597DENTAL SURGERY.

.?7;e Royal Colleges of Phllsicians and S’urgeons of Edin-burgh and the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons ofGlasgow.-All candidates for the diploma in Public Healthmust have been qualified for at least one year. Those

qualified before 1890 and also those who have held the

position of Medical Officer of Health to a county or to anurban district of more than 20, 000 inhabitants, or an entirerural sanitary district, do not require to produce evidence ofattendance on any special courses. All other candidates musthave attended, after qualifying, six months’ practical in-struction in a recognised public health laboratory, and musthave studied for six months the duties of out-door sanitarywork under the Medical Officer of Health of a countyor large urban district, or must themselves have held an

appointment as Medical Officer of Health under conditionsnot requiring the possession of a sanitary diploma. Acertificate of practical instruction in the diseases of animalstransmissible to man is also required.

There are two examinations, and candidates may enter forboth at one period or for either separately. The FirstExamination includes Chemistry, with laboratory work,physics, and meteorology; the Second Examination em-

braces epidemiology, endemiology, vital statistics, practicalsanitation and sanitary law. The fee is 10 guineas forboth examinations, or 5 guineas for either of them. Theexamination is held twice yearly in May and October. Thepublished regulations provide detailed synopses of the sub-jects of examination and give lists of books from which toselect. The Registrar for Edinburgh is Mr. James Robertson,1, George-square; and that for Glasgow Mr. AlexanderDuncan, 242, St. Vincent-street.

IRELAND.

Royal University of Ireland.-This University grants adiploma in Sanitary Science. It is conferred only on graduatesin Medicine of the University. Candidates are not admittedto this examination until the lapse of twelve months fromthe time of obtaining the first registrable qualification ; theymust give notice in writing to the Secretaries of their inten-tion to present themselves and must pay the fee, ;E2, at leastone month previously to the examination. Candidates are

required to produce a certificate of having, after obtaining aregistrable qualification, attended six months’ practicalinstruction in a laboratory approved by the University, andalso of having for six months practically studied the dutiesof out-door sanitary work under the medical officer of healthof a county or large urban district.

University of Dublin.-The diploma in State Medicine isconferred, after examination, on the following conditions :-The candidate must be a Doctor in Medicine, a graduate inMedicine and Surgery of Dublin, Oxford or Cambridge. Thename of the candidate must have been on the MedicalRegister at least twelve months before the examination. Thecandidate must have completed, subsequently to registration,six months’ practical instruction in a laboratory approved bythe University and also have studied practically out-door

sanitary work for six months, under an approved officer ofhealth. The subjects of examination will be-(a) StateMedicine and Hygiene, including causation and prevention ofdisease, contagion in different diseases, morbid diathesis,congenital diseases and malformations, diseases of animalsin relation to the health of man, diseases of the vegetablekingdom, famine diseases, causes of origin and spread ofepidemics, principles of bacteriology, quarantine, disinfection&c.; (b) Chemistry, including air, water and articles of foodand drink, and their chemical and microscopical examinationand analysis, the detection of common poisons and rocogni-tion of injurious pigments &c.; (c) Physics and Meteorology ;(d) Engineering ; (e) Morbid Anatomy ; (f) Vital Statistics ;(g) Medical Jurisprudence.Royal College of Physicians and Royal College of Surgeons in

Ireland.-Stated examinations for the diploma in State Medi-cine are held on the Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday fol-lowing the first Friday of the months of February, May andNovember. A special examination for the diploma can beobtained on payment of E5 5s., in addition to the ordinaryfees mentioned below, and on giving notice at least one

fortnight before the date of the proposed examination.

Every candidate for the diploma in State Medicine must bea registered medical practitioner. He must return his nameto the secretary of the committee of management under theconjoint scheme three weeks before the examination, andlodge with him a testimonial of character from a Fellow ofeither of the Colleges, or of the Royal Colleges of Physicians or

Surgeons of London or Edinburgh. The fee for the examina-tion is £10 10s. The examination for the diploma in State

Medicine comprises the following subjects :-State Medicineand Hygiene, Chemistry, Meteorology and Climatology,Engineering, Morbid Anatomy, Vital Statistics, MedicalJurisprudence, Law.

DENTAL SURGERY.

ANYONE who is on the Medical Register is entitled to

practise as a dentist, although he cannot register as suchwithout the special licence ; but it is of eminent advantageto take the L.D.S., otherwise few dental appointments atgeneral or special hospitals or dispensaries are available, and,what is still more important, the manual dexterity andknowledge of mechanics requisite for the successful practiceof dentistry can only be gained by long and careful trainingat the dental operating chair and in the dental laboratory ;and this having been attained, it costs but little trouble topass the special examination. The subjects beyond thoseincluded in the general qualification are-Dental Anatomyand Physiology (Human and Comparative), two courses ;Dental Surgery, two courses; Dental Mechanics, two courses ;Metallurgy, one course ; Practice of Dental Surgery at arecognised school, two years, and an apprenticeship inDental Mechanics to a competent practitioner for three years,but in the case of qualified surgeons two will suffice. TheDental Schools in London are the Dental Hospital of London,the National Dental Hospital and College and Guy’s HospitalDental School, and most of the large provincial towns havenow dental hospitals. A convenient arrangement by whichthe M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. and L.D.S. can be taken is as

follows :-The Preliminary Examination in General Educationhaving been passed, the student should become apprenticedto a qualified dentist and register as a dental and medicalstudent. (This instruction, however, may be taken prior tothe date of registration as a dental student.) During hisapprenticeship the student should receive instruction in

