Department of Replaces Bulletin 4836 Agriculture Food 2014...6 Market feedback Table 1. Expected...

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Department ofAgriculture and Food

2014Barley variety sowing guide

for Western Australia

Supporting your success

Bulletin 4854

Replaces Bulletin 4836

AcknowledgementsThe information contained in this Bulletin is based on the work conducted by many research scientists, technical officers and plant breeders.

The authors would like to thank the following groups of people from the Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia:

Barley agronomy: Sue Cartledge, Paul Bartlett and Rod BoweyBiometrics: Andrew van BurgelHerbicide tolerance: Vince LambertPlant pathology: Jason Bradley and Sean KellyResearch support units: Esperance, Geraldton, Katanning, Merredin, Northam and Wongan Hills

Thank you to National Variety Trials (NVT), the NVT trial co-operators and breeding organisations for their cooperation in providing data.

Thank you to the Grain Industry of Western Australia (GIWA) Barley Council for providing information on market demand for malting and food varieties in Western Australia at the 2014/15 harvest.

This publication presents data and information developed from research supported by the Department of Agriculture and Food and the Grains Research and Development Corporation.

Disclaimer

The State of Western Australia, the Minister for Agriculture, the Chief Executive Officer of the Department of Agriculture and Food and their respective officers, employees and agents:

a) do not endorse or recommend any individual specified product or any manufacturer of a specified product. Brand, trade and proprietary names have been used solely for the purpose of assisting users of this publication to identify products. Alternative manufacturers’ products may perform as well or better than those specifically referred to.

b) do not endorse the use of herbicides above the registered rate, off-label use of herbicides or off-label tank mixes. Crop tolerance and yield responses to herbicides are strongly influenced by seasonal conditions. Always adhere to label recommendations.

c) accept no liability whatsoever by reason of negligence or otherwise from use or release of this information or any part of it.

Copyright © Western Australian Agriculture Authority, 2014Tel: +61(0) 8 9368 3333 Email: [email protected] Website: agric.wa.gov.au

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Copies of this document may be available in alternative formats upon request.

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Department ofAgriculture and Food

Bulletin 4854

Replaces Bulletin 4836 March 2014 ISSN: 1833 7366

2014Barley variety sowing guide

for Western Australia

By Blakely Paynter1, Andrea Hills1, Sanjiv Gupta2, Sarah Collins1, Harmohinder Dhammu1 and Raj Malik1

1Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia2Murdoch University

ContentsIntroduction ................................................................................4

Market feedback ........................................................................5

Grain yield comparisons ...........................................................10

Disease resistance ...................................................................15

Agronomic attributes ................................................................20

Herbicide tolerance ..................................................................26

Barley variety descriptions .......................................................32

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Introduction

This sowing variety guide is designed as a reference to help determine which barley variety to grow in your region. It provides market feedback, relative grain yield comparisons, disease ratings, agronomic information and herbicide tolerance ratings for all malting and food barley varieties segregated in Western Australia and selected feed varieties (Tables 1 to 10; Figures 1 to 10).

Identifying which option will lead to the greatest returns for a grower is complex. In some instances, the price premium paid for malting will offset the yield difference between malting and food or feed varieties. In other situations, the substantially higher yield of food or feed varieties, or the low likelihood of a malting variety being segregated as malting or the higher costs of growing a malting barley, may justify the choice of a food or feed variety.

The decision whether to grow barley with a malt, food or feed classification depends on six main factors:

(1) the premium paid for different varieties when segregated;

(2) the relative grain yield of malting, food and feed grade barley varieties;

(3) differences in inputs costs due to their agronomy and disease characteristics;

(4) the likelihood that grain of a malting variety will meet malt barley receival specifications,

(5) the likelihood that grain of a food variety will meet food barley receival specifications; and

(6) the location of receival segregations for malt and food barley varieties.

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Market feedback

Malting Barley VarietiesMalt barley varieties traditionally account for eighty to ninety percent of the area sown to barley (Figure 1). General information on market demand by industry sector, variety and Port Zone for each of the malting barley varieties that will potentially be segregated in Western Australia at the 2014/15 harvest is presented in Tables 1 and 2. This information is presented on behalf of the Grain Industry of Western Australia (GIWA) Barley Council. It represents the expected demand from domestic and international customers of Western Australian barley. Before planting any variety with a malting or food classification growers are advised to talk to their preferred grain acquirer to determine their demand for each malt and food variety, potential premiums and segregation opportunities. Combined with the capacity to transport grain long distances or even store grain on-farm, the information presented in this Bulletin can then be used to assist determine which variety to plant. A full copy of the GIWA WA Malt and Food Barley Variety Update for 2014 can be found at giwa.org.au/barley-council.

Each malt barley variety grown in Western Australia has unique and different malting attributes. As a consequence brewers purchase varieties subject to their availability, their price,

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Perc

ent o

f bar

ley

area

Season

Baudin Buloke Gairdner

Hindmarsh

Vlamingh “New” malt “Old” malt

Feed

Figure 1. Popularity of barley varieties grown in Western Australia over the last eight seasons. “New” malt includes Bass, Commander, Granger and Scope CL. “Old” malt includes Hamelin and Stirling. (source: figure based on grower estimates as provided to CBH for 2006 to 2013).

the style of beer they produce and the level of adjunct used in their brewing recipe. The Western Australian malting barley supply chain is currently in a transition from Baudin, Buloke, Gairdner and Vlamingh to a new suite of malting varieties. The exact composition of what malting varieties will replace Baudin, Buloke, Gairdner and Vlamingh in Western Australia is unknown. During this transition phase growers should be patient as industry introduces the new malting varieties to the international market. Following the accreditation of a new malting variety there is at least a 2 year period where there will be a lack of clear market signals and uncertainty in market demand. If you do decide to adopt a new malting variety during this market development phase, the expectation should be to deliver the new malting variety as feed until there are clearer segregation, pricing and market demand signals.

Of the established malting varieties Baudin is regarded as the premium malting variety for the Chinese, south-east Asian and Japanese brewing markets. It is the ‘market leader’ for markets which have a high adjunct use in the brewing process. It is therefore the most sought after variety from customers purchasing Western Australian malting barley grain and malt. Industry acknowledges that Baudin has

http://www.giwa.org.au/barley-council


Market feedback

Table 1. Expected market usage at the 2014/15 harvest and comments about each malting barley variety when grown in Western Australia. (source: GIWA Barley Council)

Variety

Export as Market comments

grain malt shochu

indicative market size

> 50

0,00

0 t

300,

000

t

160,

000

t

Bass A 3 3

Market feedback for Bass has been positive, with suggestions its malt profile is equivalent to that of Baudin and different to that of Gairdner. Feedback from Australian maltsters indicates that modification of the typical malting schedule will be required to optimise its quality profile. Bass is being assessed for export as grain and export as malt. Whilst industry is waiting for further market feedback, growers should be aware that malting premiums equivalent to the established malting varieties may not be offered. Target production zones in 2014 are Kwinana, Albany and Esperance Port Zones.

Baudin A 3 3 3

Baudin is the ‘market leader’ and is regarded as a premium quality malting barley. Very strong international market demand for export as both grain and malt. Accepted for shochu production in Japan. Expect Baudin to be priced at a premium to other malting varieties at the 2014/15 harvest due to the reduced supply and its superior malt quality profile. Target production zones in 2014 are Kwinana, Albany and Esperance Port Zones.

Buloke A 3 3

Established demand from international markets as they are now familiar with its malt quality profile. Buloke is being exported as both grain and malt. Not suitable for shochu. Do not mix Buloke grain with Scope CL grain or vice versa at seeding or at harvest. Target production zones in 2014 are Kwinana and Albany Port Zones, although segregation opportunities likely in all four port zones if sufficient volume.

Commander A 3 3

Industry is keen to accumulate Commander for supply to Joe White Maltings in Perth. Longer term Commander is expected to replace Joe White Malting’s requirements for Gairdner and Vlamingh. Expect to deliver Commander into feed barley stacks in the Geraldton, Albany and Esperance Port Zones, with limited segregation opportunities in the Kwinana Port Zone at the 2014/15 harvest. Target production zone in 2014 is Kwinana Port Zone.

Gairdner A 3 3

There is still steady international market demand for Gairdner as it is a familiar variety in the malt house and brew house. Vigilance is required to ensure varietal purity remains at an internationally acceptable standard (ie. >95%). Likely to be phased out in a couple of years. Target production zones in 2014 are Albany and Esperance Port Zones.

Granger A 3

Granger is in the very early stages of international market development. Limited volume niche Granger barley segregations will operate in both the Albany and Esperance Port Zones to capture grain for international market development in 2015. Grain accumulation will be facilitated through SEPWA and the Stirlings to Coast group. Separate to the limited volume niche segregations expect to deliver Granger into feed barley stacks in all port zones at the 2014/15 harvest.

Scope CL A 3 3

Even though it is derived from Buloke, Scope CL is a new malting variety to the market and will undergo international market development as a new variety. Scope CL is being assessed for export as both grain and malt. Not suitable for the shochu market. Industry will not transition from Buloke to Scope CL until it is approved by international customers. Do not mix Scope CL grain with Buloke grain or vice versa at seeding or at harvest. Target production zones in 2014 are Kwinana and Albany Port Zones.

Vlamingh A 3 3 3

Being phased out due to the lack of international demand for its grain and malt. Overall demand lower than Baudin, Buloke, Commander and Gairdner, as reflected in market prices. Small demand for shochu production. There are unlikely to be any Vlamingh segregations at the 2015/16 harvest. Target production zone in 2014 is Kwinana Port Zone.


Market feedback

a number of agronomic weaknesses, but as premium quality alternatives to Baudin are not yet established in the international market, Baudin still has a strong part to play in creating value for the barley industry in Western Australia. There are international opportunities for Buloke, Commander, Gairdner and Vlamingh, although there is a much lower demand for Vlamingh. The target production zones for Baudin in 2014 are Kwinana, Albany and Esperance Port Zones; for Buloke the Kwinana and Albany Port Zones; for Gairdner the Albany and Esperance Port Zones; and for Vlamingh the Kwinana Port Zone.

Of the new malting varieties there is already established market demand for Commander barley, with Bass, Granger and Scope CL undergoing or beginning international market development. Commander is expected to replace the current international market demand for Gairdner and Vlamingh. This may take several years as the Western Australian production of Commander is only just beginning. The initial focus is to supply Joe White Maltings in Perth. As production increases additional opportunities may exist for Commander grain in China for brewing purposes and in Japan for shochu. Expect to deliver Commander into feed barley stacks in the Geraldton, Albany and Esperance Port Zones at the 2014/15 harvest, with limited segregation opportunities in the Kwinana Port

Zone. Target production zone for Commander in 2014 is Kwinana Port Zone.

Bass is considered to be a premium malting quality variety replacement for many (but may be not all) of the markets currently serviced by Baudin. There is increasing interest in Bass from international grain customers, a small demand from malt customers and no demand from shochu customers. Target production zones for Bass in 2014 are Kwinana, Albany and Esperance Port Zones.

