Page 1of 82 DEPARTMENT : ALL SEMESTER : 3rd SUBJECT NAME: ETC SUBJECT CODE : 3130004 FACULTY NAME :MS. AMISHA PARKAR Channel receiver received message Sent message response Sender CH –1 Dynamics of Communication Q.1 Importance, introduction, definition and process of communication. Ans. Communication is an activity or process of expressing idea or feelings or information. The word communication has its root in the Latin word "Communicate" which means to share; To share ideas, information, knowledge between a sender and receiver. Importance : Communication has a vital role to play in our lives we have various social needs, such as pleasure, affection, inclusion, relaxation, which can be fulfilled by communication in society. It is also very important in our technical and professional world because it helps in seeking required information and take important decisions. Apart form technical skills needed for a particular job, one must have effective communication skills to get optimum result at the workplace. It has been observed that most of the conflicts in any professional set-up are generated due to miscommunication. The professionals can establish a good relationship with one another by good communication skills. One has to interact with superiors, subordinates, face-to-face or telephonic communication, write e-mails, letters, reports and proposals. These activities include transmission and interchange of ideas. This action is known as the process of communication. The Process of Communication : The word communication comes from the Latin wood "communicare" which means to share. We share ideas, information, knowledge, feelings, thoughts. For this sharing of ideas, we require minimum two parties, the sender and the receiver. Without them, communication cannot take place. It is not sufficient to have two parties, there has to be co-operation and understanding between them. It means they should have readiness to listen and understand and should have a common accepted code of language. This, communication can be defined as "Communication is defined as the exchange of information, ideas and ideas between the sender and the receiver through an accepted code of symbols". It can be called effective only when the receiver receives the message as intended by the sender. The Communication Process : Message encoded message decoded
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DEPARTMENT : ALL SEMESTER : 3rdSUBJECT NAME: ETCSUBJECT CODE : 3130004FACULTY NAME :MS. AMISHA PARKAR
Channel receiver receivedmessage
Sentmessage
responseSender
CH–1DynamicsofCommunication
Q.1Importance,introduction,definitionandprocessofcommunication.Ans. Communication is an activity or process of expressing idea or feelings or information. Theword
Importance:Communicationhasavitalroletoplayinourliveswehavevarioussocialneeds,suchaspleasure,affection,inclusion,relaxation,whichcanbe fulfilledbycommunication insociety. It isalsovery important inourtechnical and professionalworld because it helps in seeking required information and take importantdecisions.Apartformtechnicalskillsneededforaparticular job,onemusthaveeffectivecommunicationskillstogetoptimumresultattheworkplace.
It has been observed that most of the conflicts in any professional set-up are generated due tomiscommunication. The professionals can establish a good relationship with one another by goodcommunication skills. One has to interact with superiors, subordinates, face-to-face or telephoniccommunication,write e-mails, letters, reports and proposals. These activities include transmission andinterchangeofideas.Thisactionisknownastheprocessofcommunication.
TheProcessofCommunication:Theword communication comes from theLatinwood "communicare"whichmeans to share.We shareideas, information, knowledge, feelings, thoughts. For this sharing of ideas, we require minimum twoparties,thesenderandthereceiver.Withoutthem,communicationcannottakeplace.Itisnotsufficienttohavetwoparties,therehastobeco-operationandunderstandingbetweenthem.Itmeanstheyshouldhavereadiness to listen and understand and should have a common accepted code of language. This,communicationcanbedefinedas
DEPARTMENT : ALL SEMESTER : 3rdSUBJECT NAME: ETCSUBJECT CODE : 3130004FACULTY NAME :MS. AMISHA PARKAR
Feedback/Response
Thesenderencodesthemessageandsends it thoroughachannel.Thiscahnnel is language,actions,signobjectsorcombinationofthese.
The receiver receives themessage, decodes it and acts upon it. If themessage received is same as themessagesent,therewillberesponse.Otherwisetherehasbeenabreakdownofcommunication.Thismayhappendueto"Noise".