Chemistry, including Chemical Physics, Practical Chemistry,Pharmacy and Materia Medica, and pass in these subjectsbefore entering the hospital. Having entered the hospital,the student should attend the dental and general courses con-temporaneously, and pass the Elementary Anatomy Examina-tion at the end of the first winter session. and at the end ofthe second winter the Second Conjoint Examination in

Anatomy and Physiology. At this point a break may bemade to admit of the completion of the dental curriculumand the passing of the final examination for the L. D. S.

diploma. The student should now devote the rest of his time tothe requirements of the Conjoint Board. The regulations forthe Dental Licence of the Royal Colleges of Ireland and

Edinburgh and of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons ofGlasgow are very similar to those of the English College.The L. D. S. can also be obtained alone.

REGISTRATION OF DENTAL STUDENTS.

The registration of dental students is carried on at theMedical Council Office in London in the same manner as

the existing registration of medical students, and subject tothe same regulations as regards Preliminary Examinations.Students who commenced their professional education byapprenticeship to dentists entitled to be registered, or byattendance upon professional lectures before July 22nd, 1878(when dental education became compulsory), are not requiredto produce evidence of having passed a Preliminary Examina-tion. Candidates for a diploma in Dental Surgery must pro-duce certificates of having been engaged during four yearsin professional studies, and of having received three years’instruction in Mechanical Dentistry from a registered prac-titioner. One year’s bonâ-fide apprenticeship with a registereddental practitioner, after being registered as a dental student,may be counted as of the four years of professional study.The three years of instruction in Mechanical Dentistry, or

any part of them, may be taken by the dental student eitherbefore or after his registration as a student ; but no year ofsuch mechanical instruction will be counted as one of the four

years of professional study unless taken after registration.The Royal College of Surgeons of England grants a

diploma in Dental Surgery under the following regulations :A candidate must produce certificates : 1. Of registration as adental student by the General Medical Council, 299, Oxford-street, London, W. 2. Of having been engaged during four

598 DENTAL SURGERY.

years in the acquirement of professional knowledge subse-quently to the date of such registration. 3. Of having receivedinstruction in Chemistry, including Chemical Physics, PracticalChemistry and Materia Medica. 4. Of having attended arecognised medical school where he followed (a) a courseof lectures on Anatomy during not less than six months, orone winter session ; (b) _a course of lectures on Physiologyduring not less than six months, or one winter session ;(c) a separate practical course of Physiology during not lessthan three months ; (d) a course of lectures on Surgeryduring not less than six months, or one winter session ;(e) a course of lectures on Medicine during not less than sixmonths, or one winter session. (Students are required toattend examinations, which are held in the several classes.)5. Of having performed dissections at a recognised schoolduring not less than twelve months. 6. Of having attendedat a recognised hospital or at hospitals in the United Kingdomthe practice of Surgery and clinical lectures on Surgeryduring two winter sessions. 7. Of having attended at arecognised school two courses of lectures upon each of thefollowing subjects : Dental Anatomy and Physiology (Humanand Comparative), Dental Surgery, Dental Mechanics andone course of lectures on Metallurgy, by lecturers recognisedby this College. Students are required to attend examina-tions which are held in the several classes. 8. Of havingbeen engaged during a period of not less than three yearsin acquiring a practical familiarity with the details ofMechanical Dentistry under the instruction of a competentpractitioner. In the cases of qualified surgeons evidence ofa period of not less than two instead of three years of suchinstruction will be sufficient. This instruction may be takenprior to the date of registration as a dental student. 9. Ofhaving attended at a recognised dental hospital, or in thedental department of a recognised general hospital, the

practice of Dental Surgery during the period of two years.10. Of being twenty-one years of age. (Professional studyprior to the date of registration as a dental student isnot recognised except in the case of Chemistry, PracticalChemistry and Materia Medica, and of instruction in thedetails of Mechanical Dentistry-see Clauses 3 and 8).Candidates who are members of the College, or who have

passed the examination in Surgery of the ExaminingBoard in England, or who shall produce evidence of

having passed the examination in Surgery for the licenceof the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, the RoyalCollege of Surgeons in Ireland, or the Faculty of Physiciansand Surgeons of Glasgow, or an examination in Surgery fora degree in Medicine or Surgery at a University in the UnitedKingdom, will be exempt from re-examination in General

Surgery and Pathology. A candidate whose qualificationsare found insufficient will be referred back to his studies,and will not be admitted to re-examination within the periodof six months unless the Board shall otherwise determine.The fee for the diploma is £10 10s., not inclusive of anystamp duty.Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh.-For the licence

in Dental Surgery all candidates must pass a preliminaryexamination in general knowledge and have their namesinscribed in the Register of Dental Students of theGeneral Medical Council. A copy of regulations, givinga list of preliminary examinations recognised for obtain-ing this licence, as well as of the subjects of the pro-fessional examinations, may be obtained from Mr. James

