF has spread from the southeast to all provinces, except the northeast region.- Epidemics occur in cycles of three to four years.- Human movement, using roads as a surrogate, plays a major role in the spread of dengue fever in Cambodia (2002 to

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2008). 2

Graph: Cambodia. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 194,726 cases of dengue were reported during 1980 to 2008.2. An epidemiological analysis of 105,598 hospitalized cases during 2002 to 2008 - see reference3

Individual years:2007 - Additional references 4 5

2008 - 4,261 cases were reported during January to June. Additional references 6

2010 - Additional references: 7 8

2012 - 11,037 cases (45 fatal) were reported during January to June.2014 - 616 cases, 3 fatal were reported during January to June. 9

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Graph: Cambodia. Dengue - DHF, percent of total dengue

Graph: Cambodia. Dengue, deaths

Prevalence surveys:8.8% of patients with acute febrile illness (south-central Cambodia, 2006 to 2009) 10

6.3% of febrile patients presenting to health centers in rural Cambodia (2008 to 2010) 11

5% of hospitalized encephalitis cases in Takeo (1999 to 2000) 12

16.2% of febrile illness requiring hospitalization of children (Siem Reap, 2009 to 2010) 13

The local vector is Aedes aegypti. 14

Dengue




References

Cameroon

References

Canada

Notable outbreaks:2009 - An outbreak (11,625 cases, 38 fatal) of dengue was reported. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

2011 - An outbreak (12,392 cases, 54 fatal - to September) was reported. 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

2012 - Outbreaks of dengue (39,290 cases, 170 fatal - to November) and Chikungunya (24 confirmed cases) werereported. 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

2013 - An outbreak (17,533 cases, 59 fatal) was reported. 47 48 49 50 51 52

2014 - An outbreak (1,005 cases to July) was reported. 53

1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1970 Jan ;19(1):106-9.2. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012 ;6(12):e1957.3. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012 ;6(12):e1957.4. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20080113.01705. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20080120.02556. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090105.00417. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100618.20438. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110111.01229. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140626.256683810. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Feb ;86(2):246-53.11. PLoS One 2014 ;9(4):e95868.12. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2002 Feb ;66(2):200-7.13. PLoS One 2013 ;8(4):e60634.14. J Med Entomol 2004 Jul ;41(4):664-71.15. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090601.204016. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090706.242517. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090823.297718. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090915.324019. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100104.003820. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100111.013121. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100622.208522. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110404.104123. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110705.203524. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110724.223625. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110801.231226. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110829.265227. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110905.2707

28. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111011.304629. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120109.100395130. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012 Sep 21;61:737-40.31. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Dec ;18(12):2066-9.32. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120519.113833633. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120519.113757734. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120430.111791635. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120524.114076836. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120611.116351137. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120704.118907538. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120721.121022239. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120801.122193340. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120820.125234141. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120828.126838742. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120911.128859143. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120917.129739644. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120920.130316645. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121007.132846946. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121125.142310647. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130415.164589248. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130603.175135749. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130611.176419850. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130924.196572151. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131016.200565852. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140120.221952253. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140710.2600705

Dengue fever in humans was first documented in Cameroon in 2002. 1

Cases of dengue fever have been confirmed among French military personnel serving in this country. 2

Prevalence surveys:7.6% of malaria- and typhoid-negative febrile patients in Fako Division (southwest Cameroon, 2010 publication) 3

Seroprevalence surveys:12.7% of rural adults (2002 to 2005) 4

61.4% of persons in Douala, 24.2% in Garoua and 9.8% in Yaounde (2014 publication) 5

47% of patients with acute febrile illness ("flavivirus infection", 2001)

Two potential vectors, Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, are found in Cameroon. 6 7

- Stegomyia (Aedes) albopictus was first identified in Cameroon in 2000, and is widespread in the southern region. 8 9

1. J Travel Med 2002 Sep-Oct;9(5):273-4.2. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Feb ;18(2):342-3.3. East Afr Med J 2010 Jun ;87(6):262-8.4. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006 Jun ;74(6):1078-83.5. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014 Jul ;8(7):e2950.

6. Med Vet Entomol 2010 Jun ;24(2):132-41.7. Parasit Vectors 2012 ;5:57.8. Emerg Infect Dis 2001 Nov-Dec;7(6):1066-7.9. PLoS One 2011 ;6(5):e20257.

An average of 17 cases per year (imported) were registered during the 1980's; 29.5 per year during the 1990's.

Five cases were reported during January to September 1995.- Several cases (rate 0.6%) were demonstrated among Canadian military personnel serving in Haiti.- 30 cases were confirmed among Canadian military personnel serving in East Timor (Indonesia) in 1999.

The principal vector - Stegomyia (Aedes) - is not found in Canada.

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References

Cape Verde

References

The Cayman Islands

Notable outbreaks:1997 to 1998 - An outbreak (13 cases) was reported during a 2-week period among Canadian tourists in Barbados. 1

1. Can Commun Dis Rep 1998 Oct 15;24(20):161-4.

Graph: Cape Verde. Dengue, cases


A potential vector, Aedes aegypti, is present in Cape Verde (2010). 2

Notable outbreaks:2009 - An outbreak (21,304 cases, 93 DHF, 6 fatal) was reported on Brava, Fogo, Maio, Sal, and Santiago. 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10

2010 - An outbreak (406) was reported. 11 12 13

1. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Feb ;18(2):342-3.2. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013 Jan ;13(1):37-40.3. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009 Nov 9;84(45):469.4. Euro Surveill 2010 Feb 18;15(7)5. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 Aug ;17(8):1349-54.6. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091026.37057. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091102.3779

8. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091111.38989. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091115.394410. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091123.401611. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100701.219612. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100913.330813. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101004.3593

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References

Central African Republic

References

Chile

Graph: Cayman Islands. Dengue, casesNotes:

Individual years:1995 - All cases were imported2012 - 20 cases confirmed during January to December. 1

2013 - 40 cases were reported during January . 2



Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti was eradicated from the Cayman Islands during the 1970's. 3

- Aedes aegypti has been present in the Cayman Islands since 2002. 4

- As of 2003, Stegomyia (Aedes) albopictus was present in ten American countries: Brazil, the Cayman Islands 5 , theDominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Trinidad and the United States.

1. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121226.14662002. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130211.15372853. Euro Surveill 2007 Nov ;12(11):E071122.3.

4. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120922.13053235. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003 Jul ;69(1):105-14.

The presence of a potential vector, Aedes albopictus, in Central African Republic (Bangui and Bayanga) was first reported in2010. 1

1. Trop Med Int Health 2010 Oct ;15(10):1185-9.

Dengue










References

China

Graph: Chile. Dengue, casesNotes:

Individual years:2007 - Included 27 autochthonous cases - limited to Easter Island.

Easter Island reported 636 cases in 2002; 0 during 2003 to 2005; 3 in 2006; 27 in 2007; 25 in 2008. 1

- Analysis of cases reported on Eastern Island during 2002 to 2011 - see reference 2

Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti was eradicated from the mainland as of 1961 3 - but reappeared for the first time in 2003, inHuasco province.- S. aegypti has been identified on Easter Island since 1999.


2002 - An outbreak (636 cases, 57 to 132 confirmed, 0 DHF, 0 fatal) was reported on Easter Island - the first report ofdengue in this area. 5 6 7

2008 - An outbreak (25 cases) was reported on Easter Island. 8

1. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090727.26422. Rev Chilena Infectol 2012 Aug ;29(4):388-94.3. Bol Inf Parasit Chil 1952 Jul-Sep;7(3):41-2.4. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.

5. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Nov ;9(11):1465-7.6. Arch Virol 2008 ;153(10):1967-70.7. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20070719.23138. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090727.2642

Time and Place:Dengue is most common in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan Island.- Historical evidence suggests outbreaks of dengue may have occurred in China as early as 1942. 1

- Since 1986, outbreaks and sporadic cases have been largely limited to Guangzhou city, Guangdong Province and HainanIsland. 2

- 112 cases of dengue were reported from Shaxi District in 1991. 3 6,077 in 1995.- 9,747 cases (3 fatal) were reported in Guangdong Province during 1990 to 2000 4 - including 1,803 cases during 1997 to2000. Disease rates (per 100,000) in Guangdong were 9.75 in 1995, 1.76 in 2002 5 ,1.87 during 2005 to 2011 6 , and 1.25in 2006.- 1,038 local cases and 71 outbreaks were reported in Guangzhou City during 2006 to 2012. 7

- Dengue was first reported in Fujian Province in 1999 - both among patients and mosquitoes.- Evolution of dengue strains in China during 1978 to 2006 - see reference 8

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Graph: China. Dengue, casesNotes:1. No cases were reported during 1946 to 1978. 9

2. 164,262 cases, 410 fatal were reported during 1985 to 1988; 1,623 (1 fatal) during 2005 to2007 10 ; 655,324 (610 fatal) during 1978 to 2008. 11

Individual years:1988 - figure included 5,195 in Foshan. The nationwide case/fatality rate was 0.38%.

Seroprevalence surveys:2.43% of persons in Guangdong (2005 to 2011) 12

Dengue




Graph: China. Dengue, deaths

127,568 cases of DHF (4,792 fatal) were reported during 1986 to 1990.

Chronic hepatitis B is present in 8% of patients with dengue fever (2008 publication) 13

Vectors:- During epidemics, dengue virus has been demonstrated in Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti, S. albopictus and Culex pipiens.- Ae. aegypti is the principal vector in Hainan Island and Zhanjiang; and Ae. albopictus in other regions of Guangdong.

Notable outbreaks:1978 - An outbreak of dengue was reported in Foshan city, Guangdong Province. 14

1979 to 1982 - An outbreak (440,063 cases, 65 fatal) was reported - including the first outbreaks of DHF. 15 16

1980 - An outbreak was reported on Hainan Island. 17

1985 to 1986 - An outbreak (114,107 cases, case-fatality rate = 0.2%) was reported on Hainan Island. 18 19 20 21

1991 - An outbreak (529 cases) was reported.2002 - An outbreak (39 cases) was reported among Chinese migrant workers at a construction site in Singapore. 22

2002 to 2003 - An outbreak was reported in Guangzhou. 23 24

2004 - An outbreak (83 cases) in Ningbo (a non-endemic area) was associated with an index case arriving from Thailand.25 26

2006 - An outbreak was reported in Guangdong. 27

2008 - An outbreak (68 cases) involved Yunnan Province and the contiguous border region of Myanmar. 28 29

2009 - Outbreaks were reported in Guangzhou Province 30 and Zhejiang Province. 31 32 33

2010 - Outbreaks were reported in Guangzhou (19 cases) 34 , Guangdong (31 cases) 35 36 and Shenzhen. 37

2012 - An outbreak (97 cases) was reported in Guangdong. 38

2013 - Outbreaks were reported in Yunnan (567 cases) , Henan and Guangdong (108 cases) Provinces. 39 40 41 42 43

44 45

2014 - Outbreaks were reported in Foshan (3,289 cases) , Guangzhou Province 46 and Guangdong Province (45,171cases, 6 fatal - worst outbreak in 2 decades). 47 48 49 50 51 52

Also see:Hong KongMacaoTaiwan

Dengue




References

Colombia

1. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009 Apr ;22(2):186-201, Table of Contents.2. Rev Infect Dis 1989 May-Jun;11 Suppl 4:S847-53.3. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 1993 Apr ;14(2):84-6.4. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2002 Dec ;23(6):427-30.5. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2014 Feb ;35(2):167-9.6. PLoS One 2014 ;9(1):e85596.7. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2014 Jul ;35(7):821-4.8. Virol J 2011 ;8:322.9. Rev Infect Dis 1989 May-Jun;11 Suppl 4:S847-53.10. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2009 Aug ;30(8):802-6.11. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010 Sep ;83(3):664-71.12. PLoS One 2014 ;9(1):e85596.13. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008 Aug ;79(2):154-8.14. Bull World Health Organ 1993 ;71(3-4):349-59.15. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1991 Apr ;44(4):364-70.16. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1986 Sep ;35(5):1051-4.17. Bull World Health Organ 1993 ;71(3-4):349-59.18. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 1986 Feb ;7(1):29-32.19. Chin Med J (Engl) 1988 Jul ;101(7):463-7.20. Rev Infect Dis 1989 May-Jun;11 Suppl 4:S847-53.21. Bull World Health Organ 1993 ;71(3-4):349-59.22. J Clin Virol 2005 Aug ;33(4):336-40.23. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2005 Jun ;26(6):421-3.24. Asia Pac J Public Health 2013 May ;25(3):239-47.25. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007 Jun ;76(6):1182-8.26. J Vector Ecol 2009 Jun ;34(1):148-54.

27. Infect Genet Evol 2011 Jul ;11(5):1183-7.28. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2013 May ;34(5):428-32.29. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20081020.331630. Virol J 2012 ;9:125.31. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2010 Dec ;44(12):1091-6.32. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 Feb ;17(2):321-3.33. Viral Immunol 2012 Dec ;25(6):456-60.34. BMC Infect Dis 2012 ;12:87.35. BMC Public Health 2012 ;12:83.36. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100921.339937. Epidemiol Infect 2014 Feb ;142(2):225-33.38. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121022.135684139. Int J Infect Dis 2014 Aug 5;40. Biomed Environ Sci 2014 Nov ;27(11):894-7.41. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130722.183793942. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130729.185182343. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130826.190279944. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130908.193089845. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130930.197514446. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140821.271036047. Sci China Life Sci 2014 Dec ;57(12):1149-55.48. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2014 Dec 20;34(12):1822-5.49. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140928.281175250. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141013.285679351. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141025.290142852. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141208.3018283

Time and Place:Potential for dengue transmission exists along the Atlantic coast, Magdalena River Valley, Cauca River Valley, PutumayoIntendancy and Cordillera Oriental slopes.- Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) was first reported in 1985.- No cases were reported during 1960 to 1970.

Graph: Colombia. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 416,000 cases of dengue were reported during August 1971 to January 1972.

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Graph: Colombia. DHF, casesNotes:1. 3,929 cases of DHF were reported during 1981 to 1996.

Graph: Colombia. Dengue, deathsNotes:1. 32 fatal cases were reported during 1981 to 1996.

Prevalence surveys:37.3% of acute non-malarial fever in Uraba (2007 to 2008) 1

Dengue




References

The Comoros

Seroprevalence surveys:83% of elementary school children in Cali (1997)

Notable outbreaks:1995 to 1997 - An outbreak (3,419 cases) of dengue was reported in Ibague. 2 3

2010 - An outbreak (126,378 cases, 149 fatal to August) was reported. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

2011 - Outbreaks (17,488 cases, 108 fatal to June) were reported in Sucre 20 and Tolima. 21 22

2012 - Outbreaks (5,174 cases, 2 fatal - to February) was reported. 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

38

2013 - Outbreaks (110,000 cases, 129 fatal - during January to November) were reported. 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67

2014 - Outbreaks (96,095 confirmed cases during January to December 23) were reported. 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75

1. Biomedica 2013 Sep ;33 Suppl 1:99-107.2. Biomedica 2004 Jun ;24(2):174-82.3. Biomedica 2005 Mar ;25(1):152; author reply 153.4. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) 2011 Jun ;13(3):514-27.5. Virol J 2012 ;9:64.6. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100125.02777. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100201.03468. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100208.04269. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100216.053710. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100222.059711. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100316.084012. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100420.127913. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100601.182114. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100627.215215. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100705.224016. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100719.242917. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100817.284718. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100830.308519. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100913.330820. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110606.172521. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110313.081322. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110711.209323. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120226.105263524. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120306.106091425. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120430.111791626. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120617.117068927. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120805.122955828. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120813.124100529. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120828.126548730. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120903.127687031. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120922.130532332. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120930.131673733. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121021.135631334. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121030.136862935. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121105.139140436. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121118.141179037. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121226.146620038. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121231.1475357

39. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130128.151749140. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130203.152680941. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130211.153728542. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130224.155722743. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130304.156761444. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130310.157909945. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130318.159017546. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130401.161486747. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130408.162923348. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130414.164571949. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130428.167682350. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130507.169574051. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130512.170680952. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130521.172599553. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130526.173836754. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130527.173854055. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130602.175131056. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130611.176419957. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130722.183789258. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130811.187538159. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131007.198839860. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131023.201651861. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131028.202600462. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131104.203842663. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131119.206369964. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131125.207344165. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131209.210113166. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131223.213283667. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131230.214362668. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140317.233866869. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140515.247576370. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140527.250209071. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140710.260070572. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140723.262925873. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140827.272780174. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141012.285640475. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141229.3060812

Epidemics were recorded in 1948 and 1984. 1

In 2010, dengue was confirmed in visitors to the Comoros. 2 3 4 5


Seroprevalence surveys:26% of persons over the age of 5 years

The first report of Aedes albopictus in Mayotte Island was published in 2004. 7

Notable outbreaks:1943 - An outbreak of dengue was reported in Mayotte. 8

1992 to 1993 - An outbreak (56,000 to 75,000 cases, estimated) was reported on Grand Comoro Island. 9 10 11 12

2010 - An outbreak (76 cases confirmed, 0 fatal - to September) was reported in Mayotte. 13 14 15 16 17 18

2012 - An outbreak (43 cases during January to April) was reported on Mayotte. 19

2014 - An outbreak (416 cases during January to June) was reported on Mayotte. 20 21

Dengue















































































References

The Cook Islands

1. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009 Mar 13;84(11-12):85-8.2. Euro Surveill 2010 Apr 15;15(15):19541.3. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100323.09224. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100420.12795. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100510.15286. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Feb ;18(2):342-3.7. Parasite 2004 Mar ;11(1):74.8. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1998 ;91(1):99-103.9. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1994 Sep ;74(3):217-29.10. S Afr Med J 1994 May ;84(5):298.11. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 Aug ;17(8):1349-54.

12. Med Sante Trop 2012 Oct-Dec;22(4):346-54.13. East Afr J Public Health 2011 Jun ;8(2):155-6.14. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100517.162015. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100616.200916. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100701.219617. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100705.224018. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100906.319819. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120524.114076820. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140408.239017921. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140626.2566838

A large outbreak (254 registered; 2,000 estimated) was reported in 1976.

Graph: Cook Islands. Dengue, casesNotes:

Individual years:1995 - 75% of cases occurred on Rarotonga, with isolated reports from Mauke and Penrhyn.2001 - Included five imported cases.

No fatal cases were reported during 1980 to 1998, or 2002 to 2004.

Dengue

























Graph: Cook Islands. DHF, casesNotes:1. Five cases of DHF were reported during 1985 to 1989, and 1,494 during 1990 to 1993.

Individual years:1976 - Number approximate2002 - Number approximate

Graph: Cook Islands. Dengue, cases on Rarotonga

Aedes albopictus, a potential vector, has not been detected in this country (2007). 1

Notable outbreaks:

Dengue




References

Costa Rica

1976 - An outbreak (2,000 cases estimated) was reported.2002 - An outbreak (2,200 cases, 395 cases hospitalized) was reported during January to April. 2

2006 to 2007 - An outbreak (1,424 cases, 0 fatal) was reported - including 1,323 cases on Rarotonga. 3

2009 - An outbreak (60 cases) was reported in Rarotonga. 4

2012 - An outbreak (3 cases) was reported in Rarotonga. 5

2014 - An outbreak (104 suspected cases to March) was reported. 6 7

1. Parasit Vectors 2012 ;5:247.2. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20070719.23133. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20070121.02844. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090413.1412

5. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120507.11248336. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140224.22979437. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140310.2324788

Time and Place:The local vector, Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti, had been eradicated in 1960, but reappeared in 1971, and no cases werereported until 1993.- The Central Pacific region accounted for 56.3% of all cases reported during 1993 to 1997; Chorotega 28.8%; HuetarAtlantica 9.7%.- The Central Pacific region accounted for 18.6% of cases during 2006 to 2010; Chorotega 8.73%; Huetar Atlantica 6.00%.- DHF first reappeared in 1995, in the Chorotega Region.- Periodic outbreaks have since occurred, primarily in Puntarenas, Liberia and Limon.

Graph: Costa Rica. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 84,443 cases were reported during 2006 to 2010.

Individual years:1993 - 93% from Guanacase and Puntarenas provinces.1997 - Most cases reported from the central Pacific region.1998 - 44.5% reported from Chorotega, and 33.4% from Brunca2007 - Number estimated.

Dengue











Graph: Costa Rica. DHF, cases

Graph: Costa Rica. Dengue, deaths

Seroprevalence surveys:36.9% of children ages 1 to 10 years in the coastal region, and 2.9% of children in inland areas (2002 to 2003)22.6% of bats (1998) 1

Notable outbreaks:1993 - An outbreak (4,103 cases) of dengue was reported. 2

2010 - An outbreak (20,675 cases, 4 fatal to August) was reported. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Dengue




References

Croatia

2011 - An outbreak (6,650 cases to September) was reported. 10 11 12

2012 - Outbreaks 26,808 cases, 0 fatal) were reported. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

2013 - Outbreaks (49,428 cases, 1 fatal - during January to December) were reported. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

2014 - Outbreaks (10,460 cases to December 6) were reported. 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

1. J Med Entomol 2000 Nov ;37(6):965-7.2. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1994 Mar 25;69(12):85-6.3. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100622.20854. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100719.24295. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100719.24296. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100810.27267. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100819.28918. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100913.33089. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101129.430010. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110905.270711. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110913.279512. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111011.304613. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120828.126548714. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120922.130532315. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120930.131673716. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121105.139140417. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121118.141179018. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121203.143428219. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130114.149479620. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130304.156761421. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130310.157909922. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130318.1590175

23. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130401.161486724. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130414.164571925. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130521.172599526. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130611.176419927. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130624.178936728. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130715.182486629. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130722.183789230. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130811.187538131. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130821.189348932. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130826.190279833. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130908.193089034. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130924.196570135. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130930.197514536. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131016.200565637. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131223.213283638. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140212.226830939. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140303.231122640. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140626.256683841. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140710.260070542. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140723.262925843. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141229.306081244. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20150116.3096024

Graph: Croatia. Dengue, cases

The presence of a potential vector, Aedes albopictus was first recorded in 2004. 1

Notable outbreaks:2010 - An outbreak (7 cases) of dengue was reported in the region of Zagreb. 2 3 A German tourist also acquired

dengue in this area during the outbreak. 4 5

Dengue
















































References

Cuba

1. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2006 Mar ;22(1):147-8.2. Euro Surveill 2011 ;16(9)3. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110306.0743

4. Euro Surveill 2010 ;15(40)5. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101012.3697

Graph: Cuba. Dengue, cases

Graph: Cuba. DHF, cases

Dengue









References

Graph: Cuba. Dengue, deaths

Seroprevalence surveys:2.6%, nationwide - prior to 1977; 44.6% in 197821.4% of persons in Cienfuegos and Palmira (1989 publication) 1

Notable outbreaks:1828 - An outbreak of dengue was reported. At this time, the word "dunga" was first used, and later changed to

"dengue." 2

1897 - An outbreak was reported in Havana. 3

1981 - An outbreak (344,203 cases, 158 fatal) of dengue was reported, including the first reports of dengue hemorrhagicfever in The Americas. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

1997 - An outbreak (17,114 cases, 12 fatal) was centered in Santiago de Cuba. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

33 34

2001 to 2002 - An outbreak (15,524 cases, 81 DHF, 3 fatal) was reported, with 88.7% of cases in Havana. 35 36 37 38

39 40 41

2005 - An outbreak was reported in Havana. 42

2006 to 2007 - An outbreak was reported in Santiago de Cuba. 43

2012 - Outbreaks were reported. 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

2013 to 2014 - An outbreak (3,500 cases to May, 2014) was reported. 51 52 53

1. Rev Cubana Med Trop 1989 Sep-Dec;41(3):321-32.2. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.3. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.4. Arch Virol 2014 Aug 5;5. Rev Cubana Med Trop 1981 Jan-Apr;33(1):72-8.6. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1983 ;17(2):126-32.7. Rev Cubana Med Trop 1983 Feb-Apr;35(1):4-10.8. Rev Cubana Med Trop 1983 May-Aug;35(2):125.9. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1984 ;18(3):213-20.10. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1986 ;20(1):24-30.11. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1987 ;81(5):816-20.12. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1987 ;81(5):821-3.13. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1988 ;22(2):133-44.14. Rev Cubana Med Trop 1988 May-Aug;40(2):29-49.15. Bull World Health Organ 1989 ;67(4):375-80.16. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1990 Feb ;42(2):179-84.17. Rev Cubana Med Trop 1992 ;44(1):13-7.

18. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999 Dec ;61(6):994-1000.19. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1984 ;18(3):213-20.20. Rev Cubana Med Trop 2012 Jan-Apr;64(1):5-14.21. Emerg Infect Dis 1998 Jan-Mar;4(1):89-92.22. Rev Panam Salud Publica 1999 Jul ;6(1):16-25.23. Int J Infect Dis 1999 ;3(3):130-5.24. Am J Epidemiol 2000 Nov 1;152(9):793-9; discussion 804.25. Am J Epidemiol 2000 Nov 1;152(9):800-3.26. Rev Cubana Med Trop 2001 Jan-Apr;53(1):20-3.27. Rev Cubana Med Trop 2001 Jan-Apr;53(1):24-7.28. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2002 Apr ;11(4):223-7.29. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2002 Jun ;33(2):255-8.30. Arch Virol 2005 Mar ;150(3):415-25.31. Virology 2005 Apr 10;334(2):154-9.32. Science 1997 Jul 11;277(5323):174.33. Epidemiol Bull 1997 Jul ;18(2):7.34. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011 Jun ;11(6):675-81.

Dengue






































Cyprus

The Czech Republic

References

Denmark

35. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2006 Apr ;19(4):282-9.36. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 May ;11(5):773-4.37. Int J Infect Dis 2005 Sep ;9(5):280-5.38. Int J Infect Dis 2009 Mar ;13(2):e77-8.39. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 May ;11(5):773-4.40. Int J Infect Dis 2012 Mar ;16(3):e198-203.41. Trop Med Int Health 2013 Jul ;18(7):830-8.42. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20050523.142243. Trop Med Int Health 2011 Jun ;16(6):744-7.44. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120130.1025955

45. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120721.121022246. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120813.124100547. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120820.125234148. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120828.126548749. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120917.129645250. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121006.132815851. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140603.251650952. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140731.264734353. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140812.2680784


Only imported dengue is reported.

Graph: Czech Republic. Dengue, casesNotes:

Individual years:1998 - Included one foreign tourist in Prague.

Aedes albopictus was identified for the first time in the Czech Republic in 2012, in South Moravia. 1 2

1. Euro Surveill 2012 ;17(43):20301.2. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121031.1380542

One case was reported in 2004.

Also see:Greenland

Dengue

























Djibouti

References

Dominica

Dengue was confirmed among French troops serving in Djibouti during 1998 to 2002. 1

- 6 cases were reported among French Army personnel in Djibouti in 2005.

Seroprevalence surveys:21.8% of the general population (2010 to 2011) 2

Notable outbreaks:1991 to 1993 - An outbreak (12,000 cases, one unconfirmed fatality) was reported in Djibouti City. 3 4 5

1. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Feb ;18(2):342-3.2. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014 Dec ;8(12):e3299.3. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1996 May-Jun;90(3):237-40.

4. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009 Mar 13;84(11-12):85-8.5. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 Aug ;17(8):1349-54.

Graph: Dominica. Dengue, casesNotes:

Individual years:1995 - Included 148 confirmed cases

No fatal cases were reported during 1981 to 2006.

Dengue









References

The Dominican Republic

Graph: Dominica. DHF, cases


Notable outbreaks:2007 to 2008 - An outbreak (122 cases) of dengue was reported.2010 - An outbreak (631 cases, 1 fatal) was reported.2011 - An outbreak of dengue was reported. 2

1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014 Sep 3;91(3):642-4.2. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110919.2845

Dengue






Graph: Dominican Republic. Dengue, casesNotes:

Individual years:1993 - All confirmed1995 - 249 confirmed1996 - All confirmed.

Graph: Dominican Republic. DHF, casesNotes:1. Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) was first reported in 1988.2. A total of 174 cases of DHF (14 fatal) were reported during 1988 to 1996.