The transmission of the receiver's response to the sender is called 'feedback". The process ofcommunication iscomplete,onlywhenonegetaresponse fromtherecipientofthemessage.Onehas toresendthemessageintheothercase.
Communication takes place in a well-defined set-up. This is called the communication environment.Messages themselves are transferred through a medium, a channel. In oral communication, the airtelephonewires are commonlyused channels.Language,becomes the toolwhichweuse through thesechannelstoexchangeinformation.Inshort,theessentialsofeffectivecommunicationare:
"Noiseisdefinedasanyunplannedinferenceincommunicationprocess.Noisecanbeclassifiedaschannelandsemantic.Channelnoise isany interference inthemechanicsofthemediumusedtosendamessage.Thefactorsresponsibleforthechannelnoisearefaultybackground,noiseinthetelephonelines,twohighavolumeorpitch from loudspeakers. Inwritten communication, it is illegiblehandwriting. Such externalhindracesarethechannelnoise.Internallygeneratedobstaclesareknownassemanticnoise.Itmaybedueto theconnotativemeaningofaword ,havinganothermeaning in toothercontext, languageorsociety.Further, it greatly depends on sender and receiver because most of the times, meaning lies in theinterpretationof aword in themindof a receiver and a sender . Semanticnoise can alsobe causedbyambiguouswordsandsentencestructure,faultygrammar,misspellingandincorrectpunctuation.
Question:LevelsofCommunication.
Himancommunicationtakesplaceat5levels.
01. Extrapersonal
02. Intrapersonal.
03. Interpersonal
04. Organizational
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DEPARTMENT : ALL SEMESTER : 3rdSUBJECT NAME: ETCSUBJECT CODE : 3130004FACULTY NAME :MS. AMISHA PARKAR
05. MassCommunication.
01. ExtrapersonalCommunication:Communicationbetweenhumanbeingsandnon-humanentitles iscalledextrapersonalcommunication.For example, a pet dogwaging its tail.This form of communication requires perfect co-ordination andunderstanding between the sender and the receiver as at least one of them transmits information orrespondsinsignlanguageonly.
02. IntrapersonalCommunication:Thistakesplacewithintheindividual.Ourbrainislinkedtoallthepartsofthebodybyanelectrochemicalsystem,thissystemalsocommunicationamongvariousorgansofthebodyandbrainandcommunicationtakesplace.Infact,whilewecommunicatewithotherpersonainternalconversationwithoneselfcontinuesparallels for example, planning, weighing, considering, self-motivation self-determination, analysis,researchetc.
03. InterpersonalCommunication:Communication at interpersonal level refers to the sharingof information amongpeople. Itdependsonhowmanypeopleareinvolved,howclosetheyaretooneanotherphysically,howmanysensorychannels
areusedand the feedbackprovided.Here, theroleofsenderandreceiverkeepsonchanging. Itmustbenotedthatnon-verbalcommunicationplaysamajorroleintheinterrelationofthemessage.
Interpersonal communication can be formal or informal depending upon the formality of the situation,interpersonalcommunication takesondifferentstyles. Italsodependsonvarietyof factors,suchas thepsychology,relationship,situation,surroundingandculturalcontext.
04. OrganizationalCommunication:Communication in an organization takes place atvarious hierarchical levels.With a propernetworkingsystem, communication in an organization is possible evenwithout direct contact between employees.Thiscommunicationcanbefurtherdividedinto:
4.1 Internaloperational:All communication that occurs in conducting work within an organization is classified as internaloperational.
Question:Writeashortnoteonnonverbalcommunication.Whileverbal communication isorganizedby language,non-verbal communication isnotso.Non-verbalcommunicationreferstoallcommunicationthatoccurswithouttheuseofwords,spokenorwritten.Non-verbal communication is concerned with body movements, space and vocal features. It includes allunwrittenandunspokenmessages,theycanbebothintentionalaswellasunintentional.Non-verbalcluesspeaklouderthanwords.Aspeechcanbemadeofbutthebodilyexpressionscanneverbemaskedtohideone'sfeelingsoremotions.Althoughthenon-verbalsignalshaveaprofound impactonthereceivers, it isdifficult to analyse them accurately. Because the interpretation of non-verbal cues is a very subjectiveconcept,varyingbasedonpeople'svariedbackgrounds.However,theymustnotbeignored,butrecognizedandunderstoodascorrectlyaspossible.Personalappearance,facialexpressions,postures,gestures,voice,toucharesomeofthenon-verbalsignals.