Robertson, Clerk to the Royal College of Surgeons, at

1, George-square, Edinburgh. Students who commencedtheir professional education by apprenticeship or attendanceon lectures before July 22nd, 1878, are exempt from the pre-liminary examinations. Candidates must produce certificatesof having, subsequently to the date of registration, been

engaged for four years in professional studies, and of threeyears’ instruction in Mechanical Dentistry from a regis-tered dental practitioner, except in the case of previouslyregistered medical practitioners, when two years will beconsidered sufficient. 1. Candidates who have commencedtheir studies prior to Oct. 1st, 1890, must have attendedthe following curriculum: Anatomy, one winter course;Practical Anatomy and Demonstrations, nine months, or

Practical Anatomy, nine months ; and Anatomy of Head andNeck, one course of twenty lectures ; Physiology, one courseof not less than fifty lectures ; Chemistry, one winter course ;Surgery, one winter course ; Medicine, one winter course ;Materia Medica, one course of three months ; PracticalChemistry and Metallurgy, one course of three months;attendance on the practice of Surgery and Clinical Lectures

on Surgery, at a recognised hospital, one course of six months,or two courses of three months. 2. Candidates commencingtheir studies after Oct. lst, 1890, must have attended thefollowing curriculum : Anatomy, one course of six months;Practical Anatomy, twelve months ; Chemistry, one course ofsix months ; Practical Chemistry, one course of three months ;Physiology, one course of six months ; Materia Medica, onecourse of three months ; Surgery, one course of six months;Medicine, one course of six months ; attendance on the

practice of Surgery, and Clinical Lectures on Surgery, at arecognised hospital, six months. These courses must havebeen attended at a University, or in an established school ofmedicine, or in a provincial school specially recognised by the-College as qualifying for the diploma in Surgery. In additionto these courses candidates will be required to have attendedin a recognised dental hospital, or with teachers recognised bythe College, the following special courses of lectures and in-struction : Dental Anatomy and Physiology (Human andComparative), Dental Surgery and Pathology, DentalMechanics-one course each ; two years’ attendance at adental hospital, or the dental department of a general hospital,recognised by the College. Certificates of attendance on suchof these courses of the new curriculum as may be respectivelyrequired will entitle candidates to appear either for the firstdental examination, or for the first and second examinationsfor the triple qualification as they may select, and subject tothe existing regulations for each qualification. Candidateswho have passed the first and second examinations for thetriple qualification will be exempt from the first dental exami-nation, and will have the advantage of being admissible eitherto the Final Dental Examination or to the Final Examinationfor the Triple Qualification, or to both. But the First Dental Exa-mination will not be held as equivalent to the first and secondTriple Examinations, and will admit to the Final DentalExami-nation only. Candidates who are Licentiates of this College, orwho may be registered medical practitioners, will be requiredto produce certificates of attendance on the special subjectsonly, and will be examined in these only for the Dentaldiploma. First Professional Examination : The candidatemust have attended the courses on Anatomy, Chemistry andPhysiology. The examination embraces Anatomy, Chemistryand Physiology. The fee is E4 4s. Second Examination:The candidate must have attended the remaining courses ofthe curriculum, must be twenty-one years of age, and mustpay a fee of q6 6s. The examination embraces Surgery,Medicine, Therapeutics and the special subjects of Dental

Anatomy and Physiology, Dental Surgery and Pathology andDental Mechanics. Unsuccessful candidates will be repaid:E2 2s. in the First and ;E3 3s. in the Second Examinations.Candidates who claim exemption from the First Dental

Examination, on the ground of having passed the First andSecond Triple Qualification Examinations, will, before beingadmitted to the Second Dental Examination, be required topay the total fee of f:l0 10s., payable for the Dental diploma,of which :E3 3s. will be returned in case of rejection.Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgon.-TLe

regulations as to certificates, curriculum, number and sub-jects of examinations, fees &c. are in effect similar to thoseof the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Specia;provision is made for candidates who intend to qualify bothin Medicine and in Dentistry. There is an examination inPractical Dentistry conducted in a dental hospital.Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland.-All information

concerning the licence in Dentistry may be obtained from theRegistrar of the College, who will receive the applications ofcandidates for permission to be examined. The bank receiptfor fees, together with all certificates &c., are to be lodgedat least fourteen days prior to the day fixed for the comnience-ment of the examination for the class to which each candi.date belongs. The examinations commence on the secondMonday in the months of February, May and November.Candidates are required to pass three examinations-viz..Preliminary, Primary and Final. 1. Preliminary Examina-tion and Registration. 2. Primary Dental Examination, thefee for which is .&10 10s., and the subjects are: (a) Physics;(b) Chemistry ; (c) Anatomy ; (d) Histology and Physiology.3. Final Examination. Candidates must produce evidenceof having passed the former two examinations and of having attended courses of Dental Surgery and Pathology, DentalMechanics, Dental Anatomy, Dental Metallurgy and Surgery ; of having attended for two years the practice of adental hospital recognised by the College, or of the dentcaldepartment of a general hospital so recognised ; of having, sub-sequently to passing the Primary Dental (or an equivalent) Ex-

599DENTAL SURGERY.

mnination, attended for a period of nine months as an extern,.or six months as an intern, pupil the practice of a recognisedmedico-chirurgical hospital ; of having been engaged for atleast forty-five months in acquiring a knowledge of dentistry.The candidate is recommended to devote at least three yearsto acquiring a practical knowledge of Dentistry under theinstruction of a registered dentist. Candidates holding adiploma in Surgery are only required to produce certificatesGf one year’s attendance at a dental hospital and are notrequired to produce certificate in Dental Anatomy and Physio-logy. As this remission has been made on the understandingthat the surgeon devotes his whole time to dental work, suchattendance must be taken out after the date of his diplomain Surgery. The examination fee is £10 10s.

