DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY M.PHIL. HISTORY LIST OF COURSES (ACADEMIC YEAR 2007 – 2008 ONWARDS Course Code Title of the Course Name of Faculty Core Credits HIST 611 HISTORIOGRAPHY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INDIA Dr.G.Chandhrika HC 4 HIST 612 HISTORICAL METHODS AND THE PRACTICE OF HISTORY Shared by all Faculty HC 4 HIST 613 INTRODUCTION TO ARCHAEOLOGY Dr.K.Rajan HC 4 HIST 614 EARLY HISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY OF SOUTH INDIA Dr.N.Chandra Mouli HC 4 HIST 615 HISTORY OF INDIAN OCEAN REGION UP TO 16 TH CENTURY Dr.Venkata Raghotham HC 4 HIST 616 INDIAN EPIGRAPHY AND NUMISMATICS Dr.K.Rajan HC 4 HIST 617 ECONOMY, ENVIRONMENT AND PEASANT RESISTANCE IN COLONIAL INDIA Dr.G.Chandhrika SC 3 HIST 618 HISTORY OF LABOUR MOVEMENT IN MODERN INDIA Dr.K.Venugopal Reddy SC 3 HIST 619 INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF MODERN INDIA Dr.K.Venugopal Reddy SC 3 HIST 620 HISTORY OF FRENCH IN INDIA Dr.Venkata Raghotham SC 3 HIST 621 BACKGROUND PAPER Guide - 4 HIST 622 DISSERTATION Guide - 15 HIST 623 VIVA-VOCE Guide - 3
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DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY
M.PHIL. HISTORY LIST OF COURSES
(ACADEMIC YEAR 2007 – 2008 ONWARDS Course Code
Title of the Course Name of Faculty Core Credits
HIST 611 HISTORIOGRAPHY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INDIA
Dr.G.Chandhrika HC 4
HIST 612 HISTORICAL METHODS AND THE PRACTICE OF HISTORY
Shared by all Faculty
HC 4
HIST 613 INTRODUCTION TO ARCHAEOLOGY
Dr.K.Rajan HC 4
HIST 614 EARLY HISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY OF SOUTH INDIA
Dr.N.Chandra Mouli
HC 4
HIST 615 HISTORY OF INDIAN OCEAN REGION UP TO 16TH CENTURY
Dr.Venkata Raghotham
HC 4
HIST 616 INDIAN EPIGRAPHY AND NUMISMATICS
Dr.K.Rajan HC 4
HIST 617 ECONOMY, ENVIRONMENT AND PEASANT RESISTANCE IN COLONIAL INDIA
Dr.G.Chandhrika SC 3
HIST 618 HISTORY OF LABOUR MOVEMENT IN MODERN INDIA
Dr.K.Venugopal Reddy SC 3
HIST 619 INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF MODERN INDIA
Dr.K.Venugopal Reddy SC 3
HIST 620 HISTORY OF FRENCH IN INDIA Dr.Venkata Raghotham
SC 3
HIST 621 BACKGROUND PAPER Guide
- 4
HIST 622 DISSERTATION Guide
- 15
HIST 623 VIVA-VOCE
Guide - 3
PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY
CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM
M.PHIL. HISTORY (SEMESTER SYSTEM)
COURSE CURRICULUM I SEMESTER HIST 611 HISTORIOGRAPHY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INDIA HC 4 Credits HIST 612 HISTORICAL METHODS AND THE PRACTICE OF HISTORY HC 4 Credits HIST 619 INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF ODERN INDIA SC 3 Credits HIST 621 BACKGROUND PAPER HC 4 Credits OPTIONAL COURSE 3 Credits II SEMESTER HIST 622 DISSERTATION HC 15 Credits HIST 623 VIVA HC 3 Credits HARD CORE : 30 CREDITS SOFT CORE : 3 CREDITS OPTIONAL : 3 CREDITS TOTAL : 36 CREDITS
Department of History PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY
HIST 611: HISTORIOGRAPHY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INDIA
(HARD CORE – FOUR CREDITS)
Faculty: Dr. G. Chandhrika
COURSE OBJECTIVES This course is intended to familiarize the students with approaches to historical studies in the twentieth century with a focus on prominent Western historians and on the development of historical writing in modern India. It examines the development of economic history in Europe, the idea of a new history in the USA, the attempt at total history by the Annales historians in France and some of the philosophies of history. It makes a critical evaluation of the impact of Orientalism on Indian historiography, the Imperialist, Nationalist, Marxist and Subaltern schools of thought and their influence on the writing and interpretation of Indian history.
COURSE CONTENT Part I: Historiography in the Western World
Unit 1: Introduction to twentieth century historiography. Unit 2: Economic History: Henri Pirenne, J.H. Clapham, R.H. Tawney , Quantitative
History. Unit 3: The New History Movement in the United States of America: F.J. Turner,
J.H.Robinson, C.A. Beard Unit4: The Annales Paradigm: Lucien Febvre, Marc Bloch, Fernand Braudel, Leroy
Ladurie. Unit 5: Philosophies: Benedetto Croce, R.G. Collingwood, A.J. Toynbee
Part II: Historiography in India Unit 6: Imagining India: Orientalist, Utilitarian and Imperialist Perspectives Unit 7: Nationalist Historiography: The Foundational School, Romantic Orientalists and Economic Nationalists Unit 8: Marxist Historigraphy: D..D.Kosambi, Romila Thapar, ,Bipan Chandra Unit 9: Subaltern Historiography: Critique of previous trends, Salient features, Contribution of Ranajit Guha, Criticism of the Subaltern approach Unit10: Beyond the Altakerian Paradigm: Trends in Women’s History
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SUGGESTED READINGS Aron, Raymond, Introduction to the Philosophy of History, London, 1961. Aymard, Maurice and Harbans Mukhia. Ed. French Studies in History. Delhi, 1988. Ballard, Martin, ed., New Movements in the Study and Teaching of History, London,
1970. Barraclough, G., Main Trends in History, New York, 1979. Bayly, C. A. “Rallying Around the Subaltern”, The Journal of Peasant Studies, 16.1 (1988) pp. 110-120. Bloch, Marc, The Historian’s Craft, Manchester, 1954. Braudel, Fernand, On History, Chicago, 1982. Braudel, F., Civilization and Capitalism: Fifteenth to Eighteenth Century, 3 vols.,
London, 1985.