Of the three varieties accredited by Barley Australia as malting in March 2013, market development plans for Scope CL are more advanced than for Granger, whilst Henley will no longer be received in Western Australia due to the risk of blue aleurone. Scope CL will begin its first year of international market development in 2014 using grain segregated at the 2013/14 harvest. It is important to note that the industry will not transition from Buloke to Scope CL until it is approved by international customers. Growers are advised to not mix Scope CL grain with Buloke grain or vice versa at seeding or at harvest. Target production zones for Scope CL in 2014 are Kwinana and Albany Port Zones.

Granger is in the very early stages of international market development. Limited volume niche Granger barley segregations will operate in both the Albany and Esperance Port Zones at the

Table 2. Target production zones (likely segregation zones) in 2014. (source: GIWA Barley Council)

Port Zone Geraldton Kwinana Albany Esperance

(% total barley area) ~5% ~40% ~30% ~25%

Malting varieties

Bass A – 3 3 3

Baudin A – 3 3 3

Buloke A – 3 3 –

Commander A – limited – –

Gairdner A – – 3 3

Granger A – – trial trial

Scope CL A – 3 3 –

Vlamingh A – 3 – –

Food varieties

Hindmarsh A 3 3 3 3


Market feedback

2014/15 harvest to capture grain for international market development in 2015. Grain accumulation will be facilitated through SEPWA and the Stirlings to Coast group. Separate to the limited volume niche segregations expect to deliver Granger into feed barley stacks in all port zones at the 2014/15 harvest.

Receival segregations will not be offered in all Port Zones for all malting varieties, even if there is an agronomic fit for a malting variety in the area. In some areas, a limited number of primary receival sites are capable of storing and receiving up to three different barley variety segregations in addition to a feed segregation, but this is not a given across the CBH network. Growers who have a preference for a particular malt variety that is not received in their area will need to look at transporting the grain to sites where that variety is accepted if they want to receive a premium for that grain. Over time growers should expect the number of varieties that will be segregated in Western Australia will decrease. According to the GIWA Barley Council there are strong benefits for growing and segregating fewer malting varieties, namely the ease of logistics and stronger demand from the trade who are currently unwilling to risk buying small, unsaleable parcels. Clearly the malt barley industry in Western Australia is facing many challenges as it evolves with the changing brewing demand in China, south-east Asia and Japan. The GIWA Barley Council is suggesting growers be proactive in working with industry, especially grain acquirers and handlers, operating in Western Australia to best work out receival arrangements that suit them and the industry as a whole. With any new malting variety released, growers are advised to be cautious in their planting intentions until there are clear market signals.

Food Barley VarietiesThere is only one accredited food variety in Australia, Hindmarsh. It is important to note that the classification of Hindmarsh as a food barley rather than as a feed barley by Barley Australia makes no suggestion or otherwise of the suitability of Hindmarsh for malting purposes. The food classification specifically allows Hindmarsh to be used in Japan for the manufacture of shochu (distilled spirit), where a feed classification would invalidate its access to

that market. Shochu is not produced from malted barley grain. Barley shochu is a distilled beverage (typically 25% alcohol by volume) produced from the fermentation of pearled barley grain. The barley shochu market is much smaller than the malt barley market, with the current barley demand from Australia for the shochu market being around 160,000 t per annum.

Given the agronomic strengths of Hindmarsh and the low premium offered for varieties with a malt classification, the area sown to Hindmarsh has increased significantly from 15% in 2012 to 30% of the area sown to barley in 2013. This is expected to increase further in 2014 and Hindmarsh could exceed 50% of the barley area.

At the 2013/14 harvest a new segregation called BFOD1 was introduced by CBH to address the increased planting of this variety and to facilitate the trade to capture markets that find it acceptable. The main opportunity for this segregated grain is the FAQ (fair average quality) market in China. The FAQ market is extremely price sensitive and Chinese demand for FAQ barley can be crudely defined as clean, germinating barley. The premium over feed barley is realistically only $5 – 10/t or as little as possible… just enough so that China can get germinating barley instead of black tipped non-germinating barley which is only useful as stock feed. The specific quality attributes of Hindmarsh are suitable for the low end Chinese malting market. Some of those quality attributes however result in the poor suitability of Hindmarsh for the manufacture of premium quality, additive free beer but are of less concern in lower quality, bulk beer markets where the use of additives (ie. enzymes) is common place.

In years of tight supply, a premium over feed may be offered, but in years of abundant supply of good quality malting barley, there may be no difference in price between Hindmarsh and feed barley. Elevated prices at the 2013/14 harvest were considered by the trade to be an anomaly due to the smaller than expected delivery of food grade Hindmarsh nationally and segregation issues in Western Australia. The elevated price was not due to increased market demand. Growers should expect that Hindmarsh will be priced relative to feed varieties and not relative to malting varieties.


Market feedback

Barley Varieties Awaiting AccreditationThe accreditation of malting and food barley varieties grown in Australia is overseen by Barley Australia (barleyaustralia.com.au). Barley Australia is a not-for-profit independent organisation representing members of Australia’s malting and brewing industry. For each new variety of barley bred in Australia, there are a rigorous series of evaluations and minimum standards the variety must pass in order to gain accreditation as a nationally recognised malting barley variety. Breeding companies submit varieties to Barley Australia with a case supporting their request for evaluation and accreditation for malting status. The actual accreditation process is managed by the Malting and Brewing Industry Barley Technical Committee (MBIBTC). The MBIBTC is a national industry body, comprised of a panel of malting and brewing experts, who assess each variety to establish if it will meet international and/or domestic market performance requirements. This involves commercially malting the barley and evaluating the processed malt, using approved analysis methodology from the international bodies the Institute of Brewing and Distilling and the European Brewing Convention.

When the MBIBTC is satisfied with the malting performance and malt quality under commercial conditions the barley variety is passed on to Pilot Brewing Australia for brewing evaluation. The results of the brewing trials are returned to the MBIBTC for review. A variety must pass Stage 1 of the malting and brewing trials before it can pass to Stage 2 of testing. At the end of Stage 2 the MBIBTC make a recommendation to Barley Australia. Barley Australia then reviews the MBIBTC reports and indicates the national status of the variety evaluated: malt, food or feed.

There are currently a large number of varieties undergoing Stage 1 or Stage 2 of the Barley Australia malting and brewing accreditation process. Commercial accreditation is typically a 2 – 3 year process, but can be as long as 5 years. Details of this process and the advanced varieties under evaluation can be found on the Barley Australia website: barleyaustralia.com.au.

Four varieties, Admiral, La Trobe, Macquarie and Wimmera, were undergoing Stage 2 of the accreditation process in 2013. Admiral, Macquarie and Wimmera were all accredited as malting

barley varieties by Barley Australia on 06 March 2014, whilst La Trobe was held over and will repeat Stage 2 in 2014. Of those four varieties, La Trobe and Wimmera are the most likely to be considered for production in Western Australia, with the production of Admiral and Macquarie more focused on eastern Australia. Macquarie’s is being assessed for Tasmania. Admiral is being grown under production contracts for Joe White Maltings in South Australia.

La Trobe (tested as IGB1101) will now repeat Stage 2 in 2014 because the grain samples available for testing in 2013 were outside Barley Australia’s grain protein specifications. La Trobe is an early spring, semi-dwarf, CCN resistant barley bred in Victoria but licensed to InterGrain. La Trobe is derived from the same cross that made the food variety Hindmarsh. Being closely related to Hindmarsh, La Trobe will display many of the agronomic characteristics displayed by Hindmarsh. It reaches awn peep 0 – 2 days later than Stirling and 6 – 8 days earlier than Buloke with late May sowing. With early July planting, La Trobe reaches awn peep 1 – 3 days later than Stirling and 5 – 7 days earlier than Buloke. NVT MET analysis suggests La Trobe has an equivalent grain yield to Hindmarsh (Table 3). The breeder (InterGrain) has decided to release La Trobe as a feed barley pending the results of Barley Australia’s Stage 2 testing in 2014. In Western Australia, a limited volume of seed has been released by the seed licensee Syngenta, focusing on the Kwinana Port Zone. The bulk of the La Trobe grown in 2014 will be used for seed for the 2015 season. Small volumes of La Trobe will be accumulated in the Kwinana Port Zone at the 2014/15 harvest. This grain will be used for market development purposes during 2015 if accredited. EPR payable on delivery is $4/t.

Wimmera (tested as VB0432) is a medium spring, semi-dwarf barley bred in Victoria but licensed to the University of Adelaide. It reaches awn peep at a similar time to Buloke and Vlamingh and is 2 – 4 days earlier than Baudin with late May planting. NVT MET analysis suggests Wimmera is equivalent to Buloke for grain yield in Agzones 1 to 5, but higher yielding in Agzone 6 (Table 3). The University of Adelaide has indicated that seed will not be available for bulk-up in Western Australia until at least 2015.

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Grain yield comparisons

National Variety Trials (NVT) grain yield information is presented in Table 3. NVT provides Estimated Genetic Values (EGVs) of grain yield for commercial varieties. Estimates of genetic value (yield) of individual varieties (on a state or region basis) are obtained from a statistical analysis of long term (5-years) multi-environment trial (MET) data. These values represent the best available predictions for the specified Agzone (Figure 2) and are provided to facilitate reliable variety selection decisions. Agzones have been developed through statistical performance to group together environmental regions that give similar crop performance in Western Australia.

In coming years the method in which NVT grain yield data will be presented will change. A new, enhanced statistical model called “factor analytical” will cluster varieties into environments where they rank similarly. These new clusters are not based on the traditional regional or Agzone model we have become familiar with. These new clusters combine environments locally

PerthBrookton

Merredin

Wongan Hills

Geraldton

Mullewa

Agzone 1

Agzone 4

Agzone 2

Agzone 5Agzone 3

Agzone 6

Corrigin

Katanning

Ravensthorpe

NewdegateSalmon Gums

Esperance

Albany

and nationally where varieties have performed similarly based on their grain yield ranking.

For example, a cluster may combine environments that have a high yield potential or were subject to a soil constraint limiting root production. It is expected that the new clusters will enhance our ability to compare varietal performance under a number of different scenarios. As this new clustering analysis is not yet ready for public release, this sowing guide contains the traditional method we have presented grain yield performance in the past, which is based on Agzones.

In addition varieties have been compared in a larger dataset by combining grain yield data collected from DAFWA-GRDC barley agronomy research (DAW00148, DAW00190 and DAW00224) with CVT and NVT data. Varieties are compared in a balanced analysis (all varieties present in all site x management trials or trial-years) through linear functional relationship modelling and presented relative to a control variety at different levels of potential yield (Figures 3 to 7).

The NVT MET analysis suggests that across all Agzones the benchmark varieties for grain yield in Western Australia are Hindmarsh, La Trobe, Lockyer and Oxford, depending on Agzone (Table 3). Hindmarsh (= La Trobe), Lockyer and Oxford differ from each other in their agronomy, genetics and phenology (Tables 4 to 9) clearly

Figure 2. Map showing Agzones in Western Australia.



demonstrating there are many ways in which grain yield can be achieved. The relative yield of Hindmarsh, Lockyer and Oxford however differs as the site yield potential changes (Figures 3 and 4).

