UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
PARKING GARAGE
By Rwigi Mark Kibe , F16/1308/2010
A project submitted as a partial fulfillment for the requirement for the
award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
April, 2015
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI PARKING GARAGE
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Dedication
I dedicate this work to the following people dearest to me:
My father Dr. Stephen K. Rwigi,
My mother Mrs. Lucy W. Rwigi,
My sister Miss. Sarah W. Kibe.
I thank you for your inspiration, encouragement, moral and financial support. You are the reason
behind my success. God bless you abundantly!
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI PARKING GARAGE
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Acknowledgement
It was a great pleasure to work under the guidance of Eng. S.K. Mutua, a lecturer in the
University of Nairobi, Department of Civil Engineering. I am grateful for his constructive
criticism, comments, encouragement and discussions at all stages of this project that led to the
successful completion of this project.
I would also like to thank Miss. Sarah K. Warima, a Bachelor of Architecture/Architectural
Studies student at the University of Nairobi for her assistance in preparing architectural
drawings.
I would also like to appreciate Mr. Ndereba Paul Mbijiwe, and Mr. Singa Gerald Amayo who are
fifth year students of Civil Engineering in the University of Nairobi for their assistance in
technical aspects of this project and in learning the software used to carry out this project.
To all my classmates and friends, I thank them for their moral support.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI PARKING GARAGE
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Abstract
The population of University of Nairobi Main Campus is increasing each year, and this has
brought with it pressure on existing facilities. Among the facilities that have been overstretched
is parking space. This project attempts to address this by proposing construction of a four storey
parking garage which is expected to provide parking space for 736 vehicles. The proposed site is
located behind the Mechanical Engineering Workshops in the University of Nairobi Main
Campus.
The project carried out by preparing structural designs from architectural drawings in accordance
with standard codes of practice such as Eurocodes and British Standards. Calculations were done
with the help of structural design software namely PROKON and The Concrete Centre (T.C.C.)
spreadsheets. From the output of these calculations, the project has availed detailed structural
drawings of the structural designs were made using AutoCAD 2013 software.
The drawings showed a comfortable, safe, and easy to use parking garage and thereby
contributed in attempting to ease traffic congestion within the university compound.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI PARKING GARAGE
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 General ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Parking Garages ............................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................... 5
1.4 Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 6
1.5 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 6
1.6 Project Significance.......................................................................................................... 6
1.7 Structural Summary of Sheets .......................................................................................... 7
1.8 Design Information Sheet............................................................................................... 10
Chapter 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 11
LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................... 11
2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 11
2.2 Design Vehicle Characteristics ........................................................................................... 11
2.3 Geometry and Layout Considerations ................................................................................. 13
2.3.1 Capacity of car park ...................................................................................................... 13
2.3.2 Aisle capacity ............................................................................................................... 13
2.3.3 Bay width and length .................................................................................................... 14
2.3.4 Aisle width and bin width ............................................................................................. 15
2.3.5 Column location ........................................................................................................... 16
2.3.6 Headroom ..................................................................................................................... 17
2.3.7 Floor, Ramp and accessway gradients ......................................................................... 18
2.3.8 Ramp and Access Way Curvature, Widths and Clearance on Structure ...................... 19
2.4 Vehicle Safety and Pedestrian Safety .................................................................................. 20
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI PARKING GARAGE
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2.5 Design Philosophy............................................................................................................... 21
2.5.1 Permissible stress design .............................................................................................. 22
2.5.2 Load factor Design ...................................................................................................... 22
2.5.3 Limit state design ............................................................................................................ 22
2.7 Codes of Practice ................................................................................................................. 25
2.7.1 Eurocodes ..................................................................................................................... 26
2.7.2 British Standards (BS) .................................................................................................. 26
2.9 Analysis of Structure at Ultimate Limit State .................................................................... 27
2.9.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 27
2.9.2 Loads ........................................................................................................................... 28
2.10 Frame Analysis ................................................................................................................. 33