Chakravarti, Uma. Rewriting History, New Delhi, 1998. Clark, Stuart, The Annales Historians, Critical Assessment, Vol. 1, London, 1999. Cannon, John et. Al. eds., The Blackwell Dictionary of Historians, Oxford, 1988. Cochran, Thomas C., The Inner Revolution: Essays on the Social Sciences in American
History, New York, 1964.
Cohn, Bernard S. Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge. Delhi, 1997. Collingwood, R.G., The Philosophy of History, London, 1930. Collingwood, R.G., The Idea of History, London, 1946. Croce, B., History as the Story of Liberty, London, 1941. Ghoshal, U.N., The Beginnings of Indian Historiography and Other Essays, Calcutta,
1964. Gottlob, Michael. Ed. Historical Thinking in South Asia. New Delhi, 2003. Guha, Ranajit, ed., A Subaltern Studies Reader, 1986-1995, Delhi, Oxford University
Press, 1997. Halperin, S.W., Essays in Modern European Historiography, Chicago, 1970. Halperin, S.W. ed., Some Twentieth Century Historians, Chicago, 1961.
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Higham, John, et.al., History, New Hersey, 1965. Holstadter, Richard, The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard and Parrington, New
York, 1968. Hughes, Stuart, H., Consciousness and Society: The Reorientation of European Social
Thought, 1890-1930, New York, 1958.
Hughs-Warrigton, Marnie, Fifty Key Thinkers in History, London, 2000.
Inden, Ronald. Imagining India. Oxford, 1990. Jenkins, Keith, The Postmodern History Reader, London, 1997. Kammen, C. ed., The Past Before Us: Contemporary Historical Writing in the United
States, Ithaca, 1980.
Kejarwal, O.P. The Asiatic Society of Bengal and the Discovery of India’s Past. New Delhi, 1999. Ludden, David. Ed. Reading Subaltern Studies: Critical History, Contested Meaning and the Globalisation of South Asia.Delhi, 2003. Majeed, Javed. Ungoverned Imaginings: James Mill and the History of British India. London, 2000. Majumdar, R.C., Historiography in Modern India, Bombay, 1970. Marwick, Arthur, The Nature of History, London, 1984. Munslow, Alun, Deconstructing History, London, 1997. Philips, C.H., ed., Historians of India, Pakistan and Ceylon, London, 1967. Prakash, Gyan, “Writing Post-Orientalist Histories of the Third World: Perspectives from Indian Historiography” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 32. 2 (1990) pp383-408. Sangari, Kumkum and Sudesh Vaid. Recasting Women: Essays in Colonial History. Kali for Women, Delhi, 1990. Sen, S.P. Ed., Historians and Historiography in Modern India, Calcutta, 1973. Sreedharan, E. A Textbook of Historiography:500 BC to AD 2000, New Delhi, 2004. Thapar, Romila. Interpreting Early India. New Delhi, 2000.
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Department of History PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY
HIST 612: HISTORICAL METHODS AND THE PRACTICE OF HISTORY
(HARD CORE – FOUR CREDITS)
COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course seeks to familiarise the students with the nature of history and the methods of enquiry in the writing of history. The sources for writing history, varieties of history and debates in Indian history are the topics intended to give students a thorough knowledge of the practice of history and the ongoing research in the field of Indian history.
COURSE CONTENT
1. Research Methodology: The Mechanics of Writing – Form and Style in Thesis Writing - Methods of Documentation (Parenthetical Documentation, Foot Notes, End Notes and List Of Works Cited)
2. Nature and Methods of History Nature of Historical knowledge (Science or Art) - Objectivity and the writing of History - Historical Causation - Historical Criticism: Internal and External - Social Sciences and their role in restructuring the past - Questionnaire, Interview, Ethnology and Field study. 3. Sources for the Study of History
Primary and Secondary Sources - Archaeology, Epigraphy and Numismatics as sources for the study of history - Archival Sources, State and Private documents - Personal Memoirs, Journals and Letters - Oral sources - Virtual sources.
4. Varieties of History Maritime History - Historical Geography – Intellectual History - Social History - Gender Issues in History – History of Labour. 5. Debates in Indian History
Feudalism in India – State Formation in Medieval South India - Nature of the Eighteenth Century – Nationalist, Marxist and Subaltern Perspectives of the freedom struggle.
SUGGESTED READINGS
Alavi, Seema, The Eighteenth Century in India, Debates in Indian History Series, Delhi, OUP, 2003. Aydelotte, W.A., Quantification in History, New York, 1971. Ballard, Martin, ed., New Movements in the Study and Teaching of History, London,
1970.
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Barraclough, G., Main Trends in History, New York, 1979. Bayley, C.A., 1983. Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of
British Expansion, 1770-1870, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bloch, Marc, The Historian’s Craft, Manchester, 1954. Braudel, Fernand, On History, Chicago, 1982. Bayly, C. A. “Rallying Around the Subaltern”, The Journal of Peasant Studies, 16.1 (1988) pp. 110-120 Cannon John, ed., The Historian at Work, London, 1980 Carr, E.H., What is History?, New York, 1987 (2nd edition). Collingwook, R.G., Idea of History, Oxford University Press, 1974. Cullagh, C Beham Mc, The Truth of History, New York: Routledge, 1998. De Certean, Michel, The Writing of History, New York: Columbia University Press,
1992. Elton G. R .. The Practice of History, London, 1967. Ladurie, Immanuel Leroy, The Territory of History, London, 1984.
Gardiner, Juliet. What is History Today? London, 1988. Guha, Ranajit, ed., A Subaltern Studies Reader, 1986-1995, Delhi, Oxford University
Press, 1997. Guha, Ranajit, ed., Subaltern Studies, Vol. I to VI, Delhi, Oxford University Press. Habib, Irfan, The Agrarian System of Mughal India: 1556 – 1707, Bombay, 1963. Hall, Kenneth R. ed., Structure and Society in Early South India: Essays in Honour of
Noboru Karashima, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2001. Hall, Kenneth R. Trade and Statecraft in the Age of the Colas, Delhi, 1980.
Howell, Martha and Walter Prevenier. From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001.