Question:KinesicsKinesics is the study of the body's physicalmovements. It is theway the body communicateswithoutwords.Thewordsremainstaticonpaperandpunctuationmarksareusedtoconveypauses,expressions,etc. But in face-to-face communication, the message is conveyed on both, verbal and non-verbalcommunication.Butthenon-verbalcommunicationisnotasdeliberateandconsciousastheverbalpart.It
01. Personalappearance:People see as before they hear us.Appearance includes clothes, hair accessories, cosmetics and so on.Clothes auentiates the body's movements, and the choice of clothes reveals a lot about the wearer'spersonalityandattitudepersonalappearancemustbeplannedinsuchawaycommunicationcanbedoneeffectively.One'sappearancecanputtheaudienceintohostileorfriendlymood.Itisveryimportanttobeclean,well-groomed,conformingtotheneedoftheoccasion.Itcommunicateshowwefeelaboutourselvesandhowwewanttobeviewed.
02. Posture:Posturereferstothewayweholdourselveswhenwestand,sitorwalk,One'sposturechangesaccordingtothesituation.Ifoneisparingconstantly,bobbingtheshoulders,fidgetingwithnotes,jinglingcoins,movingconstantlyorstayinggluedatoneplace,showsone's .Whenwe encounter an unfamiliarsituation,webecomemorenervousorconsciousofourposturestanding,sittingorwalking inarelaxedway is positive posture, which will encourage fruitful and effective communication being comfortablyupright, squarely facing an audience and evenly distributing one's weight are aspects of posture thatcommunicateprofessionalism,confidence,attentiontodetailandorganizationforexample,
Gesturesshouldnotdivert theattentionof the listener fromone'smessage.Theyshouldbenaturalandspontaneous.Onemustavoidirritatinggestureslikeplayingwithring,twistingakey-chain,claspinghandhighlyorcrackingknuckles.Thereare4typesofgestures.
04. Facialexpressions:Along with postures and gestures, facial expressions also pay an important part in no-verbalcommunication.Facial expressionaresubtle.Theycanbeused formanypurposes like toaid, inhibitorcomplement communication. The face always sends a series of messages like anxiety, recognition,hesitation,pleasurepaininquicksuccession.
Question:Whatisproxemics?Proxemics isthestudyofphysicalspace in interpersonalrelations.It isrelatedtobehavioralnorms.Inaprofessionalsettings,spaceisusedtosignalpowerandstatus.Gesturesshouldbeinaccordancewiththespaceavailable.Ifthereisaplentyofspace,onecanmoveboldlyandexpandone'sgestures.ProxemicsalsohasculturalvariationEdwardT.Halldividesspaceinto4districtzones.
01. Intimate:This zone starts with personal touch and extends just to 18 inches. Members of the family, spouses,relationsandparentsfallunderthiszone.Thiszonedoesnotneedactiveconversation.Onecanwhisperormakeunintelligiblesoundsbutstillbeabletocommunicate.Ahandshake,apatontheback,ahugallcomeintothiszone.
02. Personal:Thiszonestretchesfrom18inchesto4feetclosefriends,colleagues,peersetc.fallinthiszone.Therewillbenormalconversation in thiszone.Though thiszone ispersonal, it isquiterelaxedandcasualplace. Itpermitsspontaneousandunplannedcommunication.
04. Public:Thiszonestatusfrom12feetandwayextendto25feetortotherangeofeyesightandhearing.Eventsthattakeplaceinthiszoneareformal.Heretheaudienceisanimpartialobserver.Thedegreeofdetachmentisvery high. The audience is free to do what it feels like. Here the speaker has to raise his voice tocommunicatetoothersoruseamicrophone.