Dengue




References

Graph: Dominican Republic. Dengue, deaths

Seroprevalence surveys:98% of adults and 56% of children below age 10 (Santo Domingo, 2004 publication) 1

As of 2003, Aedes albopictus was present in ten American countries: Brazil, the Cayman Islands, the Dominican Republic, ElSalvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Trinidad and the United States.

Notable outbreaks:2009 - An outbreak (4,998 cases, 325 DHF, 44 fatal to November) was reported. 2 3 4 5

2010 - An outbreak (8,587 cases, 41 fatal to September) was reported. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

2012 - An outbreak (9,191 cases, 68 fatal) was reported. 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

35 36 37 38 39

2013 - An outbreak (13,084 cases, 98 fatal - to November) was reported. 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

2014 - An outbreak (6,035 cases to December) was reported. 50 51 52 53 54 55

1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004 Aug ;71(2):138-43.2. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091020.36093. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091021.36254. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091026.37055. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091115.39446. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100412.11907. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100627.21528. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100705.22409. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100713.234210. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100715.237211. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100720.243512. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100804.263613. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100810.272614. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100819.289115. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100906.319816. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100913.330817. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120507.112483318. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120626.117941619. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120704.118907520. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120721.121022221. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120805.122955822. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120810.123733023. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120813.124100524. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120828.126548725. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120903.1276870

26. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120910.128859027. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121021.135631328. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121015.134321129. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121006.132815830. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121030.136862931. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121105.139140432. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121118.141179033. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121125.142306834. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121203.143428235. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121210.144357236. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121217.145394037. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121226.146620038. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121231.147535739. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130114.149479640. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130217.154583941. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130304.156761442. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130512.170680943. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130811.187538144. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130821.189348945. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130908.193089046. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130917.194934447. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130930.197514548. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131028.202600449. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131104.203842650. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140408.2390105

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East Timor



Graph: East Timor. Dengue, cases

Graph: East Timor. Dengue, deaths

Transmission in East Timor peaks during July to August, and December to January.

Dengue









References

Ecuador

In 1998, at least 11% of hospital inpatient deaths in East Timor were attributed to DHF.- During January to March 2005, 336 persons were hospitalized for dengue (including 263 DHF, 22 fatal) - in Baucau, Dili,Liquica, Maliana and Manatuto.

Dengue among foreign military personnel:- 228 cases were confirmed among military personnel serving in East Timor during 1999 to 2000. 1 2

- 30 cases were confirmed among Canadian military personnel serving in East Timor in 1999.- 16 Italian soldiers (6.6% of personnel) contracted dengue in East Timor during 1999 to 2000. 3

- 9 Australian soldiers contracted dengue in East Timor during 1999 to 2000. 4 5

Notable outbreaks:2005 - An outbreak (1,128 cases, 40 fatal) of dengue was reported. 6

2012 - An outbreak (563 cases, 10 fatal to February) was reported. 7

2014 - An outbreak (160 cases in January) was reported. 8

1. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20000413.05312. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20000401.04843. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Jul ;9(7):876-80.4. J Travel Med 2002 Jul-Aug;9(4):180-3.

5. Commun Dis Intell 2000 Dec ;24(12):365-8.6. Jpn J Infect Dis 2010 May ;63(3):181-4.7. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120306.10609148. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140203.2252372

Highest rates of dengue occur in the coastal provinces.

Graph: Ecuador. Dengue, cases

Six cases were reported in the Galapagos Islands in 2002 - the first time dengue was reported in this area. 1

Dengue












Graph: Ecuador. DHF, cases

Graph: Ecuador. Dengue, deaths

Prevalence surveys:5.3% of acute undifferentiated fever in the Amazon Basin (2001 to 2004) 2

26.0% of febrile participants reporting to local health clinics or hospitals in Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Paraguay (2000 to2007) 3

42% of febrile patients in Borbon, northwestern Ecuador (2010 to 2011) 4

Seroprevalence surveys:

Dengue




References

Egypt

References

El Salvador

77.3% of yellow fever patients arriving to the Amazon from the coastal region, 14.3% from the Amazon and 16.7 % fromthe Andean region (military personnel, 2010 publication) 5

30% of bats (1998) 6

Notable outbreaks:1988 - An outbreak (420,000 cases estimated) of dengue was reported in Guyaquil. 7

2010 - An outbreak (7 cases to March) was reported in the Galapagos. 8

2010 - Outbreaks (11,179 cases to February 11) were reported. 9 10 11 , including clusters of dengue in the GalapagosIslands. 12 13 14


2013 - Outbreaks (10,116 cases, 6 fatal - during January to July) were reported. 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

45 46 47

2014 - An outbreak (600 cases) was reported in Esmereldas Department. 48

1. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20020813.50442. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009 Jul ;81(1):146-51.3. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010 ;4(8):e787.4. Emerg Infect Dis 2013 Oct ;19(10):1642-5.5. J Glob Infect Dis 2009 Jul ;1(2):111-6.6. J Med Entomol 2000 Nov ;37(6):965-7.7. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1989 Jun 23;38(24):419-21.8. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100517.16209. BMC Infect Dis 2014 Nov 25;14(1):610.10. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100316.084011. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100322.091012. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100524.172213. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100517.162014. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101227.456715. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120123.101959916. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120319.107401317. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120402.108754718. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120409.109409719. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120416.110219320. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120423.111040021. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120507.112483322. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120515.113216823. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120524.114076824. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120603.1154583

25. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120626.117941626. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120704.118907527. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120716.120265128. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120820.125234129. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120828.126548730. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121006.132815831. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121203.143428232. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130114.149479633. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130121.150644534. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130128.151749135. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130203.152680936. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130211.153728537. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130217.154583938. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130224.155722739. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130304.156761440. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130318.159017541. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130325.160145342. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130408.162923343. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130414.164571944. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130428.167682345. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130507.169574046. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130521.172599547. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130722.183789248. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140723.2629258

Historical background:- Outbreaks of dengue were reported in Cairo and Alexandria during 1799; and in Port Said in 1871.- Subsequent cases were reported in Cairo and the sea ports in 1880; and in the Nile delta in 1889.- Dengue fever was widespread during the first half of the 20th century.- A decline in transmission was recorded in Egypt after 1940, and was ascribed to rapid decrease of Stegomyia (Aedes)aegypti populations with the introduction of DDT during and after the Second World War.

No cases had been reported in recent years; however, two Italian travelers acquired dengue in Egypt in 2010. 1

Notable outbreaks:1928 - An outbreak (70 fatal cases) was reported. 2

1937 - An outbreak (50 fatal cases) was reported. 3

1. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100607.19032. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 Aug ;17(8):1349-54.3. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009 Apr ;22(2):186-201, Table of Contents.

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Graph: El Salvador. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 77,866 cases of suspected dengue were reported during 2006 to 2010.

Individual years:2002 - All departments were affected, with highest rates in San Salvador, Santa Ana, Cabaoas

and Cuscatlan.

Graph: El Salvador. DHF, casesNotes:1. Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) was first reported in 1987.2. A total of 287 cases of DHF (12 fatal) were reported during 1987 to 1996.

Dengue




References

Graph: El Salvador. Dengue, deaths

As of 2003, Aedes albopictus was present in ten American countries: Brazil, the Cayman Islands, the Dominican Republic, ElSalvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Trinidad and the United States.

Notable outbreaks:2000 - An outbreak of dengue was reported - with most cases in Ahuachapan, Sonsonate, San Vicente, San Salvador,

Cabanas, La Libertad and La Paz. 1 2

2009 - An outbreak (6,572 cases, 980 DHF, 11 fatal) of dengue was reported. 3 4

2010 - An outbreak (18,082 cases, 1 fatal - to August) was reported. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

2011 - An outbreak (6,301 cases, 7 fatal to November) was reported. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

2011 - An outbreak (587 cases to February) was reported. 19

2012 - An outbreak (13,360 cases, 6 fatal to November) was reported. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

2013 - An outbreak (22,905 cases, 3 fatal to October) was reported. 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53

2014 - Outbreaks (53,192 cases, 4 fatal - to December) were reported. 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68

69 70 71 72

2015 - Outbreaks (147 cases in January) were reported. 73

1. Epidemiol Bull 2000 Dec ;21(4):4-8.2. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003 Dec ;69(6):629-33.3. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090921.33224. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091228.43715. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100304.07076. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100315.08357. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100510.15288. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100719.24299. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100727.252010. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100805.265111. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100913.330812. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110711.209313. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110829.265214. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110905.270715. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111004.298516. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111011.304617. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111026.318318. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111101.324219. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120226.105263520. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120306.1060914

21. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120313.106946222. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120409.109409723. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120603.115458324. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120801.122193325. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120805.122955826. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120813.124100527. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120820.125234128. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120828.126548729. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120903.127687030. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120910.128859031. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120917.129645232. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120922.130532333. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120930.131673734. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121021.135631335. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121006.132815836. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121030.136862937. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121118.141179038. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121118.141179039. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121125.142306840. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121203.1434282

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Equatorial Guinea

References

Eritrea

References

Estonia

Ethiopia

References

Fiji

41. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121210.144357242. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121231.147535743. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130217.154583944. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130318.159017545. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130325.160145346. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130414.164571947. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130507.169574048. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130526.173836749. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130701.180045450. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130805.186372551. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131016.200565652. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131028.202600453. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131111.204851554. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140310.232466355. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140324.235295356. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140401.237251257. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140428.2434107

58. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140508.245986459. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140515.247576360. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140527.250209061. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140626.256683862. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140702.258107163. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140710.260070564. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140723.262925865. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140804.265980466. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140821.271036067. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140827.272780168. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140905.274960569. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140928.281146470. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141025.290142871. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141215.303456072. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141229.306081273. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20150202.3135967

A potential vector, Stegomyia (Aedes) albopictus, was first identified in Equatorial Guinea in 2003 - among vehicle tires onBioko island (formerly Fernando Poo). 1

1. Med Vet Entomol 2003 Sep ;17(3):343-6.

Dengue virus was identified in Eritrea during 1985 to 1986. 1

During 2008 to 2010, two cases of dengue were acquired in Eritrea by travelers from Norway. 2

1. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009 Mar 13;84(11-12):85-8.2. Euro Surveill 2010 Sep 23;15(38)


Sporadic cases of dengue have been reported in recent years. 1

Notable outbreaks:2014 - Outbreaks were reported in Somali region (126 cases) 2 3 and Afar region (704 cases). 4

1. East Afr Med J 1993 Oct ;70(10):624-6.2. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140408.2390179


Time and Place:Sporadic cases were reported during 1945 to 1970.- Epidemics occurred in 1971 1 2 (no DHF, with evidence of an additional 20,000 subclinical infections); 1973; and 1975(with several hemorrhagic; 50,000 subclinical infections estimated).

Dengue












































Graph: Fiji. Dengue, casesNotes:

Individual years:1990 - 60% of patients were Fijians and 37% Indians.2001 - Isolated cases were reported.2011 - 12 cases were reported during January to December. 3

2013 - 141 cases were reported during January to April. 4

3. 1,600 to 2,400 of DHF were reported in 1975 5 6 ; 4 in 1979, 230 during 1980 to 1984, 501 during 1985 to 1989, 619during 1990 to 1993.

Graph: Fiji. Dengue, deaths

Dengue




References

Finland

Notes:1. 15 fatal cases were reported during 1989 to 1990. 7

Both Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti and S. (A). albopictus sp. are active in Fiji. 8 9 10

Notable outbreaks:1975 - An outbreak of Dengue hemorrhagic fever was reported. 11 12

1989 to 1990 - An outbreak (3,686 cases) was reported. 13

1997 to 1998 - An outbreak (1,708 cases hospitalized) was reported during December 1997 to May 1998 - 70.3% fromEastern Viti Levu (Suva). The attack rate amounted to 3.01% of the general population, and 7.8% in Suva.

2008 - An outbreak (1,849 cases) was reported. 14 15

2012 - An outbreak (323 cases, to April) was reported. 16

2013 - An outbreak was reported. 17 18 19

2014 - An outbreak (25,300 suspect cases, 15 fatal to May) was reported. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

1. J Hyg (Lond) 1974 Oct ;73(2):263-70.2. Virology 2010 Sep 30;405(2):505-12.3. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111219.36314. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130408.16292365. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1977 Jul ;26(4):784-91.6. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1977 Jul ;26(4):775-83.7. Bull World Health Organ 1995 ;73(3):291-7.8. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1990 Jun ;6(2):287-99.9. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1995 Jun ;11(2 Pt 1):230-4.10. Parasit Vectors 2012 ;5:247.11. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1977 Jul ;26(4):784-91.12. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1977 Jul ;26(4):775-83.13. Bull World Health Organ 1995 ;73(3):291-7.14. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20081013.324315. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20081020.331616. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120430.1117916

17. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130420.166019318. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131216.211890019. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131223.213284920. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140114.217344421. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140127.223517022. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140203.225237223. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140217.228326124. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140224.229794325. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140303.231129926. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140310.232478827. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140317.233866928. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140401.237251229. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140520.248582730. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140527.250209031. Euro Surveill 2014 ;19(41)32. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141016.2870853

Graph: Finland. Dengue, cases

2012 - 45 cases of dengue were reported among travelers who returned from Madeira to Belgium 1 , Finland 2 , Germany,Sweden, France and the United Kingdom. 3

Dengue




































References

France

Prevalence surveys:2.8% of returning travelers with fever (Helsinki, 2005 to 2009) 4

1. J Travel Med 2014 Sep-Oct;21(5):344-8.2. Euro Surveill 2013 ;18(8)

3. Euro Surveill 2013 ;18(14):20446.4. J Travel Med 2011 Jul-Aug;18(4):239-44.

Graph: France. Dengue, casesNotes:1. Mandatory reporting of dengue was instituted in July, 2006.2. 117 cases were reported during July 2006 to August 2008 - including 12 from West Africa (7 ofthese from Ivory Coast). 1 2 3 ; 132 (3 DHF) during July 2006 to December 2008.3. 12 to 28 cases of dengue were reported per month in Metropolitan France during 2001 to2006. 4

4. Seven cases of dengue reported in France during July 2006 to August 2008 were acquired inIvory Coast. 5 6 7 8

5. 693 cases were identified during 2008 to 2009, through a laboratory surveillance network. 9

6. Over 8,300 laboratory-proven cases were estimated for the period 2007 to 2010, including4,500 in 2010. 10

2010 - Two cases of autochthonous dengue were reported - in Nice, Alpes-Maritimes. 11 12 13

2012 - 45 cases of dengue were reported among travelers who returned from Madeira to Belgium 14 , Finland 15 , Germany,Sweden, France and the United Kingdom. 16 17 18

2013 - A case of autochthonous dengue was reported in Bouches du Rhone. 19 20 21

2014 - Four cases of autochthonous dengue were reported - 2 in Var and Toulon and 2 in Bouches-du-Rhone. 22 23 24

Dengue was confirmed among French troops serving in Polynesia and Martinique in 1997 25 ; and in Djibouti during 2002.- 1,825 cases of dengue were reported among army personnel during 1990 to 2005 (range 27 cases in 2002 to 385 in 1997).- 6 cases were reported among French Army personnel in Djibouti in 2005.- During 1998 to 2010, 224 cases were identified through serology among French Army personnel serving in Africa, with 22confirmed by PCR testing. 26

The three principal etiologies of febrile exanthem in returned travelers are Chikungunya (35%), dengue (26%), and Africantick bite fever (10%). (Paris, 2008 publication) 27

Dengue








References

French Guiana

Stegomyia (Aedes) albopictus was first identified in France in 1998. 28 29

- A. albopictus has been identified on Corsica since 2006, and on the French mainland in 2009. 30 31

Also see:French GuianaFrench PolynesiaGuadeloupeMartiniqueReunion

1. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009 Mar 13;84(11-12):85-8.2. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090302.08543. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090314.10494. Med Mal Infect 2009 Jan ;39(1):41-7.5. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009 Mar 13;84(11-12):85-8.6. Emerg Infect Dis 2009 Nov ;15(11):1871-2.7. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090302.08548. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090314.10499. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100731.256410. Emerg Infect Dis 2013 Nov ;19(11):1740-8.11. Euro Surveill 2010 Sep 30;15(39):19676.12. Arch Pediatr 2014 Jul 28;13. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100915.334514. J Travel Med 2014 Sep-Oct;21(5):344-8.15. Euro Surveill 2013 ;18(8)16. Euro Surveill 2013 ;18(14):20446.

17. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100921.339918. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100927.350619. Euro Surveill 2013 ;18(50):20661.20. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131209.210118621. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131223.213284922. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140827.272780123. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140928.281175224. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141013.285679325. Med Trop (Mars) 2001 ;61(6):481-6.26. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Feb ;18(2):342-3.27. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008 May ;78(5):710-3.28. C R Acad Sci III 2000 Apr ;323(4):373-5.29. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2013 Mar ;29(1):81-3.30. Arch Pediatr 2009 Oct ;16 Suppl 2:S66-71.31. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090915.3244

Dengue was first reported in French Guiana in 1965.

Outbreaks occurred in 1968 to 1972; 1975 to 1977; 1979 to 1983; 1983 to 1990. 1 2

Transmission is largely limited to the coastal region.

Graph: French Guiana. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 3,000 cases (3% of the population) were infected during July 1991 to October 1992 - of these,847 were confirmed (40 DHF; 6 fatal).2. More than 800 cases were reported during July 1991 to June 1993 - including 44 DHF and 6deaths.

Dengue



































1996 - An epidemic was reported in Kourou.1997 - An epidemic was reported in Cayenne.

Graph: French Guiana. DHF, casesNotes:1. The first cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever in French Guyana were reported during 1991 to1992.

Graph: French Guiana. Dengue, deaths

Dengue




References

French Polynesia

Seroprevalence surveys:1.9% of pregnant women (2006)

Seropositive forest animals identified include Armadillos (Dasypus spp), brown four-eyed opossum (Metachirusnudicaudatus), red-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta leprorina), porcupine (Coedou spp), and brocket deer (Mazama spp). 3

Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti is the sole dengue vector in this country. 4 5

Notable outbreaks:1991 to 1992 - An outbreak (2,948 clinical cases) of dengue was reported. 6

2005 to 2006 - An outbreak (16,200 cases estimated, 4 fatal) was reported. 7

2009 - An outbreak (13,900 cases estimated, 2 fatal) was reported.2009 to 2010 - An outbreak (9,220, 1 fatal - to August) was reported. 8 9 10

2014 - An outbreak (1,180 cases to March) was reported. 11

1. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1996 ;89(2):98-100; discussion 101.2. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1995 Jun ;29(2):147-55.3. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2004 Jul ;98(7):409-12.4. Trop Med Int Health 2004 Jan ;9(1):41-6.5. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1996 ;89(2):115-9.6. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1994 Nov ;51(5):545-53.

7. Eur J Public Health 2009 Apr ;19(2):183-8.8. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100216.05379. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100705.224010. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100913.330811. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140324.2352953

Graph: French Polynesia. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 1995 to 1996 - 7,230 clinical cases were registered and 2,027 confirmed - initially fromPapeete, spreading to the Tuamotu-Gambier group, and then the Marquesas.2. 25% of the population was affected in 1975; 25% in 1979; 17% in 1989; 25% in 1990; 19%in 1997; 16% in 2001.

Individual years:1978 - A small number of cases were reported among American tourists on Moorea.1979 - 6,778 cases on Tahiti and 471 on Moorea.1995 - Included 47 confirmed cases.2001 - True number estimated at 33,800 cases. During January to August, 13 cases were

Dengue















References

imported to New Caledonia by persons returning from French Polynesia.2009 - 2,531 cases were reported in Tahiti during January to October. 1

4,453 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) were reported during 1975 to 1979; 771 during 1980 to 1984; 2,315 during1985 to 1989; 383 during 1990 to 1993.

Graph: French Polynesia. Dengue, deathsNotes:1. One fatal case was reported during 1996 to 1997.

The principal vector is Aedes aegypti. 2

Aedes albopictus has not been detected in this country (2012 publication). 3

Notable outbreaks:1944 - An outbreak of dengue in Tahiti in involved 62% of the population. This was the first outbreak of Dengue in

French Polynesia. 4

1964 - An outbreak involved several thousand cases (20% of the population) - primarily in Papeete, Tahiti and Makatea.5 6

1971 - An outbreak (40,000 estimated cases; 50% of the population) was reported on Tahiti. 7 8 9

1981 (publication year) - An outbreak of dengue was reported. 10 11

1989 to 1990 - An outbreak (12,359 cases) of dengue was reported. 12 13

1996 to 1997 - An outbreak was reported. 14 15

2001 - An outbreak (32,800 cases, total) affected 16.6% of the population. 28,350 were reported in the WindwardIslands (16.7% of the population) and 4,450 cases in the Leeward Islands (15.9%). The number of confirmed cases was2,378 (including 1,197 on Tahiti, 193 Bora-Bora, 202 Raiatea, 128 Moorea). 1,375 were hospitalized, 631 with severeinfection (including 269 cases of dengue fever with shock, and 8 fatalities). 16 17 18 19

2006 to 2008 - An outbreak (2,449 cases confirmed, 28 DHF, 1 fatal) was reported.2009 - An outbreak (20,425 cases during January to May) was reported. 20 21 22

2013 - An outbreak (1,490 cases) was reported. 23 24 25 26

2014 - An outbreak (2,188 cases during January to May) was reported. 27 28

1. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091020.36092. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2004 Dec ;20(4):370-5.

3. Parasit Vectors 2012 ;5:247.4. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 19950308.0112

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Gabon

References

Georgia

Germany

5. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1967 Dec ;20 Suppl:67-9.6. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1967 Jul-Aug;60(14):339-53.7. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1973 May-Jun;66(3):381-5.8. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1973 Mar ;22(2):237-41.9. Virology 2010 Sep 30;405(2):505-12.10. Med Trop (Mars) 1981 Jan-Feb;41(1):97-102.11. Med Trop (Mars) 1981 Jan-Feb;41(1):93-6.12. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1992 Mar ;23(1):157-8.13. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1992 Mar-Apr;86(2):193-7.14. Trop Med Int Health 1998 Nov ;3(11):859-65.15. Trop Med Int Health 1998 Jul ;3(7):566-70.16. Lancet Infect Dis 2002 Apr ;2(4):203.

17. Emerg Infect Dis 2009 Aug ;15(8):1265-70.18. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004 Oct ;71(4):478-84.19. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20070719.231320. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090413.141221. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090601.204022. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091020.360923. Emerg Infect Dis 2014 Jun ;20(6):1034-6.24. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131111.204851625. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140120.221952226. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140127.223517027. Euro Surveill 2014 ;19(41)28. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141016.2870853

Aedes albopictus, a potential vector, was first identified in Gabon in 2006. 1 2


Seroprevalence surveys:0.5% of humans and 0% of pet monkeys in rural Gabon (2005 to 2008) 4

Notable outbreaks:2006 to 2007 - An outbreak (17,618 cases) of Chikungunya was reported in Libreville. 5 6 7 8 The presumed vector,

Aedes albopictus, was also detected in Libreville for the first time. 9 10 11 12 A concurrent outbreak of dengue fever wasalso documented. 13 14 15 16

2010 - An outbreak was reported. 17 18 19

1. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2007 Nov 23;82(47):409-15.2. Trop Med Int Health 2008 Sep ;13(9):1176-9.3. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Feb ;18(2):342-3.4. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 Aug ;17(8):1568-9.5. J Med Virol 2008 Mar ;80(3):430-3.6. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2007 Nov 23;82(47):409-15.7. BMC Infect Dis 2010 ;10:356.8. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20070519.15919. PLoS One 2009 ;4(3):e4691.10. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010 Apr ;10(3):259-66.

11. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20070523.165412. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20070914.305313. Emerg Infect Dis 2009 Apr ;15(4):591-3.14. Clin Infect Dis 2012 Sep ;55(6):e45-53.15. PLoS One 2013 ;8(10):e78030.16. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014 Feb ;8(2):e2681.17. Infect Dis Rep 2012 Jan 2;4(1):e5.18. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100601.182119. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100607.1903


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References

Ghana

Graph: Germany. Dengue, casesNotes:1. During 1993 to 2001, 71 German tourists returned to Berlin with dengue - none fatal.

Individual years:2001 - The rate among travelers was 2 per 100,000. 1

2002 - 42% of cases originated in Thailand.2003 - 29% from Thailand, 16% from India, 10% from Brazil.2004 - 17% from Thailand, 10% from India.2005 - 18% from Thailand; 11% from India2006 - 20% from Thailand; 11% from India2007 - 16% from Thailand; 10% from Philippines; 8% from Indonesia.2009 - 30% from Thailand; 15% from India; 13% from Indonesia.2102 - 2012 - 45 cases of dengue were reported among travelers who returned from Madeira

to Belgium 2 , Finland 3 , Germany, Sweden, France and the United Kingdom. 4

Seroprevalence surveys:4.7% of Germans returning from travel to endemic countries (1996 to 2004) 5

19.4% of German aid workers returning from Thailand, 14.8% from Benin and 9.2% from Burkina Faso (1999publication) 6

A case of nosocomial dengue in Freiburg in 2002 followed a needle puncture wound. 7

Ova of a potential vector, Aedes albopictus, were identified in Germany in 2007.

Aedes albopictus, was identified in southwestern Germany in 2011. 8 9

1. Emerg Infect Dis 2004 May ;10(5):903-6.2. J Travel Med 2014 Sep-Oct;21(5):344-8.3. Euro Surveill 2013 ;18(8)4. Euro Surveill 2013 ;18(14):20446.5. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 May ;11(5):762-5.

6. Infection 1999 Mar-Apr;27(2):82-5.7. Emerg Infect Dis 2004 Oct ;10(10):1872-3.8. Euro Surveill 2012 ;17(4)9. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120126.1023077


Dengue IgM / IgG was identified in sera from 3.2% / 21.6% of children with malaria (2015 publication) 2

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References

Greece

References

Grenada

1. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100222.05972. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015 Jan 12;

Epidemics of dengue occurred in Greece in 1881, 1889, 1895 to 1897 and 1910. 1


A man in western Greece died of suspected dengue in 2012. 2

Prevalence surveys:0% of febrile patients in a village where dengue was suspected (2012) 3

Notable outbreaks:1927 to 1928 - An outbreak (959,884 cases, 1,061 to 1,210 fatal) included 80% to 90% of the populations of Athens and

Pareus, and was associated by spread by Aedes aegypti. 4 5 6 7 8 9

1. Bull Acad Natl Med 2009 Feb ;193(2):485-93.2. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120905.12820253. Int J Infect Dis 2014 Nov 26;4. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Jan ;18(1):78-82.5. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1986 May ;35(3):642-53.

6. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1980 Jul ;29(4):635-7.7. J Trop Med Hyg 1977 Mar ;80(3):46-51.8. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1960 Jan ;103:244-6.9. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009 Apr ;22(2):186-201, Table of Contents.

Graph: Grenada. Dengue, casesNotes:1. No fatal cases were reported in 1995, 1996; 0 during 1998 to 2006.

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References

Guadeloupe

Graph: Grenada. DHF, casesNotes:1. Two cases of DHF were reported during 1981 to 1996; 7 in 2010.

Seroprevalence surveys:93% of persons in Mont Tout/Grand Anse Valley area, St. George's Parish (1996). 1

98.0% of pregnant women (2009 to 2011) 2

Notable outbreaks:2001 to 2002 - An outbreak (546 cases during January 2001 to June 2002) was reported. 3

2010 - An outbreak (39 cases to September) was reported. 4

1. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2005 Apr ;17(4):225-9.2. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014 Sep 3;91(3):642-4.

3. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009 Aug ;81(2):280-6.4. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100906.3198

Dengue is the only mosquito-borne disease in Guadeloupe. 1

The world's first dengue-like epidemics were reported in 1635, in Martinique and Guadeloupe. 2

Dengue








Graph: Guadeloupe. Dengue, casesNotes:

Individual years:2005 - Over 700 cases were reported during January to September. 3

Graph: Guadeloupe. DHF, cases

Dengue




References

Guam

Graph: Guadeloupe. Dengue, deathsNotes:1. 1995 - These were the country's first dengue deaths. 4

Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti is the sole vector.