In the less than 3t/ha environments (which is a large part of the state) Hindmarsh is the stand out variety. In those environments it is expected that the main competitors to Hindmarsh will be Fathom (due to its long coleoptile), La Trobe (even more so if accredited as a malting variety), Litmus (due to its acid soil tolerance) (Table 4) and Scope CL (due to its resistance to Clearfield® herbicides). Malting varieties

require a more favourable premium in the less than 3t/ha environments to be competitive with Hindmarsh. Mundah is still popular with growers but outclassed by Hindmarsh in most situations.

In the more than 3t/ha environments, Hindmarsh is not the automatic choice, there are many varieties with a similar or higher yield potential (Figures 5 to 7). Competitors include the malting varieties Bass, Buloke, Commander, Granger and Scope CL; and the feed varieties Lockyer and Oxford. Many of those varieties have improved disease resistance relative to Hindmarsh and many are better suited to late April and early May sowing than Hindmarsh (Tables 5 to 7).

Table 3. Grain yield of barley varieties expressed as a percentage of Hindmarsh (NVT 2009 – 2013). Data presented where there are 5 or more observations. (source: NVT Online nvtonline.com.au)

Variety Agzone 1 Agzone 2 Agzone 3 Agzone 4 Agzone 5 Agzone 6

(%)(no. obs)

(%)(no. obs)

(%)(no. obs)

(%)(no. obs)

(%)(no. obs)

(%)(no. obs)

Malting varieties

Bass A 99 9 84 32 91 35 85 11 84 39 94 18

Baudin A 86 9 83 34 78 35 83 13 83 40 83 18

Buloke A 93 9 90 34 93 35 93 13 88 38 90 18

Commander A 96 9 87 33 89 35 88 13 86 34 93 17

Gairdner A 81 5 86 31 84 35 84 12 85 33 83 18

Granger A – 3 94 19 95 19 – 3 89 16 100 8

Scope CL A 94 6 91 22 93 24 93 6 87 19 90 10

Vlamingh A 95 9 90 34 89 35 87 11 86 40 91 18

Food varieties

Hindmarsh A 100 7 100 26 100 28 100 9 100 21 100 12

Feed varieties

Dash A – – – – 95 8 – – 95 7 – 4

Fathom A – 4 93 19 97 19 99 5 96 16 98 8

Fleet A 102 9 92 33 95 35 95 13 93 34 93 17

La Trobe A – 3 99 15 101 14 – 4 100 12 102 6

Litmus A – – 95 10 81 8 – – 87 8 – 4

Lockyer A 103 9 97 29 97 35 94 9 96 34 101 17

Mundah 79 9 86 31 83 35 91 13 83 40 77 18

Oxford A 101 5 91 17 95 27 – 4 86 21 104 10

Roe A 95 9 95 34 91 35 95 13 91 35 90 14

Yagan – – – – – – – – – – – –

Hindmarsh yield (t/ha)

3.02 7 2.94 26 4.12 28 2.41 9 2.99 21 3.50 12



Table 4. Grain yield of Litmus relative to Hindmarsh at different levels of sub-soil pH. (source: 2010-2013 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2012-13 NVT).

pHCa ofGrain yield of Litmus

Per cent of sites at which Litmus was higher, same or lower yielding than Hindmarsh

sub-soil (% Hindmarsh) higher same lower No. sites< 4.8 106 ± 4% 30% 47% 23% 304.8 - 6.5 95 ± 2% 7% 63% 30% 27> 6.5 86 ± 5% 0% 33% 67% 6All sites 100 ± 2% 18% 52% 30% 63

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d (k

g/ha

) rel

ativ

e to

Hin

dmar

sh

Grain yield – Hindmarsh – (kg/ha)

Buloke

Fathom

Fleet

Lockyer

Mundah Roe

Figure 3. Relative grain yield of the malting variety Buloke (r2 = 0.93) and feed varieties Fathom (r2 = 0.93), Fleet (r2 = 0.92), Lockyer (r2 = 0.90), Mundah (r2 = 0.87) and Roe (r2 = 0.95) at different grain yields achieved by the food variety Hindmarsh. (source: data from 2011 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2010-2013 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 67 trial-years of data.)



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Grain yield – Baudin – (kg/ha)

Buloke

Gairdner

Vlamingh

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Buloke

Fleet

Lockyer

Oxford

Roe

Figure 5. Relative grain yield of the malting varieties Buloke (r2 = 0.90), Gairdner (r2 = 0.90) and Vlamingh (r2 = 0.93) at different grain yields achieved by the malting variety Baudin. (source: data from 2004, 2006-2013 DAFWA barley agronomy, 2004-2008 CVT and 2009-2013 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 425 trial-years of data.)

Figure 4. Relative grain yield of the malting variety Buloke (r2 = 0.96) and feed varieties Fleet (r2 = 0.95), Lockyer (r2 = 0.95), Oxford (r2 = 0.89) and Roe (r2 = 0.95) at different grain yields achieved by the food variety Hindmarsh. (source: data from 2009-2013 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2008-2013 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 117 trial-years of data.)



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) rel

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e to

Bul

oke

Grain yield – Buloke – (kg/ha)

Bass

Baudin

Hindmarsh

Scope CL

Vlamingh

Figure 7. Relative grain yield of the malting varieties Bass (r2 = 0.96), Baudin (r2 = 0.93), Scope (r2 = 0.96) and Vlamingh (r2 = 0.94) and the food variety Hindmarsh (r2 = 0.91) at different grain yields achieved by the malting variety Buloke. (source: data from 2009-2013 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2009-2013 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 178 trial-years of data.)

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d (k

g/ha

) rel

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dmar

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Bass

Baudin

Buloke

Commander

Granger

Vlamingh

Figure 6. Relative grain yield of the malting varieties Bass (r2 = 0.93), Baudin (r2 = 0.91), Buloke (r2 = 0.89), Commander (r2 = 0.93), Granger (r2 = 0.92) and Vlamingh (r2 = 0.92) at different grain yields achieved by the food variety Hindmarsh. (source: data from 2010-2013 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2009-2013 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 211 trial-years of data.)


Disease resistance

Disease, virus and nematode resistance data is presented in Tables 5 and 6.

Seedling and Adult ResistanceLeaf disease ratings in this guide now include seedling, in addition to adult plant resistance ratings for the foliar leaf diseases net type net blotch (NTNB), spot type net blotch (STNB), powdery mildew and barley leaf rust (Table 5). Seedling ratings are applicable at early growth stages (2 to 3 leaf stage) and are important for making decisions on seed fungicide treatments and/or to know the likely response of a variety if there is early disease pressure. Seedling ratings are also important when assigning varieties to paddocks. Varieties susceptible to stubble borne diseases like scald, NTNB and STNB are at a high risk of early infection if sown onto 1 or 2 year old barley stubble. Adult plant ratings are applicable at later plant growth stages (after flag leaf emergence), but in some varieties and for some diseases the adult ratings may be applicable as early as stem elongation. Variation in the seedling and adult rating of a variety is most likely due to the presence or absence of adult plant resistance genes.

Disease SurveillanceGrowers and consultants observing barley varieties rated as MRMS, MR or R to scald, NTNB, STNB, powdery mildew or barley leaf rust carrying significantly greater levels of disease than expected should collect infected material for pathotype identification.

Samples of powdery mildew infected leaf material should be forwarded to the Centre for Crop and Disease Management (CCDM) at Curtin University. Unlike other leaf diseases, powdery mildew infected leaves need to be placed into agar to maintain a live culture for pathotyping. To arrange sample collection contact either Richard Oliver via e-mail on [email protected] and phone (08) 9266 7872 or Simon Ellwood via email on [email protected] and phone (08) 9266 9138.

Infected scald, NTNB, STNB and barley leaf rust leaf material must be sent in paper envelopes marked with location, variety, disease and date collected. Fold leaf in half so infected area is on

the inside. Please do not wrap leaf material in plastic or send in plastic lined envelopes.

Scald, NTNB and STNB infected leaf material should be sent to the Department of Agriculture and Food, Locked Bag 4, Bentley Delivery Centre WA 6983 and marked attention Sanjiv Gupta or Jason Bradley. For more information contact Sanjiv Gupta ([email protected]) and phone (08) 9368 3622 or Jason Bradley ([email protected]) and phone (08) 9368 3982.

Barley leaf rust samples should be sent directly to the ACRCP Annual Cereal Rust Survey, Plant Breeding Institute, Private Bag 4011, Narellan NSW 2567. For more information contact Professor Robert Park ([email protected]) and (02) 9351 8806.

ScaldScald is potentially very damaging in barley as an infection can kill leaves prematurely and reduce seed weight. A severe early infection can reduce head number and grain number. Yield losses of up to 45% are possible with associated quality defects. Fortunately many of the varieties we have been growing in recent years have had some resistance against scald and levels of infection have been low. Some of the new varieties (ie. Granger and Litmus) are susceptible to scald and as the area sown to varieties with a susceptible rating increases the prevalence of scald will increase, especially as we drive seeding dates earlier. Growers need to be using appropriate rotation and disease management strategies to limit scald.

The only variety whose adult plant resistance score has decreased since the last sowing guide is Gairdner (MRMS to MS).

Net Type Net BlotchIn addition to seedling and adult plant ratings, the resistance of barley to two distinct isolates of NTNB prevalent in Western Australia is presented, Beecher virulent (95NB100) and Beecher avirulent (97NB1). Varieties can differ in their response to NTNB depending on which isolate is present in the paddock. Varieties that show a differential response include Bass, Granger, La Trobe, Lockyer and Yagan. The Beecher avirulent (non-









Disease resistance

attacking) isolate is prevalent throughout the state, whereas the Beecher virulent (attacking) isolate is more common north of the Great Eastern Highway.

Varieties whose adult plant resistance score to Beecher avirulent NTNB has decreased since the last sowing guide are Bass (MRMS to MS), Fathom (MRMS to MS-S) and Granger (MR to MRMS).

Spot Type Net BlotchMost barley varieties are susceptible to STNB as an adult. Fathom (MRMS) has the best adult resistance to STNB of the current varieties. Some of the varieties susceptible as an adult have some tolerance as a seedling. This reduces the likelihood of early infection carrying through to the adult stage when they are susceptible. Varieties susceptible at the adult stage but with some resistance at the seedling stage (seedling resistance in brackets) include Bass (MRMS), Baudin (MRMS), Buloke (MRMS), Scope CL (MS), Vlamingh (MRMS) and Yagan (MRMS). Adult plant resistance score of varieties to STNB has not changed since last sowing guide.