In aprofessionalworld, time is avaluable resource.Whenweare late foranappointment,people reactnegatively.Ifwearriveearly,wemaybeconsideredover-eageroraggressive.Therefore,wemustbe"on"time.Byvaluingsomeoneelse'stime,wecommunicateourprofessionalismorseriousnessexplicitly.
People have their own time language.Time language varies from culture to culture. In latin countries,meetingsbeginwell after their appointed time. It is customary andnoone isoffendedby thedelay. Inscandinavia or Germany, strict punctuality is a rule. In India, time language differs according to theoccasion. Punctuality is expected for a professional meeting, but it is not insisted upon for a socialgathering.Indiaislargelyliberalwithtime.
01. Quality:Qualityisacharacteristicthatdistinguishesonevoicefromanother.Eachoneofushasauniquevoiceandresonatingmechanism.Thequalityof thevoicecannotbechangedbut itcanbe trained for itsoptimumimpact.Itcanberich,resonant,softalluring,thin,harsh,hasalorirritating.Buteverybodycantraintheirvoice.
02. Volume:Volumeistheloudnessorthesoftnessofthevoice.Ourvoiceshouldalwaysprojectbutneednotbeloudalways.Iftheplacewherewecommunicateislargeandopen,thevolumeshouldbehigh.Butthesmallorenclosedplacewillrequirelowvoice.Ifwearetooloud,wemaysoundinsensitiveandifwearetoolow,itgives impression of timidity, lack of preparation and lack of confidenceReading aloud gives us a goodpracticetotrainourvolumeandquality.
03. PaleorRate:Rateisthenumberofwordsthatapersonspeaksperminute.Itvariesfrompersontopersonfrom80to250wordsperminute.Thenormalrateisfrom120to150wordsperminute.Ifapersonspeakstooslowlyandmonotonously,hemaybeconsideredadullspeaker,even ifthecontentisinteresting.Afastspeakergivesdiscomfortasthelistenersdonotgetenoughtimetograspthethoughtandswitchfromonethoughtto another. Appropriate pauses should be used to create emphasis, enthusiasm self-assurance andawarenessamongaudience.
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DEPARTMENT : ALL SEMESTER : 3rdSUBJECT NAME: ETCSUBJECT CODE : 3130004FACULTY NAME :MS. AMISHA PARKAR
04. Pitch:Pitch refers to thenumberofvibrationsofourvoiceper second.The rise and fallof thevoice conveysvariousemotions. Inflectionsgiveswarmth,vitalityandexuberance toourspeech.Lownesscan indicatesadness, shock, dullness and guilt. When we are joyous, triumphant or angry, the pitch automaticallybecomeshigh.Awell-balancedpitch results in aclearandeffective tone. Intonation refers to risingandfalling pitch of the voice in a word or syllable. A variety of pitches should be used to hold listener'sattention.
05. Articulation:Articulation ishowdistinctively thesound isproduced.Thespeakersshouldbecarefulnot tostop,slur,chop, truncate or omit the sound between the words or sentences. If all the sounds are not utteredproperly,theflowofunderstandinggetsinterruptedandthemeaningislost.Itwilllowercredibilityofthespeaker.Wemustproducethesoundsinacrispandlucidmanner.
06. Pronunciation:Pronunciation requiresus to speak our sounds in generally acceptedway.Thebest is to followBritishreceivedpronunciation.ItisalsoknownasQueen'sEnglish,OxfordEnglishorBBCEnglish.Oneshouldbecarefulenoughtopronounceindividualsoundsalongwithwordsstressaccordingtotheset-norms.
07. VoiceModulation:Whileintonationreferstotonalvariations,modulationpertainstothewayweregulate,varyoradjustthetone,pitch,volumeofthesoundorspeakingvoice.Modulationofthevoicebringsflexibilityandvitalitytoourvoice.Wecanexpressemotions,sentiments in thebestpossibleway.Thishelpsoneavoidsoundingdullandmonotonous.