Jha, D. N. Economy and Society in Early India: Issues and Paradigms, Delhi, 1983.
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Karashima, Noboru, South Indian History and Society: Studies feom Inscriptions, AD 850 – 1800, Delhi, OUP, 1984.
------------- Towards a New Formation: South Indian Society under Vijayanagar Rule,
Delhi, OUP, 1992. Kulke,Hermann, ed. The State in India: 1000 – 1700, Delhi, Oxford University Press,
1995. ------------------- Kings and Cults: State Formation and Legitimation in India and
Southeast Asia, Delhi, Manohar, 1993. Ludden, David. Ed. Reading Subaltern Studies: Critical History, Contested Meaning and the Globalisation of South Asia.Delhi, 2003. Marshall, P. J. The Eighteenth Century in Indian History: Evolution or Revolution? Themes in Indian History series, Delhi, OUP, 2003. Prakash, Gyan, “Writing Post-Orientalist Histories of the Third World: Perspectives from Indian Historiography” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 32. 2 (1990) pp383-408. Sangri; Kum Kum & Sudesh Vaid, ed., Recasting Women: Essays in Colonial History,
Delhi, Kali for Women, 1989. Sarkar, Sumit, Writing Social History, Delhi: Oxford University Press,1998. Scott, J. W. Feminism and History, New York, OUP, 1996 Sheik Ali, B. History in Theory and Method, Madras, 1978. Somekh, Bridget and Cathy Lewin, eds., Research Methods in the Social Sciences, Delhi, 2005. Stein, Burton, Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India, Delhi, OUP, 1980. -------, Vijayanagara, The New Cambridge History of India Vol. 1.2, Cambridge, Cambridge UP, 1989. Stern, Fritz, ed., Varieties of History, New York: Vintage Books, 1976. Subbarayalu, Y. “The Chola State” in Studies in History, No. 4 of 1982, pp. 269-306. Thapar, Romila, From Lineage to State: Social Formations in the Mid-first Millennium BC in the Ganges Valley, Bombay, 1984.
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Department of History PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY
HIST 613: INTRODUCTION TO ARCHAEOLOGY
(HARD CORE-FOUR CREDITS)
Faculty: Dr.K.Rajan Course Objectives The course is designed to introduce the usefulness of archaeology in studying the history. The various archaeological methods and theories involved in reading the primary source would be taught to understand the context of the material that are available for the study. The inter-disciplinary nature of the subject and its usefulness would be given much importance. Unit I : Introduction Introduction - Definition - Goals of Archaeology - Archaeology and other disciplines– Kinds of Archaeology - Prehistoric archaeology – Historical archaeology – Environmental archaeology – Settlement archaeology – Cognitive archaeology – Industrial archaeology – Underwater archaeology – Ethnoarchaeology – Linguistic archaeology – Salvage archaeology Unit II : History of Archaeology Classical Archaeology – Antiquarianism - Three-Age theory – Scientific archaeology - Three Age System – Scandinavian archaeology - Antiquity of Mankind -Prehistoric Archaeology – Racism Unit III : History of Archaeology in India Foundation for the Indological Studies - Sir William Jones - Establishment of Asiatic Society - James Prinsep - Alexander Cunningham - Establishment of Archaeological Survey of India - Robert Bruce Foote - John Marshall - Mortimer Wheeler - Post-Independence era Unit IV : Archaeological Theories Concept of culture - Culture-historical approach -Functionalism - New Archaeology - Processual theory - General systems theory - Behavioural archaeology – Post-processual approaches - Contextual archaeology -Archaeology and gender - Archaeology today Unit V : Important Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu Palaeolithic site - Neolithic site :Paiyampalli – Megalithic site - Kodumanal – Early historic sites: Arikamedu, Kaveripumpattinam , Uraiyur, Karur, and Alagankulam.
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References Archaeological Site Manual, 1994, Museum of London, London. Atkinson, R.J.C., 1953, Field Archaeology, 2nd edition, Methunen, London. Barker, Philip, 1977, Techniques of Archaeological Excavation, B.T.Batsford Ltd.,
London. Binford, L.R., 1968, New Perspectives in Archaeology, Aldine, Chicago. Binford, L.R., 1973 An Archaeological Perspective, Seminar Press, New York. Binford, L.R., 1983 In Pursuit of the Past : Decoding the Archaeological Record,
Thames and Hudson, London. Chakrabarti, Dilip.K., 1988 A History of Indian Archaeology : From the Beginning to
1947, Munishiram Manoharlal, New Delhi. Chakrabarti, Dilip.K., 1999 India : An Archaeological History –Palaeolithic
Beginnings to Early Historic Foundations, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
Childe, V.Gordon, 1956, Piecing Together the Past: The Interpretation of
Archaeological Data, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London. Childe, V.Gordon, 1960, What happened in History, Penguin Books, London. Childe, V.Gordon, 1960, A Short Introduction to Archaeology, Collier, New York. Daniel, Glyn E., 1967, The Origins and Growth of Archaeology, Pelican Books,
London. Daniel, Glyn E., 1976, A Hundred and Fifty Years of Archaeology, Harvard
University Press, Cambridge. Ghosh, A. 1989, An Encyclopedia of Indian Archaeology, Vols.I & II, Munishiram
Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Hodder, I., 1991, Archaeological Theory in Europe: The Last Thirty years, Blackwell
London. Majeed , Abdul., 1987, " A Note on Korkai Excavatioins", Tamil Civilization 2 (1-2),
pp.73-77.
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Martha Joukowsky, 1980, A Complete Manual of Field Archaeology – Tools and Techniques of Field Work for Archaeologists, Prentice-Hill, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersy, USA.
Nagasamy, R., 1995 Roman Karur, Brahad Prahashan, Madras. Petrie, W.M.F., 1904, Methods and Aims in Archaeology, Macmillan, London. Piggot, S., 1965, Approach to Archaeology, Harvard University Press, Cambridge,
Mass. Rajan, K., 1994 Archaeology of Tamil Nadu (Kongu Country), Book India Publishing
Company, Delhi. Rajan, K., 1997 Archaeological Gazetteer of Tamil Nadu, Manoo Pathippakam,
Thanjavur . Rajan, K., 2002 Archaeology:Principles and Methods, Manoo Pathippakam,
Thanjavur. Raman, K.V., 1988, Excavatioins At Uraiyur (Tiruchirappali) 1965-1969, Universtiy
of Madras, Madras.