Notable outbreaks:2005 to 2006 - An outbreak (11,500 cases estimated, 1,422 confirmed, 1 fatal) was reported on Guadeloupe and St.

Martin. 5

2007 to 2008 - An outbreak (19,200 cases, 3 fatal) was reported. 6

2009 to 2010 - An outbreak (43,800 cases, 5 fatal to November, 2010) was reported, affecting an estimated 10% of thepopulation. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

1. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1996 ;89(2):143-4.2. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.3. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20050927.28434. Presse Med 1998 Sep 19;27(27):1376-8.5. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20060122.02106. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20080407.12707. Acta Trop 2014 Mar ;131:37-40.8. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100119.02119. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100517.1620

10. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100607.190311. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100616.200912. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100715.237213. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100817.284714. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100830.308515. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100913.330816. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101004.359317. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101101.3961

No indigenous cases were reported for at least 50 years prior to the 1980's.

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References

Guatemala

Graph: Guam. Dengue, casesNotes:1. All cases reported during 1997 to 2007 were contracted "off island"

Individual years:1997 - Nonfatal case1998 - Included at least one imported from the Philippines1999 - Nonfatal case2006 - All reported from the Philippines.

The sole potential vector on Guam is Stegomyia (Aedes) albopictus. 1

1. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1986 Dec ;2(4):429-36.

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Graph: Guatemala. Dengue, casesNotes:

Individual years:1978 - Cases reported during an epidemic in Escuintla.1988 - 30 outbreaks were registered.2000 - Most cases reported in Zacapa, Santa Rosa, Escuintla and El Progreso.

Graph: Guatemala. DHF, casesNotes:

Individual years:1995 - case in Escuintla.

Dengue




References

Guinea

Graph: Guatemala. Dengue, deaths

Following an eradication campaign during 1948 to 1959, the country was declared free of Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti in1959.- S. aegypti reappeared in 1972, in Escuintla.

Aedes albopictus was discovered for the first time in Guatemala in 1995. 1


Notable outbreaks:2009 - An outbreak (115 cases, 2 fatal) was reported in Izbal. 3

2010 - An outbreak (11,873, 25 fatal - to August) was reported. 4 5 6 7

2012 - An outbreak (2,081 cases, 5 fatal - to July) was reported. 8 9 10

2013 - An outbreak (6,846 cases during January to October) was reported. 11 12 13

2014 - An outbreak (7,274 cases, 5 fatal during January to September) was reported. 14 15 16 17

1. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1996 Sep ;12(3 Pt 1):503-6.2. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003 Jul ;69(1):105-14.3. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090921.33224. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100517.16205. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100719.24296. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100819.28917. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100913.33088. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120801.12219339. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120805.1229558



Prevalence surveys:2% of patients with suspected arboviral infection (2006) 2

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References

Guyana

1. Med Parazitol (Mosk) 1996 Apr-Jun;(2):40-5.2. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010 Aug ;83(2):388-94.

Graph: Guyana. Dengue, casesNotes:1. No fatal cases were reported in 1995; 0 during 1999 to 2005; 1 in 2006.

Graph: Guyana. DHF, cases

Dengue






Haiti

References

Honduras

Graph: Haiti. Dengue, casesNotes:1. No cases were officially reported during 1994 to 1996; but 185 cases were documented amongchildren at a UN mission during this period 1 2 ; and 30 cases were confirmed among U.S.military personnel serving in this area during 1994. 3

Seroprevalence surveys:43% of children ages 1 to 4 (1976 publication) 4

53% of infants below age 12 months, and 65% by age 36 months (2007) 5

3% of the general population during the 1990's

Dengue hemorrhagic fever was first reported on Haiti in 2000 (314 cases, 10 fatal).

Notable outbreaks:2010 - An outbreak (16 clinical cases, 7 confirmed) of dengue was reported among American missionaries who had

returned from Haiti. 6

1. Int J Epidemiol 1999 Apr ;28(2):312-8.2. Mil Med 1999 Apr ;164(4):300-2.3. JAMA 1997 May 21;277(19):1546-8.

4. J Infect Dis 1976 Nov ;134(5):436-41.5. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011 Apr ;84(4):630-6.6. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011 Jul 15;60(27):914-7.

Time and Place:Dengue was first reported in Honduras in 1977.- The disease is most common during August to November, among women and in the North and Central areas of the country.

Dengue










Graph: Honduras. Dengue, casesNotes:

Individual years:1987 - 261 cases were officially reported, but approximately 9,500 cases were registered

during an outbreak in Choluteca that year.2000 - Most cases in Tegulcigalpa, Juticalpa and Comayagua.2002 - Most cases in Francisco, Morazan, La Paz, Cortes, Olancho, Comayagua, Choluteca, El

Paraiso, Yoro, Santa Barbara and Copan.

Graph: Honduras. DHF, cases

Dengue




References

Graph: Honduras. Dengue, deaths

Prevalence surveys:0.30% of donated blood units (2004 to 2005) 1

Vectors:- Intensive Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti eradication campaigns were conducted during the 1950's. Reinfestation wasdocumented in 1968.- The presence of Aedes albopictus was confirmed in Honduras in 1995. 2

Notable outbreaks:1978 - An outbreak (112,492 cases, including the country's first 5 cases of DHR) was reported. 3


2011 - An outbreak (680 cases to March) was reported. 22

2012 - Outbreaks (15,419 cases, 2 fatal) were reported. 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

2013 - Outbreaks (37,666 cases, 27 fatal during January to December) were reported. 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72

2014 - Outbreaks (42,902 cases to December) were reported. 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89

1. Transfusion 2008 Jul ;48(7):1355-62.2. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 19951214.12513. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1982 ;16(2):130-7.4. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100208.04265. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100323.09226. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100622.20857. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100701.21968. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100713.23429. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100719.242910. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100720.243511. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100727.252012. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100810.272613. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100819.289114. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100826.301015. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100830.308516. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100906.319817. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100913.330818. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100927.350619. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101012.369720. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101220.448321. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110124.029222. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110306.074323. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120805.122955824. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120810.1237330

25. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120813.124100526. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120820.125234127. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120828.126548728. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120903.127687029. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120910.128859030. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120917.129645231. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120922.130532332. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120930.131673733. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121021.135631334. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121015.134321135. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121006.132815836. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121030.136862937. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121118.141179038. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121203.143428239. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130114.149479640. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130128.151749141. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130217.154583942. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130304.156761443. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130310.157909944. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130408.162923345. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130414.164571946. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130420.166062347. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130428.167682348. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130507.1695740

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Hong Kong

49. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130512.170680950. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130521.172599551. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130602.175131052. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130611.176419953. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130617.177687154. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130624.178936755. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130701.180045456. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130707.181163157. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130715.182486658. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130722.183789259. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130729.185182260. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130805.186372561. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130811.187538162. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130821.189348963. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130826.190279864. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130908.193089065. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130924.196570166. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130930.197514567. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131007.198839868. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131016.200565669. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131023.2016518

70. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131028.202600471. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131202.208703172. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131209.210113173. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140217.228324074. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140310.232466375. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140317.233866876. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140421.241792777. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140428.243410778. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140603.251650979. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140618.254789980. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140723.262925881. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140731.264734382. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140804.265980483. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140905.274960584. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140928.281146485. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141025.290142886. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141129.299725487. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141208.301828388. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141215.303456089. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20150116.3096024

Dengue has been a notifiable disease in Hong Kong since 1994.

Graph: Hong Kong. Dengue, casesNotes:1. No fatal cases were reported during 1994 to 2008.2. More cases are imported from Indonesia than from any other country (2003 to 2007).3. 358 cases were reported during 1994 to 2008, 337 (94%) imported - 27% from Indonesia,20% from Thailand and 18% from the Philippines. 1

Individual years:1998 - Included 13 imported from Southeast Asia and two from the Indian subcontinent.2007 - 82.8% from Southeast Asia - 34.5% Indonesia, 20.7% Philippines, 10.3% Thailand,

8.6% Cambodia.2010 - 61 cases were reported during January to September, including the first autochthonous

case in seven years. 2

2011 - No autochthonous cases reported.2012 - No autochthonous cases reported.2013 - No autochthonous cases reported.2014 - Hong Kong reported it's first autochthonous cases (3 to November) in four years. 3

Dengue













































References

Hungary

Graph: Hong Kong. Dengue, autochthonous casesNotes:

Individual years:2003 - See reference 4

Seroprevalence surveys:1.6% of blood donors and healthy volunteers (2007 to 2009) 5

Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti is not present in Hong Kong; however, S. albopictus is ubiquitous. 6

Notable outbreaks:2001 - An outbreak (20 cases) was reported on Ma Wan Island. 7

1. Travel Med Infect Dis 2011 May ;9(3):95-105.2. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100927.35063. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141130.29982374. Hong Kong Med J 2003 Apr ;9(2):127-9.

5. Trop Med Int Health 2013 Sep ;18(9):1097-102.6. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20060730.21107. Travel Med Infect Dis 2011 May ;9(3):95-105.

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Iceland

India

Graph: Hungary. Dengue, cases


Historical background:Historical evidence suggests that an outbreak of dengue occurred in India in 1913. 1

- The first confirmed outbreak of dengue in India was reported in 1956, in Vellore, Tamil Nadu. 2

- Several outbreaks of dengue or dengue-like illness were registered during the 1960's.- The first epidemic of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in India occurred Calcutta in 1963. 3

- A second wave of DHF was reported in Visakapattnam in 1965.- Historical reviews of dengue fever in India - see references 4 5

Time and Place:- In recent years, outbreaks have affected 18 states, with most cases in Delhi 6 , West Bengal, Kerala, Tamil Nadu,Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Haryana 7 and Gujarat.- Epidemics of dengue were registered in the northwest in 1985; and in the south (Tamil Nadu) in 1990.- 128 cases of DHF (28 fatal) were reported during 1986 to 1990 - notably in Chennai (southern region).- Dengue outbreaks were reported in Delhi in 1967, 1970, 1982, 1988, 1996, 2003, 2005 and 2006 (3,266 cases 8 ). 9

- Delhi registered 284 cases of DHF in 2001; 45 in 2002; 2,843 (34 fatal) in 2003; 1,005 during January to November 2005.10

- 811 virologically-confirmed cases were reported in Delhi during 2003 to 2005. 11

- Dengue virus was first identified among Aedes albopictus in Delhi during 2008 to 2009. 12

Dengue




Graph: India. Dengue, casesNotes:1. Dengue is not an officially-reportable disease in India.2. A comprehensive review of dengue in India (2012 publication). 13

Individual years:2012 - Included 1,700 cases in Delhi. 14

Graph: India. Dengue, deaths

Prevalence surveys:7.0% of patients hospitalized for acute undifferentiated febrile illness in Vellore, Tamil Nadu (2010 publication) 15

Dengue




71.2% of patients with acute febrile illness during monsoon season in Uttarakhand (2014 publication) 16

20.36% of patients with suspected dengue (Kolkata, 2005 to 2010) 17

30.15% of patients with suspected dengue (New Delhi, 2002 to 2008) 18

18% of patients with suspected dengue (2007) 19

0.57% of acute encephalitis cases (eastern India, 2011 to 2012) 20

10.8% of acute encephalitis syndrome in north India (2011 to 2012) 21

Seroprevalence surveys:52.18% of persons in Kolkata, West Bengal (2005 to 2007) 22

Notable outbreaks:1963 - An outbreak (100 to 200 fatal cases estimated) of dengue hemorrhagic fever was reported in Calcutta. 23 24 25

1966 - An outbreak of dengue was reported in Vellore. 26

1967 - An outbreak was reported in Delhi. 27

1968 - An outbreak (200,000 cases, estimated) was reported in Kanpur - involving 10% of the local population. 28 29

1968 - An outbreak was reported in Vellore. 30 31

1969 - An outbreak was reported in Ajmer City, Rajasthan. 32 33

1974 - An outbreak was reported in Jammu. 34

1975 - An outbreak was reported in Maharashtra. 35

1982 - An outbreak was reported in Delhi. 36

1983 - An outbreak was reported in Calcutta. 37

1985 - An outbreak was reported in Jalore, Rajasthan. 38

1988 - An outbreak was reported in Delhi. 39 40 41

1988 to 1989 - Outbreaks were reported in Gujarat. 42

1990 - Outbreaks were reported in Calcutta (800 cases estimated) 43 44 45 and Tamil Nadu. 46 47

1991 (publication year) - Outbreaks were reported in Maharashtra. 48 49

1992 - An outbreak was reported in Madhya Pradesh. 50

1993 - An outbreak (200 cases) was reported in Karnataka. 51

1994 - An outbreak of suspected dengue was reported in Nagaland. 52

1996 - An outbreak (16,517 cases, 545 fatal) was reported, including 10,234 cases (412 fatal) in Delhi. 53 54 55 56 57

58 59 60 61 62 63 Outbreaks were reported in Punjab 64 65 , Rajasthan, Haryana 66 and Uttar Pradesh. 67 68 69 70

1997 (publication year) - Outbreaks were reported in Haryana 71 , Punjab 72 and Tamil Nadu. 73

1998 - An outbreak was reported in Tamil Nadu. 74

2000 (publication year) - An outbreak was reported in Ahmedabad district, Gujarat. 75

2001 - Outbreaks were reported in Madhya Pradesh 76 and Tamil Nadu. 77 78 79

2001 to 2002 - An outbreak was reported in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. 80 81

2002 - An outbreak was reported in Chandigarh. 82

2002 - Outbreaks of leptospirosis and dengue were reported concurrently in Mumbai. 83

2003 - Outbreaks were reported in Delhi (893 cases confirmed) 84 85 86 and Mumbai. 87 88

2005 (publication year) - An outbreak was reported in Warangal district, Andhra Pradesh. 89

2005 - An outbreak (6,293 cases, 27 fatal) was reported in West Bengal. 90 91 92

2006 (publication year) - An outbreak was reported in Tamil Nadu. 93

2006 - Outbreaks were reported in Haryana (256 cases confirmed) 94 and Rajasthan., 95

2007 (publication year) - Outbreaks were reported in Manipur 96 97 , Maharashtra 98 , Andhra Pradesh 99 and TamilNadu. 100 101

2008 - Outbreaks were reported in Ludhiana, Punjab (650 cases confirmed, 2 fatal) 102 , Manipur 103 and Kerala. 104

2009 - Outbreaks were reported in Kerala (150,000 cases, 10 fatal) 105 106 107 , Delhi (1,106 cases, 3 fatal) 108 109

110 111 112 , Goa (49 cases, 1 fatal) 113 , Gujarat 114 , Madhya Pradesh (9 fatal) 115 and Tamil Nadu. 116

2010 - Outbreaks were reported in Maharashtra 117 118 , Assam, Bihar 119 120 , Delhi 121 , Kerala 122 , Orissa 123

Tirupur, Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, 124 125 126 , Delhi (6,259 cases, 8 fatal to December) 127 128 129 130 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 , Uttar Pradesh 148 and Kerala (270 cases to March). 149

150 151 152 153 154 155

2011 - Outbreaks (14,971 cases, 93 fatal - to November) were reported, including 1,111 cases (6 fatal) in Delhi. 156 157

158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179

2012 - Outbreaks (49,606 cases, 247 fatal) were reported. 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193

194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221

222 223 224 225

2013 - Outbreaks (67,365 cases, 152 fatal during January to December) were reported. 226 227 228 229 230 231 232

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References

233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260

261

2014 - Outbreaks were reported. 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281

2014 - An outbreak (200 cases) of dengue, Chikungunya and leptospirosis was reported in Tamil Nadu. 282

2015 - Outbreaks were reported. 283

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Time and Place:The first epidemic of dengue in Indonesia (Java) was reported in 1780.- Dengue is one of the 8 leading causes of death in Indonesia.- The disease is most common in Java, and during March and April (the rainy season).- Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) was first reported (Jakarta and Surabaya) in 1968. 1

- By 1990, all 27 provinces of Indonesia had reported cases of DHF.

An outbreak of DHF was reported in central Java in 1976. 2 3 4

- DHF was first reported in Irian Jaya in 1979, with no additional cases until 1985 (4 cases reported).- The next two cases were registered in 1989, with 3 subsequent cases in 1990.- The first epidemic of DHF in Irian Jaya (217 cases - 5 fatal) was reported during 1993 to 1994. 5

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Graph: Indonesia. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 6,483 cases were reported in central Java in 2002; 8,515 in 2003; 10,924 (220 fatal) in 2006;20,565 (329 fatal) in 2007. 6

2. 59,321 cases (669 fatal) were reported in Java, South Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, Bali, Eastand West Nusa Tenggara and Aceh during January to June, 2004.3. 5,810 cases were reported in Bali in 2009 and 11,697 in 2010. 7

Individual years:1996 - Outbreak involved 23 of the country's 27 provinces, with 27.7% of cases in East Java1998 - Included 15,427 cases and 133 deaths in Jakarta2000 - Included 1,993 cases and 15 deaths in Jakarta2001 - Included 8,814 cases and 22 deaths in Jakarta2008 - Included 5,370 cases and 101 deaths in East Kalimantan. 8

Prevalence surveys:7.5% of non-malarial fever in Jayapura, Papua (1997 to 2000) 9

11.4% of febrile episodes among children ages 2 to 14 years, in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand (2013publication) 10

12.2% of febrile episodes among factory workers in Bandung (2000 to 2008) 11

Dengue




Graph: Indonesia. Dengue, deaths

Graph: Indonesia. Dengue, cases in JakartaNotes:1. 2004 - Included 82 fatal cases. 12

Notable outbreaks:1968 - An outbreak (58 DHF, 24 fatal) was reported in Jakarta and Surabaya. 13

1976 to 1978 - Outbreaks of dengue were reported in Java. 14 15

1988 - An outbreak was reported in Jakarta. 16 17

1993 to 1994 - An outbreak of DHF was reported in Irian Jaya. 18

Dengue




References

Iran

References

Iraq

References

Ireland and Northern Ireland

2001 (publication year) - An outbreak was reported in southern Sumatra. 19

2001 - An outbreak was reported in Irian Jaya. 20

2009 - An outbreak (26,500 cases, 33 fatal - to October) was reported in Jakarta 21 and North Sumatra. 22 Additionalcases were reported in East Kalimantan. 23

2010 - Outbreaks (80,065 cases to November) were reported in East Java 24 25 26 , West Java 27 , Bali 28 29 ,Yogyakarta 30 and Banten. 31 32 4,622 cases were reported in East Jakarta during January to June 33 34 , and 1,565 inCentral Jakarta during January to September. 35 36 37

2011 - Outbreaks were reported in Jakarta (6,275 cases , 2 fatal - to November) 38 39 40 and western Indonesia. 41

2012 - Outbreaks were reported in East Java 42 and West Java. 43

2013 - Outbreaks (49,000 cases, 376 fatal to October) were reported in Java 44 and Jakarta. 45 46 47 48 49

2014 - Outbreaks (71,668 cases, 650 fatal to December) were reported. 50 51 52

1. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1988 Sep ;19(3):475-81.2. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1979 Jul ;28(4):717-24.3. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1979 Jul ;28(4):711-6.4. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1979 Jul ;28(4):701-10.5. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1997 Jul ;57(1):49-55.6. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20080701.20057. Trop Med Health 2013 Jun ;41(2):67-78.8. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090105.00419. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Jan ;86(1):46-51.10. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013 ;7(7):e2331.11. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013 ;7(10):e2483.12. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20051120.337313. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1987 Sep ;18(3):269-74.14. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1981 Sep ;30(5):1094-9.15. Arch Virol 1993 ;133(1-2):113-25.16. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1997 Mar ;56(3):318-21.17. Infect Genet Evol 2012 Dec ;12(8):1938-43.18. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1997 Jul ;57(1):49-55.19. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001 May-Jun;95(3):257-65.20. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003 May ;68(5):529-35.21. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091111.389822. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091115.394423. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091228.437124. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100119.021125. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100201.034626. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100323.0922

27. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100222.059728. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100412.119029. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100701.219630. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100720.243531. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100208.042632. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101101.396133. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100315.083534. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100627.215235. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100927.350636. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101115.414937. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101129.430038. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110306.074339. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111204.352940. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111213.358741. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111219.363142. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120123.101959943. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120423.111040044. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130408.162923645. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130420.166019346. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130701.180046347. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130917.194934548. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131023.201656949. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140106.215496550. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140224.229794351. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140303.231129952. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141229.3060812

The first case of dengue in Iran was reported in 2008 - acquired in Malaysia.

Seven cases of locally-acquired dengue were reported during 2000 to 2012 - including six from Sistan and BaluchistanProvince. 1

Prevalence surveys:5% of patients screened (but negative) for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (2000 to 2012) 2

1. Travel Med Infect Dis 2013 May-Jun;11(3):166-9.2. Travel Med Infect Dis 2013 May-Jun;11(3):166-9.

The first report of dengue fever cases in Iraq was published in 1947. 1

1. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1947 Jul ;40(6):851-60.

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Israel

Graph: Ireland. Dengue, cases

Outbreaks were described in the Tiberias area in 1921 and 1927.

Graph: Israel. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 41 cases of dengue were confirmed among Israeli travelers during a three-year period (2010publication)

Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti was last identified in Israel in 1975; but was again identified in the area of Lod in 2002. 1

Dengue




References

Italy

References

- As of 2009, Aedes albopictus is widely distributed in Israel. 2

Notable outbreaks:1927 - An outbreak (200 cases) was reported in Tiberias.

1. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20020920.53632. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Feb ;18(2):345-7.

Graph: Italy. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 130 cases of imported dengue and chikungunya were reported among travelers returning toItaly during 2008 to 2011. 1

Individual years:2. 61 cases were diagnosed in Tuscany during 2006 to 2012. 2

Individual years:2009 - Included a case of dengue hemorrhagic fever, imported from Senegal. 3 4 5

Prevalence surveys:0% of patients with suspected neuro-invasive infection (Emilia-Romagna region, 2012) 6

10.2% of febrile travelers returning from endemic countries (2010 to 2012) 7

6.6% of military personnel (total 10 soldiers) serving in East Timor, Indonesia (during 1999 to 2000) 8

The presence of Stegomyia (Aedes) albopictus, a potential vector, has been confirmed in Italy since in 1990. 9 10 11 12 13

1. J Travel Med 2012 Sep-Oct;19(5):294-7.2. J Travel Med 2014 Sep ;21(5):340-3.3. Euro Surveill 2010 Feb 18;15(7)4. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091016.35595. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100222.05976. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014 Jul ;20(7):672-7.7. BMC Infect Dis 2014 ;14:60.

8. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Jul ;9(7):876-80.9. Parassitologia 1990 Dec ;32(3):301-4.10. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1996 Jun ;12(2 Pt 1):177-83.11. Parassitologia 1995 Dec ;37(2-3):99-103.12. Med Vet Entomol 2010 Dec ;24(4):361-8.13. J Clin Virol 2011 Jan ;50(1):76-9.

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Ivory Coast

References

Jamaica

Time and Place:Sporadic cases of dengue have been reported. 1 2 3 4

- Seven cases of dengue reported in France during July 2006 to August 2008 were acquired in Ivory Coast. 5 6 7 8

- A Japanese tourist acquired dengue in Ivory Coast in 2010. 9


Notable outbreaks:2010 - An outbreak (10 cases, 1 fatal) of dengue was reported in Abidjan. 11 12

1. Emerg Infect Dis 2000 Jan-Feb;6(1):83-4.2. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20080808.24463. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20080818.25734. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20080820.25975. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009 Mar 13;84(11-12):85-8.6. Emerg Infect Dis 2009 Nov ;15(11):1871-2.

7. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090302.08548. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090314.10499. Emerg Infect Dis 2010 Nov ;16(11):1770-2.10. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Feb ;18(2):342-3.11. Med Mal Infect 2014 Sep 16;12. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100805.2651

Graph: Jamaica. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 3,337 cases of dengue were confirmed during 2000 to 2011.

Individual years:1977 - Included the country's first 2 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) - 0 fatal. 1 2

Prevalence surveys:5.0% of patients suspected of having dengue fever (2002 to 2007) 3


Dengue
















Graph: Jamaica. DHF, cases

Graph: Jamaica. Dengue, deaths

Aedes aegypti, a potential vector, was identified in 27.2% of artificial and natural containers in Portland, 6.7% in St. Ann and27.2% in Tryhall Heights, St. Catherine (2009 publication) 5

Notable outbreaks:1963 - An outbreak (1,578 cases) of dengue was reported. 6 7

1968 - An outbreak was reported. 8

1981 (publication year) - An outbreak was reported in Kingston. 9

Dengue




References

Japan

1995 - An outbreak (1,884 cases) was reported. 10

2007 to 2008 - An outbreak (1,944 cases) was reported. 11 Concurrent outbreaks of leptospirosis and malaria wereidentified. 12

2010 - An outbreak (104 cases to August) was reported. 13 14 15

2012 - An outbreak (1,215 cases, 5 deaths - to October) was reported. 16 17

2013 - An outbreak (475 cases, 2 fatal - to May) was reported. 18

1. Br Med J 1978 Apr 8;1(6117):893-4.2. West Indian Med J 1978 Jun ;27(2):106-16.3. Trop Doct 2010 Apr ;40(2):92-4.4. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014 Sep 3;91(3):642-4.5. Trop Med Int Health 2009 Feb ;14(2):220-7.6. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1968 Jul ;17(4):584-9.7. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1969 Jul ;18(4):584-7.8. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1980 Jul ;29(4):667-75.9. Trop Geogr Med 1981 Dec ;33(4):397-9.

10. Rev Panam Salud Publica 1999 Feb ;5(2):100-5.11. West Indian Med J 2011 Mar ;60(2):114-9.12. Pathog Glob Health 2013 Sep ;107(6):329-34.13. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100810.272614. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100817.284715. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100826.301016. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120922.130532317. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121015.134321118. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130521.1725995

Time and Place:Historical evidence suggests that dengue may have occurred in Japan as early as 1904, with at least 2 outbreaks (10 fatalcases) during 1923 to 1924. 1

- Dengue was first officially reported in Japan in 1942, with epidemics in Nagasaki, Sasebo, Kobe and Osaka during thesummers of 1942 to 1945. 2 3

- 200,000 to 1 million cases were estimated for Osaka in 1944.- Epidemic dengue has not been reported since 1945.- Five cases were reported in the Ryukyu Archipelago during 1995 to 1996.- In one series, 90.0% of imported dengue cases originated in Asia (2005 to 2010) 4

- 60% of imported cases are reported during the vacation season, July to October. 5

- Autochthonous dengue re-emerged in Japan in 2014, with most cases associated with a park in the Tokyo region.

Graph: Japan. Dengue, casesNotes:1. Additional references: 1996 to 1999 6 1999 to 20082. 449 cases were reported during 1999 to March 2008, all imported 7 ; 531 during 2007 to2009, all imported; 868 during 1999 to 2010, all imported. 8

3. No fatal cases were reported during 2007 to 2010.Individual years:

Dengue






















2004 - None fatal.2005 - One fatal.2012 - Included three cases imported from East Timor. 9

2013 - A case of autochthonous dengue was reported - the first in over 60 years. 10 11 12

2014 - 159 cases of autochthonous dengue were reported during January to October. 13 14 15

16

The first case of dengue in Nepal was confirmed 2004, in a Japanese national. 17 18

- A Japanese national died of dengue in Vietnam in 2006.- A Japanese national acquired dengue in the Ivory Coast in 2008. 19

The incidence of dengue peaks during August-September, corresponding to changes in overseas travel.- 96% of patients reported during 1985 to 1999 acquired infection in other Asian countries - including 65 (42% of all denguecases) from Thailand, 27 India, 26 Philippines and 18 Indonesia.- 86% of patients reported during 2000 to 2003 acquired infection in other Asian countries - including 50 from Thailand, 33Indonesia, 17 Philippines.- 88% of patients reported during 2004 to 2007 acquired infection in other Asian countries - including 54 from Indonesia, 35Philippines, 26 India, 20 Thailand.- 90% of patients reported during 2007 to 2010 acquired infection in other Asian countries - including 142 from Indonesia, 90India, 70 Thailand and 70 Philippines.