TEACHING INSTITUTIONS.ENGLAND.

Dental Hospital of London and School of Dental Surgery,Leicester-square. -The school was founded to provide thespecial dental education required by the Royal College of

Surgeons for the licence in Dental Surgery. The generalpart of the curriculum may be taken at any general hospital.The hospital is open from 9 A. M. to 4 P.M., there being onestaff for the morning and another for the afternoon of eachday. There is a good mechanical laboratory, under Mr. A. J.Watts, and opportunity is afforded students of gainingpractical experience in taking models and fitting denturesinto the mouth. The demonstrators at the commencementof each session give a course of lectures on Operative DentalSurgery. The five house surgeoncies are held for six monthseach. and are open to all qualified students. The lecturersin addition to their lectures, give special demonstrations onThe Microscopy of Dental Anatomy and Dental Surgery. Thelecturer on Dental Mechanics also gives practical demonstra-tions in the mechanical laboratory. A scholarship of thevalue of E20 has been founded by Sir Edwin Saunders andwill be awarded to the student who has obtained the highestaggregate number of marks in the five class examinations-viz,. the four Lecturers’ Prizes, the Operating Prize-and inadditional special vivd-voce examinations in PracticalDentistry. Prizes and certificates are awarded by thelecturers for the best examinations in the subjects of theirrespective courses, at the end of the summer and wintersessions. Arrangements have been made for a prize inOperative Dentistry. A prize of the value of 5 guineas isgiven by Messrs. Ash and Sons for the best essay on somesurgical subject connected with Dental Surgery. The con-ditions under which this prize is to be competed for are thesame as those for the Saunders Scholarship, with this excep-tion, that the papers are to be written in the hospital duringthe summer session. Consulting Physician: Sir RichardQuain, Bart. Consulting Surgeon: Mr. C. Heath. Con-

sulting Dental Surgeons : Sir John Tomes and Mr. T. ArnoldRogers. Dental Surgeons : Monday, 9 A.M., Mr. C. E. Truman ;Tuesday. 9 A.M., Mr. R. H. Woodhouse ; Wednesday, 9 A.M.,Mr. G. Gregson; Thursday, 9 A.M., Mr. Storer Bennett ;Friday, 9 A.M., Mr. W. Hern ; Saturday, 9 A. M., Mr. LeonardMatheson. Assistant Dental Surgeons: Monday, 9 A.M.,Mr. J. F. Colyer ; Tuesday, 9 A.M., Mr. C. F. Rilot ; Wednes.-day, 9A.M., Mr. E. Lloyd Williams ; Thursday, 9 A.M., Mr.W. B. Paterson ; Friday, 9 A.M., Mr. H. Baldwin ; Saturday,9 A.M., Mr. H. Lloyd Williams. For the afternoons-Monday,lir. A. Clayton Woodhouse ; Tuesday, Mr. W. H. Dolamore ;Wednesday, Mr. F. J. Bennett; Thursday, Mr. W. H. Wood-ruff ; Friday, Mr. C. Robbins ; Demonstrators of Gold andother Methods of Filling : Mr. T. H. Clarence, Mr. E. H. L.Briault, Mr. G. Hern, and Mr. E. Gardner. Medical Tutor :Mr. W. H. Dolamore. Lecturers : Dental Anatomy andPathology - Mr. Storer Bennett. Dental Surgery and

Pathology (Human and Comparative)-Mr. Arthur Under-wood. Mechanical Dentistry-Mr. David Hepburn. Metal-lurgy in its application to Dental Purposes-Dr. ForsterMorley. Total fee as a perpetual student, f:36 15s., to bepaid in one sum. Composition fee for the Special Lecturesand two years’ Hospital Practice required by the curriculum,f31 10s. All fees are payable on day of entry. An extrafee of EI0 10s. for Hospital Practice makes a student "per-petual

" for that course when paid at any period after originalentry. The Dean, Mr. Morton Smale, attends at the hospitalevery Wednesday morning from 10 to 12, and daily from 5 P.M.to 6 P.M. from Sept. 26th to Oct. 30th, and from April 29th toMay 28th, or he can be seen by appointment. Letters to beaddressed-40, Leisester-square, "to be forwarded."

..Vational Dental Hospital and College.-Consulting Phy-

sicians : Sir B. W. Richardson and Sir W. H. Broad-bent. Consulting Surgeons : Sir Spencer Wells andMr. Christopher Heath. - Consulting Dental Surgeon : SirEdwin Saunders. Honorary Visiting Physician : Dr. JamesMaughan. Honorary Visiting Surgeon : Mr. E. W. Roughton.Dental Surgeons : Mr. F. H. Weiss, Mr. A. Smith, Mr. M.Davis, Mr. A. F. Canton, Mr. H. G. Read and Mr. C. W.