Schiffer, M.B., 1995, Behavioral Archaeology: First Principles, University of Utah
Press, Salt Lake City, USA. Sharer, Robert J., and Wendy Ashmore, 1979, Fundamentals of Archaeology, The
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., California. Soundararajan, K.V., 1994 Kaveripattinam Excavations 1963-75 (A port city on the
Tamil Nadu Coast), Archaeological Survey of India, New delhi. Trigger, G. Bruce, 1989, A History of Archaeological Thought, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge. Vimala Begley, 1996, The Ancient Port of Arikamedu New Excavations and
Wheeler, R.E.M., 1961, Archaeology from the Earth, Penguin Books, Baltmore.
Department of History PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY
HIST 614: EARLY HISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY OF SOUTH INDIA
(Soft Core - Three Credits)
Faculty : Dr.K.Rajan Course Objectives This course is intended to familiarize the students on the emergence of the early historic period in India. The emergence of history in India is not uniform. The reason for the uneven development is due to varied geographical, social and political condition that prevailed in particular ecological settings. The focus would be given on the resource mobilization and its optimum utilizations. The students would be exposed to different emerging patterns. 1. The emergence of clan based society - the territorial affinity 2. Important archaeological sites like ports, cities and market towns 3. Emergence of State : Maurya, Satavahana and Sangam Age chieftains 4. Role of Trade and technology in the development of state 5. Internal and External Trade - Maritime trade - Trade guilds, trade routes, coinage 6. The development of writing system
Suggested Readings
Aiyangar S. Krishnaswami, 1942 Some Contributions of South India to Indian Culture, 2nd edition, Calcutta.
Allchin, Bridgett & Allchin, F.R., 1968, Birth of Indian Civilization, Penguin Books, Baltimore.
Balambal, V., Feudatories in South India,
Basham, A.L., 1971 The Wonder that was India, Rupa and Co., Bombay.
Chakrabarti, K. Dilip, 1998, The Archaeology of Ancient Indian Cities, OUP, Delhi.
Devahuti, D., 1970 Harsha-A Political History, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Gopal, R., & Ritti, S.H., Desai, (ed.,) 1970, History of Karnataka - from Pre history to Unification , Kannada Research Institute, Karnatak University, Dharwar,.
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Govindasamy, M.S., Role of Feudatories Under the Pallavas, Annamalai University, Chidamparam
Iyyangar, P.T. Srinivasa, 1929 History of the Tamils from the Earliest Times to 600 AD, Madras.
Jha, D.N., 1977 Ancient India: An Introductory outline, New Delhi.
Karashima, R. Noboru, 1984 South Indian History and Society, Oxford University Press, Delhi.
Kosambi, D.D., 1985 An Introduction to the Study of Indian History, Popular Prakasan, Bombay. Madras.
Ramachandraiya. O., 1975 , "Satavahanas and Their Successors", Sir William Meyer Endowment Lecturers in History, University of Madras, Madras
Raman, K.V., Some Aspects of Pandyan History in the Light of Recent Discoveries, Madras Uniersity, Madras.
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Ray Chaudhuri, Hem Chandra, 1972, Political History of Ancient India, University of Calcutta, Calcutta.
Romila Thapar, 1961, Asoka and the decline of the Mauryas, OUP, London.
Romila Thapar, 1965-66, History of India, Vol.I, Penguin Books, Baltimore.
Romila Thapar’s (ed) Recent Perspectives in Early Indian History, Bombay.
Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta, 1929 The Pandya Kingdom: From the Earliest times to the sixteenth century, London.
Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta, 1939 Foreign Notices of South Asia:From Megasthenes to Ma Huan, University of Madras, Madras.
Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta, 1955, The Colas, University of Madras, Madras.
Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta, 1966, A History of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar, 3rd ed., Madras.
Sathianathaier, R., 1970, A Political and Cultural History of India, Vol.I & II, S.Viswanathan, Madras.
Satyanatha Aiyar, 1944, Studies in the Ancient History of Tondaimandalam, Madras.
Sharma, .I.K, 1980, The Age of Satavahanas, Agam Kala Prakashan, Delhi.
Sharma, R.S., 1991, Aspects of Political Institutions and Ideas in Ancient India, Delhi.
Shastri, A.M, (ed.,) 1999, The Age of The Satavahana Vol.1, Aryan Books International, New Delhi.
Sircar, D.C., 1967 Inscriptions of Asoka, 2nd. edition, Publication Division, New Delhi.
Stein, Burton, 1980 Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India, Oxford University Press, Delhi.
Subrahmanian, N., 1966 Sangam Polity, Asia Publishing House, Bombay.
Subrahmanian, T.N., 1967 Pallavas of Kanchi in South East Asia, Swadesamitran Ltd., Madras.
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Department of History PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY
HIST 615: HISTORY OF INDIAN OCEAN REGION
(HARD CORE - FOUR CREDITS)
Faculty: Dr.Venkata Raghotham
1. The geographical background of the Indian Ocean 2. Peopling of Indian Ocean Rim from prehistoric times to early historic period 3. Indian cultural and commercial contact with Mediterranean world during early historic times 4. Cultural contact and commercial relations in South East Asia : Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Laos, Vietnam 5. Debate on Indianization : Language, Script, Culture 6. Satavahana, Kalinga, Pallava, Chola contacts with South East Asia and its Impact 7. Role of trade and trade guilds in medieval times 8. Advent of Islam in South Asia and South East Asia 9. The Ming expedition of Zhang-He 10. The advent of European powers 11. Art and Architecture, Sculpture and Iconography
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Department of History PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY
HIST 616: INDIAN EPIGRAPHY AND NUMISMATICS
(Soft Core-Three Credits)
Faculty: Dr.K.Rajan
COURSE CONTENT
1. Epigraphy as a Source for writing Indian History – Antiquity of Writing – Features of Indian Writing – Origin of Brahmi Script – Ashokan Edicts – Spread of Brahmi Script in South India – Kushan Inscriptions and Epigraphy – Greek, Aramaic and Kharoshti Scripts.