08. Pauses:Apauseisashortsilenceflankedbywords.Apauseinspeakinghelpsthelistenerreflectonthemessageanddigest itaccordingly. Italsohelps thespeakerglide fromone thought toanother. Itembellishes thespeech as it is a natural process to give a break. However, it should be spontaneous. Being too selfconsciousmaymaketheprocess lookartificial.vocalizedpausesmakethespeechsounduntruthful.Theydo not remain much convincing then. Repetitive phrases like, "ok", "well", "I mean", sweep away theimpressioncreated.Thoughtfuluseofpausesgivesassurance,confidenceandself-control.
Question:Crossculturalcommunication.This age of globalization and information technology has entirely changed the face of governments,businesses and organizations. Communication is the backbone of intra-organizational and inter-organizationalco-ordination.Itisessentialforpeopletocomprehendthelinguisticandculturaldifferencesamongorganizationstogetthedesiredresultsattheworkplace.
Therearedifferentculturalgroupsintheworldwithdifferentpatternsofbehaviour,religions,languages,politics,values andnorms.The same action is interpreteddifferently indifferentnations.For example,"thumbsup"signinAmericameansapproval,whileitisconsideredtobevulgarinIranandGhana.Whenwecrossculturalboundaries,wecarryourownculturewithus.Wemustunderstandthatourownculturalcontextcannotbeusedtomeasurethestandardsofothers.
Cultureisacomplexconcept,withvarietyofdefinitions.Thedictionarymeaningoftheword"culture"isagroupor communitywithwhichweshare common experiences that shape thewayweunderstand theworld.itconsistsofgroupsthatweareporninto,suchasgender,raceornationalorigin.Cultureconsistsofvariouselementssuchaslanguage,religion,politicsetc.
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DEPARTMENT : ALL SEMESTER : 3rdSUBJECT NAME: ETCSUBJECT CODE : 3130004FACULTY NAME :MS. AMISHA PARKAR
01. Language:Language forms thebasisofallcommunication. It includesspoken,writtenandbody language.Weoftenhave todealwithpeoplewho speakdifferent languages.As it is a strongmediumof communication, Itmakesahugedifference.
02. Religionandbeliefs.Another important elements of culture is religion. An individual's religious beliefs and norms, sacredobjects,philosophical systems,prayers and rituals are allpartsof culture.Religion andbelief affect thecommunicationprocess.E.g.inIndia,somereligiousriteshavebecomeintegralparttoourcultureandareadoptedbythepeopleofotherreligionsalso.
03. Valuesandattitudes:Different values and attitudes or individuals towards timemanagement, decisionmaking, achievement,work, change etc are also important parts of culture. These attributes affect communication betweenpeoplewith differing values to a great extent. It becomes important for people of different cultures torespectandappreciateeachother'svaluesotherwiseitmaycrateanadverseimpactontheirsensitivity.E.g. in India,notmuch importance is given topersonal spaceorprivacyof an individualwhile inothercountries, individuality, privacy of a person is always maintained knowing such basic differences andshapingourreactionsaccordinglyareessentialforoverallsuccessfulcommunication.
06. Socialorganization:Social organization is an important element of culture. It consists of social institutions, the authoritystructure,interestgroupsandstatussystem.Onemustbecognizantofvarioushiddenconventionsthatareprevalentintheprofessionalworld.
Question:Barrierstocommunication.Ans. Communication is effective only if it creates a desired impact on the sender. But there are somefactorswhich adversely affect the flowof communication.They areknown asbarriers.Barriers canbebroadlydividedinto3categories.
1.1 Wrongassumptions:Wrong assumptions are generally made because the sender or the receiver does not have adequateknowledgeabouttheother'sbackgroundorentertainscertainfalseconceptswhicharefixedinhismind.
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DEPARTMENT : ALL SEMESTER : 3rdSUBJECT NAME: ETCSUBJECT CODE : 3130004FACULTY NAME :MS. AMISHA PARKAR
1.2 VariedPerceptions:Different individuals hold different viewpoints about the same situation. It may take shape ofdisagreement,resentorbias.Although,nobodyiswronginthatsituation,allhavedifferentunderstandingofthesameevent,situationorperson.