Powdery MildewMutation of the CYP51 gene in powdery mildew has resulted in the compromised efficacy of many DMI fungicides in controlling powdery mildew at label rates. Higher value DMI fungicides and new actives, such as strobilurins and spiroxamine, are now being used. Reducing the area of production of varieties rated as S or VS to powdery mildew (ie. Baudin, Gairdner and Vlamingh) is a key step in reducing our reliance on fungicides. Despite the availability of several more resistant options this reduction is taking time as many of the susceptible varieties have a high market demand and in some cases the premiums offered offset some of the cost of controlling powdery mildew. New malting options becoming available will assist with the removal of susceptible varieties, but they are not yet approved by our international customers of malt and grain.

It is also important to be aware there is laboratory based evidence indicating that some of the genes that provide resistance to powdery mildew in some of our barley varieties may be

compromised. Popularly grown or new varieties in Western Australia with intermediate resistance or above (MRMS, MR and R) to powdery mildew can be categorised into 8 broad groups based on the postulated or known effective genes that control their resistance to powdery mildew. Only those varieties carrying the mlo gene like Granger have durable resistance to powdery mildew. The rest are more vulnerable to mutations of the powdery mildew fungus, but the diversity in resistance genes and the presence of multiple genes in some varieties means that not all varieties will be rendered susceptible at the same time if mutations occur or the known mutations become more widespread. The 8 broad groups separated on known or postulated effective genes (in brackets) include the following varieties:

Group 1 (MlGa) – Fathom, FleetGroup 2 (MlLa) – Hindmarsh, La Trobe, LockyerGroup 3 (MlGa, MlLa) – Commander Group 4 (Mla7, MlLa, U) – Buloke, Scope CLGroup 5 (Mla7, MlLa, Mlk1) – DashGroup 6 (Ml(Ch), Mlra) – YaganGroup 7 (Ml(St)) – OxfordGroup 8 (mlo) – Granger

Field screening of varieties with different genes, however, has not yet found any significant regional variation in the field resistance of varieties to powdery mildew. Adult plant resistance score of varieties to powdery mildew has not changed since the last sowing guide.

Barley Leaf RustA new pathotype of barley leaf rust (5457 P-) was detected in September 2013. It has now been detected in multiple locations across the south coast (South Stirlings to Esperance) and is expected to be widely present in 2014. This new pathotype is a single-step mutational derivative of our existing pathotype, 5453 P-, with added virulence for Rph3. Bass carries the Rph3 gene as its main source of resistance to barley leaf rust and is expected to show a susceptible reaction at both the seedling and adult plant stage when pathotype 5457 P- is present.

Granger and Oxford carry an adult plant resistance gene Rph20 in addition to the Rph3 gene. When pathotype 5457 P- is present, they


Disease resistance

are expected to be more susceptible to leaf rust as a seedling until their adult resistance gene become effective. The reaction of Granger and Oxford is expected to be like Dash at the seedling stage (MS). Dash only carries the adult plant resistance gene Rph20 for leaf rust. The adult plant resistance gene in Fleet conferring it an intermediate reaction is unknown.

Barley and Cereal Yellow DwarfBoth Barley yellow dwarf (BYD) and Cereal yellow dwarf (CYD) occur in Western Australia. As the screening for varietal resistance occurs in the field the resistance score reflects the rating to both being present, although BYD is more frequent than CYD at a ratio of approximately 2:1. BYD can reduce grain yield by up to 80% with seedling infection and up to 20% with later infection. Barley plants primarily become infected from infected oat (Rhopalosiphum padi) and/or corn leaf (Rhopalosiphum maidis) aphids. Varietal resistance reduces the impact of the virus on plant growth but does not reduce the impact of aphid feeding on plant growth. Varietal resistance to BYD and CYD therefore does not reduce the need to spray for aphids to prevent yield loss from feeding damage once they reach threshold levels in the crop (50% of tillers with 15 or more aphids).

Root Lesion NematodeRoot lesion nematode (RLN, Pratylenchus spp) occurs in more than 65% of Western Australian cropping paddocks. P. neglectus is the most frequent RLN, occurring in at least 76% of infested paddocks surveyed in 2013. P. teres, unique to Western Australia, is the next most common at around 26% of infected paddocks surveyed in 2013. Cereal yield losses due to RLN are in the order of 10 to 30%, but can be higher, particularly where P. teres occurs. The actual yield loss due to RLN in different barley varieties is not yet quantified, but the impact of different varieties on nematode populations is (Table 6). Table 6 includes both P. neglectus and P. teres resistance scores. This information can be used to design rotations that will lower nematode populations as resistant varieties retard nematode development, leading to lower nematode levels in the soil for subsequent crops.

Cereal Cyst NematodeCereal cyst nematode (CCN) is present in cropping regions around Geraldton and in the Avon Valley around Northam, but it can occur in any area. Unlike RLN, barley varieties are tolerant to CCN, so yield loss is limited even when infection does occur. The planting of CCN resistant varieties retards nematode development, leading to lower nematode levels in the soil for subsequent crops.


Disease resistance

Table 5. Leaf disease resistance profiles when grown in Western Australia.Bold font indicates resistance levels are intermediate or above. (source: Sanjiv Gupta)

Disease1 Scald Net type net blotch4

Net type net blotch4

Spot type net blotch

Powdery mildew5 Barley leaf rust6

Pathotype2 Medina Beecher virulent (95NB100)

Beecher avirulent (97NB1) South Perth South Perth 5453 P-

Growth Stage3 Seedling Adult Seedling Adult Seedling Adult Seedling Adult Seedling Adult Seedling AdultMalting varietiesBass A – MRMS MR MRMS S MS-S MRMS S MS MS R/S MR/SBaudin A – MS-S S S S S MRMS S VS VS S-VS S-VS

Buloke A – MS MRMS MRMSp MRMS MRMS MRMS MS MR MR S S

Commander A – MS-S S S S S S MS-S MRMS MR S S

Gairdner A – MS MRMS MRMS MRMS MRMS S S VS S S S

Granger A – S S MS MSp MRMS S S R R R# R-MRScope CL A – MS MR MRMSp MRMS MRMS MS S R R S S

Vlamingh A – MR MR MRMS MR MRMS MRMS S S S S S

Food varietiesHindmarsh A – MRMS MRMS MS MRMS MS S S MRMS MRMS S S

Feed varietiesDash A – R MRMS MRMS MRMS MRMS S S R R MSp RFathom A – MR S S S MS-S MR MRMS MRMS MRMS S S

Fleet A – MS MSp MRMSp MRMS MR MR MS MRMS MRMS S MRMSLa Trobe A – MR MRMS MS MRMS MRMS S S MRMS MRMS MS S

Litmus A – S-VS S S Sp S S S MS-S MS S S

Lockyer A – MRMS MR MSp MR MRMS S S MRMS MRMS S SMundah – S S S MS MS S S S MS-S S S

Oxford A – MS R MRMSp MR MR S S R R R# R

Roe A – MS-S S S MS MS-S S S MS MS S SYagan – VS MRMS MS-Sp MRMS MRMS MRMS S R MRMS S S

1Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, p = provisional rating only, – = no data available.2Pathotype or isolate: source of disease used to in evaluating the disease reaction of the different barley varieties. The source used for evaluating varietal resistance represents the most common pathotype present in Western Australia. On farm reactions of varieties may therefore differ if the pathotype/s present differ to the pathotype used in testing. 3Growth stage: the seedling resistance score (new) reflects resistance at the 2 to 3 leaf stage (data not relevant after 4 leaf stage). The adult resistance score (used in previous sowing guides) reflects resistance after flag leaf emergence. Varieties with a VS or S rating at the seedling stage are at a great risk of early infection. Appropriate cultural (ie. rotation) and/or chemical (ie. fungicide) disease management strategies should be considered to minimise the risk when planting those varieties.4Net type net blotch: there are two major isolates (95NB100 and 97NB1) of NTNB present in Western Australia. The Beecher avirulent (95NB100) isolate is the dominant isolate, but north of the Great Eastern Highway the Beecher virulent (95NB100) and avirulent (97NB1) isolate are present in similar proportions. The reaction of Bass, Granger, La Trobe, Lockyer and Yagan will differ significantly depending on what isolate of NTNB is present.5Powdery mildew: varieties with a VS or S rating at the seedling stage (Baudin, Gairdner, Mundah and Vlamingh) should be treated with a seed dressing active against powdery mildew to prevent early infection during the tillering stage.6Barley leaf rust: a new pathotype (5457 P-) was detected in September 2013 virulent on the Rph3 gene. Varieties marked with a (Bass) carry the Rph3 gene and will show a susceptible reaction at both the seedling and adult plant stage when pathotype 5457 P- is present. Varieties marked with a # (Granger and Oxford) carry an adult plant resistance gene Rph20 in addition to the Rph3 gene. When pathotype 5457 P- is present, they are expected to be more susceptible to leaf rust as a seedling until their adult resistance gene become effective.


Disease resistance

Table 6. Virus and nematode resistance profiles when grown in Western Australia.Bold font indicates resistance levels are intermediate or above. (source: virus - Sanjiv Gupta and nematodes – Sarah Collins)

Disease1 Barley and Cereal yellow dwarf3 Root lesion nematode4 Cereal cyst nematode5

Pathogen Pratylenchus neglectus Pratylenchus teres Heterodera avenae

Growth Stage2 Seedling & Adult Seedling & Adult Seedling & Adult Seeding & Adult

Malting varieties

Bass A MR MS-Sp MSp S

Baudin A MR MS MS-Sp S

Buloke A MRMS MR MRMSp S

Commander A MRMSp MS MSp R

Gairdner A MR MS MSp S

Granger A MRMS MS MRMSp S

Scope CL A MRp MS-Sp MSp S

Vlamingh A MS MS MSp S

Food varieties

Hindmarsh A S MR MRp R

Feed varieties

Dash A MRMSp MRMS MRp R

Fathom A MRp – – R

Fleet A MRMS MRMS MRMSp R

La Trobe A Sp MS MSp R

Litmus A Sp – – –

Lockyer A S MR MRMSp –

Mundah S MR MRp S

Oxford A MRMS MRMSp – S

Roe A MS MR MRp –

Yagan S MS MRp –

1Resistance rating: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, MRMS = intermediate, MR = moderately resistant, R = resistant, p = provisional rating only, – = no data available. 2Growth stage: the resistance to barley and cereal yellow dwarf virus and the varietal impacts on nematode numbers does not differ between growth stages, it applies equally throughout the life of the plant.3Barley and cereal yellow dwarf: plants become infected from infected oat and corn leaf aphids. Varietal resistance reduces the impact of the virus on plant growth but does not reduce the impact of aphid feeding on plant growth. 4Root lesion nematode: barley varieties vary in the impact of root lesion nematode on their growth. A resistant variety retards nematode development, leading to lower nematode levels in the soil for subsequent crops.5Cereal cyst nematode: all barley varieties are tolerant of cereal cyst nematode but a resistant variety retards nematode development, leading to lower nematode levels in the soil for subsequent crops.


Agronomic attributes

Tables 7 to 9 and Figures 8 to 10 cover different agronomic attributes of each variety in this sowing guide.