Graph: Japan. DHF, cases

Vectors:- During the 1990's, Stegomyia (Aedes) albopictus spread through northern Honshu (to Sendai, Ishonomaki, Shiogama,Furukawa, Sakata, Honjou and Yonezawa).- The range of S. albopictus in Japan extends to 38 degrees to 40 degrees north. 20

Notable outbreaks:1931 - An outbreak (468 deaths) of dengue was reported on Okinawa. 21

1942 to 1945 - Outbreaks (200,000 cases) of dengue were reported on the Japanese mainland. 22 23 24

1945 - An outbreak was reported among American military personnel on Okinawa. 25

2014 - An outbreak (159 cases to October) of autochthonous dengue was associated with Parks in Tokyo. 26 27 28 29

30 31

Dengue




References

Kazakhstan

Kenya

References

Kiribati

1. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009 Apr ;22(2):186-201, Table of Contents.2. J Trop Med Hyg 1953 Apr ;56(4):83.3. Trop Med Health 2011 Dec ;39(4 Suppl):13-5.4. Travel Med Infect Dis 2012 Mar ;10(2):86-91.5. Trop Med Health 2011 Dec ;39(4 Suppl):13-5.6. Jpn J Infect Dis 1999 Dec ;52(6):257-9.7. Travel Med Infect Dis 2008 Nov ;6(6):349-54.8. Trop Med Health 2011 Dec ;39(4 Suppl):13-5.9. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120319.107401310. Euro Surveill 2014 ;19(3)11. Euro Surveill 2014 ;19(8):20716.12. Euro Surveill 2014 ;19(8):20715.13. Emerg Infect Dis 2015 ;21(1):182-4.14. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140828.273107915. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140905.274960516. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141130.2998237

17. Nepal Med Coll J 2004 Dec ;6(2):157-9.18. J Travel Med 2008 Jan-Feb;15(1):46-9.19. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009 Mar 13;84(11-12):85-8.20. J Med Entomol 2002 Jan ;39(1):4-11.21. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009 Apr ;22(2):186-201, Table of Contents.22. Biken J 1983 Dec ;26(4):165-7.23. Trop Med Health 2011 Dec ;39(4 Suppl):13-5.24. Epidemiol Infect 2013 Dec ;141(12):2612-22.25. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Apr ;18(4):623-30.26. Emerg Infect Dis 2015 ;21(1):182-4.27. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140828.273107928. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140905.274960529. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140928.281175230. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141013.285679331. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141130.2998237


Time and Place:The first virologically-confirmed case of dengue was reported in 1982. 1

- Serosurveys suggest that the disease is widespread.- As of the 1990's, dengue continued to be a common cause of fever along the Indian Ocean coast.

Seroprevalence surveys:1.0% of persons in Coast Province (1987) 2

0.9% of persons in Trans Nzoia region (2011 publication)14.4% of healthy adults (three districts, 2011 publication) 3

1.1% of healthy children ages 12 to 47 months (western Kenya, 2011 publication) 4

44% to 62% (depending on dengue type) of older persons on the Indian Ocean coast, vs. 6% to 20% of inland children(2000 to 2004) 5

Notable outbreaks:1982 (publication year) - An outbreak of dengue was reported in the coastal towns of Malindi and Kilifi. 6 7

2011 - An outbreak (5,000 cases) was reported in the northeastern region. 8

2013 - Outbreaks were reported in the northeastern region 9 and Mombasa. 10 11 12

2014 - Outbreaks were reported along the coast and in western Kenya. 13

1. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009 Mar 13;84(11-12):85-8.2. J Trop Med Hyg 1991 Jun ;94(3):166-8.3. Virol J 2011 ;8:371.4. Travel Med Infect Dis 2011 Sep ;9(5):246-8.5. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011 Jul ;85(1):158-61.6. East Afr Med J 1982 Dec ;59(12):781-4.7. Parasit Vectors 2014 Sep 15;7(1):435.


Dengue
















































References

Kuwait

References

Laos

Graph: Kiribati. Dengue, casesNotes:

Individual years:1980 - No fatal cases were reported\

Notable outbreaks:2008 - An outbreak (831 cases, 30 DHF, 0 fatal) was reported. 1

2012 - An outbreak (243 suspect cases) was reported. 2 3

2013 to 2014 - An outbreak (198 suspect cases) was reported on South Tarawa. 4 5

1. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20081020.33162. Euro Surveill 2014 ;19(41)3. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141016.2870853


Nineteen cases of imported dengue were identified through active case finding during 1997 to 1999. 1

Seroprevalence surveys:14% of Kuwaiti nationals (2003 publication) 2

1. Acta Virol 2001 Apr ;45(2):125-8.2. East Mediterr Health J 2003 May ;9(3):266-73.

Time and Place:Dengue activity is highest during the monsoon season (May to September).- Large outbreaks occurred in 1975 and 1976.- During 1985 to 1989, 38.5% of cases were reported from Vientiane.

Dengue











Graph: Laos. Dengue, casesNotes:1. Figures include total for dengue + DHF.2. Analysis of dengue reporting in Laos during 2006 to 2012 - see reference 1

Individual years:2012 - 1,638 cases (3 fatal) were reported during January to June.

Graph: Laos. DHF, cases

Dengue




References

Latvia

Graph: Laos. Dengue, deaths

Prevalence surveys:8% of patients with non-malarial fever in Luang Namtha, northwestern region (2008 to 2010) 2

8.4% of patients hospitalized for jaundice in Vientiane (2010 publication) 3

Seroprevalence surveys:10% of adults and 2.5% of children had evidence of recent infection with Japanese encephalitis or dengue virus

(Vientiane, 2006) 4

1.3% of persons in Khammouane Province (2008) 5

79% of persons in Attapeu Province (southern Laos, 2001) 6

Notable outbreaks:1994 - An outbreak (375 cases, 3 fatal) of dengue was reported. 7

2008 - An outbreak was reported in the rural northwestern region. 8

2010 - An outbreak (21,509 cases, 45 fatal to November) was reported. 9 10 11

2012 - An outbreak (10,000 cases, 22 fatal) was reported. 12

2013 - An outbreak (48,000 cases, 82 fatal to September) was reported. 13 14 15 16 17 18

1. Western Pac Surveill Response J 2014 Jan-Mar;5(1):7-13.2. Lancet Glob Health 2013 Jul ;1(1):e46-54.3. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2010 Jul ;104(7):475-83.4. Trop Med Int Health 2009 Sep ;14(9):1134-42.5. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010 Nov ;83(5):1166-9.6. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004 Feb ;10(2):181-4.7. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1994 Sep 9;69(36):265-6.8. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013 ;7(8):e2360.9. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100826.3010


Dengue






















Lebanon

References

Liechtenstein

Graph: Latvia. Dengue, cases

A potential vector, Aedes albopictus, was identified in Lebanon in 2003. 1 2

1. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2007 Jun ;23(2):226-8.2. BMC Infect Dis 2012 ;12:300.

Dengue






Lithuania

Luxembourg

Graph: Liechtenstein. Dengue, cases

Graph: Lithuania. Dengue, cases

Graph: Luxembourg. Dengue, cases

Dengue




Macao

References

Macedonia

Madagascar

Graph: Macao. Dengue, casesNotes:1. No fatal cases were reported during 1996 to 2008.2. No cases of DHF were reported during 2001 to 2008.

Notable outbreaks:1874 - An outbreak of illness characterized by fever, rash and rheumatic pain is thought to have been either dengue or

chikungunya. 1

2001 - An outbreak (1,300 cases or more) was related to an over-abundance of Aedes albopictus. 2

1. Infect Genet Evol 2012 Jul ;12(5):905-12.2. J Med Entomol 2005 May ;42(3):419-28.


Serosurveys confirmed the presence of dengue on Nosy-B and Nosy-Komba in 1977. 1

Seropositivity has been reported among lemurs (1988 publication). 2

In recent years, the range of Aedes albopictus in Madagascar has extended, while that of Ae. aegyptius has become morerestricted (2007 to 2009). 3

Seroprevalence surveys:11% and 17% of pregnant women in two eastern coastal towns, following an outbreak of fever and joint pain (2009) 4

Notable outbreaks:2006 - An outbreak of dengue was reported in Toamasina. 5

Dengue






References

Malaysia

1. Arch Inst Pasteur Madagascar 1988 ;54(1):101-15.2. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1988 ;81(1):58-70.3. Parasit Vectors 2012 ;5:56.

4. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Nov ;18(11):1780-6.5. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2006 Mar 24;81(12):106-8.

Time and Place:Dengue fever may have been reported in Malaysia as early as 1902. 1 2 3

- Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) was first reported in 1962 as an outbreak of 61 cases in Georgetown (Penang).- The first dengue epidemic was described in 1962 in Penang; and the second epidemic (969 cases, 54 fatal) in 1973 inSelangor.- DHF was first reported in Sabah and Sarawak in 1982.- Highest rates occur during June and August, and among Chinese males (> Malays > Indians).- The Peninsular Federal Territory accounts for 22.6% of cases, Sarawak 18.1%, Johor 12.1%, and Selangor 11.4%.- During 1991 to 1995, urban areas accounted for 76% to 89% of all cases.

Graph: Malaysia. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 302 cases were reported during October 1966 to December 1967.

Individual years:1995 - Most cases reported from the Federal Territory. Rate in Kuala Lumpur was 109.8 per

100,000.1996 - Included 1,812 from the Federal Territory, with additional cases from Perak, Johor and

Pahang.1997 - Most cases reported in urban areas.1999 - Highest incidence in Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, Perak, Pahang, Kedah and Pulau Pinang.1999 - 718 cases were reported in Johor (100 DHF, 10 fatal).2000 - Included 1,996 cases (5 fatal) in Perak.2002 - Included 3,952 cases in Johor, 1,657 in Kelantan and 948 in Sarawak.2008 - Included 1,527 in Sarawak. 4

2009 - 30,110 cases (69 fatal) were reported during January to June. 5 6 7 8 Reports for theyear include 4,579 cases in Sarawak.

2012 - 11,430 cases (22 fatal) were reported during January to June.

Dengue









Graph: Malaysia. DHF, casesNotes:1. Data from 1990 to 2003 reported by Health Ministry

Graph: Malaysia. Dengue, deaths

Dengue




References

Graph: Malaysia. Dengue, cases in Selangor

Prevalence surveys:11.4% of febrile episodes among children ages 2 to 14 years, in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand (2013

publication) 9

Seroprevalence surveys:91.6% of the general population, ages 35 to 70 (2011 publication) 10

28% of wild orangutans on Borneo (1996 to 1997).

Notable outbreaks:1964 - An outbreak of dengue-type fever was reported among royal marines serving in Sabah. 11

1973 - An outbreak (969 cases, 54 fatal) of DHF was reported. 12 13


1986 (publication year) - An outbreak was reported in Sarawak, East Malaysia. 15

1990 - An outbreak (1,880 confirmed cases) was reported. 16

1993 to 1994 - An outbreak (16,639 cases, 511 fatal) was reported. 17


2005 - An outbreak was reported in Peninsular Malaysia. 19


2009 - An outbreak (38,062 cases, 79 fatal) was reported - including 4,579 cases (5 fatal) in Sarawak. 22 23 24 25

2010 - An outbreak (37,419 cases, 117 fatal - to October) was reported. 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

40 41

2011 - An outbreak (18,371 cases, 34 fatal - to December) was reported. 42 43 44 45 46

2012 - An outbreak (17,066 cases, 27 fatal to October) was reported. 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61

62 63

2013 - Outbreaks (41,226 cases, 88 fatal to December) were reported. 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72

2014 - Outbreaks (84,684 cases, 160 fatal to November) were reported. 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99


1. BMC Res Notes 2011 ;4:216.2. Asia Pac J Public Health 1992-1993;6(3):126-33.3. Malays J Pathol 2002 Jun ;24(1):23-7.4. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100119.02115. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090428.1595

6. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090518.18687. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090706.24258. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090915.32409. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013 ;7(7):e2331.10. BMC Res Notes 2011 ;4:216.

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The Maldives

11. J R Nav Med Serv 1973 ;59(1):30-4.12. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1980 Mar ;29(2):277-84.13. Asia Pac J Public Health 1992-1993;6(3):126-33.14. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1984 Mar ;15(1):51-8.15. Med J Malaysia 1986 Dec ;41(4):310-9.16. Malays J Pathol 1992 Dec ;14(2):117-20.17. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999 Jun ;60(6):904-9.18. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1997 Nov ;26(6):815-9.19. Trop Biomed 2014 Jun ;31(2):270-80.20. J Vector Borne Dis 2014 Oct-Dec;51(4):327-32.21. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20081223.404222. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091201.410923. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091215.424824. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091221.430025. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100119.021126. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100208.042627. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100222.059728. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100308.075329. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100426.134730. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100503.143931. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100524.172232. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100705.224033. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100719.242934. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100804.263635. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100805.265136. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100810.272637. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100906.319838. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100927.350639. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101012.369740. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101018.377741. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110102.002042. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111026.318343. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111108.332044. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111121.341745. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111219.363146. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120102.000647. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120116.101147448. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120123.101959949. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120130.102595550. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120214.104113551. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120226.105263552. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120306.106091453. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120319.107401354. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120402.108754755. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120409.1094097

56. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120430.111791657. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120528.114758958. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120611.116351159. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120626.117941660. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120917.129739661. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120917.129739662. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121022.135684163. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121115.141090364. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130211.153807365. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130701.180046366. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130917.194934567. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131007.198842568. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131104.203821269. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131111.204851670. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131223.213284971. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131230.214362172. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140106.215496573. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140127.223517074. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140203.225237275. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140211.226833276. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140217.228326177. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140224.229794378. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140303.231129979. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140310.232478880. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140317.233866981. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140324.235302682. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140408.239017983. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140414.240405584. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140428.243410885. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140515.247576386. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140618.254790087. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140626.256683888. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140710.260070589. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140723.262928690. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140731.264734391. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140804.265980492. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140812.268078493. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140821.271036094. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140827.272780195. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140905.274960596. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141013.285679397. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141130.299823798. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141215.303456099. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141229.3060812100. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20150202.3135967

Time and Place:Outbreaks of dengue were reported in the Maldives in 1983 and 1984.- The first epidemic of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in this country occurred in 1985.

Graph: Maldives. Dengue, cases

Dengue






























































































Notes:Individual years:2008 - 581 cases were reported during January to June. 1

Graph: Maldives. DHF, cases

Graph: Maldives. Dengue, deaths

Notable outbreaks:1988 - An outbreak (200 DHF, 9 fatal) was reported.

Dengue




References

Mali

References

Malta

The Marshall Islands

1998 - An outbreak (2,025 cases) was reported in Male, with a national rate of 663.4 per 100,000.2006 - An outbreak (2,768 cases, 10 fatal) was reported. 2 3


2011 - An outbreak (2,421 cases, 11 fatal - to September) was reported. 5 6 7 8


1. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20080618.19012. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2006 Mar 24;81(12):106-8.3. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20060318.08344. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100727.25205. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110419.1217


Seroprevalence surveys:93% of serum samples from febrile patients, submitted to the National Public Health Research laboratory (Bamako, 2011

publication) 1

Notable outbreaks:2008 - An outbreak (70 cases, approximate) of probable dengue was reported in Keyes region. 2 3 4

1. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011 Nov ;11(11):1479-85.2. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009 Mar 13;84(11-12):85-8.


Graph: Malta. Dengue, cases

Notes:Individual years:2010 - Fatal case.

Dengue

















References

Martinique

Graph: Marshall Islands. Dengue, casesNotes:

Individual years:1991 - 82.2 per 100,000; none fatal.1998 - Imported cases (from Kiribati and Yap) as well as local transmission were reported on

Saipan.

Notes for Pacific Trust Territories:The presence of both Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti and S. albopictus has been confirmed.

Aedes albopictus (but not Ae. aegypti) is found on Saipan.- Ae. hensilli is also implicated, notably in Yap State. 1

- Ae, hensilli is the only Aedes species on Woleai, and the only mosquito species on Eauripik.

Notable outbreaks:1943 to 1944 - Outbreaks of dengue were reported among American military personnel in the Marshall Islands. 2

2011 - An outbreak (1,603 suspected, 867 confirmed cases - 0 fatal) of dengue was reported. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998 Apr ;58(4):519-24.2. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Apr ;18(4):623-30.3. PLoS One 2014 ;9(9):e108445.4. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111026.31835. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111108.33206. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111114.3364


The world's first dengue-like epidemics were reported in 1635 in Martinique and Guadeloupe. 1

Dengue
















Graph: Martinique. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 2005 - Over 6,000 cases (2 fatal) were reported during January to September. 2

Graph: Martinique. DHF, casesNotes:1. A total of 17 cases of DHF (1 fatal) were reported during 1981 to 1994.

Dengue




References

Mauritius

References

Graph: Martinique. Dengue, deaths

Notable outbreaks:1997 to 1998 - An outbreak (16,500 cases estimated) of dengue was reported.2001 to 2002 - An outbreak (25,000 cases estimated, 4,863 confirmed, 4 fatal) was reported. 3

2005 to 2006 - An outbreak (14,500 cases estimated, 2,672 confirmed, 3 DHF, 4 fatal) was reported. 4

2007 to 2008 - An outbreak (18,000 cases estimated, 4 fatal) of dengue was reported.2009 to 2010 - An outbreak (41,700 cases, 18 fatal - to November) was reported, affecting an estimated 10% of the

population. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.2. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20050927.28433. Arch Pediatr 2005 Feb ;12(2):144-50.4. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20060122.02105. Acta Trop 2014 Mar ;131:37-40.6. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100616.20097. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100705.22408. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100804.2636


Time and Place:Epidemics of dengue were described during the second half of the 19th century. 1

- 252 cases of dengue were reported in 2009, including more than 70 cases during January to May. 2

- 11 cases were reported in 2010.

Seroprevalence surveys:0.9% on Rodrigues Island and 3.8% in Mauritius (1994 publication) 3

The local vector is Aedes albopictus.

Notable outbreaks:2009 - An outbreak (192 cases) was reported in Port Louis. 4 5 6


1. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1998 ;91(1):99-103.2. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090614.2211

3. J Med Virol 1994 Dec ;44(4):379-83.4. Euro Surveill 2009 ;14(34)

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Mexico

5. Emerg Infect Dis 2010 Apr ;16(4):716-8.6. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090831.30657. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140324.2353026

Time and Place:Dengue is most common in Coahuila, Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon.- High activity was reported near the Texas border during 1995 to 1996 (Reynosa, Tampico and Matamoros).- During January to July 1999, approximately 300 to 325 cases were reported from Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas.- An analysis of dengue cases in Mexico during 1990 to 2011 - see reference 1

Graph: Mexico. Dengue, casesNotes:1. Vera Cruz reported 8,000 cases in 2006; 12,000 in 2007. 2

2. Tamaulipas reported 2,000 cases in 2007; 1,100 in 2008. 3

Individual years:1984 - Included the country's first 8 cases (4 fatal) of dengue hemorrhagic fever [DHF].1988 - Included: Jalisco - 2,385, Guerrero - 771, Campeche - 641, Sinaloa - 451.2000 - 1,706 confirmed.2001 - 2,737 confirmed.2009 - See reference 4 Jalisco reported 2,360 cases (312 DHF) during January to October. 5

Prevalence surveys:16.1% of Aedes aegypti pools collected from schools in Merida (208 to 2009) 6

4.1% of bats in southeastern Mexico (2010 to 2011) 7

Seroprevalence surveys:9.1% of university students in Tabasco (2005) 8

76.6% of persons in Morelos State (2011) 9

2% of persons in Brownsville (contiguous area of Texas) and 7.3% in Matamoros had evidence of recent infection (40%and 78%, respectively for past infection) (2004) 10

2.5% of persons in Brownsville (contiguous area of Texas) and 22.8% in Matamoros had evidence of recent infection(1.1% and 15.9%, respectively for past infection) (2005) 11

59% of blood donors in a dengue-endemic area of northeastern Mexico (2009 publication) 12

2% of blood donors and 7.5% of febrile patients (northern Mexico, IgM, 2010 publication) 13

During 1980 to 1999, 64 locally-acquired cases were confirmed in Texas (USA), while 62,514 suspected cases were reported

Dengue







in the adjoining Mexican states of Coahuila, Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas.

12.9% of patients with dengue were found to have active Hepatitis C infection (Merida, Yucatan, 2014 publication) 14

Graph: Mexico. DHF, casesNotes:1. A total of 1,467 cases of DHF (55 fatal) were reported during 1981 to 1996.

Individual years:2014 - 607 cases of DHF were reported during January to August. 15

Graph: Mexico. Dengue, deaths

Dengue




References

Vectors:- Naturally-infected specimens of Stegomyia (Aedes) albopictus were trapped in Reynosa (Tamaulipas) during an outbreak in1995. 16

- As of 2003, Aedes albopictus was present in ten American countries: Brazil, the Cayman Islands, the Dominican Republic, ElSalvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Trinidad and the United States.- Aedes albopictus was identified on the Yucatan Peninsula in 2011. 17

- Aedes aegypti is commonly found at elevations below 1,700 meters. 18

Dengue virus has been identified in bats (Glossophaga soricina, Artibeus jamaicensis and A. lituratus) in southeasternMexico. 19

Notable outbreaks:1984 - An outbreak (5,486 clinical cases, 4 fatal) of dengue was reported in Yucatan. 20

1988 - An outbreak (715 cases) of dengue was reported in Taxco, Guerrero State (elevation 1,700 meters). 21

1995 - An outbreak (4,758 cases, 37 DHF) was reported in Tamaulipas, on the Mexico-United States border. 22 23 24

2002 - An outbreak (282 cases confirmed, 87 DHF, 2 fatal) was reported in Yucatan State. 25

2005 - An outbreak (25 cases) in Brownsville, Texas included 3 autochthonous cases and 22 cases imported from Mexico.26

2009 - An outbreak (105,000 cases, 55,000 confirmed - to November) was reported. 27 28 29 30

2010 - Outbreaks were reported in Jalisco 31 , Baja California, northern Huasteca 32 , Guerrero 33 34 , Hermosillo(3,157 cases, 3 fatal) 35 , Nuevo Leon (2,771 cases) 36 , Oaxaca 37 38 , Sonora 39 and Tamaulipas. 40 41 42 43 44 45

46

2011 - Outbreaks were reported in multiple states. 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

2012 - Outbreaks (47,884 cases, 64 fatal - to December) were reported in multiple states. 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65

66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92

2013 - Outbreaks (43,964 cases, 47 fatal during January to November) were reported in multiple states. 93 94 95 96 97

98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125

126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142

2014 - Outbreaks (82,734 cases during January to October) were reported. 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152

153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165


1. Gac Med Mex 2014 Mar-Apr;150(2):122-7.2. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20080321.10803. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090119.02424. Lancet 2009 Aug 22;374(9690):602.5. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091020.36096. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011 Mar ;84(3):489-96.7. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014 Jul ;91(1):129-31.8. Salud Publica Mex 2008 Sep-Oct;50(5):362-6.9. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014 Nov 5;91(5):1057-65.10. Emerg Infect Dis 2007 Oct ;13(10):1477-83.11. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008 Mar ;78(3):364-9.12. Transfus Med 2009 Jun ;19(3):125-31.13. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010 Mar ;10(2):151-7.14. Biomed Res Int 2014 ;2014:321286.15. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140905.274960516. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 May ;9(5):606-7.17. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Mar ;18(3):525-7.18. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Nov ;87(5):902-9.19. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014 Jul ;91(1):129-31.20. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1993 Sep-Oct;35(5):449-55.21. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1992 Jun ;46(6):649-53.22. JAMA 1996 Nov 13;276(18):1464-5.23. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1996 Oct 4;45(39):841-4.24. Med Vet Entomol 1997 Oct ;11(4):305-9.25. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004 Oct ;71(4):485-92.26. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Apr ;18(4):608-14.27. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091111.389828. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091123.401629. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091215.424830. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091228.437131. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100627.215232. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100715.237233. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100208.042634. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101227.456735. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101220.448336. Infection 2015 Jan 9;37. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100805.265138. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100927.3506

39. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101026.387840. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100727.252041. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100810.272642. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100819.289143. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100913.330844. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101018.377745. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101101.396146. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101206.436147. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110626.195748. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110711.209349. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110818.249950. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110919.284551. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110913.279552. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111004.298553. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111026.318354. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111101.324255. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111213.358756. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111226.367757. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120130.102595558. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120402.108754759. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120409.109409760. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120430.111791661. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120515.113216862. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120611.116351163. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120626.117941664. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120704.118907565. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120708.119347666. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120716.120265167. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120721.121022268. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120721.121022269. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120801.122193370. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120805.122955871. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120810.123733072. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120813.124100573. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120820.125234174. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120828.126548775. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120903.127687076. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120910.1288590

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Micronesia



Graph: Micronesia. Dengue, casesNotes:

Individual years:1998 - Included 137 suspect cases on Kosrae during July to September 1998. No fatal cases

were reported.

Dengue






























































































References

Moldova

Mongolia

Montserrat

2004 - None fatal.

Vectors (Pacific Trust Territories):The presence of both Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti and S. albopictus has been confirmed.- Aedes albopictus (but not Ae. aegypti) is found on Saipan.- Ae. hensilli is also implicated, notably in Yap State. 1

- Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. marshallensis, Culex quinquefasciatus, Cx. annulirostris, andCx. kusaiensis are found in Kosrae State. 2

- Ae. hensilli is the only Aedes species on Woleai, and the only mosquito species on Eauripik.

Notable outbreaks:1995 - An outbreak (5 fatal cases) was reported in Yap State. 3

2004 to 2005 - An outbreak (658 cases, 0 fatal) was reported in Yap State, with 263 from Yap Main Island and 395 fromYap outer islands. 4 5 Aedes aegypti was identified as the vector.

2011 to 2012 - An outbreak (1,278 cases to January 2012) was reported, including 839 cases in Yap. 6 7 8 9 10 11

2012 to 2013 - An outbreak (875 clinical cases) was reported in Kosrae State, involving approximately 3.7% of thepopulation. 12 13 14 15

1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998 Apr ;58(4):519-24.2. Trop Med Health 2013 Dec ;41(4):157-61.3. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998 Apr ;58(4):519-24.4. Pac Health Dialog 2005 Sep ;12(2):99-102.5. Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Feb ;12(2):343-6.6. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111108.33207. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111121.34178. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111128.3473

9. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120109.100395110. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120116.101147411. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121209.144355612. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013 Jul 19;62(28):570-3.13. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130811.187538214. Euro Surveill 2014 ;19(41)15. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141016.2870853


No cases were reported in 2004.

An outbreak of dengue was registered in 1968.

Dengue



















References

Mozambique

References

Myanmar

Graph: Montserrat. Dengue, cases




1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014 Sep 3;91(3):642-4.

2014 - 16 cases of dengue were reported in Cabo Delgado Province during January to April 1 2

Notable outbreaks:1984 to 1985 - An outbreak (2 fatal cases) of dengue fever was reported in Pemba. 3 4 5

2014 - An outbreak (243 cases during January to May) was reported. 6

1. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140421.24179282. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140428.24341083. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1986 Nov ;35(6):1280-4.

4. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009 Mar 13;84(11-12):85-8.5. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100222.05976. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140618.2547900

Time and Place:Dengue was first detected in Yangon in 1969. 1

- A major outbreak was reported in Yangon in 1970, with continued high rates in the city until 1973.- The first case in northern Mandalay division was reported in 1974.- Major outbreaks had occurred in Mandalay approximately every four years, most recently in 2001 and 2005.

Seroprevalence surveys:<10% in Arakan and Shan States; 10% to 30% in Irrawaddy, Pegu and Mandalay divisions and Kachin, Mon and Karen

States; 31% to 60% in Sagaing Division; >60% in Rangoon, Magwe and Tenasserim Divisions (1973 to 1974) 2

Dengue











Graph: Myanmar. Dengue / DHF, casesNotes:1. Dengue has been a reportable disease in Myanmar since 1966.2. No cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever were reported during 1966 to 1969.3. 2,260 cases (128 fatal) were reported in Rangoon (Yangon) in 1974; 5,621 (40 fatal) in 2005;1,531 (18 fatal) in 2006. 3

Individual years:1970 - Epidemic limited to Rangoon.