2. Types of Inscriptions – Royal Grants – Copper plate records – Memorial stones – Cult
Inscriptions – Palaeographical Formulae – Fabric of Inscriptions – Stone - Metal – Earthen Surface.
3. Dating of the Inscriptions - Eras mentioned in the Inscriptions – History of Indian Epigraphic
Study – decipherment of Brahmi Script.
4. Origin of Coinage – Punch marked Coins – Kushan , Indo – Greek and Satavahana Coinage.
5. Gupta Coinage – Coins as a Source for the study of Trade and economy – Paucity of Coins – Debate.
Suggested Readings Anderson, Paul. Studies in the minor rock edicts of Ashoka. 1990.
Burrow,T. The language of the Kharoshti Documents, Cambridge. 1937.
Dani,A.H. Indian paleography. Oxford.1974.
Solomon, Richard. Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit and other Indo – Aryan Languages. New Delhi, 1998. Sircar, D.C.Indian Epigraphy. New Delhi,1966.
_________, Studies in the Geography of ancient and Medieval India.Neqw Delhi, 1971.
Siva Rama Murthy, C. Indian Epigraphy and South Indian Numismatics. 1948.
Gupta,P.L. Coins. New Delhi, National Book Trust.
Gupta,P. Geography in Ancient Indian Inscriptions, New Delhi.1973.
Gupta,S.P. & R.S.Ramachandran. The Origins of Brami Script. New Delhi, 1979.
Mahalingam,T.V. Early South Indian Palaeography, Madras, 1974.
Narain, A.K. Indo Greeks.New Delhi, 1978.
Ramesh,K.V. Indian Epigraphy. Vol. 1. New Delhi, 1984.
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Department of History PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY
HIST 617: ECONOMY, ENVIRONMENT AND PEASANT RESISTANCE IN
COLONIAL INDIA
(SOFT CORE – THREE CREDITS)
FACULTY: DR. G. CHANDHRIKA
COURSE OBJECTIVES The chief objective of this course is to familiarize the students with the disastrous consequences of British land revenue and forest policies on the lives of rural and tribal people during the colonial period. Moreover it examines some of the important approaches to peasant protest, especially, the subaltern approach enumerated by Ranajit Guha. It makes a detailed study of select movements of peasant and tribal resistance to British rule and analyses the contribution of peasants to the cause of Indian nationalism.
COURSE CONTENT Unit 1: British Rule, Rural Economy and Peasant Resistance in Colonial India Unit 2: Approaches to Peasant Protest in Colonial India Unit 3: Planters and Peasants – The ‘Blue Mutiny’ Unit 4: The Peasant Revolt in Maharashtra, 1875 Unit 5: Irrigation Systems, Canals and their Environmental Consequences Unit 6: Forests and Forest Policy Unit 7: The Famines of the late Nineteenth Century Unit 8: The Peasantry and Indian Nationalism
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SUGGESTED READINGS Agarwal, Anil and Narain, Sunita. Dying Wisdom: Rise, Fall and Potential of India’s
TraditionalWater Harvesting Systems. Delhi, 1997.
Ali, Imran. The Punjab under Colonialism 1885 – 1947. Princeton, 1988.
Chatterjee, Partha. The Nation and its Fragments. Delhi, 1995.
Desai A. R. ed. Peasant Struggles in India. Bombay, 1979.
Dewey, C. and A.G. Hopkins, ed. The Imperial Impact: Studies in Economic History of
Africa and Inida. London, 1978.
Dhanagere, D.N. Peasant Movements in India 1920 – 1950. New Delhi, 1983.
Gadgil, Madhav and Guha, Ramachandra. This Fissured Land: An Ecological History of
India. Part 3. New Delhi, 1992.
Guha, Ramachandra. The Unquiet Woods: Ecological Change and Preasant Resistance
in the Himalaya. New Delhi, 1989.
Guha, Ranajit. Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India. New Delhi,
1983.
Hardiman, David. Feeding the Baniya: Peasants and Usurers in Western India.
New Delhi, 1996.
Hardiman, David. Peasant Resistance in India 1858 – 1914. New Delhi, 1992.
Hardiman, David. The Coming of the Devi: Adivasi Assertion in Western India .
New Delhi, 1987.
Hardiman, David. Peasant Nationalists of Gujarat: Kheda District 1917-1934. New
Delhi, 1981.
Haynes, Douglas and Prakash, Gyan. eds. Contesing Power: Resistance and Everyday
Social Relations In South Asia. Delhi, 1991.
K.N.Pannikar. ed. National and Left Movements in India. New Delhi, 1980.
Kumar, D.ed. The Cambridge Economic History of India. Vol. 2. Cambridge, 1982.
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Kumar, Kapil. ed. Peasant, Congress and Classes: Nationalism, Workers and Peasants.
New Delhi, 1983.
Kumar, Kapil. Peasant Movements in Oudh 1918 – 22. New Delhi.
Ludden, David. Peasant History of South India. Princeton, 1985.
Mehta, S. The Peasantry and Nationalism: A Study of the Bardoli Satyagraha.
Pandey, Gyanendra. The Ascendency of Congress in Uttar Pradesh 1917 – 42.New Delhi,
1978.
Rangarajan, Mahesh. Fencing the Forest: Conservation and Ecological Change in
India’s Central Provinces 1860 – 1914. Delhi, 1996.
Sarkar, S. “Primitive Rebellion and Modern Nationalism: A Note on Forest
Satyagraha in the Non-cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements” in
Scott, James. “Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance”, The Journal of Peasant Studies,
Vol. 13, no. 2, 1986.
Singh, Satyajit. Taming the Water: The Political Economy of Large Dams in India. Delhi,
1997.
Stokes, Eric. The English Utilitarians in India. Oxford, 1959.
Stokes, Eric. The Peasant Armed. Oxford, 1986.
Subaltern Studies. 10 Vols. New Delhi, 1982-1999.
Thapar, Romila and S. Bhattacharya. eds. Situating Indian History. New Delhi, 1986.