Glassington. Assistant Dental Surgeons : Mr. W. Weiss,Mr. T. G. Read, and Mr. Rushton. Anaesthetists : Mr. C. H.

Cosens, Dr. A. E. Bridger, Mr. P. Edgelow, Mr. G. E.

Norton, Dr. J. Maughan and Mr. C. J. Ogle. Lecturers

(winter), Dental Anatomy and Physiology : Mr. SidneySpokes, Tuesdays and Thursdays, 6 P.M., in October,November and December. Operative Dental Surgery : Dr.George Cunningham, Mondays, 6.30 P.M., in October,November and December. Dental Materia Medica and

Therapeutics : Mr. C. W. Glassington, Tuesdays, 7.30 P.M.,in October, November and December. Dental Metallurgy :Dr. W. Lapraik, Tuesdays, 7.30 P.M., in January, Februaryand March. Dental Mechanics : Mr. H. Rose, Mondays,7 P.M., in January, February and March. Demonstrationsin Dental Mechanics : Mr. Humby, Wednesdays, 7 P.M., inJanuary, February and March (in 1893 and alternate years).Summer-Dental Surgery and Pathology : Mr. W. Weiss,Mondays and Thursdays, 6 P.M., in May, June and July.Elements of Histology: Dr. J. Maughan, Mondays andThursdays, 5 P.M., May, June and July. The hospital islighted throughout by electricity and warmed and ventilatedby approved methods. Clinical Lectures and Demonstra-tions are given from time to time. The stopping rooms haveaccommodation for sixty chairs. Dresserships in the extrac-tion rooms are re-arranged every three months. An EntranceExhibition, of the value of f:15, is open for competitionat the commencement of each summer and winter session.Six prizes in medals are open for competition at the endof each course of lectures. Certificates of honour are givenin each class. The Rymer Medal for General Proficiency,value f:5, is awarded annually to the most meritoriousstudent ; and the Ash Prize, value £3 3s., for a Thesison a subject in Dental Surgery. General fee for speciallectures required by the curriculum of the Royal College ofSurgeons of England..612 12s. For the Two Years’ HospitalPractice required, .61212.!. Total fee for the Special Lecturesand Hospital Practice required, E25 4s. Perpetual fee to allLectures and to Hospital Practice, E15 15s. each. SingleCourses : Dental Anatomy and Physiology, Dental Surgeryand Pathology, Operative Dental Surgery and Dental

Mechanics, each, one course, ;E2 12s. 6d.; two courses, £4 4s. ; ;Dental Metallurgy, one course, f:3 3s.; two courses, £5 5s.; ;Dental Materia Medica, E2 2s. ; Demonstration of DentalMechanics, Elements of Histology, each ;&1 ls. HospitalPractice to registered practitioners, twelve months, f:9 9s.An increase in the scale of fees is under consideration.Information respecting the Hospital Practice and the Collegemay be obtained from the Dean, Mr. Sidney Spokes, whoattends at the Hospital, Great Portland-street, on Tuesdaymornings.

Guy’s Hospital.-The work of the Dental Departmentbegins daily at 9 o’clock both in the extraction rooms andin the conservation room. The Extraction Roonas Patientsare admitted between 9 and 10.30 A.M., and are seen by theassistant dental surgeon for the day, the dental house sur-

geon, the assistant dental house surgeon, and the dressers.Such cases as are suitable for conservative treatment aretransferred to the conservation room, taking with them adental chart to indicate the treatment required. The Con-servation Roona This room is under the charge of one of theassistant dental house surgeons from 9 o’clock till the com-pletion of the extractions, and he receives patients transferredfrom the extraction rooms and allots the cases to the dressers.The assistant dental surgeons of the day demonstrate afilling or one of the operations of dental surgery every morn-ing at 11 and 1 o’clock respectively. Admission to theGeneral and Special Lectures and Demonstrations, and tothe Hospital and Dental Practice, requisite for the diplomain Dental Surgery of the Royal College of Surgeons of

England, may be obtained -1. By a ticket which givesadmission to the Special Lectures and Demonstrations andDental Practice only on payment of 30 guineas on entrance.2. By a ticket which gives admission to the General Lectures,Demonstrations and Hospital Practice required for the

L. D. S. Eng. on payment of ;E60 paid on entrance or 60 guineaspaid in instalments of 30 guireas at the beginning of thefirst year and 30 guineas at the beginning of the second year.

600 DENTAL SURGERY.

London Hospital.-Mr. Barrett gives practical instructionduring the winter session on: Tuesdays at 9 A.M., and duringthe summer session on Tuesdays and Thursdays at the samehour. The attention of dental students is particularly directedto the fact that the Council of the Royal College of Surgeonsrecognises the dental department of the London Hospital as aschool at which may be obtained the dental practice neces-sary to qualify a student for the examination for the Dentaldiploma. Dental students may also obtain the generalmedical education (apart from certain lectures to be attendedat the dental school) and the dental practice necessary forthe diploma at the London Hospital School. In selectingfrom candidates for the office of Dental Assistant

priority will be given to those who have attended thegreatest number of lectures on Dental Pathology and

Surgery, and have also been the most punctual in attendancein the dental department on the Tuesday mornings. Duringthe summer a class for special instruction in filling teeth willbe formed by Mr. Barrett.Mason College, Birmingham.-The teaching of Dentistry is

undertaken by the Mason College, acting in association withthe Birmingham Dental Hospital and the Birmingham ClinicalBoard, so that the students may fully qualify themselves forthe Dental diploma of the Royal Colleges. There is a specialand well-equipped Dental Museum and Laboratory. Specialcourses of lectures are delivered on Medical and SurgicalDiseases of the Mouth &c., and there is a special course ofPractical Dental Histology. An Entrance Exhibition, valuef:15, is awarded annually at the commencement of the wintersession. Medals and honour certificates are awarded annuallyin the various classes. Large additions have been made tothe accommodation in the Dental Hospital during the past ’,year.

