Department of Computer Science Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Science Introduction to...

Department of Computer Science

Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Science

Introduction to Presence

Prof. A. Ferworn

LEADERS OF TOMORROWDepartment of Computer Science Prof. Alex Ferworn

Topics

• Course Management Form

• Assignments

• Buzz words– Telepresence– Presence

• Research Questions– The Gestalt of Presence

• Measuring Presence


What is Telepresence?

• Term coined by Marvin Minsky in 1980 but attributed to the futurist Patrick Gunkel

• He meant: Manipulation of objects in the real world through remote access technology


Telepresence


Example: MAX Teleoperated dog on the Web (1998-99)


MAX


Presence

• Expanded definition of Telepresence by Thomas Sheridan (1994)

• Presence is a theoretical concept describing the effect that people experience when they interact with a computer-mediated or computer-generated environment.


What is Presence?

• Sense of being present in an environment– A physical– Virtual– Imagined– Hallucinated feeling

• Being there is all in your head

• Therefore it is tough to measure


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Open Research QuestionsOpen Research Questions

• Is there a definition of presence that is Is there a definition of presence that is sufficiently operational and quantitative to sufficiently operational and quantitative to be useful?be useful?

• What are the factors that create a sense of What are the factors that create a sense of presence?presence?

• Are there Are there subjectivesubjective and and objective objective measures that can quantify presence?measures that can quantify presence?


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More QuestionsMore Questions

• Are there applications for which a sense of Are there applications for which a sense of presence actually improves operator presence actually improves operator performance?performance?

• Are there applications for which presence Are there applications for which presence is a necessary ingredient? If so, how are is a necessary ingredient? If so, how are these applications different from these applications different from applications for which a more traditional applications for which a more traditional display system is just as effective?display system is just as effective?


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Sheridan (1992)Sheridan (1992)

– Physical aspects of an Physical aspects of an experience that determine experience that determine “presence”: “presence”: • What Sensory data is What Sensory data is

available and how much?available and how much?• Can the sensors be Can the sensors be

controlled?controlled?• Can the environment be Can the environment be

modified?modified?

Sensory Information

Control of Sensors

Ability to ModifyEnvironment


Why is Presence applicable to Robotics

• One of definition of the word robot might be:– Any device that

supports• Sensing• Actuation, and• Control

Sensory Information

Control of Sensors

Ability to ModifyEnvironment


How do we measure presence?How do we measure presence?• Well, it turns out, not very well• Subjective Measurements

– Questionnaires soliciting opinion about experience

• Indirect Psychological Measurements– Relate stimulus magnitude to opinion about the

stimulus magnitude

• Objective Measurements– Based on

• Performance measures of tasks• Physiological responses


Questionnaires

• Example: – Witmer and Singer Questionnaire

• Questions about reactions to virtual environments

• Hope to create consistency across systems• General Approach among questionnaires

– Take assumptions about what presence is and make up questions concerning the assumptions


Immersive Tendency Questionnaire


Virtual Environment-Centric


Physiological Responses

• Theory:– The real world changes our physiological

responses to it.– A remote or virtual world should do the same

if we are immersed in it.

Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Respiratory,

Nervous, Sensory, Nervous, Sensory,

Blood ChemistryBlood Chemistry


Measure this

• Relax• Find your Pulse• Watch this


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Performance measuresPerformance measures

• Success vs. failure measuresSuccess vs. failure measures– Based on individual task performanceBased on individual task performance

• Eg Bottle tests for teleoperation (next slide)Eg Bottle tests for teleoperation (next slide)

• Suspension of beliefSuspension of belief– Observable changes in mode of behavior relative to Observable changes in mode of behavior relative to

interfaceinterface• Forgetting the interface is there.Forgetting the interface is there.

• Instinctual responsesInstinctual responses– Ducking at approaching objectsDucking at approaching objects– Leaning into a perceived curveLeaning into a perceived curve– VocalizationsVocalizations


The Bottle Test

• While testing for presence is hit and miss, testing for other things can be quite easy

• This is the poor man’s testing strategy

• When you have nothing else, you can test an operator’s concentration and ability to focus with a simple bottle of water


The Bottle Test


Example: Simulated Rollercoaster


How to Measure the PresenceHow to Measure the Presence

• Subjective Measure– Questionnaire concerning feeling before and

after ride

• Indirect Psychological– Perceived speed of ride vs. stimulus producing

this perception

• Physiological– Heart rate during ride


How would you measure these?


Some Heuristics for Presence

• Everyone brings their own state of mind (Gestalt) to a situation.

• There is a large difference between the intensity of actually being there and being virtually or distantly there.

• perceptions and behavior of and in real-perceptions and behavior of and in real-world situations may be modified based on world situations may be modified based on virtual or mediated experiencesvirtual or mediated experiences

• Presence is consequence freePresence is consequence free


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Where is presence important?Where is presence important?

• TherapyTherapy

• Pain controlPain control

• RehabilitationRehabilitation

• EntertainmentEntertainment

• TrainingTraining

• EducationEducation


Remember what I said about Remember what I said about GestaltGestalt

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