1.3 Differingbackgrounds:No two persons have the same background.They can be different due to education, culture, language,environment, financial status etc.At times, somethingnot experienced earlier isdifficult to interpretorappreciate.Ifoneknowsthebackgroundoftheaudienceandcanempathizewiththem,thisbarriercanbeovercomeeasily.
1.4 Wronginferences:Inferencesaremoredramaticthanfacts,thereforetheycanprovidemorespaceforgossipandrumourtospread.Whentheprofessionalsanalysematerial,solveproblemsandplanprocedures, it isessentialthatthe inferences are supportedby facts.Onemustuse thequalifies like "Inmyopinion", "as evidences toinformthatthisisnotanestablishedfact."
1.5 Blocked/Imperviouscategories:Communicationandothertechnologiesareadvancingsorapidlytodaythatmanypeoplefinditdifficulttoquickly adapt themselves to these developments. Such people react positively to information if it is inconsonancewiththeirviewsotherwisetheymayrejectit.Rejection,distortion,andavoidancearethethreecommon,undesirableandnegativereactionstounfavorableinformation.
1.6 CategoricalThinking:Peoplewhofeelthatthey"knowitall"arecalled"pansophistis".Thistypeofthinkingexistsinpeoplewhofeelthattheyknoweverythingaboutaparticularsubjectandtherefore,theyrefusetoacceptanyfurtherinformationon that topic.Suchpeopleusewords likeall,always,everybody,everything,every timeandtheiroppositeslikenone,never,nobodyandnothing.
2.1 LimitedVocabulary:Inadequatevocabularycanbeamajorhindrance incommunication.Attime,wefindourselvessearchingfortheexactwordorphrasethatwouldbeappropriateforwhatwewanttoexpress.Thecommunicationwillbe ineffectiveand a speakerwillhavepoor impressionon thespeaker.Therefore,oneshouldmakeconstanteffortstoincreaseone'svocabularybyregularlyreadingavarietyofbooksandlisteningtonativespeakersofthelanguage.
2.2 Incompatibility/incongruityofverbalandnon-verbalmessages.Thestarkdifferencebetweentheverbalandnon-verbalaspectsofthecommunicationleavesthelistenersfeelingconfusedandpuzzled.Non-verbalcuesprovideadeeperinsightintothelistener'smessage.Physicalappearance often serves as one of the most important non-verbal cues. One's non-verbal cues shouldconsistentlymatchone'sverbalmessages,sothatitcanmakecommunicationmoreeffective.
2.3 EmotionalOutburst:A moderate level of emotional involvement intensifies communication. It becomes more personal. Butexcessive emotional involvement can be an obstacle in communication. Extreme anger, prejudice,stereotyping, boredom, excitement, jubilation, happiness also hinder communication, In such cases,
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DEPARTMENT : ALL SEMESTER : 3rdSUBJECT NAME: ETCSUBJECT CODE : 3130004FACULTY NAME :MS. AMISHA PARKAR
messages aremisinterpreted, ignored or overreacted to by people displaying such behavior.Theymaylowertheiropinionforthespeaker.
2.4 CommunicationSelectivity:Whenthereceiverinacommunicationprocesspaysattentiononlytoapartofthemessage,heisimposingabarrierknownascommunicationselectivity.Thishappensbecausehe is interested inonly thatpartofmessagewhichisusefultohim.Insuchasituation,thesenderisnotatfault.Itisthereceiverwhobreakstheflowofcommunication.Thismayhappeninreadingthedocumentaswell.
2.6 PoorListeningSkills:A common obstacle to communication is poor listening habits.Misunderstandings and conflicts can beavoidedifpeoplelistentothemessagewithattention.Thevariousdistractionsforlisteningareemotionaldisturbance, indifference, aggression andwandering attention. Engrossing deep in one's own thoughts,dividedattentioncanalsoaffectsuperiorsubordinaterelationship.