2.11 Factors affecting durability of car parks ........................................................................... 36
2.12 Environmental Considerations ......................................................................................... 37
2.12.1 Dust ............................................................................................................................. 37
2.12.2 Gaseous Emissions from Vehicles ............................................................................. 38
2.12.3 Noise ........................................................................................................................... 38
2.12.4 Solid Waste and Material Management ...................................................................... 39
2.13 Computer Applications ..................................................................................................... 39
2.13.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 39
2.13.2 PROKON Structural Analysis and Design ................................................................ 39
2.13.3 The Concrete Centre RC Spreadsheets V4 ................................................................ 40
2.13.5 AutoCAD 2013 ........................................................................................................... 40
Chapter 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 41
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ........................................................................................................ 41
Chapter 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 67
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI PARKING GARAGE
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DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................................. 67
4.1 General ................................................................................................................................ 67
4.2 Structural Design ................................................................................................................. 67
4.3 Structural Drawings............................................................................................................. 69
Chapter 5 ..................................................................................................................................... 73
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................... 73
5.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 73
5.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 73
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 75
APPENDIX .................................................................................................................................. 76
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List of Plates
Plate 1.1: Former JKIA Parking Garage ........................................................................................ 2
Plate 1.2: Underground Car Park ................................................................................................... 2
Plate 1.3: Proposed Site for University of Nairobi Parking Garage .............................................. 3
Plate 1.4: Plan view of Seattle-Tacomas airport Washington, U.S.A ........................................... 4
Plate 1.5: NHIF parking garage ...................................................................................................... 5
List of Figures
Figure 2.1: Swept path of a large saloon car ................................................................................. 12
Figure 2.2: Support positions related to parking geometry ........................................................... 17
Figure 2.3: Headroom allowances ................................................................................................ 18
Figure 2.4: Possible points of damage to vehicles ........................................................................ 19
Figure 2.5 Typical ramp elevation ................................................................................................ 20
Figure 2.6: Seismic Zoning Map of Kenya ................................................................................... 31
Figure 2.7 Building frame ............................................................................................................. 34
Figure 2.8: Substitute frame 1 ....................................................................................................... 34
Figure 2.9: Substitute frame 2 ....................................................................................................... 35
Figure 2.10: Substitute frame 3 ..................................................................................................... 35
Figure 4.1: General Recommendations for Bar Curtailments in Slabs ......................................... 70
Figure 4.2: General recommendations for bar curtailments in beams based on BS 8110 ............ 71
Figure 4.3: Typical stair flights showing reinforcement. Bar curtailments based on BS 8110
simplified rules.............................................................................................................................. 72
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI PARKING GARAGE
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List of Tables
Table 2.1: Comparison of Typical vehicle dimensions ............................................................... 12
Table 2.2: Calculated capacities for 6 metre aisles with 900 parking ........................................... 14
Table 2.3: Car bay dimensions...................................................................................................... 15
Table 2.4: Recommended aisle and bin widths ............................................................................ 16
Table 2.5: Partial Safety Factors for Materials (m) according to Eurocode 2 ............................. 23
Table 2.6: Partial safety factors at the ultimate limit state ............................................................ 25
Table 2.7: Partial safety factors at the serviceability limit state ................................................... 25
Table 2.8: Eurocodes .................................................................................................................... 26
Table 2.9: British Standards Codes of Practice ............................................................................ 27
Table 2.10 : Traffic and Parking Areas in Buildings .................................................................... 29
Table 2.11 : Imposed Loads on Garages and Vehicle Traffic Areas ............................................ 29
Table 2.12: Table Relating Seismic Design to Types and Usages of Buildings........................... 32