Department of History PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY
HIST 618: History of Labour Movement in Modern India (1858-1947)
(HARD CORE – FOUR CREDITS)
Faculty: Dr. K. Venugopal Reddy Course Objectives: The course provides a comprehensive understanding of the rise and growth of Labour movement in Colonial India. It helps the students to grasp the concepts on ‘Class’, ‘Class Struggle’, ‘Labouring Class’ and ‘Revolution’. It introduces the students to the multifarious dimensions of the conditions of the Industrial labour and its struggle and also its demonstration of solidarity during the Anti-colonial struggle at different points of time. It also broadly outlines the discreet difficulties encountered by the Industrial labour in its path of developing its organizations. It delineates the policy of Colonial State towards the Industrial labour and its movement to improve its economic conditions.
COURSE CONTENT
Unit 1: Historiography of Labour Movement; • Labour Movement – Different Perspectives and their limitations; • Concepts; ‘Class’, ‘Class Struggle’, ‘Labouring Class’ and ‘Revolution’; • Sources of the history of Labour Movement;
Unit 2: Emergence of Industrial Labour;
• Development of Capitalism and the Rise of Labour (in Cotton and Textile Industry, Jute Industry, Sugar Industry, Railways); • Development of Labour Movement, 1850-1914; (With special reference to Bombay, Bengal and Madras Provinces)
Unit 3: Conditions of Industrial Labour: Social, Economic and Cultural;
• Caste, Culture and Industrial Labour • Conditions of Work in the Factory • Culture and Consciousness
Unit 4: Political Awakening of Industrial Labour;
• Impact of World War I on Labour Movement; • Impact of Russian Revolution on Industrial Labour; • Development of Organized Labour Movement; • Foundation of the All India Trade Union Congress, 1920;
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Unit 5: Emergence of Communism and the Labour Movement;
• Formation of Communist Party of India; • Labour Movement, 1922-1929 (With particular focus on S.I.R. Workers strike, 1928 in Madras Presidency); • Meerut Conspiracy Case, 1929; • Congress Socialist Party and Labour Movement, 1934-39;
Unit 6: Industrial Labour and the Freedom Struggle, 1920-22, 1930-34, 1942;
• Industrial Labour in Non- Cooperation Movement; Civil Disobedience Movement, 1930-34; and the ‘Quit India’ Movement, 1942; (With special focus on Bombay, Bengal and Madras Presidencies)
Unit 7: Labour Movement between 1939-1947;
• Impact of World War II on Labour Movement; • Colonial Regime, Capitalist onslaught and Labour Struggles; • Confronting Colonialism, 1945-47 (Response of Industrial Labour to
I.N.A. Trails and R.I.N Revolt)
SUGGESTED READINGS
Arnold, David, Police, Power & Colonial Rule: Madras, 1859–1947. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1986.
---------- Famine: Social Crisis & Historical Change. Oxford: Blackwell. 1988.
Bagchi, A.K, Private Investment in India, 1900-1939, New Delhi, 1980.
Bahl, Vinay, The Making of the Indian Working Class: The Case of Tata Iron and Steel Co., 1880-1946, New Delhi, Thousand oaks, Calif., and London, Sage Publications, 1995.
Basu, Deepika., The Working Class in Bengal: Formative Years, Calcutta, 1993.
Bhogendranath, N.C., Development of the Textile Industry in Madra (upto 1950), Madras, 1957.
Chandra, Bipan., India’s Struggle for Independence, 1857-1947, New Delhi, 1989.
---------------------., Colonialism and Nationalism in India, New Delhi, 1979.
Chandavarkar, Rajnarayana., The Origins of Industrial Capitalism in India: Business Strategies and the Working Classes in Bengal, 1900-1940, Delhi, 1989.
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Chatterjee, Partha., Nationalist Thought & The Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse? Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1986. ---------------- The Nation & Its Fragments: Colonial & Postcolonial Histories. Delhi: Oxford University PressIndia,1995. Chevalier, Louis., Labouring Classes and Dangerous Classes in Paris during the first half of the nineteenth century, New York, 1973. Chattergi, Rakhahari., Working Class and the Nationalist Movement in India: The Critical Years, New Delhi, 1984. Chopra, P.N., (ed.)., Historic Judgement on Quit India Moveement: Justice Wickenden’s Report, Delhi, 1989. Cohn, Bernard S. Colonialism & Its Forms of Knowledge. Princeton: Princeton University Press,1996. Dilip Simeon., The Politics of Labour under Late Colonialism: Workers, Unions and the State in Chota Nagapur, 1928-1939, Delhi, 1995. Fromm, Erick., The Working Class in Weimar Germany, Berg Publishers, 1980. Gadgil, D.R., The Industrial Evolution of India in Recent Times 1860-1939, Bombay, 1971. Gerschenkron, A., Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective, Harward University Press, 1976. Gupta, Ranajit Das., Labour and Working Class in Eastern India: Studies in Colonial History, Calcutta, 1994. Habib, Irfan., Essays in Indian History: Towards a Marxist Perception, New Delhi, 1995. ---------------- “Capitalism in History”, Social Scientist, Vol. 23. Nos. 7-9, July-Sept. 1995, pp. 15-31. Hobsbawmm, E.J., Worlds of Labour: Further Studies in the History of Labour, London, 1984. Karnik, V.B., Indian Trade Unions; A Survey, Bombay, 1968. ------------- Strikes in India, Bombay, 1968. Lieten, G.K., Colonialism, Class and Nation, Calcutta, 1983. Mathur, A.S. and Mathur, S.J., Trade Union Movement in India, Allahabad, 1957. Mathur, J.S., Indian Working Class Movement, Allahabad, 1964.