Table 7 describes agronomic characteristics (ie. coleoptile length, straw strength and plant height), whilst Figures 8 to 10 compare the grain plumpness of different varieties. These grain plumpness figures have been developed by combining grain plumpness (% < 2.5mm) data collected from DAFWA-GRDC barley agronomy research (DAW00148, DAW00190 and DAW00224) with CVT and NVT data. Varieties are then compared in a balanced analysis (all varieties present in all site x management trials or trial-years) through linear functional relationship modelling and presented relative to a control variety at different levels of grain plumpness.

The benchmark variety for grain plumpness is Vlamingh (Figures 8 to 10). All the newer malting varieties have a grain plumpness which is better than Baudin, Buloke and especially Gairdner. Of them the plumpest variety is Bass, which is equivalent to Vlamingh. Granger is slightly plumper than Commander depending on the level of screenings. Scope CL is slightly plumper than Buloke. None of those three are as plump as Bass or Vlamingh, but they are all very close to Hindmarsh. The food variety Hindmarsh is intermediate between Baudin and Vlamingh depending on the level of screenings.

It can be very difficult to distinguish between varieties once they are sown in the paddock. Table 8 attempts to provide some visual guides as to how one might use plant traits to separate varieties or to identify contaminated seed. Some of the questions you might ask include:

• What did the crop look like at 8 – 10 weeks after seeding (prostrate or erect)?

• Does it have red auricles at the base of the leaf blade where it wraps around the stem?

• Does the head have red awns?

• How long are the awns?

• Is the head near maturity fanned (tapered) or straight (parallel) in shape?

• When you look at the furrow on the grain through a magnifying glass what does the rachilla look like?

For more advice on what different to look for consult DAFWA Bulletin 4765 “Maintaining variety purity in the Western Australian malting barley industry” by Jeff Russell and Blakely Paynter. If visual cues are not enough then the grain will need to be tested at an accredited laboratory for varietal purity. The most common method used to determine varietal purity is based on mass spectrometry analysis of protein profiles in grains, but newer methods such as DNA microsatellites and DArT technology are also available and being used.

AGWEST Plant Laboratories (agric.wa.gov.au/PC_90014.html) offers a mass spectrometry test that compares the protein profile of a combined sample or of 30 individual seeds or of 150 individual seeds. Those tests range from $116 to $635 to conduct. Higher levels of accuracy can be obtained by analysing more seeds, but the price also increases as more seeds are done. They also offer a DNA microsatellite test for $275.

Saturn Biotech (esvc000049.wic048u.server-web.com/index.html) at Murdoch University also offer a mass spectrometry test that compares protein profiling. Tests range from $69 for the pooled test to $350 for the 150 individual seed test.

Grain Growers (graingrowers.com.au) test for varietal purity using DArT technology. The cost of the Grain Growers service is $148.50 per sample for fewer than 20 samples and $132 per sample for more than 20 samples.

Table 9 covers information about who bred the variety, who do you go to see to buy seed, how much you will you pay when you deliver the grain and what the pedigree of the variety is.

http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/PC_90014.html

http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/PC_90014.html

http://www.esvc000049.wic048u.server-web.com/index.html

http://www.esvc000049.wic048u.server-web.com/index.html

http://www.graingrowers.com.au



Table 7. Agronomic characteristics of a range of barley varieties when grown in Western Australia.(source: Blakely Paynter, Andrea Hills and Raj Malik)

Agronomic traitColeoptile length1

Maturity with late May sowing2

Boron leaf symptoms

Straw strength

Head retention

Plant height at maturity3

Grain plumpness

Malting varietiesBass A Medium Medium Medium Very Good Good Short GoodBaudin A Medium Late Medium Very Good Very Good Short FairBuloke A Short Medium Low Fair Poor Tall FairCommander A Medium Late Medium Fair Fair Medium Mod. GoodGairdner A Medium Late Medium Good Fair Medium Very Poor Granger A Medium Medium – Good Good Medium Mod. GoodScope CL A Short Medium – Fair Poor Tall FairVlamingh A Medium Medium High Mod. Good Good Tall Good Food varietiesHindmarsh A Short Early Medium Mod. Good Mod. Good Medium Mod. GoodFeed varietiesDash A Short Late Medium Good Very Good Short Very PoorFathom A Long Medium Medium Fair Mod. Good Tall GoodFleet A Long Medium Low Fair Fair Medium GoodLa Trobe A Short Early Medium Mod. Good Mod. Good Medium Mod. GoodLitmus A Short Early Medium Fair Fair Medium Mod. GoodLockyer A Medium Late Medium Mod. Good Very Good Short Poor Mundah Medium Very Early Medium Fair Fair Medium Very GoodOxford Medium Late – Very Good Very Good Short Very PoorRoe A Medium Early Medium Mod. Good Mod. Good Medium Very GoodYagan Medium Very Early Medium Fair Mod. Good Medium Very Good1coleoptile length: short (40 – 60mm), medium (60 – 80mm) and long (80 – 100mm).2maturity: very early (-15 to -4 days), early (-3 to +3 days), medium (+4 to +10 days) and late (+11 to +17 days) maturity (days to awn emergence) relative to Stirling when sown in late May. Maturity ranking with a late May sowing differs to the maturity ranking when sown in April or after mid June.3straw length: very short (<45cm), short (45 – 55cm), medium (55 – 65cm) and tall (65 – 75cm) relative to Stirling and Buloke at sites where their straw (ground to base of ear) was between 65 – 75cm long.



Table 8. Visual characteristics of a range of barley varieties when grown in Western Australia.

(source: DAFWA Bulletin 4765 and IP Australia Plant Breeders Rights database pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/pbr_db/search.cfm)

CharacteristicEarly growth habit

Redness of flag leaf auricle

Redness of awns during grain fill

Awn length

Ear shapeRachilla length

Rachilla hair length

Malting varieties

Bass A Prostrate Present Weakly Present Long Parallel Medium Long

Baudin A Prostrate Strongly Present Present Medium Parallel Short Long

Buloke A Semi-erect Weakly Present Absent Medium Tapering Medium Long

Commander A Erect Absent Absent Very Long Tapering Medium Short

Gairdner A Prostrate Present Present Long Parallel Long Short

Granger A Prostrate Present Weakly Present Long Parallel Medium Long

Scope CL A Semi–erect Weakly Present Absent Medium Tapering Medium Long

Vlamingh A Erect Absent Absent Medium Tapering Medium Short

Food varieties

Hindmarsh A Erect Present Present Medium Parallel Medium Short

Feed varieties

Dash A Erect Weakly Present Weakly Present Long Tapering – Long

Fathom A Erect Weakly Present Weakly Present Long Parallel Medium Long

Fleet A Erect Absent Absent Very Long Parallel Long Long

La Trobe A Erect Strongly Present Strongly Present Medium Parallel Medium Short

Litmus A Erect Weakly Present Weakly Present Long Parallel Medium Long

Lockyer A Prostrate Weakly Present Present Long Parallel Medium Long

Mundah Erect Weakly Present Weakly Present Long Parallel Medium Short

Oxford Prostrate Present Present Long Parallel Medium Long

Roe A Erect Weakly Present Weakly Present Medium Parallel Medium Short

Yagan Erect Present Present – Tapering – Short

http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/pbr_db/search.cfm



Table 9. Breeding, seed trading and end point royalty status for barley varieties when grown in Western Australia.(source: breeding companies and Variety Central (varietycentral.com.au)

Licence information

Variety owner or licensee

Year released

Farmer to farmer trading

Seed licensee

End Point Royalty2

PedigreeMalt

Food or Feed

Malting varieties

Bass A InterGrain 2012 Yes Syngenta $3.50 $3.50 WABAR2023/Alexis

Baudin A InterGrain 2003 Yes InterGrain $3.00 $1.00 Stirling/Franklin

Buloke A DPI (Vic) 2008 No1 SeedNet $2.00 $2.00 Franklin/VB9104//VB9104

Commander A University of Adelaide 2008 No1 SeedNet $3.80 $3.80 Keel/Sloop//Galaxy

Gairdner A InterGrain 1997 Yes InterGrain – – Tas 83-537/Onslow

Granger A Nickersons 2013 No Heritage Seeds $2.95 $2.95 Braemar/Adonis

Scope CL A DPI (Vic) 2010 No SeedNet $3.50 $3.50 Franklin/VB9104//VB9104

Vlamingh A InterGrain 2006 Yes InterGrain $3.50 $1.50 WABAR570/TR118

Food varieties

Hindmarsh A DPI (Vic) 2006 No1 SeedNet $1.50 Dash/VB9409Feed varieties

Dash A Heritage Seeds 1995 No SeedNet $1.80 Chad/Joline//Cask

Fathom A University of Adelaide 2011 No SeedNet $2.00 JE013D-020/WI3806-1

Fleet A University of Adelaide 2006 No SeedNet $1.50 Mundah/Keel//Barque

La Trobe A InterGrain 2013 No Syngenta $4.00 Dash/VB9409

Litmus A A InterGrain 2013 No Syngenta $3.80 WB229/2*Baudin//WABAR2238

Lockyer A InterGrain 2007 Yes InterGrain $1.50 Tantangara/VB9104

Mundah InterGrain 1995 Yes free to trade – Yagan/O’Connor

Oxford Nickersons 2010 No Heritage Seeds $2.50 Tavern/Chime

Roe A InterGrain 2007 Yes InterGrain $1.50 Doolup//Windich/Morex

Yagan InterGrain 1989 Yes InterGrain – unknown pedigree1Growers registered with the SeedNet Authorised Grower Distribution Scheme can participate in farmer to farmer trading of Buloke, Commander and Hindmarsh.2End point royalties ($/t) are quoted excluding GST.

http://varietycentral.com.au



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Figure 8. Relative screenings of the malting varieties Buloke (r2 = 0.85), Gairdner (r2 = 0.85) and Vlamingh (r2 = 0.83) at different screenings achieved by the malting variety Baudin. (source: data from 2004, 2006-2013 DAFWA barley agronomy, 2004-2008 CVT and 2009-2013 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 415 trial-years of data.)

Figure 9. Relative screenings of the malting varieties Bass (r2 = 0.76), Baudin (r2 = 0.81), Buloke (r2 = 0.82), Commander (r2 = 0.75), Granger (r2 = 0.75) and Vlamingh (r2 = 0.73) at different screenings achieved by the food variety Hindmarsh. (source: data from 2010-2013 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2009-2013 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 211 trial-years of data.)



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Figure 10. Relative screenings of the malting varieties Bass (r2 = 0.83), Baudin (r2 = 0.80), Scope (r2 = 0.93) and Vlamingh (r2 = 0.78) and the food variety Hindmarsh (r2 = 0.80) at different screenings achieved by the malting variety Buloke. (source: data from 2009-2013 DAFWA barley agronomy and 2009-2013 NVT trials. Each variety is sown in all 178 trial-years of data.)


Herbicide tolerance

Herbicide tolerance trials conducted over the last 15 years in Western Australia indicate that some barley varieties are more susceptible to damage from certain herbicides than others (Table 10). The variation in tolerance may be due to differences in morphological or physiological characters and/or internal ear development stages among the varieties. The level of tolerance amongst varieties varies with the rate of herbicide, the environmental conditions when the herbicide is applied, and the stage of the crop growth.