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI PARKING GARAGE
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List of Symbols
A - Cross sectional area
Ac - Cross sectional area of concrete
As - Cross sectional area of reinforcement
Asc Area of compression steel (BS)
As,min - minimum cross sectional area of reinforcement
Ast Area of tension steel (BS)
Asv Area of shear reinforcement (BS)
Asw - Cross sectional area of shear reinforcement (EC)
BS British Standard
BSI British Standards Institute
c/c Centre to centre
EC - Eurocode
fc - Compressive strength of concrete
fck - Characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete at 28 days
fcu - characteristic strength of concrete (BS)
ft - Tensile strength of reinforcement
fy - Yield strength of reinforcement
Gk - Characteristic permanent action
L - Length
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI PARKING GARAGE
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M - Bending moment
N - Axial force
Qk - Characteristic variable action
SLS - Serviceability limit state
ULS - Ultimate limit state
V - Shear force
VEd - Design value of the applied shear force
Wk - characteristic wind load (BS)
Wk Crack Width (EC)
b - Overall width of a cross - section, or actual flange width in a T or L beam
bw - Width of the web on T, I or L beams
d - Diameter ; Depth
dg - Largest nominal maximum aggregate size
h - Height
h - Overall depth of a cross - section
l (or l or L) - Length; Span
m - Mass
t - Thickness
- Diameter of a reinforcing bar
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
The University of Nairobi main campus is located on the western part of Nairobis Central
Business District (C.B.D.). This proximity to the C.B.D. has attracted more people to join the
University of Nairobi community either as students or employees. Therefore, as the city grows
due to rural urban migration, and the whole Nairobi County, so does the University of Nairobi,
especially the main campus. This growth has brought with it pressure on existing resources such
as lecture rooms, office space and parking space. The University of Nairobi through its strategic
plan [1] has a planned a number of projects to address the above issues. Currently, the
construction of University of Nairobi Towers is underway and is expected to be complete by
December 2016 as indicated on the site board. This project is expected to ease the problem of
office space and lecture rooms and increase capacity for more students and lecturers. As a result,
there will be demand for more parking space within the University of Nairobis main campus
grounds.
Car parking is known to be a major user of developable land. It easily escapes the minds of
planners of urban areas because of their perceived low rate of return on investment as compared
to commercial buildings. It is because of this problem that parking garages (Plate 1.1) and
underground (Plate 1.2) or basement car parks are common in cities and towns. Potential users
should be able to readily identify a car-parking facility and its entrance. In urban areas, it helps
if a public multi-storey car park can be easily recognized for what it is.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI PARKING GARAGE
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It may sometimes be desirable to site car parks underground. However, these have specific
environmental and design constraints. Such parks will normally require forced ventilation and
special fire protection systems to avoid the impact of pollution from car fumes, smoke and
noise. This is a very expensive task. Therefore, siting car parks above ground may reduce the
cost of the structure since it permits natural ventilation [3].
Plate 1.1: Former JKIA Parking garage Plate 1.2: Underground car park
Source: Skyscrapercity.com Source: en.wikipedia.com/Multi-storey_car_park
It is for this reason that this project attempts to address this issue by proposing a four storey car
park that will cover approximately 7,382 m2 of ground surface and 29,528 m
2 of parking space
in all the four floors. This is expected to provide parking space for 736 vehicles. The proposed
site borders retail shops and offices along Kijabe street to the North, Central Police Station to the
East, the Mechanical Engineering Workshops to the South and University of Nairobi Estates
Department to the west (Plate 1.3). The car park will include eight lifts, four staircases, security
offices and gents and ladies washrooms. These are intended to serve the users of the parking
garage by ensuring comfort and convenience.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI PARKING GARAGE
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Plate 1.3: Proposed Site for University of Nairobi Parking Garage
Source: Google Maps
1.2 Parking Garages
The earliest known parking garage was built in 1918 for the Hotel La Salle at 215 West
Washington Street in the West Loop area of downtown Chicago, Illinois. Since then, a number of
parking garages have been built throughout the world [2]. Seattle-Tacomas airport garage
located in Washington, U.S.A, is the biggest parking garage in the whole world under a single
roof, offering over 13,000 parking spaces (Plate 1.4). It can therefore be clearly seen that the idea
of parking garages has been applied in the world over as a traffic management solution.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI PARKING GARAGE
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Plate 1.4: Plan view of Seattle-Tacomas airport Washington, U.S.A
Source: en.wikipedia.com/Multi-storey_car_park
In Kenya, parking garages are concentrated in Nairobi City. They are put up next to malls and
office blocks. Among the most notable ones is the National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF) car
park located on Nairobi Hill on Haile Sellasie Avenue. It has six floors with a structural system
consisting of shear walls and rigid frames.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI PARKING GARAGE
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Plate 1.5: NHIF parking garage
Source: Skyscrapercity.com
A free-standing parking garage (Plate 1.5) is essentially a functional building generally
composed of a series of floors supported on columns to provide large areas of uninterrupted
floor space. Engineering considerations tend to be the primary driver for the solutions, rather
than appearance [3]. Little weather protection is required, and there is generally no need to
roof over the top floor. Ideally, parking garages are designed to contain about four to five
floors reason being that larger capacity tends to increase the time for parking and unparking a
car. This is however dependent on the traffic volume characteristics of the area. Often the
emphasis is on achieving a low cost per car space, which leads to demands for a very economic
building [3].