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Menon, Dilip, M., Caste, Nationalism and Communism in South India, Malabar, 1900-1948, New Delhi, 1994. Namboodri, E.M.S., How I became a Communist?(in Telugu), Prajasakthi, 1995. Newman, Richard., Workers and Unions in Bombay, 1918-1929, Canberra, 1981. Oversteet Gene, D., and Windmiller, Marshall., Communism in India, University of California, 1960. Pandey, Gyanendra., The Indian Nation in 1942, Calcutta, 1988. Prakash, Gyan. Bonded Histories: Genealogies of Labour Servitude in Colonial India. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990. Ram, N, “Impact of Early Colonization on Economy of South India”, Social Scientist, Vol. 1, No. 4, Nov. 1972, pp. 47-65. Ray, Rajat, K., Industrialization in India: Growth and Conflict in the Private Corporate Sector, 1914-47, Delhi, 1985. ------------------ Entrepreneurship and Industry in India, 1800-1947, Delhi, 1994. Revri, Chamanlal., The Indian Trade Union Movement: An Outline History 1880-1947, New Delhi, 1972. Roper, J.I., Labour Problems in West Africa, London, 1958. Sarma, P.S., Godavari Coast In India’s Freedom Struggle, Kakinada, 1987. Sen, Sunil Kumar., Working Class Movement in India, 1885-1975, Delhi, 1994. Sen, Sukomal., Working Class of India: History of Emergence and Movement, 1830-1970, Calcutta, 1979. Singh, V.B., Labour Research India, Bombay, 1970. Sitaramayya, Pattabhi., The History of the Indian National Congress, Bombay, 1947. Sharma, G.K., Labour Movement in India, Jullunder, 1963. Thompson, E.P., The Making of the English Working Class, England, 1980. Tripathi, Dwijendra., Historical Roots of Industrial Entrepreneurship in India and Japan: a comparative interpretation, New Delhi, 1997.
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Department of History PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY
HIST 619: INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF MODERN INDIA
(SOFT CORE – THREE CREDITS)
Faculty: Dr.K.Venugopal Reddy Course Objectives: The course provides comprehensive perception of the endeavours of Orientalists in the discovery of India’s past. It covers Indian intellectual’s response to the colonizer’s attempts to reconstruct India’s past traditions. It also delineates indigenous efforts to reform and regenerate Indian society in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
COURSE CONTENT
Unit 1: The Background. British Orientalism. Appreciation of India’s past traditions:
William Jones, Colebrooke, Halhead, Warren Hastings/ Translations of the Hindu Shastras and the Bhagvad Gita.
Unit 2: The Colonial Milieu. Indian intellectual’s response to the coloniser’s
appreciation of India’s past. Interpretations of past traditions and social reform. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Keshub Chandra Sen, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar.
Unit 3: Indigenously based interpretations of India’s past traditions: Dayanand
Saraswati and Shri Narayan Guru. Unit 4: Perceptions of some other intellectuals on the reconstruction of Indian society:
Vivekananda, Aurobindo Ghosh, Syed Ahmed Khan, Gandhi and Nehru. Unit 5: Intellectuals perceptions of the economic impact of colonial rule: Dadabhai
Naoroji, Romesh Chandra Dutt.
SUGGESTED READINGS Ahmed, Salahuddin, Social Ideas and Social Change in Bengal, Leiden, 1965. Basu, Prem Sunder, Life and Works of Brahmananda Keshav, Calcutta, 1940. Bearce, George, “Intellectual and Cultural Characteristics of India in a changing Era, 1740-1800”, Journal of Asian Studies, November 1965. Chakravarti, Dipesh, “The Colonial Context of the Bengal Renaissance”, Indian Economic and Social History Review, May 1974. De, Barun, “A Historiographic Critique of the Renaissance: Analogues for Nineteenth Century”, in Barun De, Perpectives in Social Sciences, Calcutta, 1979.
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Ghose, Benoy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, 1971. Graham, G.F.I., The Life and Work of Savvid Ahmed, New Delhi, 1974. Halker, M.K., Renaissance and Reaction in Nineteenth Century Bengal, Calcutta, 1977. Heimsath, Charles, Indian Nationalism and Hindu Social Reform, Princeton, 1964. Hoshi, V.C., Rammohan Roy and the Process of Modernization in India, 1975. Kopf, David, British Orientalism and Indian Renaissance, Berkeley, 1969. Kopf, David, Brahmo Samaj and the Shaping of the Modern Indian King, Princeton, 1979. Mohammed, Shan, ed., Writings and Speeches of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Bombay, 1972. Mukherjee, S.N., “The Social Implication of the Political Thought of Rammohun Roy” in R.S. Sharma and V. Jha, eds., Indian Society: Historical Probings, New Delhi, 1974. Majumdar, R.C., British Paramountcy and Indian Renaissance, Vol. X, Pt. II, Bombay, 1965. Mehorotra, S.R., The Emergence of the Indian National Congress, Delhi, 1971. Mitra, Indra, Vidyasagar, Calcutta, 1969. Nurullah, Syed and J.P. Malik, History of Education in India, London, 1962. Panikkar, K.N., Culture, Ideology and Hegemony, New Delhi, Tulika, 1995. Philip, C.H. ans Mary Wainwright, Indian Society and the Beginnings of Modernization, c.1830-1850, London, 1962. Raghuvamshi, V.P.S., Indian Society in the Eighteenth Century, New Delhi, 1969. Rocher, Rosane, “British Orientalism in the Eighteenth Century” in Carol A. Erekemridge and Peter Var der Veer, Orientalism and the Post-Colonial Predicament, Delhi, 1994. Sarkar, Susshoban, Bengal Renaissance and Other Essays, New Delhi, 1970. Sen, Ashok, Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar and His Elusive Milestones, Calcutta, 1977. Srinivas, M.N., Social Change in Modern India, Berkeley, 1966.
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Department of History PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY
HIST 620: HISTORY OF THE FRENCH IN INDIA
(SOFT CORE – THREE CREDITS)
Faculty: Dr.Venkata Raghotham
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The accounts of Marco Polo about the wealth, opulence and splendour of the East around the curiosity and cupidity of the newly upcoming west European states. The Portuguese and the Spaniards were the first to venture out into the high seas in search of a route to India. The Pope actually divided the world between the Spaniards and the Portuguese. Very soon the other west European nations contested this unilateral division and wanted a share not only in the spoils of the East but of the whole world. This set in motion an era of competition and conflict between the west European nations. The Portuguese were the first to shore themselves up in India in 1498. They were followed by the Danes, the Dutch, the English and last of all the French. The Mughals and others who were ruling in India during this period wanted these west Europeans to settle in their territories in order to augment their revenues and trade. The French obtained a firman from Emperor Aurangzeb and settled in Surat in 1668. In 1674, they acquired Pondicherry on the Coromandel Coast from Sher Khan Lodi, a vassal of the Bijapur Sultan and founded a trade settlement there which eventually became the headquarters of the French in India. Subsequently they founded settlements at Chandernagore in Bengal, Karikal and Yanam on the Coromandel coast and Mahe on the Malabar coast. After a long struggle for supremacy in the Indian sub-continent, the French were finally restricted by the English through a treaty to the above five settlements in 1815-17. Henceforth the French concentrated in the administration of these territories. The introduced modern education and tried to promote it in these territories through various measures. The French adopted a policy of assimilation towards their Indian subjects. As a result, many became full fledged French citizens, if they consented to renounce their personal laws. But this policy was not a success because the great majority of the Indians, professed their personal laws. Very soon the rising tide for independence in British India caught up with French India. As time went by, man opted for independence and struggled for it. Some Pondicherrians settled in Saigon and Indo-China also fought for it by joining Subhash Chandra Bose’s Indian Independence League. In spite of French attempts to prolong
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their rule, by citing cultural and economic reasons, French Indians finally won their independence in 1954 and were incorporated with the Indian Union.