Graph: Myanmar. Dengue / DHF, deaths

Dengue




References

Namibia

References

Nauru

Notable outbreaks:1970 - An outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever was reported in Yangon. 4


2007 - An outbreak was reported in the Indo-Myanmar border region. 6

2008 - An outbreak (68 cases) involved Yunnan Province, China and the contiguous border region of Myanmar. 7 8

2009 - Outbreaks of dengue were reported in Yangon (838 cases, 6 fatal - to August) and Myitkyina. 9 10

2010 - An outbreak (906 cases, 6 fatal - during January to May) was reported. 11

2011 - An outbreak (400 cases) was reported among Burmese refugees in northern Thailand. 12

2012 - An outbreak (500 cases) was reported among children in Karen State. 13

2013 - An outbreak (6,448 cases, 13 fatal - to June) was reported. 14 15

2014 - An outbreak (654 cases, 5 fatal - to July) was reported in Yangon. 16 17

1. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20060919.26642. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1975 Jun ;6(2):276-83.3. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20070710.22074. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1975 Dec ;6(4):580-91.5. Emerg Infect Dis 2004 Apr ;10(4):593-7.6. Trop Biomed 2013 Sep ;30(3):451-8.7. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2013 May ;34(5):428-32.8. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20081020.33169. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090803.2723


Seroprevalence surveys:8.0% of blood donors in Windhoek (dengue / flaviruses, 2012) 1

1. Acta Trop 2014 May 25;

Outbreaks of dengue were reported in 1972 and 1974.

Graph: Nauru. Dengue, cases

Dengue






















References

Nepal

References

Notable outbreaks:2014 - An outbreak (251 cases, 91 confirmed) of dengue was reported, including 3 casers at an offshore detention center

for asylum-seekers. 1 2 3


Graph: Nepal. Dengue, casesNotes:1. The first case of dengue was reported in 2004. 1 2 3

2. No cases were officially reported during 1999 to 2005. 4

Individual years:2006 - Included one fatal case.2010 - Included two cases in Kathmandu. 5

Prevalence surveys:29.3% of febrile patients visiting hospitals in western Terai (2007 to 2008) 6

8% of patients with fever in Kathmandu (2007 publication) 7

Notable outbreaks:2007 to 2008 - An outbreak of dengue was reported in western Terai. 8

2010 - An outbreak (7,000 cases, 359 confirmed) was reported, including 19 fatal cases in Chitwan. 9 10 11 12 13 14

15 16 17 18

2011 - An outbreak (735 cases) was reported in Chitwan. 19 20

2013 - An outbreak was reported. 21 22

1. Nepal Med Coll J 2004 Dec ;6(2):157-9.2. J Travel Med 2008 Jan-Feb;15(1):46-9.3. Emerg Infect Dis 2008 Mar ;14(3):514-5.

4. Nepal Med Coll J 2004 Dec ;6(2):157-9.5. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100517.16206. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2011 Jan-Mar;51(181):11-4.

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The Netherlands

References

The Netherlands Antilles

7. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007 Jul ;101(7):686-90.8. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2011 Jan-Mar;51(181):11-4.9. BMJ 2010 ;341:c5496.10. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2011 Oct-Dec;51(184):203-8.11. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013 Apr ;88(4):677-80.12. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013 Sep ;107(9):598-600.13. Trop Med Health 2013 Sep ;41(3):103-11.14. PLoS One 2014 ;9(7):e102028.

15. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100927.350616. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101018.377717. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101026.387818. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101206.436119. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2011 Apr-Jun;9(34):73-5.20. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110818.249921. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131111.204851622. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131202.2087032

Time and Place:The incidence of dengue among Dutch travelers to endemic areas of Asia is estimated at 30 per 1,000 person-months (1991to 1992). 1

- The incidence of dengue among Dutch travelers to endemic areas was estimated at 14.6 per 1,000 person-months (1.2% oftravelers infected) (2006 to 2007) 2

- The first cases (two) of imported dengue hemorrhagic fever were reported in 1989 and 1990. 3

Graph: Netherlands. Dengue, laboratory reports

Seroprevalence surveys:81.3% of Surinamese immigrants in the Netherlands (2014 publication) 4

Since 2005, Aedes albopictus, a potential vector, has been identified in "Lucky bamboo" (Dracaena sanderiana) plantsimported from China. 5

- In 2010, Aedes albopictus, Aedes aegypti 6 and Aedes atropalpus were identified in imported tires. 7

- In 2013, Aedes albopictus was identified in seven locations. 8

Also see:ArubaNetherlands Antilles

1. Trop Med Int Health 2002 Apr ;7(4):331-8.2. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 May ;17(5):821-8.3. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1991 Dec 14;135(50):2394-7.4. BMC Infect Dis 2014 Sep 10;14(1):493.

5. Med Vet Entomol 2008 Dec ;22(4):352-8.6. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 Dec ;17(12):2335-7.7. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100803.26038. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130817.1885955

Dengue




























Graph: Netherlands Antilles. Dengue, cases

Notes1. The true number for 1984 to 1985 was estimated at 20,000 to 25,000 (35% of the population).2. 3,457 cases were confirmed during 2008 to 2010.

Individual years:1993 - One fatal case reported

Six cases of dengue were reported on Bonaire in 1985, and 0 during 1988 to 1992

Graph: Netherlands Antilles. Dengue, cases on Curacao

Dengue




Graph: Netherlands Antilles. DHF, cases on Curacao

Graph: Netherlands Antilles. Dengue, cases on St. Maarten

Dengue




References

New Caledonia

Graph: Netherlands Antilles. DHF, casesNotes:1. Five cases of DHF were reported during 2004 to 2005.

Notable outbreaks:1973 (publication year) - An outbreak of DHF was reported in Curacao. 1

2001 to 2002 - An outbreak (231 cases) was reported.2004 to 2005 - An outbreak (121 cases) was reported.2008 - An outbreak (145 cases estimated) was reported in St. Maarten. 2 3

2010 - An outbreak (105 cases) was reported in St. Maarten. 4

2013 - An outbreak (3,095 cases, 2 fatal) was reported in St. Maarten. 5 6

1. Trop Geogr Med 1973 Jun ;25(2):119-29.2. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20081028.33983. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20081215.3942


Time and Place:The first reported outbreak of dengue in New Caledonia occurred during 1884 to 1885, with 862 cases registered.- Subsequent outbreaks were reported in 1908, 1926, and 1943 to 1944.

Dengue










Graph: New Caledonia. Dengue, casesNotes:

Individual years:1995 - 31% of cases in Noumea - 60% from Southern Province and 40% from Northern

Province.1998 - 45 hospitalized. 51.3% of cases from Noumea and 11.1% from Mont-Dore, with

additional heavy activity in Ouvea (Loyalty Islands).1999 - 11 hospitalized - most cases from Noumea area2001 - All imported, most from French Polynesia2002 - Included at least 23 imported cases from the Solomon Islands.2003 - 2,598 cases confirmed.2006 - Including one each imported from Indonesia, Reunion and India; 5 from Tahiti.2008 - See reference 1

Dengue




Graph: New Caledonia. DHF, casesNotes:1. 66 cases of DHF were reported during 1975 to 1979, 160 during 1980 to 1984, 662 during1985 to 1989, 119 during 1990 to 1993.

Graph: New Caledonia. Dengue, deaths

Aedes albopictus has not been detected in this country (2012 publication). 2

Notable outbreaks:1971 to 1972 - An outbreak involved at least 40% of the population. 3

Dengue




References

New Zealand

1979 - An outbreak involved 11% of persons on Thio (Noumea), and included 5 cases of DHF. 4 5

1989 - An outbreak (25,000 to 35,000 cases estimated - 18% of the population) was reported. 6 7

1995 to 1996 - An outbreak (4,332 cases) was reported. 8 9

2003 - An outbreak (5,576 cases, 2,527 confirmed, 3,049 hospitalized, 17 fatal) was reported. 10 11

2008 to 2009 - An outbreak (1,027 cases) was reported. 12 13

2012 - An outbreak (161 cases, 1 fatal during January to November) was reported. 14 15 16

2013 - An outbreak (10,963 cases, 8 fatal - during January to August) was reported. 17 18 19 20 21 22


1. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090119.02422. Parasit Vectors 2012 ;5:247.3. Virology 2010 Sep 30;405(2):505-12.4. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1982 Mar-Apr;75(2):141-50.5. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1990 ;83(5):591-5.6. Med Trop (Mars) 1990 Oct-Dec;50(4):423-8.7. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1990 ;83(3):311-6.8. Arch Pediatr 2001 Dec ;8(12):1311-7.9. J Clin Neurosci 2001 Jan ;8(1):63-5.10. Virol J 2014 ;11:61.11. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20070719.231312. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20081020.3316

13. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090223.076214. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120524.114076815. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121209.144355616. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121218.145617517. Virol J 2014 ;11:61.18. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130217.154649719. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130310.157910020. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130319.159117721. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130428.167686022. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130917.194934523. Euro Surveill 2014 ;19(41)24. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141016.2870853

Time and Place:All reported cases of dengue are imported.- The rate of dengue among travelers is 9.3 per 100,000 (2000 to 2001).- 679 cases were reported during 1997 to 2009 - 74.2% acquired in the Pacific Islands. 1

- 4.91% of New Zealand police personnel acquired dengue during overseas deployment - 8.57 per 1,000 deployment months(seroconversion, 2004 to 2010). 2

- 6.3% of long-term development aid workers from New Zealand who had lived over seas acquired dengue (1995 to 2011) 3

Graph: New Zealand. Dengue, casesNotes:

Individual years:1997 - All imported from Cook Islands1998 - 9 from Fiji and 7 from Tonga2000 - One patient hospitalized2001 - 59 from Samoa. No cases of DSS reported

Dengue




























References

Nicaragua

Graph: New Zealand. Dengue, deaths

Vectors:Three potential vectors have been identified in New Zealand: Aedes notoscriptus, Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti and A. australis.- Aedes polynesiensis, a potential vector, was identified in a shipment of quarantined imported tires in 2004. 4

- Aedes albopictus was identified in an imported concrete mixer in 2004. 5

- Stegomyia aegypti and Aedes albopictus were identified in a cargo hatch in Auckland port in 2005. 6

Notable outbreaks:2012 - An outbreak (10 cases) of probable dengue was reported in a youth group visiting Samoa from New Zealand. 7

2014 - An outbreak (115 cases to March) was reported.

1. Epidemiol Infect 2013 Nov ;141(11):2328-34.2. J Travel Med 2012 May-Jun;19(3):178-82.3. J Travel Med 2013 Nov-Dec;20(6):352-60.4. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20041017.2818


The first epidemic of dengue in Nicaragua was reported in 1985. 1 2

Dengue











Graph: Nicaragua. Dengue, casesNotes:

Individual years:1985 - Most cases along the Pacific coast at San Rafael del Sur.2014 - 43 cases were reported during January to March.

12% of school children (ages 4 to 16) in Managua were infected during the rainy season of 2001 to 2002, and 6% during2002 to 2003. 3

Graph: Nicaragua. DHF, casesNotes:1. A total of 2,641 cases of DHF (19 fatal) were reported during 1981 to 1996.

Dengue




References

Graph: Nicaragua. Dengue, deathsNotes:1. 23 fatal cases were identified through case finding during 1992 to 1996. 4

Stegomyia (Aedes) albopictus was first identified in Nicaragua (Potosi Municipality, Chinandega) in 2002. 5


Notable outbreaks:1985 - An outbreak (17,483 cases, 7 fatal) of dengue was reported. 7

1994 - An outbreak (20,469 cases) was reported - highest rates in Leon Province, 1,511 hospitalized and 7,631 cases inManagua. 8 9 10 11 12


2009 - An outbreak (1,869 cases, 8 fatal - during January to October) was reported - including 893 (2 fatal) in Managua.15 16 17 18 19

2010 - An outbreak (6 fatal cases to August) was reported, with 2,784 cases in Managua during January to May. 20 21

22

2011 - An outbreak (860 cases to October) was reported. 23


2013 - Outbreaks (8,105 confirmed cases, 22 fatal - to December) were reported. 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

40 41 42 43

2014 - Outbreaks (605 cases to June) were reported. 44

1. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1991 Sep-Oct;33(5):365-71.2. Rev Cubana Med Trop 1988 Sep-Dec;40(3):5-12.3. Trop Med Int Health 2006 Jun ;11(6):935-42.4. Clin Infect Dis 2006 May 1;42(9):1241-6.5. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2005 Sep ;21(3):325-7.6. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003 Jul ;69(1):105-14.7. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1991 Sep-Oct;33(5):365-71.8. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1995 Feb 10;70(6):41-3.9. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1996 Aug ;121(2):102-10.10. JAMA 1995 Mar 15;273(11):840-1.11. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1995 Jan 20;44(2):21-4.12. Rev Cubana Med Trop 1996 ;48(2):114-7.13. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999 Dec ;61(6):893-7.

14. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000 Jul-Aug;63(1-2):5-11.15. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011 Nov ;5(11):e1394.16. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091021.362517. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091026.370518. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091102.377919. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100111.013120. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100517.162021. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100719.242922. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100819.289123. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111026.318324. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120828.126548725. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120922.130532326. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121210.1443572

Dengue






























Nigeria

References

Niue



Time and Place:Nigeria was the first African country with virologically-confirmed dengue fever (1964). 1 2 3

- Sylvatic dengue was documented as early as 1966. 4

- The first Nigerian dengue epidemic was confirmed in 1973 in Abeokuta (southwestern region).

Seroprevalence surveys:46% of persons in the Kainji Lake region (Dengue-2, 1983 publication) 5

54% of persons in Oyo State (1972) 6

73% of febrile patients and 43% of patients with malaria (Ibadan, 2014 publication) 7

Vectors:- Stegomyia (Aedes) albopictus was first identified in Nigeria in 1991 (in Delta State) and is currently widely distributed. 8 9

- Dengue virus was identified in Aedes luteocephalus during a yellow fever outbreak in 1969. 10

1. Lancet 1971 Jan 16;1(7690):105-6.2. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009 Mar 13;84(11-12):85-8.3. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100222.05974. Emerg Infect Dis 2008 Mar ;14(3):502-4.5. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1983 ;77(2):149-51.

6. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1978 ;22(2):184-9.7. Virus Res 2014 Jul 31;8. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1991 Dec 6;40(48):836-8.9. Ann Agric Environ Med 2007 ;14(1):31-8.10. Bull World Health Organ 1972 ;46(5):669-73.

No outbreaks were reported during 1950 to 1971.

Graph: Niue. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 618 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever were reported during 1980 to 1984, and 138 during1985 to 1989.

Dengue
































References

The Northern Marianas

Individual years:1972 - Number is approximate.

Graph: Niue. Dengue, deaths

Notable outbreaks:1972 - An outbreak involved approximately 90% of the population. 1

1985 to 1986 - An outbreak involved 18% of the population. 2

2012 - An outbreak (100 cases to July) was reported. 3 4 5 6 7

1. Virology 2010 Sep 30;405(2):505-12.2. N Z Med J 1988 Aug 10;101(851):500-2.3. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120416.11021934. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120430.1117916


Dengue











References

Norway

Graph: Northern Marianas. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 2001 - No fatal cases reported


- Ae hensilli is the only Aedes species on Woleai, and the only mosquito species on Eauripik.

1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998 Apr ;58(4):519-24.

Dengue





References

Oman

Graph: Norway. Dengue, cases

Notes:1. 26 confirmed cases (including 1 of Dengue hemorrhagic fever) were imported into Norway during 1991 to 1996 - 81%from Asia. 1

Individual years:1997 - From Thailand.1998 - Eight from Thailand, two Philippines, and one each from Cambodia, Malaysia, India and Somalia.1999 - From Philippines.2000 - From Southeast Asia.

1. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1997 Nov 30;117(29):4230-3.

Dengue





Pakistan

References

Graph: Oman. Dengue, cases

Notes:Individual years:2001 to 2003 - All cases imported.2004 - Included 2 imported cases

57 cases of dengue were confirmed in Baluchistan in 1995.

Prevalence surveys:3.2% of military personnel with acute febrile illness (Rawalpindi, 2012) 1

21.4% of CCHF-negative specimens submitted for hemorrhagic fever testing (2007 to 2013) 2

Notable outbreaks:1994 to 1995 - An outbreak of dengue in Karachi included several thousand cases of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic

fever. This was Pakistan's first reported DHF outbreak. 3 4

2005 - An outbreak was reported in Karachi. 5

2006 - An outbreak (3,640 cases hospitalized, 40 fatal) was reported in Karachi. 6 7

2008 - An outbreak (1,219 cases - 1,149 in Lahore) was reported. 8 9

2009 - An outbreak (1,800 cases, 25 fatal during January to September) was reported. 10 11

2010 - Outbreaks (1,959 cases to November) were reported, including 356 cases in Karachi during January to September,and 4,306 (21 fatal) in Sindh during January to November. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

2011 - Outbreaks (31,939 cases, 337 fatal - to October) were reported in Punjab, Karachi, Sindh and KhyberPakhtunkhwa. 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

2012 - Outbreaks were reported. 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

2013 - Outbreaks were reported. 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92

93 94 95 96 97 98

2014 - Outbreaks were reported. 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

1. J Pak Med Assoc 2014 Mar ;64(3):247-51.2. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014 Oct 13;3. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1995 Nov-Dec;89(6):619-20.4. J Pak Med Assoc 1997 Jul ;47(7):178-81.5. BMC Microbiol 2011 ;11:200.6. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007 Nov ;101(11):1114-9.7. J Pak Med Assoc 2009 Jun ;59(6):339-44.

8. Int J Infect Dis 2010 Sep ;14 Suppl 3:e54-9.9. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20081207.384010. BMC Microbiol 2011 ;11:200.11. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090928.339312. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2010 Oct 29;85(44):437-9.13. Am J Med Sci 2012 Jan ;343(1):61-4.14. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2013 Mar ;23(3):231-3.

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Palau

15. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100906.319816. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100921.339917. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100927.350618. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101004.359319. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101012.369720. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101018.377721. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101026.387822. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101101.396123. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101110.407224. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101115.414925. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101122.421726. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101129.430027. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2013 Jul ;23(7):463-7.28. Public Health 2013 Sep ;127(9):875-7.29. Scand J Infect Dis 2014 Apr ;46(4):303-9.30. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110425.129431. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110818.249932. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110822.255633. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110829.265234. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110905.270735. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110913.279536. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110919.284537. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111004.298538. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111011.304639. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111016.310640. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111026.318341. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111108.332042. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111114.336443. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111121.341744. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111128.347345. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111204.352946. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111213.358747. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111226.367748. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120102.000649. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120306.106091450. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120409.109409751. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120416.110219352. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120430.111791653. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120603.115458354. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120626.117941655. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120716.120265156. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120801.122193357. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120805.122955858. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120810.123733059. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120828.126838760. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120903.127770661. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120911.128859162. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120923.130587663. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120930.1316993

64. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121007.132846965. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121125.142310666. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121209.144355667. Euro Surveill 2013 ;18(44)68. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130420.166019369. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130521.172708270. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130527.173944571. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130603.175135772. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130611.176419873. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130617.177687274. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130624.178818575. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130701.180046376. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130707.181163277. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130715.182486778. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130729.185182379. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130805.186372680. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130811.187538281. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130821.189362482. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130901.191723383. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130908.193089884. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130917.194934585. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130924.196572186. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130930.197514487. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131007.198842588. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131016.200565889. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131023.201656990. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131028.202604591. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131104.203821292. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131111.204851693. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131125.207366194. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131202.208703295. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131209.210118696. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131216.211890097. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131223.213284998. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131230.214362199. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140114.2173444100. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140217.2283261101. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140224.2297943102. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140303.2311299103. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140310.2324788104. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140317.2338669105. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140324.2353026106. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140527.2502090107. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140812.2680784108. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140821.2710360109. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140928.2811752110. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141025.2901428111. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141130.2998237

Graph: Palau. Dengue, cases

Dengue





































































































References

Panama

Notes:1. No fatal cases were reported in 1999; 1 in 2000; 0 in 2004.

Individual years:1988 - True number estimated at 5,110.1995 - 2% of cases in this outbreak presented with "hemorrhagic manifestations"2006 - 1 fatal case was reported during January to February.2007 - Included 3 DHF

Notable outbreaks:1995 - An outbreak (817 cases, 2 fatal) was reported. 1

2000 - An outbreak (236 hospitalized, 66 confirmed, 1 fatal) was reported.2000 to 2001 - An outbreak (1,126 suspect cases, 543 hospitalized, 543 hospitalized, one fatal) with 152 confirmed cases

were reported.


- Ae hensilli is the only Aedes species on Woleai, and the only mosquito species on Eauripik.

1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003 Aug ;69(2):135-40.2. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998 Apr ;58(4):519-24.

Time and Place:The world's first dengue-like epidemics were reported in 1635 in Martinique and Guadeloupe, and in 1699 in Panama. 1

- American dengue was first reported from Panama in 1941, and an epidemic was registered in the country during 1942.- An intensive vector eradication campaign was conducted during the 1950's, and Panama was declared free of Stegomyia(Aedes) aegypti in 1958.- The country was reinfested by S. Aegypti in 1985; however, no cases were reported during 1988 to 1992.- Indigenous dengue reappeared in Panama in 1993, with 14 cases reported in the San Miguelito area of Panama City. 2 3

- 16,317 cases, 24 DHF and 3 fatal cases were reported during 1993 to 2004 4 ; 26,170 during 1993 to 2007.

Graph: Panama. Dengue, cases

Dengue






Notes:1. 18,987 cases of dengue were reported during 206 to 2010.

Individual years:2004 - 62 cases (2 DHF, 1 fatal) were reported during January to August 20042009 - 639 cases were reported in Chiriqui during January to October. 5

2011 - 1,608 cases were reported during January to July. 6

2012 - 899 cases were reported during January to November. 7

Graph: Panama. DHF, cases

Dengue




References

Papua New Guinea

Graph: Panama. Dengue, deaths

Stegomyia (Aedes) albopictus was identified in Panama in 2002. 8




1941 to 1942 - An outbreak was reported in the Canal Zone. 12

1994 - An outbreak (716 cases) of dengue involved 8 provinces. 13 14 15 16

2005 - An outbreak (5,482 cases, 7 DHF, 5 fatal) was reported. 17

2011 - An outbreak (1,008 cases, 6 fatal - to September) was reported. 18


2014 - An outbreak (5,276 cases, 9 fatal to December) was reported. 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.2. Rev Cubana Med Trop 1997 ;49(2):86-93.3. Rev Med Panama 1996 Sep ;21(3):85-92.4. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008 Sep ;79(3):364-71.5. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091021.36256. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110801.23127. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121203.14342828. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20021108.57539. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003 Jul ;69(1):105-14.10. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.11. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.12. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.13. JAMA 1995 Mar 15;273(11):840-1.14. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1995 Feb 10;70(6):41-3.15. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1995 Jan 20;44(2):21-4.16. Rev Cubana Med Trop 1997 ;49(2):86-93.17. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008 Sep ;79(3):364-71.18. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110919.2845


Graph: Papua New Guinea. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 1991 - None fatal.

Dengue







































References

Paraguay

30 cases were imported into Queensland, Australia from Papua New Guinea during 1999 to 2008.

Prevalence surveys:8% of febrile outpatients (2007 to 2008) 1

14.9% of febrile outpatients (2014 publication) 2

A potential vector, Aedes albopictus has been detected in this country (2012 publication). 3

Notable outbreaks:1944 to 1945 - An outbreak (27,000 cases) of dengue was reported among American military personnel in Papua New

Guinea. 4

1971 to 1972 - An outbreak (1,119 cases, 0 DHF) was reported in Rabul. 5

1976 - An outbreak (143 cases) was reported in Wewak. 6

1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011 Jul ;85(1):132-7.2. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014 Oct 20;3. Parasit Vectors 2012 ;5:247.

4. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Apr ;18(4):623-30.5. Trop Geogr Med 1975 Dec ;27(4):405-8.6. P N G Med J 1978 Jun ;21(2):191-6.

No transmission was reported during 1933 to 1987.

Graph: Paraguay. Dengue, casesNotes:1. The true number of cases during 1999 to 2000 is estimated at 200,000, most in Asuncion andurban areas of Central and Alto Parana Departments.Individual years:

1989 - Most in Asuncion, with a few cases in Villarica.

Dengue










Graph: Paraguay. DHF, cases

Graph: Paraguay. Dengue, deathsNotes:

Individual years:2007 - See reference 1


2007) 2

Dengue




References

Peru

Notable outbreaks:2007 - An outbreak (27,000 cases, approximate) was reported. 3

2009 - An outbreak was reported in Concepcion Department. 4 5

2009 to 2010 - An outbreak (4,791 cases, 11 fatal - during November to May) was reported. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

2010 - An outbreak (13,678 cases during January to September) was reported. 14 15

2011 - An outbreak (26,792 cases, 62 fatal to April) was reported. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

2012 - Outbreaks (36,716 cases confirmed, 159 fatal to December) were reported. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67

2013 - An outbreak (154,287 cases, 248 fatal) was reported - the worst outbreak in Paraguay's history. 68 69 70 71 72

73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95

2014 - An outbreak (7,611 cases, 5 fatal - to July) was reported. 96 97

1. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20080206.04832. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010 ;4(8):e787.3. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008 Nov ;79(5):685-7.4. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091115.39445. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091201.41096. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100222.05977. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100302.06858. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100316.08409. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100322.091010. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100405.109411. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100412.119012. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100426.134713. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100517.162014. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100927.350615. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101018.377716. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110131.037217. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110209.044918. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110228.066519. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110313.081320. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110325.093821. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110328.097022. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110404.104123. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110411.114624. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110419.121725. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110425.129426. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110502.136427. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110516.149128. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110523.156929. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110913.279530. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111016.310631. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120130.102595532. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120214.104113533. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120221.104746334. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120226.105263535. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120306.106091436. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120313.106946237. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120319.107401338. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120326.108065239. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120402.108754740. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120409.109409741. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120416.110219342. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120430.111791643. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120507.112483344. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120515.113216845. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120524.114076846. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120528.114758947. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120603.115458348. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120611.116351149. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120626.1179416

50. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120626.117941651. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120801.122193352. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120810.123733053. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120828.126548754. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120903.127687055. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120910.128859056. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120917.129645257. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120930.131673758. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121021.135631359. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121006.132815860. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121105.139140461. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121118.141179062. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121125.142306863. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121203.143428264. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121210.144357265. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121217.145394066. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121226.146620067. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130106.148248168. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130114.149479669. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130128.151749170. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130203.152680971. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130203.152680972. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130211.153728573. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130217.154583974. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130224.155722775. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130304.156761476. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130310.157909977. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130318.159017578. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130325.160145379. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130401.161486780. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130408.162923381. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130414.164571982. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130420.166062383. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130428.167682384. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130507.169574085. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130512.170680986. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130521.172599587. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130527.173854088. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130602.175131089. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130611.176419990. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130624.178936791. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130917.194934492. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131007.198839893. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131028.202600494. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131119.206369995. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140114.217339096. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140317.233866897. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140731.2647343

The first epidemic of dengue in Peru was reported in 1818, and affected an estimated 50,000 persons. 1

Cases were reported during 1953 to 1955, and in 1958.

Dengue





































































































Graph: Peru. Dengue, casesNotes:

Individual years:1996 - Most cases on the northern coast and the northeastern and central jungle regions.