Liverpool Denttl Hospital, Mount Pleasant.--The LiverpoolDental Hospital, founded in the year 1864, combines the workof a most useful charity with all the advantages of a dentalschool recognised by all the licensing bodies of Great Britainand Ireland. The hospital has four separate operating rooms,all facing north, which is recognised as the best aspect forsecuring a good light. There is an abundant daily supply ofpatients. Over 21,000 cases were treated during last year.The hospital staff consists of twelve honorary dental surgeons,one of whom is present each morning and evening. Inaddition to these there are one or more house surgeons to

superintend all the hospital work and devote themselves toclinical teaching, advising and helping the students in theirstudies. Every facility is afforded to students who are anxiousto acquire proficiency in Dental Surgery and to prepare them-selves for the Dental diploma of the Royal College of Sur-geons. The fee for the two years’ Dental Hospital Practicerequired by the College of Surgeons is .612 12s., which mustbe paid on entrance. Fee as a perpetual student, £15 15s.Composition fee for all Lectures : A payment of 50 onentrance, or in two equal instalments (one half on entranceand the remainder within twelve months). Fee for General

Hospital Practice, f:l0 10s. All communications relating tothe medical department should be addressed to ProfessorGotch, Dean of the Medical Faculty, University College ;and all communications relating to the Dental Hospitalshould be addressed to R. Edwards, 50, Mount Pleasant.

Bristol General Hospital.-Mr. Genge gives practical in-struction in Dental Surgery at 9.30 A.M. on Mondays andThursdays. Assistant House Surgeon, Mr. Milner.

Owens College, Manchester.-Arrangements have been madefor dental students to attend the hospital practice at theManchester Royal Infirmary and the practice at the VictoriaDental Hospital. Lectures on special subjects will be givenin the College as follows :-Winter session : Dental Mechanics,Mr. Tanner, Thursday, 4 P.M. Summer session : DentalAnatomy and Physiology, Mr. Hooton, Tuesday at 4 P. M.,Friday at 2 P. M. Dental Surgery, Mr. Campion, Tuesday andFriday, 3 P.M. Operative Dentistry, Mr. Whittaker, Wednes-day : Lecture, 2.30 P.M. ; Demonstration, 4 P.M. Dental

Metallurgy, Dr. Burghardt, Monday, 2.30 P. M. Demonstra-tions in Dental Pathology and Histology, Mr. Headridge.For the course of Metallurgy the fee is f:3 3s. ; for otherlectures, one course, £3 3 3s. ; two courses, f:4 4s. Dentalpractice for two years at the Manchester Royal Infirmary,f:l0 10s. at the Victoria Dental Hospital at Manchester,f:12 12s., paid in advance, or f:8 8s. for the first year and£5 5s. for the second year. At the Victoria Dental Hospitalpatients attend at 8.30 in the morning daily, and at 7 P.M. onMonday, Wednesday and Friday. Consulting Physicians :Dr. H. Simpson and Professor D. J. Leech. Consulting

Surgeons : Mr. E. Lund, Mr. F. A. Heath, Professor T..Jones and Mr. J. Hardie. Consulting Dental Surgeons Mr. H. Campion and Mr. G. W. Smith. Dental Surgeons :Mr. G. G. Campion, Mr. E. P. Collett, Mr. W. Dougan, llrL. Dreschfeld, Mr. J. W. Dunkerley, Mr. W. Dykes, MrW. Headridge, Mr. W. A. Hooton, Mr. I. Renshaw, Mr. W.Simms, Mr. W. Smithard, Mr. T. Tanner and Mr. G. 0.Whittaker. Assistant Dental Surgeons : Mr. P. A. Linnell,Mr. F. W. Minshall, Mr. C. R. Morley, and Mr. C. H. Smale.Dean : Mr. G. G. Campion.Devon and Exeter Dental Hospital, Castle-street, Exeter.-

Established 1880.-The hospital is open daily (Sundaysexcepted), and patients are admitted between the hours of9 and 11 A.M. Students attending the practice of the

hospital must consider themselves strictly under the controlof the medical officers, and must not undertake any operationwithout the consent of the dental surgeon for the day.

SCOTLAND.