Phase I: The Early Phase of Colonisation The French began as traders in India. Very soon with the help of some Indian rulers and traders they were able to strengthen their presence in India, in spite of various drawbacks, especially in the trade front. The trading element seems to have remained predominant from the time of François Martin’s founding of modern Pondicherry until 1742 when Dupleix became the Governor of French India. Dupleix embarked upon a policy of territorial expansion which met with failure, both in the political and trade fronts.
Phase II: The French Revolution, Its Impact in India and French Relationship
with the Mysore Sultans Internal problems in France caused the French Revolution. It gave rise to representative government. Its initial impact in French India was quite limited. It did not bring about representation for Indians at once. But during this period in India, the French sided with the Mysore Sultans against the English. The defeat of the Mysore Sultans at the hands of the English was followed by the French signing the Treaty of Paris in 1815 with the English, which restricted the former to Pondicherry, Karaikal, Mahe, Yanam and Chandernagore. Phase III: French Administrative Measures and Policies From 1815-17, the French concentrated more on administering the five territories. They introduced modern education ad facilitated political participation of Indians. Voting rights were given to Indians. They also attempted to assimilate Indians during the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Phase IV: Following the Indians in British India, French Indians too took part in the freedom movement. Some of the leading luminaries of this struggle were V. Subbiah, Purushothama Reddiar and J. Savarinathan. Pondicherrians who had migrated to Indo-China joined the freedom struggle launched by Subhash Chandra Bose. The French used cultural and economic arguments to prolong their rule, but a popular upsurge led by leaders like Subbiah, Goubert and I.K. Kumaran of Mahe put an end to French rule in 1954.
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SUGGESTED READINGS
Archives (For primary sources) and Libraries (For secondary sources): 1. Archives d’Outre-Mer, Aix-en-Provence, France. 2. Archives Nationales, Paris. 3. Bibliothique Nationale de Paris. 4. National Archives, New Delhi. 5. National and State Archives, Pondicherry. 6. Tamilnadu State Archives. 7. India Office Library, London. 8. Romain Rolland Library, Pondicherry. 9. Institut Français, Pondicherry. 10. Ecole Française d’Extreme Orient, Pondicherry. 11. Pondicherry University Library. Books and Articles: Bernier, Travels in the Mughal Empire, A.D. 1656-1668, Delhi, 1983. Carre, Abbe, The Travels of Abbé Carré in India and the Near East, 1672-1674, New
Delhi, 1990 (Reprint). Chandra, Satish, ed., The Indian Ocean, Delhi, 1984. Divien, Emmanuel, Sources for the Study of the Freedom Movement in French India,
Pondicherry, 1983. Frederick, Price, J. and K. Rangachari, The Private Diary of Ananda Ranga Pillai, 12
vols., Madras, 1914. Hatulkar, V.G., French Records relating to the History of the Marathas, Bombay, 1987. Hasan, Mohibbul, History of Tipu Sultan, Calcutta, 1971. Krishnamurthy, B., French Intiya Viduthalai Porattam (Tamil), Pondicherry, 1991.
Labermadie, M.V., La Révolution et l’Inde Française, Pondicherry, 1930. Malleson, G.B., History of the French in India, 1674-1761, London, 1910. Malleson, G.B., Dupleix, London, 1891. Martinear, Alfred, ed., Memoires de François Martin, 3 volumes, Paris, 1931-34.
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Martinear, Alfred, ed., Les Oriines de Mahe de Malabar, Paris, 1917. Martinear, Alfred, ed., Dupleix et l’Inde Française, 4 vols., Abbeville, 1920-22. Mathew, K.S. ed., Indian Ocean and Cultural Interaction, 1400-1800, Pondicherry, 1996.
Mathew, K.S., ed., French in India and Indian Nationalism, 2 vols., New Delhi, 1997. Mathew, K.S. & S. Jeyaseela Stephen, eds., Indo-French Relations, Delhi, 1999. More, J.B.P., “Hindu-Christian Interaction in Pondicherry, South India”, Contributions to Indian Sociology, 32: 1: 1998, Ms. 97 + 121. More, J.B.P., “Indians in Indo-China”, paper presented at the International Seminar on Indo-French Relations and Indian Independence, 22-26 September, 1997. More, J.B.P., “A Tamil Muslim Sufi”, in Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, Birmingham, Vol. 10, No.1, March 1999. Rajkumar, N.V., The Problems of French India, New Delhi, n.d.
Ramasamy, History of Pondicherry, Delhi, 1987. Sen, S.P., The French in India, 1763-1816, New Delhi, Second edition, 1971. Subbiah, V., Saga of Freedom Movement: Testament of my Life, Madras, 1990. Tainet, Victor, L’Ambassade de Tippou Saaib à Paris en 1788 (Serve de Paris, 15.1.1899), pp.393-420.
Tavernier, J.B., The Travels in India by Jean Baptiste Tavernier, 1676, Delhi, 1977 (reprint). Valmany, M., Rapport sur l’Enseiggnement, Pondicherry, 1922. Varadarajan, Lotika, India in the Seventeenth Century – Mémoirs of François Martin, 1670-1699, 2 vols., Delhi, 1983. Velayudanan, M.D., “Land and Sea Trade during the Time of Ananda Ranga Pillai, 1736-1761”, in Revue Historique de l’Inde Française, Vol. X. Weber, Jacques, Les Establissements Française dans l’Inde, 5 volumes, Paris. Pondicherry Gazetteer, Vol. I & II, Pondicherry, 1982.