Graph: Peru. DHF, cases

Dengue




References

Graph: Peru. Dengue, deaths


2007) 2

Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti was declared eradicated in 1958, but reappeared in Iquitos in 1984. 3 4

Notable outbreaks:1818 - An outbreak of dengue affected an estimated 50,000 persons. 5

1990 - Outbreaks (150,000 cases estimated) of dengue were reported with highest rates in Iquitos and Tarapoto. 6 7 8

9

2001 - An outbreak (791 cases) was reported in Comas, Lima Department.2010 to 2011 - Outbreaks were reported in Iquitos (4,348 cases) 10 11 , Loreto 12 13 14 , Amazonas 15 and Piura. 16

17 18 19 20

2012 - Outbreaks (29,240 cases, 38 deaths) were reported. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

39 40 41 42 43

2013 - Outbreaks (10,777 cases, 13 fatal - during January to November) were reported. 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

53 54 55 56 57 58 59

2014 - Outbreaks (11,139 cases during January to July) were reported. 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72

1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.2. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010 ;4(8):e787.3. J Med Entomol 2004 Nov ;41(6):1123-42.4. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2001 Jul ;96(5):657-8.5. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.6. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1991 Mar 8;40(9):145-7.7. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1996 Oct ;55(4):459-63.8. Can Dis Wkly Rep 1991 Oct 5;17(40):217-8.9. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1992 ;26(3):201-7.10. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101122.421711. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110124.029212. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014 Jul 7;13. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110117.019814. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110620.188815. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110131.037216. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100412.119017. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100830.308518. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110111.012219. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110209.044920. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110222.057921. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120116.1011474

22. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120130.102595523. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120319.107401324. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120416.110219325. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120423.111040026. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120801.122193327. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120805.122955828. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120813.124100529. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120820.125234130. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120903.127687031. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120917.129645232. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121021.135631333. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121015.134321134. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121030.136862935. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121105.139140436. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121118.141179037. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121125.142306838. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121203.143428239. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121210.144357240. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121217.145394041. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121226.146620042. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130106.1482481

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The Philippines

43. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130114.149479644. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130128.151749145. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130203.152680946. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130325.160145347. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130408.162923348. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130414.164571949. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130420.166062350. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130428.167682351. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130507.169574052. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130512.170680953. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130521.172599554. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130527.173854055. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130602.175131056. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130611.176419957. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130701.1800454

58. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131104.203842659. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131125.207344160. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140217.228324061. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140303.231122662. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140310.232466363. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140317.233866864. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140324.235295365. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140401.237251266. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140414.240398867. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140428.243410768. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140508.245986469. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140626.256683870. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140723.262925871. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140812.268078472. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140827.2727801

Time and Place:Dengue hemorrhagic fever was first reported in the Philippines in 1953- The world's first epidemic of DHF was reported in the Philippines during 1953 to 1954. At that time, 53% of Filipinos wereseropositive (62% of children in urban Manila).

Graph: Philippines. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 15,334 cases (163 fatal) were reported during January to May, 2008; 6,537 (62 fatal) duringJanuary to May, 2009. 1

1. 957 cases (27 fatal) were reported in Cebu City in 2006; 2,107 (51 fatal) in 2007. 2

Individual years:1998 - 7,755 hospitalized; with epidemics in Ballesteros (Cagayan province), San Antonio and

Jaen (Nueva Ecija Province), Dumaguete city (Negros), and Malaybalay (Bukidnon province).2012 - 34,232 cases were reported during January to June.

Prevalence surveys:11.4% of febrile episodes among children ages 2 to 14 years, in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand (2013

publication) 3

2006 to 2010 - Travelers from the Philippines accounted for 32.7% of dengue cases reported in South Korea. 4

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Graph: Philippines. DHF, casesNotes:

Individual years:1956 - 750 cases of DHF (70 to 100 fatal) were reported in the Manila region.1966 - Most cases in the Manila area.1972 - All cases reported from Manila.

Graph: Philippines. Dengue, deaths

Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) are implicated as reservoirs in this country.

Notable outbreaks:

Dengue




References

1906 - An outbreak of dengue was reported among American military personnel in the Manila region. 5

1943 - An outbreak (9 deaths) of presumed dengue was reported. 6

1983 to 1984 - An outbreak was reported . 7

1984 - An outbreak (42 cases, 29 hospitalized) was reported among American military personnel serving at Clark AirForce Base. 8 9

2005 - An outbreak (77 cases) in Taiwan was related to an index case arriving from the Philippines. 10

2009 - Outbreaks were reported in Isabela (181 cases, 2 fatal) 11 ; Cordillera (858 cases) 12 ; Cebu 13 ; Kalinga 14 ;and Angtique (210 cases, 3 fatal). 15

2010 - Outbreaks (119,789 cases, 724 fatal - to November) were reported in Western Visayas (1,311 cases, 7 fatal toMay) 16 , Eastern Visayas 17 18 , Negros Occidental 19 , Negros Oriental 20 21 , Mindanao 22 23 24 , Cagayan 25 26 ,Cebu 27 28 , Iloilo 29 , Mountain Province 30 , Metro Manila, Zamboanga 31 , Cordillera 32 33 34 , Capiz, Ifugao and Rizal.35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

2011 - Outbreaks (46,000 cases, 267 fatal - to August) were reported in Metro Manila (22,225 cases, 123 fatal - toNovember) 43 44 45 46 , Aklan Province 47 , Batanes (901 cases, 1 fatal) 48 , Santiago City, Isabela Province (19 cases, 1fatal) 49 , Negros Occidental (5 fatal cases) 50 , Pampanga 51 , Misamis Occidental 52 , Mindanao 53 54 Pampanga, andPangasinan (157 cases, 3 fatal). 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62

2012 - Outbreaks (132,046 cases to November) were reported. 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79

80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87

2013 - Outbreaks (117,658 cases to December) were reported. 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102

103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120

2014 - Outbreaks (73,815 cases, 288 fatal to November) were reported. 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131

132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144

1. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090608.21212. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20080321.10803. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013 ;7(7):e2331.4. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Sep ;18(9):1525-7.5. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Apr ;18(4):623-30.6. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009 Apr ;22(2):186-201, Table of Contents.7. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1987 Sep ;18(3):284-90.8. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1985 Aug 16;34(32):495-6, 501-2.9. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1989 Mar ;20(1):1-8.10. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007 Nov ;77(5):903-9.11. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090629.235312. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090928.339313. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091020.360914. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091102.377915. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090921.332216. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100601.182117. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100805.265118. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100819.289119. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100826.301020. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101004.359321. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101129.430022. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100713.234223. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100719.242924. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101018.377725. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100616.200926. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100727.252027. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100915.334528. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101004.359329. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100927.350630. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100622.208531. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100720.243532. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100323.092233. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100715.236834. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100804.263635. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100810.272636. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100830.308537. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100906.319838. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100913.330839. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100921.339940. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101004.359341. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101012.369742. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101122.421743. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111011.304644. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111026.318345. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111114.336446. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111128.347347. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111016.310648. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110718.217549. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110124.029250. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110613.180751. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110807.239752. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111204.352953. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111114.336454. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110818.2499

55. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110306.074356. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110214.049857. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110404.104158. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110801.231259. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110822.255660. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110829.265261. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110905.270762. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120109.100395163. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120313.106946264. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120524.114076865. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120123.101959966. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120130.102595567. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120423.111040068. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120507.112483369. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120515.113216870. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120528.114758971. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120611.116351172. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120617.117068973. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120626.117941674. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120704.118907575. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120716.120265176. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120721.121022277. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120801.122193378. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120810.123733079. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120813.124100580. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120820.125234181. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120911.128859182. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120917.129739683. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120923.130587684. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120930.131699385. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121203.143426286. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121209.144355687. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121226.146932288. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130121.150646789. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130128.151749090. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130203.152746091. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130211.153807392. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130217.154649793. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130225.155804694. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130310.157910095. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130325.160148496. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130401.161492997. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130420.166019398. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130408.162923699. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130428.1676860100. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130507.1696015101. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130521.1727082102. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130527.1738337103. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130527.1739445104. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130603.1751357105. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130611.1764198106. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130617.1776872107. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130624.1788185108. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130701.1800463

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Pitcairn Island

Poland

Portugal

109. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130707.1811632110. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130715.1824867111. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130722.1837939112. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130729.1851823113. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130811.1875382114. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130901.1917233115. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130908.1930898116. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130917.1949345117. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130924.1965721118. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131007.1988425119. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131216.2118900120. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131223.2132849121. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140114.2173444122. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140127.2235170123. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140203.2252372124. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140211.2268332125. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140303.2311299126. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140317.2338669

127. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140324.2353026128. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140401.2372512129. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140421.2417928130. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140515.2475763131. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140618.2547900132. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140626.2566838133. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140702.2581071134. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140710.2600705135. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140723.2629286136. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140731.2647343137. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140804.2659804138. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140812.2680784139. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140821.2710360140. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140827.2727801141. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140928.2811752142. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141013.2856793143. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141025.2901428144. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141130.2998237


Graph: Poland. Dengue, cases

Notes:1. All cases presumed imported.


Aedes aegypti was first identified in Madeira during 2004 to 2005, and again in 2006 1 and 2012. 2

2013 - 19 cases of dengue imported from Angola were reported by a clinic in Portugal. 3

Notable outbreaks:2012 to 2013 - An outbreak (2,168 cases) of dengue was reported in Madeira. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 These numbers included 32 cases during 2013.42 cases were reported among travelers who returned from Madeira to Finland 26 , Germany, Sweden, France and the

Dengue








































References

Puerto Rico

United Kingdom. 27

Also see:Azores

1. Euro Surveill 2007 Nov ;12(11):E071115.6.2. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013 ;108 Suppl 1:3-10.3. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130420.16601934. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2012 Oct 26;87(43):413.5. Euro Surveill 2012 ;17(49)6. Euro Surveill 2013 ;18(2)7. Euro Surveill 2013 ;18(6)8. Travel Med Infect Dis 2013 Sep-Oct;11(5):274-84.9. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013 ;108 Suppl 1:3-10.10. Euro Surveill 2014 ;19(8):20718.11. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014 Aug ;8(8):e3083.12. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014 Nov 15;:1-12.13. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121021.135631314. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121006.1328158

15. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121107.139780116. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121112.140482917. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121121.141773418. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121124.142292519. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121205.143936820. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121212.144745221. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121216.145395222. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121230.147539923. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130208.153562424. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130215.154440225. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130318.159129126. Euro Surveill 2013 ;18(8)27. Euro Surveill 2013 ;18(14):20446.

Time and Place:Eight epidemics of dengue were reported in Puerto Rico during 1963 to 1986. 1 2 3 4

- The first case of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in the Americas was diagnosed in Puerto Rico in 1975. 5

- A total of 311 cases of DHF (37 fatal) were reported during 1981 to 1996.- Highest rates are registered during September to November, and along the southern coast and central mountains.

Graph: Puerto Rico. Dengue, casesNotes:1. The rate of confirmed dengue during 2005 to 2006 was 770 per 100,000 population. 6

2. Additional references: 1986 7 8 9 1995 to 1997 10

3. During 2007 to 2010, 288 cases were reported from Veterans Affairs health facilities in PuertoRico. 11

Individual years:1995 - 2,046 confirmed1996 - 1,806 confirmed.

Dengue































Graph: Puerto Rico. DHF, casesNotes:1. 50 cases of DHF were reported during 1985 to 1987;

Graph: Puerto Rico. Dengue, deathsNotes:1. 104 suspected dengue-related deaths (23 confirmed) were reported during 1992 to 1996. 12

A series (four cases) of fatal leptospirosis / dengue co-infection in Puerto Rico (2014 publication) 13

Prevalence surveys:

Dengue




References

South Korea

41% of blood specimens submitted for dengue and West Nile fever testing from patients with acute febrile illness (2007)14

0.07% of blood donations (viral RNA, 2005) 15

0.07% to 0.45% of blood donations (estimate, 1995 to 2010) 16

0.19% of blood donations (2007) 17

Seroprevalence surveys:92% of blood donors (2006) 18


1972 to 1973 - Outbreaks of dengue were reported in Guanica-Ensenada and Villalba. 20

1977 - An outbreak (355,000 cases estimated) was reported. 21

1986 - An outbreak (10,659 cases, 29 DHF, 3 fatal) was reported. 22

1991 - Outbreaks were reported in Florida 23 and Yanes. 24

1994 to 1995 - An outbreak (24,700 cases estimated, 40 fatal) of dengue and DHF was reported. 25 26

1998 - An outbreak (17,241 cases, 19 fatal) was reported. 27 28 29

2007 - An outbreak (10,508 cases, 44 fatal) of dengue was reported throughout the island. 30

2010 - An outbreak (2,000 cases, 31 fatal) was reported. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

2011 - An outbreak (1,332 cases to May) was reported. 46

2012 - An outbreak (5,437 confirmed cases, 6 fatal) was reported. 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57

2013 - An outbreak (4,129 cases during January to April) was reported. 58 59 60 61

2014 - An outbreak (1,091 cases during January to May) was reported.

1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1976 Jan ;25(1):136-45.2. Am J Clin Pathol 1975 Jul ;64(1):65-74.3. PMID 47001864. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1991 ;25(3):237-47.5. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1978 Nov ;27(6):1216-24.6. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008 Jul ;79(1):123-7.7. P R Health Sci J 1996 Sep ;15(3):201-10.8. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1986 Dec 19;35(50):779-82.9. JAMA 1987 Jan 23-30;257(4):441, 448.10. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001 Jan-Feb;64(1-2):75-83.11. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013 ;7(3):e2040.12. Clin Infect Dis 2006 May 1;42(9):1241-6.13. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014 Aug 4;14. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013 May ;88(5):997-1002.15. Transfusion 2008 Jul ;48(7):1348-54.16. Transfusion 2012 Aug ;52(8):1647-51.17. Transfusion 2012 Aug ;52(8):1657-66.18. Transfusion 2012 Aug ;52(8):1652-6.19. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.20. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1976 Jan ;25(1):136-45.21. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1986 Jan ;35(1):197-211.22. P R Health Sci J 1996 Sep ;15(3):201-10.23. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998 Mar ;58(3):287-98.24. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995 Jun ;52(6):496-502.25. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001 Jan-Feb;64(1-2):67-74.26. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1998 Nov 13;47(44):952-6.27. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1998 Nov 13;47(44):952-6.28. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2002 Oct ;67(4):355-62.29. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110102.002030. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009 Sep ;81(3):467-74.31. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100304.0707

32. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100315.083533. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100412.119034. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100701.219635. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100713.234236. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100715.237237. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100720.243538. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100819.289139. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100906.319840. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100913.330841. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100927.350642. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101004.359343. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101012.369744. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101018.377745. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110102.002046. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110531.166447. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120617.117068948. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120708.119347649. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120805.122955850. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120917.129645251. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120930.131673752. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121021.135631353. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121015.134321154. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121030.136862955. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121203.143428256. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121210.144357257. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130114.149479658. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130128.151749159. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130217.154583960. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130414.164571961. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130821.1893489

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References

Reunion

References

Graph: Republic of Korea. Dengue, cases

Notes:1. Dengue fever has been a notifiable disease in South Korea since 2001. 1

2. 252 cases of imported dengue were reported during 2001 to 2008 2 ; 367 during 2006 to 2010 - 32.7% from thePhilippines. 3

Individual years:2007 - All cases were imported.

1. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Sep ;18(9):1525-7.2. J Clin Med Res 2011 May 19;3(3):139-42.3. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Sep ;18(9):1525-7.

Epidemics of Dengue were described during the second half of the 19th century. 1

Dengue, cases: None reported between 1978 and 1998Notes:1. Ten confirmed cases (5 autochthonous - all in Saint Louis; and 5 imported) and 71 probably cases were reported duringJanuary 2007 to October 2009. 2

The local vectors are Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti. 3 4 5

Notable outbreaks:1977 to 1978 - An outbreak was reported. 6 7 8


2010 - An outbreak (61 cases confirmed) of Chikungunya was reported 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 , including one case ina traveler returning to France. 18 A concurrent outbreak of dengue (53 cases to November) was also reported. 19 20

2012 - An outbreak (20 cases confirmed, to April) was reported. 21 22 23 24 25

1. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1998 ;91(1):99-103.2. Med Mal Infect 2011 Sep ;41(9):475-9.3. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1994 Dec ;74(4):323-6.4. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 2013 May ;106(2):113-25.5. PLoS One 2014 ;9(3):e91170.

6. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1979 May-Jun;72(3):205-9.7. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1994 ;87(2):71-6.8. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 Aug ;17(8):1349-54.9. Med Mal Infect 2011 Sep ;41(9):475-9.10. Med Mal Infect 2011 Sep ;41(9):475-9.

Dengue

















Romania

References

Samoa


19. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100517.162020. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101115.414921. Euro Surveill 2012 ;17(20)22. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120409.109409723. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120423.111040024. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120515.113216825. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120524.1140768

Graph: Romania. Dengue, cases

Seroprevalence surveys:0.4% to 3.9% of healthy Romanians (1975 publication) 1

1. Virologie 1975 ;26(1):23-5.

An epidemic of dengue was reported in 1972.

Dengue




















References

San Marino

Saudi Arabia

Graph: Samoa. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 198 cases were reported during February to August 2001 - most in urban Apia.2. 43 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever were reported during 1980 to 1984, 450 during 1985 to1989, and 2 during 1990 to 1993.3. No fatal cases were reported in 1979; 0 during 1991 to 1998; 0 in 2004; 0 in 2005.

During January to August 2001, two cases were imported to New Caledonia by persons returning from Western Samoa.

Notable outbreaks:2012 - An outbreak (10 cases) of probable dengue was reported in a youth group visiting Samoa from New Zealand. 1

1. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120716.1202651


Dengue was once prevalent in Saudi Arabia.

Dengue





Graph: Saudi Arabia. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 985 suspect cases (315 confirmed) were registered nationwide during 1994 to 1999, including2 nonfatal cases of DHF in Jeddah. 1

2. Two fatal cases were reported in 2004; 0 in 2005.Individual years:1994 - Over 400 cases were reported.2006 - 402 cases (4 fatal) were reported during January to March 2 3 ; 1,491 (821 confirmed)

during January to May. 4

2007 - None fatal 5

2012 - 16 suspected cases were reported during January to mid-December. 6

Dengue




References

Scotland

Graph: Saudi Arabia. Dengue, cases in JeddahNotes:1. A fatal case of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) was reported in Jeddah in 1969 (possiblyintroduced); and a subsequent fatal case in 1993.

Seroprevalence surveys:0.1% of Saudi military personnel (2010) 7

31.7% of clinic patients in Aseer and Jizan regions (2013 publication) 8

Notable outbreaks:2004 - An outbreak (91 cases) was reported in Makkah. 9

2009 - An outbreak (139 cases, 2 fatal) was reported in Makkah. 10 11 12 691 cases were reported in Jeddah duringJanuary to May. 13

2010 - An outbreak (2,219 cases during January to December) was reported in Jeddah and Jizan. 14 15 16 17

2011 - An outbreak was reported in Jeddah. 18 19 20 21 22

2013 - An outbreak was reported. 23 24 25 26 27 28

2014 - Outbreaks (460 cases to June) were reported. 29 30 31 32

1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001 Dec ;65(6):764-7.2. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20060225.06183. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20060318.08344. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20060528.14975. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20080130.03826. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121218.14561757. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 Dec ;17(12):2316-8.8. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013 Jun ;107(6):368-71.9. Acta Trop 2008 Jan ;105(1):39-44.10. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090413.141211. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090505.167712. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091221.430013. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090622.228614. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100426.134715. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100510.152816. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101220.4483

17. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101227.456718. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110306.074319. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110419.121720. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110425.129421. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110510.143722. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110705.203523. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130121.150646724. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130507.169601525. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130512.170713926. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130617.177687227. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130924.196572128. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130930.197514429. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140224.229794330. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140310.232478831. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140317.233866932. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140618.2547900

Graph: Scotland. Dengue, cases

Dengue




































Senegal

References

Serbia and Montenegro

Notes:1. Only imported disease is encountered.

Time and Place:Dengue virus was reported in Senegal during 1974 and during 1999 to 2000. 1

- An epizootic among monkeys was reported in 1981; and the first human case was reported in 1983 (from Casamance). 2

- An epizootic was reported in southeastern Senegal in 1990, and human infections were documented. 3 4

- Sporadic cases have been reported among visitors to Senegal. 5

- In 2009, Italy reported a case of dengue hemorrhagic fever, imported from Senegal. 6 7 8


Serosurveys suggest that the disease is widespread. 10

Vectors:- Dengue virus has been isolated from Aedes furcifer, Ae. taylori, Ae. luteocephalus, Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti and Ae.vittatus (1990). 11

Notable outbreaks:1927 to 1928 - An outbreak of dengue was reported. 12

1990 - An outbreak of dengue was reported in southern Senegal. 13

2009 - An outbreak (196 cases, including 5 DHF and one fatal case) was reported - the first reports of human dengue intwo decades. 14 15 16

1. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009 Mar 13;84(11-12):85-8.2. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1986 ;80(1):5.3. Res Virol 1992 Mar-Apr;143(2):101-2.4. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1993 ;86(1):21-8.5. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20080820.25976. Euro Surveill 2010 Feb 18;15(7)7. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091016.35598. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100222.0597

9. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Feb ;18(2):342-3.10. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1986 ;79(3):313-22.11. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Mar ;9(3):362-7.12. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 Aug ;17(8):1349-54.13. J Med Entomol 1994 Jul ;31(4):623-7.14. Emerg Infect Dis 2014 Mar ;20(3):456-9.15. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091115.394416. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091123.4016

Dengue




















The Seychelles

Graph: Serbia and Montenegro. Dengue, cases

Graph: Montenegro. Dengue, cases

Graph: Seychelles. Dengue, cases

Outbreaks of an illness which may have been dengue were reported in 1900, 1906 and 1915. 1

Dengue




References

Sierra Leone

References

Singapore

Notable outbreaks:1926 - An outbreak of dengue was reported.1976 to 1977 - An outbreak involved 60% to 80% of the population. Stegomyia (Aedes) albopictus was implicated as a

vector at the time. 2 3 4

1978 to 1979 - An outbreak involved all persons not already infected during the previous two years. 5 6 7 8

1. Bull World Health Organ 1980 ;58(6):937-43.2. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1998 ;91(1):56-60.3. Bull World Health Organ 1980 ;58(6):937-43.4. Br Med J 1978 Apr 15;1(6118):956-8.

5. Bull World Health Organ 1981 ;59(4):619-22.6. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009 Mar 13;84(11-12):85-8.7. Bull World Health Organ 1980 ;58(6):937-43.8. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 Aug ;17(8):1349-54.

Sporadic cases have been reported.

Prevalence surveys:2.4% of febrile patients suspected of having Lassa fever (Kenema, 2006 to 2008) 1

1. Emerg Infect Dis 2014 Jul ;20(7):1176-82.

Time and Place:Highest rates of dengue occur among ethnic Chinese and during July to October.- The eastern region accounts for 30.7% of cases, the northeast 22%, and the southeast 16.7%.- The average patient age increased steadily during 1989 to 2000.

Seroprevalence surveys:39% in 1993 (65% to 69% in the eastern region29.4% in 1998 (4.2% ages 5 to 9, 20.9% ages 10 to 14; 31.4% ages 20 to 29; 89.9% over age 3945% in 2002 (17% ages 18 to 25; 44% ages 25 to 35; 74% ages 36 to 45)65.9% of persons in an endemic area (2007) 1

30.8% of children ages 0 to 9 months during 1996 to 1997 (? maternal antibody); 0.78% ages 10 months to 5 years;6.1% ages 6 to 15 years.

Graph: Singapore. Dengue, cases

Dengue













Notes:1. Dengue has been an administratively reportable disease in Singapore since 1966.2. Review of cases during 1988 to 1996 - see reference 2

Individual years:2000 - Most cases in the south-eastern and north-eastern parts of the island.2004 - 5,248 cases were reported during January to September.2005 - 10,951 cases (12 fatal) were reported during January to September. 3

2010 - 4,364 cases were reported during January to November. 4

2012 - 1,982 cases were reported during January to June.

Graph: Singapore. DHF, casesNotes:1. Dengue hemorrhagic fever was first recognized in Singapore in 1960. 5

2. Dengue hemorrhagic fever has been acquired through blood transfusion (2007). 6

Dengue




Graph: Singapore. Dengue / DHF, published rates per 100,000Notes:

Individual years:1998 - 659.9 per 100,000 among residents of landed properties

Graph: Singapore. Dengue / DHF rates per 100,000 (ethnic Chinese)

Dengue




Graph: Singapore. Dengue / DHF rates per 100,000 (Malays)

Graph: Singapore. Dengue / DHF rates per 100,000 (Indians)

Dengue




Graph: Singapore. Dengue - imported, cases (% of total)Notes:

Individual years:1997 - Most from Indonesia and Malaysia.

Graph: Singapore. Dengue, deathsNotes:1. 16 fatal cases (CFR 0.18%) were reported during 1990 to 1994. 7

Vectors:The local vector is Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti; however, S. albopictus is also implicated.

Dengue




References

Slovakia

- 6.91% of Ae. aegypti and 2.97% of S. albopictus were found to be infected during 1997 to 2000.]

The risk for dengue from blood transfusion in Singapore is estimated at 1.625 to 6 per 10,000 transfusions.

Notable outbreaks:1973 - An outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever was reported. 8 9 10

1986 - An outbreak (260 cases, 1 fatal) was reported. 11

2002 - An outbreak (39 cases) was reported among Chinese migrant workers at a construction site in Singapore. 12

2005 - An outbreak (13,625 cases, 381 DHF, 27 fatal) was reported. 13 14 15 16 17 18


2011 - An outbreak (4,490 cases to October) was reported. 22 23

2012 - An outbreak was reported in the north east region. 24

2013 - An outbreak (22,094 cases, 7 fatal to December) was reported. 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

2014 - An outbreak (17,432 cases, 5 fatal to December 2) was reported. 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013 Jun ;88(6):1065-9.2. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1997 Sep ;26(5):664-70.3. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20051009.29454. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101110.40725. Singapore Med J 1977 Jun ;18(2):81-93.6. N Engl J Med 2008 Oct 2;359(14):1526-7.7. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1995 Nov 24;70(47):334-5.8. Singapore Med J 1977 Jun ;18(2):81-93.9. J Singapore Paediatr Soc 1980 ;22(1-4):15-23.10. J Singapore Paediatr Soc 1986 ;28(3-4):210-5.11. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1987 Sep ;18(3):295-302.12. J Clin Virol 2005 Aug ;33(4):336-40.13. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2008 Jul ;37(7):538-45.14. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009 Jan ;80(1):66-71.15. J Virol 2009 May ;83(9):4163-73.16. Emerg Infect Dis 2010 May ;16(5):847-9.17. Math Biosci 2013 Jul ;244(1):22-8.18. Western Pac Surveill Response J 2011 Apr ;2(2):24-9.19. Epidemiol Infect 2010 Jul ;138(7):951-7.20. Epidemiol Infect 2010 Jul ;138(7):958-9; author reply 959-61.21. Western Pac Surveill Response J 2011 Apr ;2(2):24-9.22. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110818.249923. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111016.310624. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120611.116351125. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130121.150646726. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130225.155804627. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130401.161492928. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130420.166019329. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130428.167686030. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130507.1696015

31. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130521.172708232. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130527.173944533. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130603.175135734. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130611.176419835. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130617.177687236. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130624.178818537. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130701.180046338. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130715.182486739. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130805.186372640. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130821.189362441. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130901.191723342. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130908.193089843. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130917.194934544. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131007.198842545. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131016.200565846. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131104.203821247. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131125.207366148. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140106.215496549. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140120.221952250. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140224.229794351. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140303.231129952. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140317.233866953. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140324.235302654. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140603.251650955. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140618.254790056. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140723.262928657. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140905.274960558. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141025.290142859. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141208.3018283

Dengue































































Slovenia

Graph: Slovakia. Dengue, cases

Slovenia's first case (tourist returning from Indonesia; nonfatal) was reported in 1999.

Graph: Slovenia. Dengue, cases

Notes:1. All cases have been imported.

Dengue




The Solomon Islands

References

Somalia

Graph: Solomon Islands. Dengue, casesNotes:1. No fatal cases were reported in 1995; 0 in 1996.

Individual years:1982 - A suspected dengue outbreak was recorded. 1

2002 - An additional 37 cases were identified through serologic screening.