Seasonal variability makes it essential to test herbicide and variety interaction over several seasons and locations. The risk of crop damage from a herbicide should be balanced against the potential yield loss from both the weed competition and the number of weed seeds returning to the soil seed bank. Small yield reductions due to herbicide damage in sensitive varieties may not be easily detected at the paddock level, but over larger areas can be of great economic importance.

Since 2009, advanced breeding lines and commercial varieties have been tested for herbicide tolerance in small plot (1.6m x 1.5m) screening trials at Katanning. In those screenings trials the following herbicides (which provide consistent damage to barley or are commonly used by Western Australian barley growers) are tested at higher than label rates:

• Axial® (pinoxadin),

• Achieve® (tralkoxydim),

• Affinity® + MCPA (carfentrazone-ethyl + MCPA),

• Ally® (metsulfuron),

• Boxer® Gold (s-metolachlor + prosulfocarb),

• Broadside® (bromoxynil + MCPA + dicamba),

• Diuron + MCPA (diuron + MCPA),

• Hoegrass® (diclofop-methyl),

• Triflur® X (trifluralin),

• Triflur® 400 + Lexone® (trifluralin + metribuzin),

• Tigrex® (diflufenican + MCPA, and

• 2,4-D LVE 680 (2,4-D).

Any variety by herbicide combination that causes a significant yield reduction in the screening trial is then further tested in larger plot (10m x 1m) advanced trials. In the advanced trials, the varieties are assessed against label and higher than the label rates for at least two years to validate the results and to minimise seasonal influences on the herbicide tolerance responses. In 2013, the herbicide tolerance of barley varieties to the new herbicides Legacy® MA (diflufenican + MCPA) and Triathlon® (diflufenican + bromoxynil + MCPA) were tested for the first time in the advanced trial at Katanning.

Most barley varieties have shown some sensitivity to at least one herbicide in the herbicide tolerance trials, but no barley variety tested has yet to demonstrate consistent yield loss due to herbicide application. Of the varieties tested, Gairdner has shown sensitivity to a greater range of herbicides than any other variety. Baudin, Buloke, Hindmarsh, Lockyer and Vlamingh have also shown sensitivity to two or more herbicides at label rates.

Several of the herbicides tested have caused a yield loss in two or more varieties. Growers should be cautious when using those products with new varieties. Sensitivity at label rates has been noted in at least two varieties for these products:

• Ally® (metsulfuron) at Z13-Z15,

• Axial® (pinoxadin) at Z12-Z14,

• Diuron + MCPA (diuron + MCPA) at Z13-Z15,

• Velocity® (bromoxynil + pyrasulfotole) at Z12-Z15, and

• Wildcat® (fenoxaprop-P-ethyl) at Z13-Z14.

A narrow safety margin was also noted when Boxer® Gold (s-metolachlor + prosulfocarb) was applied at above labels rates, but not at label rates, to three barley varieties. In general, when using pre-emergent herbicides like trifluralin, Boxer® Gold (s-metolachlor + prosulfocarb) and Diuron + Dual® Gold (diuron + s-metolachlor) ensure the sown seed is placed below the herbicide treated soil band; as the crop safety is mainly due to seed placement selectively. If sowing with knife points, and using higher label rates, ensure that treated soil does not get thrown, blown or washed into the furrows.


Herbicide toleranceTa

ble

10. H

erbi

cide

tole

ranc

e (1

999-

2013

) of s

ome

of th

e ba

rley

varie

ties

whe

n gr

own

in W

este

rn A

ustr

alia

. (s

ourc

e: H

arm

ohin

der D

ham

mu)

ü N

o yi

eld

loss

No

sign

ifica

nt y

ield

redu

ctio

n at

labe

l rec

omm

ende

d ra

te. P

aren

thes

es h

ighl

ight

the

num

ber o

f tria

ls c

ondu

cted

.

Nar

row

saf

ety

mar

gin

Sign

ifica

nt y

ield

redu

ctio

n at

hig

her t

han

labe

l rec

omm

ende

d ra

te, b

ut n

ot a

t rec

omm

ende

d la

bel r

ate.

Par

enth

eses

hig

hlig

ht th

e nu

mbe

r of t

rials

whe

re a

sig

nific

ant y

ield

redu

ctio

n oc

curre

d ou

t of t

he to

tal n

umbe

r of t

rials

con

duct

ed.

Yiel

d lo

ss in

1 tr

ial

Perc

enta

ge y

ield

redu

ctio

n at

reco

mm

ende

d la

bel r

ate

in 1

tria

l. Pa

rent

hese

s hi

ghlig

ht th

e nu

mbe

r of t

rials

whe

re a

sig

nific

ant

yiel

d re

duct

ion

occu

rred

out o

f the

tota

l num

ber o

f tria

ls c

ondu

cted

.

Yiel

d lo

ss in

2 o

r mor

e tr

ials

Perc

enta

ge y

ield

redu

ctio

n at

reco

mm

ende

d la

bel r

ate

in 2

or m

ore

trial

s. P

aren

thes

es h

ighl

ight

the

num

ber o

f tria

ls w

here

a

sign

ifica

nt y

ield

redu

ctio

n oc

curre

d ou

t of t

he to

tal n

umbe

r of t

rials

con

duct

ed.

Her

bici

de u

sed

and

rate

app

lied/

ha

Timing

Bass A

Baudin A

Buloke A

Commander A

Fathom A

Fleet A

Gairdner A

Granger A

Hindmarsh A

La Trobe A

Lockyer A

Mundah

Oxford

Roe A

Vlamingh A

Avad

ex®

BW

2L

(Tri-

alla

te)

IBS

–ü

(4)

––

––

ü (2

)–

––

–ü

(1)

––

ü (2

)

Boxe

r® G

old

2.5L

(s-M

etol

achl

or +

Pro

sulfo

carb

)IB

SN

(1/3

)N

(1/3

)N

(1/2

)ü

(1)

––

––

ü (2

)–

ü (3

)–

ü (1

)ü

(3)ü

(2)

Boxe

r® G

old

2.5L

+ L

exon

e® 1

50g

(s-M

etol

achl

or +

Pro

sulfo

carb

) + (M

etrib

uzin

)IB

S–

ü (1

)ü

(1)

––

––

–ü

(1)

–ü

(1)

––

ü (1

)–

Dua

l® G

old

0.5

L(s

-Met

olac

hlor

)IB

S–

ü (1

)ü

(1)

––

––

–ü

(1)

–ü

(1)

––

ü (1

)–

Diu

ron

1L+

Dua

l® G

old

0.5L

(Diu

ron

+ s-

Met

olac

hlor

)IB

S–

ü (1

)ü

(1)

––

––

–ü

(1)

–ü

(1)

––

ü (1

)–

Logr

an®

35g

(Tria

sulfu

ron)

IBS

–ü

(1)

––

––

ü (2

)–

––

–ü

(1)

––

–

Stom

p®33

0 1.

8L(P

endi

met

halin

)IB

S–

ü (5

)ü

(1)

––

–ü

(2)

–ü

(1)

–ü

(3)ü

(1)

–ü

(3)ü

(4)



ble

10. H

erbi

cide

tole

ranc

e (1

999-

2013

) of s

ome

of th

e ba

rley

varie

ties

whe

n gr

own

in W

este

rn A

ustr

alia

. (co

nt.)

(sou

rce:

Har

moh

inde

r Dha

mm

u)

Her

bici

de u

sed

and

rate

app

lied/

ha

Timing

Bass A

Baudin A

Buloke A

Commander A

Fathom A

Fleet A

Gairdner A

Granger A

Hindmarsh A

La Trobe A

Lockyer A

Mundah

Oxford

Roe A

Vlamingh A

Tref

lan®

1L

(Trif

lura

lin)

IBS

–ü

(4)

––

––

ü (2

)–

––

–ü

(1)

––

ü (2

)

Trifl

ur®

X 3

L(T

riflu

ralin

)IB

Sü

(1)ü

(2)ü

(2)ü

(1)ü

(2)

––

–ü

(2)

–ü

(2)

–ü

(1)ü

(2)ü

(1)

Trifl

ur®

X 1

L +

Lexo

ne®

150

g(T

riflu

ralin

+ M

etrib

uzin

)IB

S–

ü (4

)ü

(1)

––

––

–ü

(1)

–ü

(3)

––

ü (3

)ü

(4)

Yiel

d® 2

50 E

C 2

L(O

ryza

lin +

Trif

lura

lin)

IBS

–ü

(1)

––

––

ü (2

)–

––

–ü

(1)

––

–

Diu

ron

1L +

Dua

l® G

old

0.25

L(D

iuro

n +

s-M

etol

achl

or)

PSPE

–ü

(3)

––

––

ü (2

)–

––

–ü

(1)

––

ü (2

)

Diu

ron

1L +

Dua

l® G

old

0.5L

(Diu

ron

+ s-

Met

olac

hlor

)PS

PE–

ü (2

)–

––

––

––

––

––

––

Axia

l® 3

00m

L(P

inox

adin

)Z1

2-Z1

4–

ü (1

)17

(1

/1)

–ü

(2)

––

–ü

(1)

–ü

(3)

––

ü (3

)20

(1

/2)

Velo

city

® 0

.67L

(Bro

mox

ynil

+ Py

rasu

lfoto

le)

Z12-

Z15ü

(1)ü

(4)

16

(1/4

)14

(1

/2)

––

ü (2

)–

N (1

/4)

––

–ü

(1)

–ü

(2)

Achi

eve®

380

g(T

ralk

oxyd

im)

Z13-

Z15

–ü

(5)ü

(2)ü

(1)

––

ü (1

)–

ü (3

)ü

(1)

21

(1/1

)ü

(1)ü

(2)ü

(1)ü

(3)

Achi

eve®

380

g +

Tigr

ex®

0.8

L(T

ralk

oxyd

im) +

(Difl

ufen

ican

+ M

CPA

)Z1

3-Z1

4ü

(1)

––

ü (1

)ü

(2)

–ü

(1)

––

––

ü (1

)–

––

Affin

ity®

50g

+ M

CPA

0.5

L(C

arfe

ntra

zone

-eth

yl +

MC

PA)

Z13-

Z15ü

(1)ü

(6)ü

(2)ü

(1)

––

14

(1/1

)–

ü (2

)–

ü (3

)–

ü (1

)ü

(3)ü

(4)

Affin

ity F

orce

® 1

00m

L +

MC

PA 0

.5L

(Car

fent

razo

ne-e

thyl

+ M

CPA

)Z1

3-Z1

4–

ü (1

)ü

(1)

––

–ü

(1)

–ü

(1)ü

(1)

––

––

ü (1

)

Ally

® 5

g(M

etsu

lfuro

n)Z1

3-Z1

4–

ü (4

)–

––

–13

(1

/2)

––

–ü

(2)ü

(1)

–ü

(2)

20

(1/4

)Al

ly®

7g

(Met

sulfu

ron)

Z13-

Z15ü

(1)ü

(2)ü

(2)ü

(1)