2.7 Noiseinthechannel:Noise is anyunwanted signal that acts ashindrance in the flowof communication. It isnotnecessarilylimitedtoaudiodisturbances,butitcanalsooccurinvisual,audiovisual,written,physicalorpsychologicalform.Thesemaydistractorirritatethelistener.Disturbancesintelephonelines,poorlydesignedacousticsofaroom,dimtypescriptsandillegiblewritingaresomemoreexamplesoftechnicalnoise.
3.2 Fearofsuperiors:In rigidly structured organizations fear of superiors prevents subordinates from speaking frankly. Anemployee may not be pleased with the way the boss extractswork, but he is unable to say anythingbecausehedoesn'twanttolosehisgoodwill.Anopenenvironmentincreasesconfidenceandgoodwillasacommunicator. Sometimes, an employeemay stop all communication or on the other extreme, hemaycommunicateeverything.
DEPARTMENT : ALL SEMESTER : 3rdSUBJECT NAME: ETCSUBJECT CODE : 3130004FACULTY NAME :MS. AMISHA PARKAR
3.4 Useofinappropriatemedia:Some of the common media used in organizations are groups, charts, telephones, facsimile machines,boards,emails,filmsandslides,presentations,teleconferencingandvideoconferencing.Onemustkeepinviewtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthesemediabeforeusingthem.Thefollowingfactorsshouldalsobeconsidered.
A report isusually apieceof factualwriting,basedonevidence,containingorganized informationand/oranalysisofaparticulartopic.
It isamajorformoftechnical/business/professionalcommunication.Apersontransmitscertainfacts,ideasorsuggestionsusefulforanotherpersonthroughareport.
- Importanceofreports:
Areportisabasicmanagementtoolusedindecisionmaking.Sincethetopmanagementcannotkeepa personalwatch on all the organizational activities, they heavily depend on reports for decisionmaking.
06. To record and clarify complex information for future reference. (A report on policies andprocedures).
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DEPARTMENT : ALL SEMESTER : 3rdSUBJECT NAME: ETCSUBJECT CODE : 3130004FACULTY NAME :MS. AMISHA PARKAR
ReadingSkills
As a complex process of decoding and comprehending the written message, reading could be quite achallengingactivitybecause theactofunderstanding isnotalwayssimple.Dependingon thepurposeofreading, thereaderwillrequiredifferentreadingstrategiesandskills inorder tounderstand thesubjectcontentandlanguagepatternofamessage.
1.2.1 Analysis of word structure : One of the meaning recognition strategies is to guess themeaningofuncommonwordse.g.interurban.
1.2.2 Thecontextcanalsogiveacluetothemeaningofaword.Thereaderneedstolookforthecontextual signal words, examples, illustrations and linguistic clues that indirectly helpdefineanunknownwordorphrase.e.g.downtoearth.
02. Eyereadingandvisualperception:Visual perception is a basic skill requirement for reading effectiveness because we recognize a wordthrough sight. Inaccurate visual perceptionmay lead to visualmis-reading and lack of comprehension.Infect,efficientreadinginvolvesreadingwithfasteyemovements.
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DEPARTMENT : ALL SEMESTER : 3rdSUBJECT NAME: ETCSUBJECT CODE : 3130004FACULTY NAME :MS. AMISHA PARKAR
04. SkimmingSkills:Skimmingreferstotheprocessofreadingatextpassage inordertogetarough ideaofwhatthetextorpassageisallabout.itisarapidreadingtechniquethatpreparesthereaderfordetailedreading.Oneofthemost important purposes of reading for academic and professional purposes is obtaining relevantinformationforvariouspurposes.Itinvolves:
The first step of skimming is to identify the central idea. Every essay , article, passage, textbookchapterdealswithathemeorcentral idea.Alltheother ideas,points,examples, illustrations inthetextsupportandexpandthiscentralidea.Onemuseidentifythediscoursetechniqueusedinthetext,
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DEPARTMENT : ALL SEMESTER : 3rdSUBJECT NAME: ETCSUBJECT CODE : 3130004FACULTY NAME :MS. AMISHA PARKAR
4.2 RecognizingMainIdeas:Oncethecentral ideaofthetexthasbeen identified,thereadercaneasilyrecognizethemain ideasthatsupportandexpandthecentral idea.Eachparagraphmaydealwithonemain idea.Itmaybeastatement, a generalization, a description or a problem. The other sentences of the paragraphdevelop,support,exemplifyandexplainthecentraltheme.