Seroprevalence surveys:39% of the population (2001 publication) 2

A potential vector, Aedes albopictus has been detected in this country (2012 publication). 3

Notable outbreaks:1942 to 1943 - Outbreaks of dengue were reported among American military personnel in the Solomon Islands and

Australia. 4

2013 - An outbreak (6,733 cases, 8 fatal during January to August) was reported in Honiara. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

15 16

2014 - An outbreak (1,762 cases to June) was reported. 17 18

1. P N G Med J 2001 Mar-Jun;44(1-2):43-7.2. P N G Med J 2001 Mar-Jun;44(1-2):43-7.3. Parasit Vectors 2012 ;5:247.4. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Apr ;18(4):623-30.5. Western Pac Surveill Response J 2013 Jul-Sep;4(3):28-33.6. Emerg Infect Dis 2014 Jun ;20(6):1034-6.7. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130304.15692348. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130310.15791009. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130319.1591177

10. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130408.162923611. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130415.164589212. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130420.166019313. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130428.167686014. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130507.169601515. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130512.170713916. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130611.176419817. Euro Surveill 2014 ;19(41)18. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141016.2870853

Time and Place:An illness consistent with dengue was first reported in 1981.- An epidemic of thousands of cases suggestive of dengue occurred in an refugee camp near Hargeysa during 1985 to 1987.1

- Dengue was documented among journalists and relief workers involved in international humanitarian assistance in Somalia

Dengue






















References

South Africa

References

Spain

during 1992 to 1993. 2 3 4

The disease was confirmed among military personnel during 1993. 5 6

Notable outbreaks:2011 - An outbreak (122 cases) of dengue was reported among Ugandan military personnel serving in Somalia. 7

2013 - An outbreak (28 cases in January) was reported in Mogadishu. 8

1. J Med Virol 1989 Oct ;29(2):79-81.2. J Travel Med 1995 Jun 1;2(2):70-76.3. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009 Mar 13;84(11-12):85-8.4. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100222.0597

5. Emerg Infect Dis 1998 Apr-Jun;4(2):299-303.6. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995 Jul ;53(1):89-94.7. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110919.28458. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130225.1558046

There have been sporadic importations in recent years, without autochthonous activity. 1

Aedes aegypti is identified. 2 3

- Stegomyia (Aedes) albopictus was first identified in South Africa in 1989 (the first Africa country to report this species). 4

5

Notable outbreaks:1927 - An outbreak (60 deaths) was reported in Durban. 6 7

1. S Afr Med J 1987 Mar 21;71(6):386-7.2. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1991 Dec ;7(4):574-83.3. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1993 Nov-Dec;87(6):639-43.4. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1992 Sep ;8(3):321-2.

5. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 1991 Mar ;7(1):107-8.6. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009 Apr ;22(2):186-201, Table of Contents.7. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 Aug ;17(8):1349-54.

Graph: Spain. Dengue, casesNotes:1. No cases of dengue were officially reported during 1985 to 2005; however, individual caseseries were published during this period. 1

Dengue



















References

Sri Lanka

Prevalence surveys:24.4% of returning travelers with suspected dengue (Madrid, 2009 publication) 2

Stegomyia (Aedes) albopictus was reported in Spain for the first time in 2004 - in Sant Cugat del Valles (Barcelona). 3 4 5

- As of 2012, this species was present in coastal provinces of Girona, Barcelona, Tarragona, Castellon, Alicante and Murcia. 6

Also see:Canary Islands

1. Med Clin (Barc) 2008 Jun 7;131(1):18-21.2. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009 Sep ;65(1):42-8.3. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2011 May ;105(5):281-8.

4. J Med Entomol 2011 Jul ;48(4):956-60.5. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013 Nov ;107(11):706-14.6. Rev Esp Salud Publica 2012 Jul-Aug;86(4):319-30.

50% of children in Colombo are infected by age 6.

The incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever increased abruptly after 1988. 1

Status of dengue diagnosis in Sri Lanka as of 2014 - see reference 2

Graph: Sri Lanka. Dengue, casesNotes:

Individual years:1977 - Both in Colombo.1996 - 40.6% of cases reported from Colombo.2000 - estimated number2009 - 6,100 cases (27 fatal) were reported during January to May. 3

5.5% of patients suspected of having either dengue fever or chikungunya were found to have dual infection (Peradeniya,2006 to 2007) 4

Dengue










References

Graph: Sri Lanka. Dengue, deaths

Prevalence surveys:6.3% of acute febrile illness (2007) 5

Seroprevalence surveys:39% of patients tested for dengue in 2003, 22% in 2004, 18% in 2005 and 32% in 2006 6

67% of patients with acute febrile illness (2004 to 2005) 7

53.07% of children in urban Colombo (2008 to 2010) 8

An epizootic cycle involving mosquitoes (Ochlerotatus (Finlaya) niveus) and toque macaques (Macaca sinica) has beenproposed. 9

Notable outbreaks:1986 to 1987 - An outbreak of dengue was reported among toque macaques. 10

2009 - An outbreak (25,606 cases, 249 fatal - to August) was reported. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

2010 - An outbreak (27,1429 cases, 164 fatal - to November) was reported. 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

2011 - An outbreak (28,112 cases, 185 fatal) was reported. 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

2012 - An outbreak (44,000 cases, 227 fatal) was reported. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58

2013 - An outbreak (20,216 cases, 50 fatal - during January to August) was reported. 59 60 61 62 63 64

2014 - An outbreak (36,600 cases, during January to November) was reported. 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72

1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2002 Jun ;66(6):765-73.2. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2014 Sep 18;3. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090601.20404. Postgrad Med J 2009 Jul ;85(1005):342-6.5. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Feb ;18(2):256-63.6. Emerg Infect Dis 2009 Feb ;15(2):192-9.7. Med Microbiol Immunol 2009 May ;198(2):103-6.8. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014 Jul ;91(1):132-7.9. J Med Primatol 1993 Jun ;22(4):240-5.10. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999 Feb ;60(2):300-6.11. BMC Res Notes 2011 ;4:268.12. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 Nov ;17(11):2053-5.13. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090629.235314. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090720.257415. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090803.272316. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090811.286417. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090817.290818. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090823.297719. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090831.3065

20. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090907.314421. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090915.324022. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091012.352423. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091123.401624. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100119.021125. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100304.070726. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100308.075327. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100329.098228. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100517.162029. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100616.200930. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100701.219631. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100715.236832. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100720.243533. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100720.243534. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100727.252035. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101101.396136. Ceylon Med J 2014 Jun ;59(2):61-3.37. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110228.066538. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110325.0938

Dengue










































Saint Kitts and Nevis



Graph: Saint Kitts, Nevis and Anguilla. Dengue, cases reported

Dengue






































Graph: Saint Kitts and Nevis. Dengue, casesNotes:1. Only one case of DHF (nonfatal) was reported during 1981 to 2006; 0 in 2010.

Graph: Saint Kitts and Nevis. Dengue, published rates per 100,000


Notable outbreaks:2008 - An outbreak (100 cases) of dengue was reported.

Dengue




References

Saint Lucia


Graph: Saint Lucia. Dengue, cases

Graph: Saint Lucia. DHF, casesNotes:1. No fatal cases were reported during 1981 to 2006.

Dengue





References

Saint Vincent and The Grenadines


Notable outbreaks:2008 - An outbreak (97 cases) was reported. 2

2011 - An outbreak (169 cases to June) was reported. 3 4


1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014 Sep 3;91(3):642-4.2. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20081223.40423. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110626.1957


No cases were reported during 1960 to 1966.

An outbreak was registered in 1968.

Graph: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Dengue, casesNotes:

Individual years:1992 - 7 cases confirmed1995 - 115 cases confirmed

Dengue










References

Sudan and South Sudan

References

Suriname

Graph: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. DHF, cases




Dengue virus was identified in Sudan during 1985 to 1986. 1

Sporadic case reports of have been published. 2 3

738 cases were reported in Red Sea State during the first half of 2014. 4

Notable outbreaks:2004 to 2005 - An outbreak (312 hospitalized pediatric cases, 12 fatal) of dengue was reported in Port Sudan. 5

2005 - An outbreak (75 fatal) was reported in the south Kordofan region. 6

2010 - An outbreak (3,765 cases) was reported in Port Sudan City. 7

1. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009 Mar 13;84(11-12):85-8.2. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1986 Jul ;35(4):860-5.3. J Trop Med Hyg 1994 Aug ;97(4):228-30.4. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140626.2566838

5. J Infect Public Health 2011 Mar ;4(1):1-6.6. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20051112.33097. East Mediterr Health J 2012 Dec ;18(12):1217-24.

Dengue












Graph: Suriname. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 109 patients were hospitalized for dengue during 1993 to 1994.

Graph: Suriname. DHF, casesNotes:1. DHF was first reported in Suriname in 19822. A total of 11 cases of DHF (0 fatal) were reported during 1982 to 1996.

Dengue




References

Sweden

Graph: Suriname. Dengue, deathsNotes:1. Ten fatal cases were reported during 1993 to 1994.

Seroprevalence surveys:81.3% of Surinamese immigrants in the Netherlands (2014 publication) 1


1. BMC Infect Dis 2014 Sep 10;14(1):493.2. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120130.1025955

Autochthonous infection is not reported.

Dengue






References

Switzerland

Graph: Sweden. Dengue, casesNotes:1. A total of 394 cases were reported during 1991 to 1998 - of these, Southeast Asia accountedfor 86%.2. No fatal cases were reported in 1998 or 19993. Thailand accounted for 52.3% of cases reported during 1991 to 1998, and 71% during 1998 to1999. 1

4. Southeast Asia accounted for >75% of cases reported during 2005 to 2008 - most fromThailand. 2

Individual years:2012 - 45 cases of dengue were reported among travelers who returned from Madeira to


Prevalence surveys:4% of febrile travelers returning to Sweden from tropical countries (2005 to 2008)

1. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Apr ;9(4):438-42.2. Euro Surveill 2009 Feb 5;14(5)3. J Travel Med 2014 Sep-Oct;21(5):344-8.

4. Euro Surveill 2013 ;18(8)5. Euro Surveill 2013 ;18(14):20446.

All cases are presumably imported. 1 2

Dengue









References

Syria

References

Taiwan

Graph: Switzerland. Dengue, cases

The rate of dengue among Swiss travelers to tropical regions is 1.1% = 6.7 per 1,000 patient months (1998 to 2000). 3

A potential vector, Aedes albopictus, has been detected in bordering regions of Italy since 2003, and was first identified inSwitzerland (Argau canton) in 2007. 4

Also see:Liechtenstein

1. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1985 Sep 14;115(37):1273-7.2. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1995 Sep 9;125(36):1673-8.

3. Travel Med Infect Dis 2013 Jul-Aug;11(4):210-3.4. Euro Surveill 2008 Mar 6;13(10)

A potential vector, Aedes albopictus, has been identified in Syria (2007 publication) 1

1. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2007 Jun ;23(2):226-8.

Epidemics of presumed dengue involved the entire country in 1915, 1927, 1931 and 1942 to 1944. 1 2

Outbreaks occur yearly, and begin with imported cases during early summer, spreading out locally, and ending in the winter.3

Dengue









Graph: Taiwan. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 10,420 cases were reported during 1987 to 1988 - 60.5% from Kaohsiung City.2. 10,351 cases were reported during 1998 to 2007 - 7.1% imported, and 62.9% in metropolitanareas. 4

3. 542 cases of imported dengue were reported during 2003 to 2007 - most from Southeast Asiancountries. 5

4. 2,087 cases (7 fatal) were reported in Kaohsiung during 2003 to 2009. 6

Individual years:1994 - Included 22 imported cases and 170 cases in Kaohsiung.1995 - Included 33 imported cases.2008 - Included 488 confirmed cases. 7

2012 - 71 indigenous cases were reported to July. 8 9 10

Dengue




Graph: Taiwan. Dengue - indigenous, cases

Graph: Taiwan. DHF, casesNotes:1. One case of DHF was reported during 1987 to 1988.

Dengue




References

Graph: Taiwan. Dengue / DHF, deaths

Prevalence surveys:0.0970% of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes (estimate, 2004 to 2007) 11

Seroprevalence surveys:5.29% of persons in Kaohsiung in 1988; 9.23% in 1989 12

Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti 13 is found only in the south, and S. albopictus throughout the country. 14 15

Notable outbreaks:1931 - An outbreak (26 deaths) of dengue was reported. 16

1942 - An outbreak involved most of the country. 17

1981 - An outbreak (1,387 cases) was reported in the southern region of Liu-Chiu Island, primarily in Kaohsiung. 18 19

20

1987 to 1988 - An outbreak was reported in Kaohsiung. 21 22 23 24 25

1991 - An outbreak (175 cases) included 113 cases in Kaohsiung City. 26

1995 - Outbreaks were reported in Chungho (Taipei County), Taichung and Taipei City.1998 - An outbreak (342 cases) was reported. 27

2001 to 2002 - An outbreak (5,336 cases, 21 fatal) of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever was reported in Kaohsiung.28 29 30 31

2005 - Outbreaks (172 cases in three outbreaks) in Kaohsiumg were related to index cases arriving from the Philippinesand Vietnam. 32

2008 - An outbreak (4 cases) was reported among four siblings who had visited Tonga. 33

2009 - An outbreak (648 cases, 2 fatal to November) was reported. 34 35 36

2010 - An outbreak (1,295 indigenous cases to November) was reported. 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

2011 - An outbreak (457 cases, 5 fatal - to October) was reported. 50 51 52

2013 - Outbreaks (214 cases to November) were reported. 53 54

2014 - Outbreaks (15,260 cases, 17 fatal to December 24) were reported. 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65

1. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009 Apr ;22(2):186-201, Table of Contents.2. Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi 1989 Jan ;5(1):1-11.3. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010 Apr ;82(4):731-9.4. Int J Infect Dis 2010 Aug ;14(8):e693-7.5. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009 Jun ;80(6):1039-46.6. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Oct ;18(10):1603-11.7. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090119.0242

8. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120507.11248339. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120805.122955810. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120820.125234111. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010 Dec ;10(10):1017-25.12. Epidemiol Infect 1997 Oct ;119(2):277-9.13. Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi 1994 Dec ;10 Suppl:S88-93.14. J Med Entomol 1993 May ;30(3):524-30.

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Tajikistan

Tanzania

References

Thailand

15. Acta Trop 2013 Oct 23;130C:17-23.16. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009 Apr ;22(2):186-201, Table of Contents.17. Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi 1989 Jan ;5(1):1-11.18. Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 1986 Aug;19(3):203-11.19. Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi 1982 Nov ;81(11):1388-95.20. Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Ji Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 1986 Aug;19(3):218-23.21. Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi 1989 Jan ;5(1):58-65.22. Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi 1989 Jan ;5(1):42-9.23. Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi 1989 Jan ;5(1):1-11.24. Am J Epidemiol 1992 Jul 15;136(2):214-20.25. Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi 1994 Dec ;10 Suppl:S88-93.26. J Formos Med Assoc 1993 Mar ;92 Suppl 1:S39-43.27. Emerg Infect Dis 2004 Mar ;10(3):552-4.28. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2004 Oct ;37(5):266-70.29. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2008 Aug ;24(8):398-407.30. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008 Oct ;79(4):495-505.31. Acta Trop 2013 Oct 23;130C:17-23.32. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007 Nov ;77(5):903-9.33. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20080414.134634. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090706.242535. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091123.401636. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091208.417537. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100601.182138. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100727.252039. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100826.3010

40. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100830.308541. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100906.319842. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100913.330843. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100921.339944. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100927.350645. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101018.377746. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101026.387847. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101101.396148. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101110.407249. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101129.430050. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110913.279551. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111016.310652. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111101.324253. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131104.203821254. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131202.208703255. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140217.228326156. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140710.260070557. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140723.262928658. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140731.264734359. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140804.265980460. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140827.272780161. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141025.290142862. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141130.299823763. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141208.301828364. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141229.306081265. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141229.3060812


Time and Place:Epidemics of dengue were reported in Zanzibar in 1823 and 1870. 1

- Sporadic cases have been reported in recent years.- In 2010, dengue was reported among expatriates and tourists in Tanzania. 2 3 4 5 6 7

Seroprevalence surveys:50.6% of blood donors in urban Zanzibar (2011) 8

7.7% of febrile patients in Pemba and 1.8% in Iringa (2007)8.0% of febrile outpatient children ages 2 to 13 years, in Kilosa (2014 publication) 9

0% of hospitalized febrile patients in Moshi (2007 to 2008) 10

Notable outbreaks:1888 to 1889 - An outbreak (326 cases, 0 fatal) of dengue was reported aboard a British ship in Zanzibar. 11

2013 - An outbreak (20 cases) of dengue was reported in Dar es Salaam. 12 13 14

2014 - Outbreaks (2,121 cases to June, including 400 cases in Dar es Salaam) were reported. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

1. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 Aug ;17(8):1349-54.2. Euro Surveill 2010 Apr 15;15(15):19541.3. Emerg Infect Dis 2010 Nov ;16(11):1770-2.4. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100323.09225. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100420.12796. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100517.16207. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100709.23048. Emerg Infect Dis 2014 Mar ;20(3):465-8.9. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014 Nov ;8(11):e3335.10. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Jan ;86(1):171-7.11. Br Med J 1890 Feb 15;1(1520):352-4.

12. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130701.180046313. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130707.181163214. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140203.225237215. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140211.226833216. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140401.237251217. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140414.240405518. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140515.247576319. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140527.250209020. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140603.251650921. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140618.2547900

Time and Place:Outbreaks of dengue occur every two to four years.- Disease rates peak during July to August.- Highest risk occurs between the ages of 5 and 9 years (540 per 100,000 population).- The risk of a tourist acquiring dengue during a 7-day stay (high-transmission season) has been estimated at 0.2%; 0.46%for if 15 days; 0.81% if 20 days.- Since 1990, the rate of dengue in Bangkok has decreased relative to other areas of the country.- In 1987, symptomatic rural infection accounted for 43% of all dengue cases; 51% in 1995.- Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) was first reported during an explosive outbreak in 1958 (2,250 to 3,000 cases with ca.300 deaths).- 88.5% of DHF cases during 1958 to 1970 were reported from Bangkok and Thonburi.

Dengue














































































Graph: Thailand. Dengue / DHF, casesNotes:1. Thailand accounted for the majority of dengue cases reported among Swedish tourists during2005 to 2008. 1

Individual years:1958 - 2,706 cases of dengue fever were reported1995 - 500 per 100,000 in Koh Samui2000 - Data for first half of year only2001 - Highest incidence in Chon Buri, Nakhon Sawan, Phisanulok, Uthai Thani, Sa Kaew, Yala,

Songkhla, Rayong, Lopburi, and Pattani. Most deaths were recorded in Narathiwat, Yasothon,Chumphon, Suphan Buri, Chainat, Prachuab Khirikhan, Nong Bua Lamphu, Trat, Surin and ChiangRai.

2008 - Additional references 2

Dengue




Graph: Thailand. DHF rates among children below age 15 (per 100,000)

Graph: Thailand. Dengue, deathsNotes:1. 2000 - Data for first half of year only

Prevalence surveys:29% of all febrile episodes in Bangkok (1988)51.5% of patients with dengue-like illness (Nong Khai Province, 2010) 3

5.7% of acute febrile illness seen in Thai hospitals (1991 to 1993) 4

11.4% of febrile episodes among children ages 2 to 14 years, in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand (2013

Dengue




References

Tokelau

publication) 5

Seroprevalence surveys:3.3% of primary-school children in two areas of central Thailand (IgM, 1989) 6

71% of primary-school children in Mueang district, Ratchaburi Province (IgG, 2001) 7

19.4% of German aid workers returning from Thailand (1999 publication) 8

24% of captive macaques (Macaca nemestrina leonina, 2013 publication) 9

Notable outbreaks:1964 - An outbreak of dengue was reported among American and Australian military personnel in Thailand. 10

1980 - An outbreak of dengue was reported. 11


2000 to 2001 - Outbreaks were reported in Chonburi 15 and Ratchaburi provinces. 16

2004 - An outbreak (83 cases) in Ningbo, China (a non-endemic area) was associated with an index case arriving fromThailand. 17

2009 - An outbreak (14,329 cases, 17 fatal to May) was reported. 18

2010 - An outbreak (86,407 cases, 100 fatal to October) was reported. 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

33 34 35

2011 - An outbreak (49,153 cases, 36 fatal to September) was reported. 36 37 38 39 40 41

2011 - An outbreak (400 cases) was reported among Burmese refugees in northern Thailand. 42

2012 - An outbreak (55,485 cases, 52 fatal - to November) was reported. 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53

2013 - Outbreaks (135,344 cases, 126 fatal to October) were reported. 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67

68 69 70 71 72 73

2014 - Outbreaks (11,881 cases, 13 fatal to July) were reported. 74 75 76

1. Euro Surveill 2009 Feb 5;14(5)2. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090105.00413. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2013 Sep ;44(5):780-90.4. J Med Assoc Thai 2004 May ;87(5):464-72.5. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013 ;7(7):e2331.6. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000 Jul-Aug;63(1-2):27-35.7. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2003 Sep ;34(3):564-8.8. Infection 1999 Mar-Apr;27(2):82-5.9. Am J Primatol 2014 Jan ;76(1):97-102.10. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Apr ;18(4):623-30.11. Am J Epidemiol 1984 Nov ;120(5):653-69.12. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1988 Sep ;19(3):487-90.13. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989 Jul ;41(1):95-101.14. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1990 Mar ;21(1):61-7.15. Trop Med Int Health 2004 Sep ;9(9):1022-9.16. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2003 Sep ;34(3):564-8.17. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007 Jun ;76(6):1182-8.18. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090614.221119. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100510.152820. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100601.182121. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100616.200922. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100705.224023. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100715.236824. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100719.242925. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100805.265126. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100810.272627. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100817.284728. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100819.289129. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100830.308530. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100906.319831. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100913.330832. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100927.350633. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101004.359334. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101101.396135. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101129.430036. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110919.284537. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110516.149138. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110718.2175

39. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110724.223640. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110807.239741. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110913.279542. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110919.284543. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120515.113216844. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120524.114076845. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120626.117941646. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120708.119347647. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120728.121857248. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120923.130587649. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120930.131699350. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121015.134335151. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121007.132846952. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121030.137483353. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121115.141090354. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130128.151749055. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130225.155804656. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130319.159117757. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130325.160148458. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130428.167686059. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130507.169601560. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130512.170713961. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130527.173944562. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130611.176419863. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130617.177687264. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130624.178818565. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130701.180046366. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130707.181163267. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130715.182486768. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130729.185182369. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130805.186372670. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130901.191723371. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131016.200565872. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131023.201656973. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131028.202604574. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140224.229794375. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140527.250209076. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140723.2629286

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References

Tonga

Graph: Tokelau. Dengue, casesNotes:

Individual years:1991 - None fatal2001 - Approximately 60 cases (0 fatal) of suspected dengue were reported on Fakaofo and

Nukunonu - including one suspected DHF (nonfatal).

Aedes aegypti has been identified on Tokelau (1979 publication). 1

1. N Z Med J 1979 Sep 12;90(643):212-3.

Outbreaks of dengue were reported during 1943 to 1944, and in 1974 to 1975. 1

Dengue





Graph: Tonga. Dengue, casesNotes:1. The WHO regional office reported 105 cases in 1998, 1 in 2002; 194 in 2003.2. 348 cases were reported from September 2008 to 26 March 2009.

Individual years:1998 - 70 cases confirmed - most from Tongatapu2003 - Data for clinical cases - most from Tongatapu.

1,000 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever [DHF] were reported during 1980 to 1984; 6 during 1985 to 1989; 505 during1990 to 1993; 0 in 1998.

Graph: Tonga. Dengue, deaths

Dengue




References

Trinidad and Tobago

Aedes albopictus was first detected in Tonga in 2011. 2

Notable outbreaks:1975 - An outbreak (1,400 cases or more) was reported from the Ha'apai and Vava'u Island groups. 3

2008 - An outbreak (4 cases) was reported among four Taiwanese siblings who had visited Tonga. 4

2014 - An outbreak (46 cases) was reported. 5 6 7

1. Virology 2010 Sep 30;405(2):505-12.2. Parasit Vectors 2012 ;5:247.3. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1978 May ;27(3):581-9.4. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20080414.1346

5. Euro Surveill 2014 ;19(41)6. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141016.28708537. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20150116.3096024

The first isolate of a dengue virus in the Americas was obtained in Trinidad and Tobago in 1953. 1

Graph: Trinidad and Tobago. Dengue, cases

Dengue











Graph: Trinidad and Tobago. DHF, casesNotes:1. A total of 7 cases of DHF were reported during 1981 to 1996.

Individual years:1998 - High incidence related to heavy rainfall and increasing populations of Aedes aegypti. 2

Graph: Trinidad and Tobago. Dengue, deathsNotes:1. One fatal case was reported during 1981 to 1994.

Stegomyia (Aedes) albopictus was first identified in Trinidad (Chaguaramas, NW peninsula) in 2002. 3

Dengue




References

Tunisia

References

Turkey

References

The Turks and Caicos Islands


Notable outbreaks:1998 - An outbreak (3120 cases, 0 fatal) was reported. 5


2011 - An outbreak (1,639 cases to August) was reported. 7 8


1. West Indian Med J 2003 Sep ;52(3):191-8.2. Trop Med Int Health 2005 Aug ;10(8):748-54.3. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20040108.00834. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003 Jul ;69(1):105-14.5. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2004 Apr ;98(3):305-12.


Seroprevalence surveys:2.2% of small wild animals (1980) 1

1. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1983 Jan-Feb;76(1):21-33.

Seroprevalence surveys:0.9% of blood donors in Ankara, Konya, Eskisehir and Zonguldak Provinces (2010 publication) 1

0.9% of asymptomatic blood donors in Mersin Province (2010 to 2011) 2

1. Mikrobiyol Bul 2010 Jul ;44(3):415-24.2. Mikrobiyol Bul 2014 Oct ;48(4):606-17.

Graph: Turks and Caicos Islands. Dengue, cases

Dengue
















References

Tuvalu

References

Uganda

Individual years:2011 - Three imported cases were reported - 2 from Bahamas and 1 from St. Lucia. 1

2014 - 244 cases (1 fatal) were reported during January to December 1. 2 3




Graph: Tuvalu. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 15 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever were reported in 1980, 0 during 1981 to 1984, 58during 1985 to 1989, and 19 during 1990 to 1993.2. No fatal cases were reported during 1991 to 1997.