N (1

/2)

––

–ü

(3)ü

(1)ü

(1)

–ü

(1)ü

(1)

–

Barre

l® /

Broa

dsid

e® 1

L(B

rom

oxyn

il +

MC

PA +

Dic

amba

)Z1

3-Z1

4–

ü (4

)–

–ü

(1)

N (1

/2)

12

(1/2

)ü

(1)

––

–ü

(1)ü

(1)

–ü

(2)


Herbicide tolerance

Tabl

e 10

. Her

bici

de to

lera

nce

(199

9-20

13) o

f som

e of

the

barle

y va

rietie

s w

hen

grow

n in

Wes

tern

Aus

tral

ia. (

cont

.)(s

ourc

e: H

arm

ohin

der D

ham

mu)

Her

bici

de u

sed

and

rate

app

lied/

ha

Timing

Bass A

Baudin A

Buloke A

Commander A

Fathom A

Fleet A

Gairdner A

Granger A

Hindmarsh A

La Trobe A

Lockyer A

Mundah

Oxford

Roe A

Vlamingh A

Buct

ril®

MA

1L(B

rom

oxyn

il +

MC

PA)

Z13-

Z14

–ü

(3)

––

––

––

––

––

––

ü (2

)

Buct

ril®

MA

1.4L

(Bro

mox

ynil

+ M

CPA

)Z1

3-Z1

4–

ü (2

)ü

(1)

––

––

–ü

(1)

–ü

(3)

––

ü (3

)ü

(2)

Che

etah

® G

old

1L(D

iclo

fop

+ Se

thox

ydim

+ F

enox

apro

p)Z1

3-Z1

4–

ü (1

)ü

(1)

––

––

–ü

(1)

–ü

(3)

––

ü (3

)ü

(2)

Dec

isio

n® 1

L(D

iclo

fop

+ Se

thox

ydim

)Z1

3-Z1

4–

ü (3

)–

––

––

––

––

––

–ü

(2)

Diu

ron

0.35

L +

MC

PA 0

.4L

(Diu

ron

+ M

CPA

) Z1

3-Z1

4–

ü (1

)–

–4 (1

/1)

–16

(1

/2)ü

(1)

9 (1/1

)8 (1

/1)

–ü

(1)

––

–

Diu

ron

0.4L

+ M

CPA

0.5

L(D

iuro

n +

MC

PA)

Z14-

Z15ü

(1)ü

(2)

17

(1/2

)ü

(1)

––

––

ü (2

)–

ü (1

)–

ü (1

)ü

(1)

–

Diu

ron

0.5L

+ 2

,4-D

(am

ine)

0.2

5L(D

iuro

n +

2,4-

D)

Z13-

Z14

–ü

(3)

––

––

––

––

––

––

ü (2

)

Eclip

se®

5g

+ M

CPA

LVE

0.5

L(M

etos

ulam

+ M

CPA

)Z1

3-Z1

4–

ü (1

)ü

(1)

––

––

–ü

(1)

–16

(1

/3)

––

ü (3

)ü

(2)

Flig

ht®

EC

720

mL

(Pic

olin

afen

+ B

rom

oxyn

il +

MC

PA e

ster

)Z1

3-Z1

4–

ü (3

)ü

(3)ü

(1)

––

ü (2

)–

ü (3

)–

––

––

ü (2

)

Gle

an®

12.

5g(C

hlor

sulfu

ron)

Z13-

Z14

–ü

(3)

––

––

––

––

––

––

ü (2

)

Gle

an®

20g

(Chl

orsu

lfuro

n)Z1

3-Z1

4–

ü (1

)ü

(1)

––

––

–ü

(1)

–ü

(3)

––

ü (3

)ü

(2)

Gle

an®

3g

+ Al

ly®

3g

+ M

CPA

0.3

L(C

hlor

sulfu

ron

+ M

etsu

lfuro

n +

MC

PA)

Z13-

Z14

–ü

(1)

––

––

––

––

––

––

–

Hoe

gras

s® 3

75 1

L(D

iclo

fop-

met

hyl)

Z13-

Z14

–ü

(1)

––

––

––

––

–ü

(1)

––

–

Hoe

gras

s® 3

75 1

.5L

(Dic

lofo

p-m

ethy

l)Z1

3-Z1

5N

(1/3

)ü

(6)ü

(2)ü

(1)ü

(2)

–ü

(1)

–ü

(3)

N (1

/1)

13

(1/3

)–

ü (2

)ü

(3)ü

(4)



ble

10. H

erbi

cide

tole

ranc

e (1

999-

2013

) of s

ome

of th

e ba

rley

varie

ties

whe

n gr

own

in W

este

rn A

ustr

alia

. (co

nt.)

(sou

rce:

Har

moh

inde

r Dha

mm

u)

Her

bici

de u

sed

and

rate

app

lied/

ha

Timing

Bass A

Baudin A

Buloke A

Commander A

Fathom A

Fleet A

Gairdner A

Granger A

Hindmarsh A

La Trobe A

Lockyer A

Mundah

Oxford

Roe A

Vlamingh A

Hoe

gras

s® 2

00m

l + A

chie

ve®

200

g(D

iclo

fop-

met

hyl +

Tra

lkox

ydim

)Z1

3-Z1

4–

ü (4

)ü

(1)

––

––

–ü

(1)

–ü

(3)

––

ü (3

)ü

(4)

Jagu

ar®

1L

(Bro

mox

ynil

+ D

ifluf

enic

an)

Z13-

Z14

–ü

(4)ü

(1)

––

–ü

(1)

–ü

(1)

–ü

(3)ü

(1)

–ü

(3)ü

(4)

Lega

cy®

MA

(Difl

ufen

ican

+ M

CPA

)Z1

3-Z1

4ü

(1)

––

ü (1

)–

––

–6 (1

/1)

––

––

––

Para

gon®

0.3

75L

(Pic

olin

afen

+ M

CPA

)Z1

3-Z1

4–

13

(1/4

)–

––

––

––

––

––

–ü

(2)

Tigr

ex®

0.7

5L(D

ifluf

enic

an +

MC

PA)

Z13-

Z14

–ü

(2)

––

––

––

––

––

––

ü (2

)

Tigr

ex®

1L

(Difl

ufen

ican

+ M

CPA

)Z1

3-Z1

4ü

(1)

16

(1/3

)ü

(2)ü

(1)

––

ü (1

)–

ü (2

)–

ü (3

)ü

(1)ü

(2)ü

(3)ü

(2)

Topi

k® 2

40 E

C 0

.14L

(Clo

dina

fop)

Z13-

Z14

––

––

––

ü (1

)–

––

–ü

(1)

––

–

Tria

thlo

n®(D

ifluf

enic

an +

Bro

mox

ynil

+ M

CPA

)Z1

3-Z1

5ü

(1)

––

ü (1

)–

––

–7 (1

/1)

––

––

––

Tris

tar®

1.5

L(D

iclo

fop

+ Fe

noxa

prop

) Z1

2-Z1

4–

––

––

–ü

(1)

––

––

ü (1

)–

––

Tris

tar®

1.5

L +

Tigr

ex®

0.8

L(D

iclof

op +

Fen

oxap

rop)

+ (D

iflufe

nica

n +

MCP

A)Z1

3-Z1

4–

––

––

–ü

(1)

––

––

ü (1

)–

––

Wild

cat®

0.5

L(F

enox

apro

p-P-

ethy

l)Z1

3-Z1

4–

––

––

–9 (1

/1)

––

––

15

(1/1

)–

––

Prec

ept®

300

1L(P

yras

ulfo

tole

+ M

CPA

Est

er)

Z14-

Z15

–ü

(1)ü

(1)

––

––

–ü

(1)

–ü

(2)

––

ü (2

)ü

(1)

Para

gon®

0.5

L(P

icol

inaf

en +

MC

PA)

Z15-

Z16

–ü

(1)ü

(1)

––

––

–ü

(1)

–ü

(2)

––

ü (2

)ü

(1)

MC

PA (a

min

e) 5

00 1

.25L

(MC

PA)

Z15-

Z16

–ü

(2)ü

(1)

––

––

–ü

(1)

––

––

–ü

(2)

MC

PA (a

min

e) 5

00 2

L(M

CPA

)Z1

5-Z1

6–

ü (1

)ü

(1)

––

––

–ü

(1)

–ü

(3)

––

ü (3

)ü

(2)



ble

10. H

erbi

cide

tole

ranc

e (1

999-

2013

) of s

ome

of th

e ba

rley

varie

ties

whe

n gr

own

in W

este

rn A

ustr

alia

. (co

nt.)

(sou

rce:

Har

moh

inde

r Dha

mm

u)

Her

bici

de u

sed

and

rate

app

lied/

ha

Timing

Bass A

Baudin A

Buloke A

Commander A

Fathom A

Fleet A

Gairdner A

Granger A

Hindmarsh A

La Trobe A

Lockyer A

Mundah

Oxford

Roe A

Vlamingh A

2,4-

D A

min

e 50

0 1L

(2,4

-D)

Z15-

Z16

–ü

(2)

––

––

ü (2

)–

––

–ü

(1)

––

ü (2

)

2,4-

D A

min

e 62

5 1.

3L(2

,4-D

)Z1

5-Z1

6ü

(1)ü

(2)ü

(2)ü

(1)

––

––

ü (2

)–

14

(1/3

)–

ü (1

)ü

(3)ü

(2)

2,4-

D E

ster

800

0.5

L(2

,4-D

)Z1

5-Z1

6–

––

––

–ü

(2)

––

––

ü (1

)–

––

2,4-

D E

ster

800

0.7

L(2

,4-D

)Z1

5-Z1

6–

ü (2

)–

––

––

––

–ü

(1)

––

ü (1

)ü

(3)

2,4-

D L

V Es

ter 6

80 x

tra 0

.8L

(2,4

-D)

Z15-

Z16

–ü

(1)ü

(1)

––

––

–ü

(1)

–ü

(2)

––

ü (2

)ü

(1)

Kam

ba®

500

0.2

8L(D

icam

ba)

Z21+

–ü

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Barley variety descriptions

Growers are moving away from growing Baudin, Buloke, Gairdner and Vlamingh (Figure 1) into Hindmarsh and increasingly to Bass and Scope CL. Other options growers are considering include the malting varieties Commander and Granger and the feed varieties Dash, Fathom, La Trobe, Litmus, Lockyer and Oxford. Each of the established, new and future varieties has agronomic (yield, quality, disease, agronomy) strengths and weaknesses that need to be carefully weighed against demand signals from the market (Table 1), pricing of malting varieties, pricing of the food variety Hindmarsh and the location of receival sites.

There is greater market demand for some varieties in some port zones and lesser demand in other port zones (Tables 1 and 2). That demand will influence the choice of variety that is sown regionally. No one variety matches all the different farming systems in which barley is grown or the brewing and shochu markets we service. Use the market and agronomic information presented in Tables 1 to 10 and Figures 3 to 10 to assist with decisions on what variety to grow. To make it easier to review the attributes of each barley variety, varietal descriptions in this year’s technical bulletin have changed from text summaries to a tabulated format. Varieties with a malting or food classification are described first and then the feed varieties.