The Incorporated Edinburgh Dental Hospital and School,5, Laureston-lane, Edinbnrgh.-For the special classes, boththeoretical and practical, required by dental students, thedirectors have secured the services of an efficient staff ofdental officers and lecturers. There will also be a course ofdemonstrations in Mechanical Dentistry. Students willreceive instruction in Practical Dental Mechanics under the’mechanician. The fee for clinics in gold filling is included inthe Dental Hospital fee of £15 15s. The minimum cost ofclasses for the whole course of dental instruction amounts taf:78 13s. Consulting Physician : Dr. Alex. Peddie. Con-suiting Surgeon : Mr. Joseph Bell. Consulting Surgeon-Dentist : Dr. John Smith. Dental Surgeons : Messrs. W.Bowman Macleod, Andrew Wilson, Malcolm Macgregor,George W. Watson, J. S. Durward, James Mackintosh andW. Forrester. Assistant Dental Surgeons : Messrs. John S.Amoore, J. Graham Munro, T. Gregory, John Turner, David.Monroe and F. Page. Extra Assistants : Messrs. SewillSimmons and R. Nasmyth Hannah. Tutorial DentalSurgeon : Mr. Frederick H. Turnbull. Dean : Mr. WilliamBowman Macleod, 16, George-square.

Dental Hospital and School, Glasgom. - The summer

session was opened on Tuesday, May lst, 1892, and the lectures.are delivered as under :-Dental Surgery and Pathology, onTuesdays and Thursdays, at 8 A.M. Mr. Rees Price, lecturer.Dental Anatomy and Physiology, on Wednesdays and Satur-days, at 8 A.M. Dr. Wm. Wallace, M.A., M.B., L.D.S.,lecturer. The winter session opens on Nov. 6th, 1892, andthe lectures will be delivered as under :- Dental Mechanics, onTuesday evenings at 7 P.M., beginning Nov. 6th. Mr. JohnA. Biggs, lecturer. Fee for each of the above courses oflectures, C3 3s. The lectures on Dental Anatomy and DentalSurgery are arranged to extend over two summer sessions,as required by the English College, thus enabling studentsto present themselves for examination at any of the fourLicensing Boards. The fees for attendance at the Dental

Hospital and lectures amount in all to £25 4s., and may bepaid separately, but by a payment of £15 15s. on entering,and f:7 7s. at the beginning of the second year, a saving of’:&2 2s. is effected. Intending students before commencingto attend the lectures or hospital practice must produceevidence of having passed the preliminary examination pre-scribed by the regulations of the General Medical Council forregistration of dental students. Dean : Mr. J. RankinBrownlie. Secretary : D. M. Alexander, 117, Wellington-street, Glasgow. The hospital is open daily from 5 to 7 P.M.(Saturdays excepted); Saturdays from 9 to 11 A.M. Studentsmay enrol at any time, their period of attendance countingfrom date of entry. The fee for the two years’ attendancerequired by the curriculum is f:15 15s.

Glasgo7v Royal In;firmary (Dental Department). -.Ifr,W. H. Gray attends at the Royal Infirmary at 3 P.M. onMondays, Wednesdays and Saturdays, and gives a course ofDental Surgery on these days in summer. The following coursein the curriculum can be taken at St. Mungo’s College : Ana-tomy, six months ; Practical Anatomy, nine months; Physio-logy, six months ; Chemistry, six months ; Practical Che-mistry with Metallurgy, three months ; Surgery, six months;Medicine, six months ; Materia Medica, three months ;Clinical Surgery, six months; Dental Surgery, six months,and attendance for two years on the dental department of thehospital. The attendance on the Dental Clinic is free tostudents of the hospital ; to dental students, one year, £5 53. ;.perpetual, 10 10s.

601THE COST OF MEDICAL EDUCATION.

THE COST OF MEDICAL EDUCATION.

THE cost of passing a candidate for medical qualificationsthrough his student career involves much beyond the merepayment of school fees ; and in order that those interested inarriving at the whole amount of this expense may have sometrustwortny materials for forming an opinion, the Editors ofTHE LANCET have brought together such information as theyhave been able to obtain by personal communicationsaddressed to a considerable number of medical students.These communications passed some two years ago and theresult has already been made public ; but as we are to-dayrepeating for the benefit of new readers much that has pre-viously appeared in our columns, our statement would hardlybe complete unless this part of the case were also put forwardin the present connexion.

It may be useful to explain precisely the source from whichour information has been derived. A schedule of questionshaving been drawn up, it was, by the aid of the deansand registrars of the various medical schools, placed in thehands of a certain number of selected students, who wereasked to furnish in the form of replies the data from whichour own statement could be prepared.

It will be readily supposed that the record so compiledexhibits a great many varieties and inequalities, since

personal habits necessarily have a great, even a pre-ponderating, effect upon the result. Still the returns aresufficiently numerous to yield averages, and it is easy to seethat the average man spends more money in the metropolitancentres than in the provinces, and that the standard of livingand the cost of maintaining a given standard both vary fromplace to place. The most complete statement that we havereceived comes from a student at the Leeds school, wheregreat economy in the matter of personal expenses appears toprevail. This return slightly generalised may serve as a type.The student in question finds it necessary to occupy the oneroom which serves his purposes during ten months of theyear, for which the-

E s. d.Rent, including attendance, amounts to ... 13 0 0Food for the same period ............... 15 0 0Clothes (as to which item he seems to enjoysome advantage) .................. 3 10 0

cashing &c......................... 2 0 0Stationery and incidental expenses......... 4 0 0Examination expenses ............... 7 0 0Recreation ........................ 15 0 0Books &,c......................... 4 0 0Unaccounted for..................... 1 10 0