Notable outbreaks:2014 - An outbreak (408 suspected cases, 195 cases confirmed) of dengue was reported. 1 2 3


Notable outbreaks:2011 - An outbreak (122 cases) of dengue was reported among Ugandan military personnel serving in Somalia. 1

Dengue










References

Ukraine

The United Kingdom

1. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110919.2845


Graph: United Kingdom. Dengue, casesNotes:1. All cases have been imported

Individual years:1994 - Included 127 cases from the Indian subcontinent2012 - 45 cases of dengue were reported among travelers who returned from Madeira to


Dengue





References

The United States

Graph: England and Wales. Dengue, laboratory-confirmed cases

Notable outbreaks:1888 to 1889 - An outbreak (326 cases, 0 fatal) of dengue was reported aboard a British ship in Zanzibar. 4

1964 - An outbreak of dengue-type fever was reported among royal marines serving in Malaysia. 5

Also see:Falkland IslandsGibraltarIreland and Northern IrelandScotland

1. J Travel Med 2014 Sep-Oct;21(5):344-8.2. Euro Surveill 2013 ;18(8)3. Euro Surveill 2013 ;18(14):20446.

4. Br Med J 1890 Feb 15;1(1520):352-4.5. J R Nav Med Serv 1973 ;59(1):30-4.

Although dengue was first reported in the United States in 1827, an outbreak reported in Philadelphia in 1780 appears tohave represented dengue fever. 1

Dengue fever is the most common identifiable cause of acute febrile illness among travelers returning from South America,South Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Caribbean. 2

Dengue









Graph: United States. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 995 cases were reported during 1980 to 1987 (includes imported cases); 157 during 1986 to1992 (45% from Latin America and the Caribbean; 40% from Asia and the Pacific).2. 2,706 cases of suspected dengue were reported, and 584 were confirmed during 1977 to1995.3. No autochthonous cases were reported during 1980 to 1985. 3

4. An estimated 1,250 patients were hospitalized for dengue during 2000 to 2007 - 81 in 2000,increasing to 299 in 2007. 4

Individual years:2013 - Included one autochthonous case on Long Island. 5 6

2014 - 172 cases (170 imported) were reported during January to September. 24 importedcases were reported in Florida during January to June. The first locally-acquired case (Florida)was reported in July. 7

Dengue




Graph: United States. DHF, cases

A review of dengue among American military personnel, during 1898 to 2011 - see reference 8

- During 2000 to 2011, 23 cases were reported among United States Air Force personnel. 9

- During 2007 to 2010, 288 cases were reported from Veterans Affairs health facilities in Puerto Rico, and 21 in Florida. 12 ofthe infections in Florida had been acquired locally (in Key West). 10

Graph: United States. Dengue, confirmed imported casesNotes:1. 41 cases (1 fatal) were reported during 1999 to 2000.2. 937 imported cases (204 laboratory-confirmed) were reported during 1986 to 1994 - includingone fatal case (1989). 11

Dengue




3. 77 travel-associated cases were confirmed during 2001 to 2004 12 ; 96 in 2005 13 14 ; 334(2 fatal) during 1996 to 2005. 15 ; 158 during 2006 to 2008. 16

Individual years:1991 - Highest number (13) in New York State.1994 - 31 from the Caribbean and Central America.1996 - 51.4% from Caribbean where information was available.1998 - Included one fatal case

Graph: United States. Dengue, cases in TexasNotes:1. During 1980 to 1999, 64 locally-acquired cases were confirmed in Texas, while 62,514suspected cases were reported in the adjoining Mexican states of Coahuila, Nuevo Leon andTamaulipas.2. Autochthonous DHF (1 fatal case) was first reported in the Mexico border area in 2004; asecond case was reported in 2005. 17

3. The local vectors are Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. 18

3. Also see reverences 19 20 21

Individual years:1995 - Included 4 acquired in Hidalgo County and 3 in Cameron County1997 - Locally-acquired, in Cameron and Hidalgo Counties.1998 - Locally-acquired1999 - Included one fatal case. 28 cases were reported in Webb County; others in Bexar,

Cameron, Dallas, Galveston, Hidalgo, Nueces, Starr, Tarrant, Travis and Willancy Counties. Theseincluded 16 autochthonous cases and 35 imported (30 from Mexico and one from Brazil). Elevenadditional cases (9 imported from Mexico, 2 autochthonous) were diagnosed in Laredo during1999 through active case-finding. No positive cases were reported from Laredo in 2000. 22

2013 - Included one fatal case 23 Nine locally-acquired cases were reported in CameronCounty, and three cases in Hidalgo County. 24 25

Dengue




Graph: United States. Dengue, cases in FloridaNotes:1. One to two million cases were estimated for the southern states during the 1930's.2. Florida confirmed 18 (imported) cases during April 1997 to March 1998.3. During 2007 to 2010, 21 cases were reported from Veterans Affairs health facilities in Florida -including 12 cases acquired in Key West. 26

4. During 2009 to 2010, an outbreak of autochthonous (24 cases) and imported (49 cases)dengue was reported in the Florida Keys 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

43 44 ; and 93 cases were reported in Key West, Florida during 2009 to 2010. 45

Individual years:2009 - Three locally-acquired cases were reported to October. 46 47

2013 - An outbreak (22 cases) was reported in Florida. 48 49 50

2014 - 24 imported cases were reported during January to June. 51

Prevalence surveys:0.25% of mosquito (Aedes aegypti) pools collected in Key West, Florida (2010) 52

Seroprevalence surveys:2% of persons in Brownsville and 7.3% in Matamoros (contiguous Mexican area) had evidence of recent infection (40%

and 78%, respectively for past infection) (2004) 53

2.5% of persons in Brownsville and 22.8% in Matamoros (contiguous Mexican area) had evidence of recent infection(1.1% and 15.9%, respectively for past infection) (2005) 54

41.3% of persons in the Florida Keys (2009) 55 56 57

5% of persons in Key West (2009) 58 59

51% of returning travelers who had been born in an endemic country, 40% if born in a non-endemic country butreturning after >= 1 year in an endemic country, and 6.9% of travelers who had been in an endemic country for 2 to 51weeks (2008 to 2009) 60

Stegomyia (Aedes) in the United States - Chronology: 61 62

Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti was eliminated from Maui (Hawaii) in the 1940's1971 - Ae. Albopictus larvae were found in tires off-loaded in California from a ship from Viet Nam.1985 - Stegomyia (Aedes) albopictus was first identified in the United States, in Houston, Texas. 63 Since then, it graduallyspread northward, to northern New Jersey along the Atlantic coast, and to Illinois.1990's - Aedes aegypti reappeared in the southwestern United States, following a 40-year absence. 64 65

1995 - Dengue virus was first identified in naturally-infected Ae. albopictus in the United States. 66

1997 - As of this year, the "Asian tiger mosquito" (S. albopictus) was found in 678 counties of 25 states, including allcounties of Delaware, Florida 67 , Georgia and South Carolina. 68

Dengue




2001 - S. albopictus entered California with shipments of a Chinese ethnic decoration ("lucky bamboo"). By 2003, thespecies had been identified in 28 states.2002 - As of this years, S. albopictus was present on the Hawaiian islands of Oahu, Maui, Molokai and Kauai. S. albopictushas since become the predominant mosquito in East Maui.2004 - Aedes albopictus was identified in Southern California. 69

2011 - Ae. albopictus was identified in California. 70

2012 - Aedes aegypti reappeared on Oahu, Hawaii after an absence of 60 years. 71

2014 - Ae. aegypti was identified in California. 72 73

Notable outbreaks:1850 - An outbreak of dengue was reported in New Orleans, Mobile, Charleston, Augusta and Savannah. 74

1873 - An outbreak (40,000 cases) was reported in New Orleans.1879 to 1880 - An outbreak was reported in New Orleans.1885 to 1886 - An outbreak was reported in Texas. 75

1897 - An outbreak was reported in Texas. 76

1898 to 1899 - An outbreak was reported in Florida. 77

1903 - An outbreak (50,000 cases) was reported in Hawaii.1906 - An outbreak of dengue was reported among American military personnel in the Manila region. 78

1918 - An outbreak was reported in Galveston, Texas. 79

1922 - An outbreak (500,000 cases or more) was reported in Texas. 80

1934 to 1935 - An outbreak (15,000 cases, estimated) was reported in the Tampa and Miami areas of Florida (11.1% ofthe Miami population). 81

1941 - An outbreak was reported in Texas. 82

1942 to 1943 - Outbreaks of dengue were reported among American military personnel in the Solomon Islands andAustralia. 83

1943 to 1944 - An outbreak (1,496 cases, 3 fatal) was reported on Oahu, with most cases in Honolulu. 20 sporadic caseswere reported in Hawaii during 1991 to 2000.

1943 to 1944 - Outbreaks of dengue were reported among American military personnel in the Marshall Islands. 84

1944 to 1945 - An outbreak (27,000 cases) of dengue was reported among American military personnel in Papua NewGuinea. 85

1945 - An outbreak (243 cases, of which 106 were officially reported) was reported in Louisiana. This was the lastcontinental outbreak reported in the United States.

1945 - An outbreak was reported among American military personnel on Okinawa. 86


1980 - An outbreak (63 cases) was reported in Texas. 88

1984 - An outbreak (42 cases, 29 hospitalized) was reported among American military personnel serving on an Air Forcebase in the Philippines. 89 90

1994 - An outbreak (30 cases) was reported among U.S. military personnel serving in Haiti. 91

1995 - An outbreak (4,758 cases, 37 DHF) was reported in Tamaulipas, on the Mexico-United States border. 92 93

1996 - An outbreak was reported among American tourists following a trip to the British Virgin Islands. 94

2001 to 2002 - An outbreak (122 cases) was reported Hawaii - including 89 cases on Maui with additional cases on Kaua'Iand Oahu (26 cases). 95 96 97 Autochthonous dengue had last been reported in Hawaii in 1945. 98 Subsequent testingrevealed that 54 cases of leptospirosis occurred during the outbreak. 99

2003 to 2005 - An outbreak was reported in Houston, Texas with evidence of autochthonous transmission. 100 101

2005 - An outbreak (25 cases) in Brownsville, Texas included 3 autochthonous cases and 22 cases imported from Mexico.102

2008 - An outbreak (14 cases) was reported among American missionaries who had returned from the DominicanRepublic. 103

2010 - An outbreak (16 clinical cases, 7 confirmed) was reported among American missionaries who had returned fromHaiti. 104

2009 to 2010 - An outbreak of autochthonous (24 cases) and imported (49 cases) dengue was reported in the FloridaKeys. 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 A case of locally-acquired dengue wasreported in Miami - the city's first in over 50 years. 123 One additional case was reported in Miami during January to March.124

2011 - An outbreak (16 cases, 2 confirmed) was reported on Oahu, Hawaii in 2011 - the state's first autochthonous casessince 2001. Two unconfirmed cases were subsequently confirmed on Maui. 125 126 127 128 129 130 An autochthonous caseof dengue was reported in Palm Beach, Florida. 131

2013 - An outbreak (22 cases) was reported in Florida. 132 133

Also see:American SamoaGuam

Dengue




References

Uruguay

Puerto RicoTrust Territory Pacific (Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Northern Marianas, Palau)Virgin Islands, U.S.

1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.2. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008 Feb ;58(2):308-16.3. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1986 Nov 28;35(47):732-3.4. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 May ;17(5):914-6.5. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131125.20734416. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131202.20870317. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140723.26292588. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Apr ;18(4):623-30.9. MSMR 2012 Oct ;19(10):11-2; discussion 12-4.10. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013 ;7(3):e2040.11. J Travel Med 1997 Jun 1;4(2):65-71.12. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20060630.180413. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006 Jun 30;55(25):700-2.14. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20060714.194415. J Travel Med 2010 Jan-Feb;17(1):8-14.16. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010 Jun 18;59(23):715-9.17. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2007 Aug 10;56(31):785-9.18. J Med Entomol 2014 Sep ;51(5):1019-28.19. J Environ Health 2009 Jun ;71(10):36-9.20. J Environ Health 2009 Jun ;71(10):24-9.21. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1982 Nov ;31(6):1222-8.22. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001 Feb 2;50(4):57-9.23. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140127.223516924. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131119.206369925. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131125.207344126. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013 ;7(3):e2040.27. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010 May 21;59(19):577-81.28. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 Nov ;17(11):2074-5.29. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Jan ;18(1):135-7.30. Public Health Rep 2012 May-Jun;127(3):259-66.31. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013 ;7(3):e2040.32. Emerg Infect Dis 2013 Apr ;19(4):652-4.33. PLoS One 2013 ;8(9):e74582.34. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091111.389835. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091115.394436. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091201.410937. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100503.143938. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100719.242939. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100727.252040. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100805.265141. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100810.272642. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100817.284743. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100913.330844. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100915.334545. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2014 Nov ;14(11):788-793.46. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091111.389847. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091115.394448. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130917.194934449. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131104.203842650. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130901.191723151. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140618.254789952. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 Nov ;17(11):2074-5.53. Emerg Infect Dis 2007 Oct ;13(10):1477-83.54. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008 Mar ;78(3):364-9.55. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091115.394456. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091201.410957. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100503.143958. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Jan ;18(1):135-7.59. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100715.237260. J Travel Med 2013 Nov-Dec;20(6):352-60.61. J Med Entomol 2013 May ;50(3):467-78.62. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2013 Jun ;29(2):154-63.63. J Med Entomol 2012 Nov ;49(6):1163-76.64. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2011 Jun ;27(2):135-41.65. Environ Health Insights 2014 ;8(Suppl 2):35-42.66. Med Vet Entomol 1997 Oct ;11(4):305-9.67. J Med Entomol 2012 Jul ;49(4):942-6.

68. Emerg Infect Dis 1997 Jul-Sep;3(3):329-34.69. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20040920.259870. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110914.280571. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120322.107782972. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140924.280154473. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141016.287207074. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.75. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.76. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009 Apr ;22(2):186-201, Table of Contents.77. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.78. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Apr ;18(4):623-30.79. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.80. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.81. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.82. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Oct ;87(4):584-93.83. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Apr ;18(4):623-30.84. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Apr ;18(4):623-30.85. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Apr ;18(4):623-30.86. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Apr ;18(4):623-30.87. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Apr ;18(4):623-30.88. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1982 Nov ;31(6):1222-8.89. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1985 Aug 16;34(32):495-6, 501-2.90. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1989 Mar ;20(1):1-8.91. JAMA 1997 May 21;277(19):1546-8.92. JAMA 1996 Nov 13;276(18):1464-5.93. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1996 Oct 4;45(39):841-4.94. Md Med J 1997 Jul ;46(6):299-302.95. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 May ;11(5):742-9.96. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006 Jun ;100(6):559-66.97. Emerg Infect Dis 2005 May ;11(5):750-6.98. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006 Jun ;100(6):559-66.99. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2008 Aug ;8(4):541-7.100. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013 Dec ;13(12):835-45.101. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131023.2016518102. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Apr ;18(4):608-14.103. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010 Jun 4;59(21):654-6.104. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011 Jul 15;60(27):914-7.105. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010 May 21;59(19):577-81.106. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 Nov ;17(11):2074-5.107. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Jan ;18(1):135-7.108. Public Health Rep 2012 May-Jun;127(3):259-66.109. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013 ;7(3):e2040.110. Emerg Infect Dis 2013 Apr ;19(4):652-4.111. PLoS One 2013 ;8(9):e74582.112. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091111.3898113. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091115.3944114. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091201.4109115. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100503.1439116. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100719.2429117. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100727.2520118. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100805.2651119. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100810.2726120. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100817.2847121. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100913.3308122. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100915.3345123. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101115.4149124. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110306.0743125. Public Health Rep 2012 May-Jun;127(3):259-66.126. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110328.0970127. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110404.1041128. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110411.1146129. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110419.1217130. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110510.1437131. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111016.3106132. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130917.1949344133. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131104.2038426

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Uzbekistan

Vanuatu

Graph: Uruguay. Dengue, cases

Notes:1. All cases to date have been imported


Graph: Vanuatu. Dengue, cases

Dengue




References

Venezuela

Notes:1. Dengue outbreaks were reported in 1972, 1975, 1980, 1989 and 1998 to 1999.

Graph: Vanuatu. Dengue, deaths

13 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever were reported during 1975 to 1979, 9 during 1980 to 1984, 39 during 1985 to 1989,32 during 1990 to 1993.- 45 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever were reported from the Port Villa area during May to July 1998.

The principal vector is Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti.

A potential vector, Aedes albopictus, appears to be present in this country (2012 publication). 1

Notable outbreaks:2014 - An outbreak (1,561 confirmed cases, 2 fatal - during January to April) was reported. 2 3 4

1. Parasit Vectors 2012 ;5:247.2. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140211.2268332


Dengue








Graph: Venezuela. Dengue, casesNotes:1. During 1993 to 1998, 10,576 cases (8 fatal) were reported in the Maracay area. 1

Individual years:1964 - This was Venezuela's first large outbreak of dengue1995 - High activity in Amazonas, Aratua, Barinas, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Tachira and Trujillo

States.1998 - Included 3,257 (0 fatal) in Caracas and 892 (26 DHF, 2 fatal) in Zulia State.1999 - Predominantly in Zulia, Falcon and Lara.2001 - Outbreaks involved 18 of the country's 23 states.2005 - 27,820 cases (1,694 DHF) were reported during January to September. 2

2007 - Included 3,518 cases (156 DHF, 8 fatal) in Araua State 3 and 18,405 in Zulia State. 4

2008 - 27,049 cases (1,826 DHF) were reported during January to June. 5

Dengue




Graph: Venezuela. DHF, cases

Graph: Venezuela. Dengue, deathsNotes:1. Nine fatal cases were reported during 1981 to 1988.

Prevalence surveys:40.6% of patients with either acute rash or febrile lymphadenopathy (Zulia State, 1998) 6

9.1% of identifiable agents in patients with central nervous disease (Zulia State, 2001 publication) 7

Seroprevalence surveys:

Dengue




References

Vietnam

41.9% of persons on San Carlos Island, Almirante Padilla Municipality, Zulia State (2001 publication) 8

77.4% of persons in Maracay (2010 to 2011) 9

Notable outbreaks:1978 - An outbreak (100,000 cases, estimated) was reported. 10

1989 to 1990 - An outbreak (14,987 cases, 5,990 DHF, 79 fatal) was reported. 11

1997 - An outbreak (33,654 cases, 43 fatal) was reported, with 60% of cases in Lara, Tachiar, the Federal District, Meridaand Aragua. The outbreak included 195 cases from Caracas and the central littoral areas (68 of these "hemorrhagic"; 50%hospitalized). Highest activity was reported in Federal District (2,452 cases), Anzoategu, Aragua 12 , Barinas, Carabobo,Lara, Merica, Mongas and Zulia.

2009 - An outbreak (35,744 cases to October) was reported. 13 14 15

2010 - Outbreaks (114,855 cases, 75 fatal to December) were reported 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

30 31 32 33 34 35

2012 - Outbreaks (43,346 cases) were reported. 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

2013 - Outbreaks (63,143 cases) were reported. 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

2014 - Outbreaks (80,335 cases to November) were reported. 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84

1. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2000 Oct ;8(4):225-33.2. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20050927.28433. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20080113.01704. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20080130.03825. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20080707.20596. Rev Med Chil 2004 Sep ;132(9):1078-84.7. Invest Clin 2001 Dec ;42(4):255-67.8. Invest Clin 2001 Sep ;42(3):161-9.9. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014 Nov 5;91(5):1039-48.10. J Gen Virol 2001 Dec ;82(Pt 12):2945-53.11. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1991 Sep-Oct;33(5):413-5.12. Invest Clin 2003 Jun ;44(2):91-103.13. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091021.362514. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091026.370515. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091102.377916. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100201.034617. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100412.119018. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100420.127919. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100510.152820. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100524.172221. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100622.208522. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100627.215223. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100713.234224. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100817.284725. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100830.308526. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100913.330827. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101012.369728. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101026.387829. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101101.396130. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101110.407231. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101122.421732. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101129.430033. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101212.442234. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110111.012235. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110117.019836. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120801.122193337. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120805.122955838. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120810.123733039. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120820.125234140. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120828.126548741. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120903.127687042. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120910.1288590

43. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120922.130532344. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121021.135631345. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121030.136862946. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121118.141179047. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121125.142306848. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20121203.143428249. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130121.150644550. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130114.149479651. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130128.151749152. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130203.152680953. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130211.153728554. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130217.154583955. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130224.155722756. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130304.156761457. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130310.157909958. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130318.159017559. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130325.160145360. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130401.161486761. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130428.167682362. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130512.170680963. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130521.172599564. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130624.178936765. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130701.180045466. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130901.191723167. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130924.196570168. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131028.202600469. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20131209.210113170. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140127.223516971. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140217.228324072. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140317.233866873. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140428.243410774. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140603.251650975. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140618.254789976. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140702.258107177. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140731.264734378. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140804.265980479. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140812.268078480. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20140928.281146481. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141012.285640482. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141025.290142883. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141129.299725484. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20141229.3060812

Time and Place:Historical evidence suggests that outbreaks of dengue (4 fatal cases) occurred in Vietnam during 1895 to 1909. 1

- Dengue was first reported in Vietnam (Hanoi and Haiphong) in 1959.- Cases occur year round in the South, and during the rainy season elsewhere. Disease rates in Hanoi peak duringSeptember to October (2002 to 2010) 2

- Disease among adults is more common in the North. The median age of dengue patients investigated during 1998 to 2009was 23 years (mean 26.3 years). 3

- The first cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) were reported in 1958, in the Hanoi area.- Approximately 50 fatal cases of DHF were reported from Cai-Be (Dinh Tuong Province) in 1960.- The annual rate of primary dengue among children in Southern Vietnam is 17.3% (2007 publication) 4

Prevalence surveys:33.6% of undifferentiated fever cases in Ginh Thuan Province (2001 to 2002) 5

Dengue
























































































4.6% of children less than 16 years of age with acute encephalitis of presumed viral etiology (Ho Chi Minh City, 2004) 6

6.5% of patients with presumed viral CNS infection in Ho Chi Minh City (1996 to 2008) 7

Seroprevalence surveys:82% of children ages 10 to 15 years (1967 publication) 8

Graph: Vietnam. Dengue / DHF, casesNotes:

Individual years:2005 - Over 44,000 (47 fatal) in the southern region. 9

2009 - 27,000 cases (26 fatal) were reported during January to June. 10 11 12 13

Dengue




Graph: Vietnam. DHF, casesNotes:1. 1,335,049 cases of DHF (13,723 fatal) were reported during 1956 to 1992.

Individual years:1963 - An outbreak of several hundred cases, and over 100 deaths, was reported.1969 - An outbreak in the North infected 25,900 in Hanoi, and 6,956 in Haiphong.1970 - Included 196 cases and 36 deaths in Kien-Giang Province.1971 - Included 63 cases, 15 fatal from Kien-Giang1996 - 16.6% reported from Tien Giang, 14.2% from the Mekong Delta, 14.1% from Minh Hai,

11.4% from Kien Gikang, 8.7% from Ho Chi Minh City and 7.3% from Dong Nai1998 - During January to October, most cases were reported in the Mekong delta region

(15.8% from Ben Tre; 10.5% from Quang Tri). Phu Yen Province reported 3,354 cases (11 fatal)during January to July. 14

2012 - 18,052 cases (9 fatal) were reported during January to June.

Dengue




Graph: Vietnam. Dengue, published rates per 100,000

Graph: Vietnam. Dengue, deathsNotes:1. During 1979 to 1995, the dengue mortality rate varied from 0.16 per 100,000 to 2.7 per100,000 per year.

Dengue




Graph: Vietnam. DHF, cases in Ho Chi Minh City

Graph: Vietnam. DHF, cases in HanoiNotes:

Individual years:2009 - 8,000 cases were reported during January to October. 15 16

Notable outbreaks:1960 - An outbreak of dengue was reported. 17 18

1963 - An outbreak of dengue was reported. 19


Dengue




References

The U.S. Virgin Islands

1998 - An outbreak (234,920 cases) of dengue was reported. 21

2001 to 2002 - An outbreak of dengue was reported. 22

2005 - Outbreaks (95 cases in two outbreaks) in Taiwan were related to an index case arriving from Vietnam. 23

2008 - An outbreak (56,100 cases, 52 fatal) was reported, including 10,000 cases (5 fatal) in Ho Chi Minh City. 24

2009 - An outbreak (74,242 cases, 58 fatal - during January to October) was reported. 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

2010 - An outbreak (80,000 cases, 59 fatal during January to October) was reported. 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53

2011 - Outbreaks (49,011 cases, 46 fatal - to November) were reported in Ding Nai (1,100 cases, 3 fatal) 54 , Hanoi(220 cases during January to April) 55 , Ho Chi Minh City (10,550 cases, 10 fatal - to November) 56 57 and the MekongDelta (6 fatal cases to June). 58 59 60

2012 - Outbreaks (51,000 cases, 42 fatal - to September) were reported. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

2013 - Outbreaks (25,300 cases, 16 fatal to August) were reported. 70 71 72 73

1. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009 Apr ;22(2):186-201, Table of Contents.2. Glob Health Action 2014 ;7:23074.3. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011 Sep ;5(9):e1322.4. Trop Med Int Health 2007 Dec ;12(12):1553-7.5. BMC Infect Dis 2006 ;6:123.6. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010 ;4(10):e854.7. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014 Aug ;8(8):e3127.8. Bull World Health Organ 1971 ;44(5):585-91.9. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20060304.070110. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090601.204011. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090622.228612. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090629.235313. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090706.242514. Emerg Infect Dis 2000 Jul-Aug;6(4):422-5.15. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090921.332216. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091102.377917. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1965 ;9(3):364-73.18. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1965 ;9(3):156-63.19. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1965 Sep ;14(5):819-30.20. Emerg Infect Dis 2012 Apr ;18(4):623-30.21. Emerg Infect Dis 2000 Jul-Aug;6(4):422-5.22. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2005 Jan ;36(1):178-85.23. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007 Nov ;77(5):903-9.24. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20081028.339825. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014 May ;90(5):892-6.26. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090803.272327. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090823.297728. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090831.306529. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20090921.332230. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091005.345431. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091021.362532. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091026.370533. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091102.377934. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091201.410935. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100405.109436. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100524.172237. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100524.1722

38. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100616.200939. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100715.236840. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100719.242941. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100805.265142. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100810.272643. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100817.284744. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100826.301045. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100830.308546. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100906.319847. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100913.330848. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100921.339949. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100927.350650. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101004.359351. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101012.369752. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101026.387853. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101115.414954. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110606.172555. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110502.136456. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111016.310657. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111121.341758. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110626.195759. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20110807.239760. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20111101.324261. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120611.116351162. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120617.117068963. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120708.119347664. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120716.120265165. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120805.122955866. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120810.123733067. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120820.125234168. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120930.131699369. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130211.153807370. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130521.172708271. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130701.180046372. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130715.182486773. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20130805.1863726

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References

Wallis and Futuna Islands

Graph: Virgin Islands, US. Dengue, casesNotes:1. Most cases during 1981 to 1987 were reported on St. John.

Individual years:1990 - Most cases on St. Thomas. 1

The only case of dengue hemorrhagic fever (in 1989) was confirmed during 1986 to 1994.

Notable outbreaks:2005 - An outbreak (331 cases, or 622 per 100,000 - 15 DHF and 1 fatal) of dengue was reported on St. Croix. 2 3

2010 - An outbreak (19 cases, 1 fatal) was reported in St. Thomas - St. John district. 4 5

2012 - An outbreak was reported in St. Croix. 6

1. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1991 ;25(3):237-47.2. PLoS One 2010 ;5(10):e13729.3. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100921.3399

4. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100921.33995. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20101110.40726. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013 Mar 8;62(9):172.

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Graph: Wallis and Futuna Islands. Dengue, casesNotes:1. 25 cases (10 confirmed) were reported during November 2003 to March 2004.2. 222 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever were reported during 1975 to 1979; 1 during 1980 to1984; and 160 during 1998 to 1999.

Individual years:2001 - Nonfatal case

Graph: Wallis and Futuna Islands. Dengue, deaths

Aedes albopictus, a potential vector, has not been detected in this country (2007). 1

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References

Yemen

References

Zambia

References

Notable outbreaks:1971 to 1972 - An outbreak involved 75% of the population.1976 to 1977 - An outbreak (363 cases) was reported from Futuna. 2

1998 - An outbreak (44 cases hospitalized, 1 fatal) was reported on Wallis.2002 to 2003 - An outbreak (2,938 cases suspected, 338 hospitalized, 172 confirmed, 2 fatal) was reported on Wallis

(Halalo and Mata'utu) and Futuna. 3

2013 - An outbreak (88 suspect cases, 16 confirmed) was reported. 4 5

1. Parasit Vectors 2012 ;5:247.2. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1978 Nov-Dec;71(6):400-9.3. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20070719.2313


Cases were reported in Shabwa Province during 2002 and 2003.

124 cases (7 fatal) were reported in Hodeidah and Mokha during 2005.

Notable outbreaks:2008 - An outbreak (2,100 cases, 6 fatal) was reported in 13 governorates. 1 2 3 4

2009 - An outbreak (1,350 cases) was reported in Taiz. 5 6

2010 to 2011- An outbreak (1,542 cases) of dengue was reported. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Pools of Aedes aegypti in thearea were also found to be positive for Chikungunya virus. 14

2012 - Outbreaks were reported in Hajja Governorate 15 , Hudaydah Governorate 16 and Hodeida Governorate (67clinical cases). 17 18 19

2013 - An outbreak of dengue and chikungunya was reported in Al Hudaydah. 20

1. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20080609.18312. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20080603.17763. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20080701.20054. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20080721.22115. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20091102.37796. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100125.02777. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 May ;17(5):929-31.8. Acta Trop 2012 Jul ;123(1):62-6.9. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Jun ;86(6):1072-6.10. BMC Infect Dis 2013 ;13:136.

11. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100720.243512. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100810.272613. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20100826.301014. Acta Trop 2012 Jul ;123(1):62-6.15. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120515.113216816. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120704.118907517. Infect Genet Evol 2014 Aug 23;18. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120507.112483319. ProMED <promedmail.org> archive: 20120524.114076820. Emerg Infect Dis 2014 Aug ;20(8):1351-4.

Seroprevalence surveys:4.1% of persons in Western and North-Western Provinces (2014 publication) 1

1. Virol J 2014 Jul 30;11(1):135.

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