1.3 Problem Statement
Demand for parking at the University of Nairobi is ever increasing with the population of the
university. Valuable time is lost as people look and even wait for parking space. As a result,
there is need for a parking facility at a specified point in the university to take care of this
demand.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI PARKING GARAGE
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1.4 Objectives
The objectives of this project were:
a) To carry out structural design of a four-storey reinforced concrete parking garage in
accordance with standard codes of practice.
b) To make detailed structural drawings of the structural designs.
1.5 Methodology
The method used in carrying out this project was as follows:
a) Analysis of proposed site to determine capacity and best orientation of the structure.
b) Preparation of floor plans and elevations using Archicad 17.
c) Structural analysis and design using Prokon 2.5.
d) Structural detailing using Autocad 2013.
1.6 Project Significance
It is hoped that this project would to ease traffic congestion within the university compound.
Parking space would be defined hence there would be minimal time wastage in looking for
parking space. This parking space could also serve as a source of revenue for the university.
Also, there would be adequate parking space to take care of the growing university population.,
thereby optimizing use of developable land.
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1 1
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W2
W2
A
B
7,5
00
7,5
00
7,2
40
520
7,2
40
7,5
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7,5
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7,5
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52,5
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7,500 4,300 4,300 7,240 520 4,040 4,300 7,500 4,300 4,300 7,240 520 4,040 4,300 7,500 4,300 4,300 7,240 520 4,040 4,300 7,500 4,300 4,300 7,240 520 4,040 4,300 7,500 4,300
140,600
X X
YY
300mm high precast concrete kerbs
LIFT
LADIESWASHROOM
GENTSWASHROOM
LIFT
LIF
T
STAIRCASE
STA
IRC
AS
E
STAIRCASE
STAIRCASE
SECURITY OFFICE
LIFT
5B 5B
5A 5A
Checked by: Eng. S.K. Mutua6. Symbols ; T - Deformed bars
Columns - 40mm, Foundations - 50mm,7. Cover to reinforcement; Slabs - 25mm, Beams - 30mm,
1. All dimensions are in mm unless otherwise stated.
5. Any descripancy in dimensions to be reported to the project4. Only figured dimensions to be taken from this drawing.
3. All reinforced concrete to be 1:2:4 mix and blinding concrete
2. All reinforcements must be checked and approved by project
NOTES
to be 1:4:8 mix.
structural engineer prior to concreting.
consultants i.e architect or engineerUNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
Marky Consulting Engineers
Designed by:
Drawn by:
Date:
Scale:
Drg No:
RWIGI M.K.
AS SHOWN
UONGAR-A1
FEBRUARY 2015
RWIGI M.K.
Project:
PROPOSED PARKING GARAGE
Client
Column size: 500mm X 500mm
Beam size: 600mm X 300mm
Floor system: Solid slab
TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN
1.7 Structural Summary of Sheets
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S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
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S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
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S
S
S
S
S
S
S
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
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T
T
T
T
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T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
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T
T
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T
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T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
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T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
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U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
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U
U
U
U
U
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U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
V
V
V
V
V
V
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V
V
V
V
V
V
V
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V
V
V
V
V
V
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V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
W1
W1
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
W2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
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Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
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Y
Y
Y
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Y
Y
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Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
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Y
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Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
AA
7,500 4,300 4,300 7,240 520 4,040 4,300 7,500 4,300 4,300 7,240 520 4,040 4,300 7,500 4,300 4,300 7,240 520 4,040 4,300 7,500 4,300 4,300 7,240 520 4,040 4,300 7,500 4,300
3,1
00
3,1
00
3,1
00
3,1
00
1,0
00
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
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8
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5B
5B
5A
5A
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