Total ........................ 65 0 0

This case is exceptional in more respects than one,although it is by no means unique save in respect of thefulness with which details are given. It is not, however, inmany instances that such a high standard of economy canbe attained. A few words upon the various items enumeratedwill make this clear.The cost of rent is here exceptionally light, and this

naturally enough is a charge which varies greatly with thelocality. One student who occupies rooms in a verydesirable suburb of London pays £2 a week on this accountalone, but his case is more exceptional in the oppositedirection than that of the Leeds man quoted above. Inthe matter of rent private lodgings in London are not onan average more costly than in most provincial towns, andrule-as the merchants say-at about 15s. a week. Ourreturns show that they vary from 9s. to the maximum of40.s. already mentioned.

Referring to other centres, the rent of lodgings in Edin-burgh is probably slightly less than in London; in Dublinabout the same as in the English metropolis. In Edinburghthere is a sort of residential club known as University Hall,which aftords facilities of social intercourse and mutualaid, as, for example, in the lending of books, which ispractised systematically amongst the resident students. Inaddition to these amenities, the institution secures them

lodgings at a very moderate monthly rent. Glasgow lodgingsagain run at about the same level, whilst in Birmingham theaverage of our returns is cheaper still, not exceeding Ils. aweek. The cheapest district of which we have any fullinformation is Aberdeen, where both in the matter of rentand of food our correspondents speak of an economy that is

altogether exceptional, and indeed in one instance reaches theextreme limit for rent of 3s. 6d. a week in summer and 4s. 6d.in winter, the additional shilling representing the cost offuel to cope with the Scottish winter. It should, however, beadded that in this case our correspondent shares rooms withanother student, thus minimising their cost. One of our cor-

respondents from this town confesses to living in better styleand more expensively than the majority of the students at acost for rent not exceeding 14s. a week ; and another, whoillustrates in his own case the system of sharing rooms,says that under that system a student can live in Aberdeenwell and comfortably for the small sum of 12s. a week "; andhe proceeds to avouch cases in which men have lived andfared well at an inclusive charge for board, lodging, coalsand gas of 10s. a week. In towns like Cork and Leeds the

average rises above this limit, but probably 15s. a week ishere almost a maximum charge. In the Irish provincialtowns particularly the rent of rooms is very low, 5s. and 6s.being by no means below the average. A somewhat higherrent is asked, but still ranging about 10s. a week, in Englishprovincial towns, such as Stockton, or Rugby, or Devon-port ; but residence in these involves constant railwaytravelling, and would hardly be adapted for the purposes ofa student’s career, unless some special considerations influ-enced the decision with which fine questions of comparativeexpense would not come into competition.There remains to be mentioned the lodging accommodation

afforded by residential colleges, hospitals, and the likeinstitutions. But concerning these a word may suffice. Theadvantages of residence in a college are manifold, but theyare chiefly of the intellectual and social kind. The cost isnot less than that of private lodgings thriftily selected.There may also be in some instances impatience on thepart of the student of the control imposed by the regula-tions, which are necessarily devised for the orderly conductof such institutions. Nevertheless, the select society, andeven the inevitable restraint, of such institutions are of greatservice, especially to young students who have reason todread nothing more than solitude and an irresponsible controlof any considerable proportion of their own time. On theother hand, the cost of board and lodging in such institu-tions is not greater than the average cost of the same accom-modation in private lodgings in their neighbourhood. The

following is a list of London schools for medical students,complete so far as the Editors have been able to make it,which have residential colleges attached : St. Bartholo-mew’s Hospital, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College, St. Mary’sHospital, and Middlesex Hospital.At many schools a register is kept of suitable lodgings

which can be recommended to students. It is known thatsuch registers are kept at the following schools, but it isfeared that the list is imperfect : -London Hospital,St. Thomas’s Hospital, Westminster Hospital, AberdeenUniversity, Anderson’s College, Glasgow, and the CatholicUniversity, Dublin.A very excellent plan, and one that involves no inordinate

expense, is to place a student in the house of a medicalpractitioner in the neighbourhood of the school which he isattending. It will be found that when the educationalfacilities thus placed in his way are taken into account, inaddition to the mere commercial value of his board andlodging, the arrangement is usually a very economical one.The opportunities for doing this are, of course, not unlimited,but they are sufficiently numerous to merit mention here.

Passing to the next item in our typical account, that offood, we may observe that here again our Leeds correspondenthas set a standard which will be rarely attainable. It can be

paralleled in a very few instances only from our returns.The cost of board is generally not less than that of lodging,and may fairly be taken at about the same figure. As amatter of fact, the similarity is closer than would be at firstsupposed, and, speaking broadly, it may be said that wherethe one item is low the other is low also. It would seem asif the prevalence of high prices or of low prices, as the casemay be, affects both items, and affects them equally. Itwould then be more proper in an ordinary case to put thisitem down at f:30 a year than at f:15. The remaining itemsin the statement may be accepted without much comment,except perhaps that which is entered under the head ofclothes. This is an item of expenditure not properly charge-able to the education account, since the student would in anycase be clothed, and the amount expended upon his ward-robe will be determined by his personal habits, and in nosense by his professional studies.