4.3 Identifyingwritingpatterns:Awritermay use awriting pattern according to the nature and type ofmessage to be communicated.Generally,theauthorsfollowthesepatterns.
05. IntensiveReadingSkills:In comparison to rapid reading skills, intensive reading is detailed reading that demands betterconcentrationandmotivation.The threerapid techniquesofprediction,scanningandskimming. If thesetechniquesareusedcorrectlyandefficiently,itwillpreparethereaderforthecontentsandprovidebettercomprehension and retention of information. It helps in concentrating and focusing on the readingassignment, which is essential for academic and professional reading. Intensive reading requires textanalysisforcriticalandevaluativeunderstandingofatext.Weneedthefollowingmicro-skillsofreadingforintensivereadingofatechnicaltext.
DEPARTMENT : ALL SEMESTER : 3rdSUBJECT NAME: ETCSUBJECT CODE : 3130004FACULTY NAME :MS. AMISHA PARKAR
Q.2 Whatarethereadingtechniquesmethodsfortechnicalreadingmaterial?Theabilitytoreadscientificandtechnicaltextseffectively,dependsonanefficientmethodofreading.Asahighdegreeofunderstanding and remembrance is required, a systematic approach shouldbe followed.Eitherofthetwomethodsofreading,namelyERRQandSQ3Rshouldbeused.
DEPARTMENT : ALL SEMESTER : 3rdSUBJECT NAME: ETCSUBJECT CODE : 3130004FACULTY NAME :MS. AMISHA PARKAR
PUBLICSPEAKING
Public speaking need not necessarilymean the speech that one delivers in front of a large number ofpeople. Itcanbeaprojectdiscussion insmallgroup, informalspeechduringasmallgatheringandevengroupdiscussion.
Toperformwell in thissituation,oneneeds toknow thecharacteristicsofgoodpublicspeaking.All thesituationsdemandplan,visualization,organization,anddrafting.Theessentialsofgoodpublicspeakingareasbelow.
11. After preparing a speech, one must rehearse its presentation in front of his friends or familymembersandgettheircommentsforimprovement.Thiswillgivelotofconfidence.
Ans. A beginner in public speakingmustwrite down the entire speech. Preparing the first draft of aspeechmaybe themostchallenging task.But itshouldnotbeconsidered tobea finaldraft.Thefirstdraftshouldbeeditedkeeping inviewthepurpose,audienceandtime.Herearesomeofthe
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DEPARTMENT : ALL SEMESTER : 3rdSUBJECT NAME: ETCSUBJECT CODE : 3130004FACULTY NAME :MS. AMISHA PARKAR
tipstobefollowed,forthefirstdraft.
01. Onemust set a deadline and completewriting the first draft at least 3 days before the publicspeaking,sothatonegetstimeforediting,revisingandpreparingafinaldraft.
It isbelievedbytheexperiencedspeakersthatthebestspeechesarenotwrittenonesbutthere-writtenones.Ifonewishestobeaneffectivespeakeroranorator,onemustreviseandeditthefirstdraftwiththehelpofthefollowingsteps.
01. Onemust focus on the correctness and accuracy of the content.The date, the points, statistics,visualaidsallmustsupportthecontent.
02. Onemustpayattention to theconcisenessof thecontent.For that,while reading thecontent,ateverystage,onemustask"Isthisessential",ifnot,itcanberemovedfromthefirstdraft.Further,hecanreplacelonganddifficultwordsbyshortandeasywords.Onemustalsoeliminatethosewordswhichdonotsupportthemainideaorthecontent.