In less than 3t/ha environments the best alternatives to Hindmarsh include:

1) Fathom. Fathom is very similar to Hindmarsh in the less than 3t/ha environments (Figure 3) and is a better alternative than Mundah and Roe. Fathom should be considered where a long coleoptile is advantageous (ie. deep seeding into moisture) (Table 7). Fathom is also later to flower than Hindmarsh and may be better suited to earlier sowing opportunities. Fathom’s advantage of having the best available adult resistance to STNB is offset by it being susceptible to both pathotypes of NTNB (Table 5). Growers need to be aware of which net blotch their stubble is carrying, based on whether STNB or NTNB was present in the previous barley crop, to determine if Fathom will be useful in the rotation. Weed competition data from eastern Australia suggests that Fathom is more competitive against oats than Hindmarsh.

2) La Trobe. La Trobe (tested as IGB1101) is from the same cross as Hindmarsh. It is almost identical in its agronomic performance and agronomic traits to Hindmarsh in Western Australia (Tables 3, 4 to 8). La Trobe will undergo Stage 2 of the Barley Australia accreditation process in 2014. In 2014 a limited volume of seed has been released, focusing on the Kwinana Port Zone. The bulk of the La Trobe grown in 2014 will be used for seed for the 2015 season. Small volumes of La Trobe will be accumulated in the Kwinana Port Zone at the 2014/15 harvest.

3) Litmus. Litmus is the best available barley for sowing on soils with an acidic profile. Why? Litmus carries the Alt1 gene which allows its roots to excrete citrate reducing the toxicity of Al in the soil. On acidic soils this results in increased grain yield relative to traditional barley varieties (Table 4) and a similar yield to wheat varieties like Calingiri and Wyalkatchem. Unfortunately Litmus grains can display a blue aleurone, as detected in Henley, which affects its ability to be delivered against current GTA and GIWA barley receival standards. For the 2014/15 harvest CBH will accept Litmus at selected feed barley stacks in all port zones, with no penalty if blue aleurone levels exceed the receival limit of 1 in 100 grains. After the 2014/15 harvest there is no intention for Litmus to be received by CBH in the Kwinana, Albany and Esperance Port Zones. In the Geraldton Port Zone, however, InterGrain and Syngenta are working with international parties to develop options to continue the production and receival of Litmus in the Geraldton Port Zone in 2015 onwards.

4) Scope. Whilst Scope CL is slightly lower yielding than Hindmarsh in the less than 3t/ha environments (Figure 7), growers will sow it instead of Hindmarsh where brome and barley grass are a problem, where they have used a Clearfield® herbicide in the previous crop or over summer or if they want to sow early into a non-Clearfield® wheat stubble. Scope CL is later to flower than Hindmarsh and may be better suited to earlier sowing opportunities. As with Buloke, timely harvesting is required to minimise the risk of head loss at maturity.



In more than 3t/ha environments, the best feed barley alternatives to Hindmarsh include:

1) Dash. Dash is higher yielding above 4t/ha and has a better overall disease resistance package than Hindmarsh including scald, adult resistance to NTNB, barley leaf rust and barley yellow dwarf (Tables 5 and 6). Dash flowers two weeks later than Hindmarsh with late April sowing.

2) Lockyer. Lockyer is higher yielding than Hindmarsh above 4t/ha (Figures 3 and 4), but not a good as Dash or Oxford in very high yielding situations. Lockyer is however more stable than Dash and Lockyer with delayed sowing. The leaf disease resistance of Lockyer is comparable with Hindmarsh, except Lockyer is better where Beecher avirulent NTNB is present (Table 5). Lockyer flowers two weeks later than Hindmarsh with late April sowing.

3) Oxford. Oxford is best suited to environments with a yield potential above 4t/ha (Figure 4). Oxford has a very high yield potential when sown early (late April and early May), but its potential drops rapidly as seeding is delayed into late May and even later. Oxford flowers nearly two weeks later than Hindmarsh with late April sowing. In high disease risk environments, Oxford is superior to Hindmarsh for straw strength and head retention, NTNB, powdery mildew, barley leaf rust and barley yellow dwarf virus (Tables 5 to 7).

In more than 3t/ha environments the malting barley alternatives to Hindmarsh include:

1) Bass. Bass is generally lower yielding than Hindmarsh (Table 3, Figures 6 and 7). If a realised malt premium of at least $20/t can be achieved, Bass is likely to equal or the better profitability of Hindmarsh in environments with a potential above 3.4t/ha. Both varieties have a similar disease resistance profile (with Hindmarsh better for powdery mildew), except Bass will have a higher probability of receival as Malt1 than Hindmarsh for receival as BFOD1 due its plumper grain (Figures 9 and 10) and slightly brighter kernels. Bass is now at risk of barley leaf rust.

2) Buloke. Buloke is generally lower yielding than Hindmarsh (Table 3, Figures 6 and 7). If a realised malt premium of at least $20/t can be achieved, Buloke is likely to equal or the better

profitability of Hindmarsh in environments with a potential above 3t/ha. Buloke’s grain has a lower probability of being received as Malt1 (due to more screenings, Figures 9 and 10, and a lower hectolitre weight) than Hindmarsh being received as BFOD1. It also has poorer straw strength and is at a much higher risk of head loss. Buloke has better resistance to NTNB and STNB than Hindmarsh but is not as good for scald (Table 5).

3) Commander. Commander’s main weakness in the above 3t/ha environments is straw strength, even though it can out yield Hindmarsh in the above 5t/ha environments (Figure 6). If a realised malt premium of at least $20/t can be achieved, Commander is likely to equal or the better profitability of Hindmarsh in environments with a potential above 3t/ha. Commander is close to but not quite as plump as Hindmarsh (Figure 9). Disease resistance is comparable with Hindmarsh, but Commander is poorer for scald and net type net blotch. Like Hindmarsh, barley leaf rust is a risk to manage.

4) Granger. Granger is very competitive with Hindmarsh in high rainfall areas (Figure 7) and has the highest yield potential of the current malting varieties. Its advantage over Hindmarsh includes durable powdery mildew resistance (due to mlo gene), adult plant resistance to barley leaf rust (due to Rph20 gene), improved resistance to Beecher avirulent NTNB and improved barley yellow dwarf resistance, although it is more susceptible to scald (Tables 5 and 6). Grain plumpness of Granger is an improvement over Baudin and Buloke, but not as good as Bass or Vlamingh (Figure 9). Grain plumpness is similar to Hindmarsh. Granger has a good hectolitre weight, but grain brightness may be an issue in some seasons.

5) Scope CL. Scope CL performs almost identically to Buloke (Tables 5 to 8 and Figures 7 and 10). Aside from the herbicide advantages of Scope CL relative to Hindmarsh, it has better resistance to NTNB and powdery mildew, but it is poorer for straw strength and head retention than Hindmarsh (Tables 5 and 7). Relative to Buloke, Scope is slightly plumper (Figure 10) and tolerant of Clearfield® herbicides and residues. As with Buloke head loss may be an issue in some seasons.



Bass AMalting variety

Comments Bass is a semi-dwarf malting barley BEING ASSESSED as a variety for export as grain, as malt and as a shochu barley. Reaches awn peep 10 to 12 days earlier than Baudin with late April planting and 4 to 6 days earlier when sown in late May. Competitive with Buloke for grain yield, higher yielding than Baudin and as good as Hindmarsh in environments with a yield potential above 5t/ha. Better resistance to scald and powdery mildew than Baudin. It is susceptible to barley leaf rust when the new pathotype 5457 P- is present, but resistant if pathotype 5453 P- is present. Bass is expected to have a higher probability of malting than Baudin as its grain plumpness and hectolitre weight is superior (being similar to Vlamingh).Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 106% 99%Agzone 2 94% 84%Agzone 3 98% 91%Agzone 4 91% 85%Agzone 5 96% 84%Agzone 6 105% 94%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – MRMSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MR MRMSNTNB (Beecher avirulent) S MS-SSTNB MRMS SPowdery mildew MS MSLeaf rust R/S MR/SBYD and CYD MR MRRLN (P. neglectus) MS-Sp MS-SpRLN (P. teres) MSp MSpCCN S SFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April -1 to +1 -8 to -6late May +6 to +8 -2 to 0early July +8 to +10 0 to +2Agronomic traits Coleoptile length MediumPlant height ShortStraw strength Very GoodHead retention GoodHerbicide tolerance Has shown no sensitivity to label rates of a limited number of herbicides evaluated in herbicide tolerance trials conducted in Western Australia.

Variety information Pedigree WABAR2023/AlexisBreeder or licensee InterGrainAccess to seed Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excl GST) $3.50

Baudin AMalting variety

Comments Baudin is a semi-dwarf malting barley that is PREFERRED for export as grain, as malt and as a shochu barley. Baudin is regarded as the premium malting variety for the Chinese, south-east Asian and Japanese brewing markets. Despite strong market demand, production of Baudin is declining. Firstly because it is no longer yield competitive with the newer malting and food varieties. Secondly because it is very susceptible to powdery mildew and barley leaf rust and susceptible to scald and all forms of net blotch. When growing Baudin an integrated disease management plan needs to be implemented. Grain plumpness of Baudin is similar to Buloke but inferior to Bass and Vlamingh.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 92% 86%Agzone 2 92% 83%Agzone 3 84% 78%Agzone 4 90% 83%Agzone 5 94% 83%Agzone 6 92% 83%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – MS-SNTNB (Beecher virulent) S SNTNB (Beecher avirulent) S SSTNB MRMS SPowdery mildew VS VSLeaf rust S-VS S-VSBYD and CYD MR MRRLN (P. neglectus) MS MS RLN (P. teres) MS-Sp MS-SpCCN S SFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April +10 to +12 +3 to +5late May +10 to +12 +2 to +4early July +4 to +5 -3 to -1Agronomic traits Coleoptile length MediumPlant height ShortStraw strength Very Good Head retention Very Good Herbicide tolerance May be sensitive to label rate applications of Paragon® (picolinafen + MCPA) and Tigrex® (diflufenican + MCPA) sprayed at Z13-Z14.

Variety information Pedigree Stirling/FranklinBreeder or licensee InterGrainAccess to seed Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excl GST) $3.50 - malt/$1.00 - feed



Buloke AMalting variety

Comments Buloke is a tall malting barley ACCEPTABLE for export as grain and as malt. Buloke is no longer the highest yielding malting variety. The new malting varieties Commander, Granger and Scope CL are equal to or higher yielding than Buloke. Buloke’s probability of malting is similar to Baudin (due to similarities in their grain plumpness) but lower than Bass and Vlamingh. Its hectolitre weight is between that of Baudin and Vlamingh, but its grain is 0.5 to 1.5 Minolta ‘L*’ units darker than Baudin grain. Despite having a similar grain width, Buloke grains are 2 – 6mg heavier than Baudin grains. Lodging and head loss are two risks before harvest.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Baudin % HindmarshAgzone 1 109% 93%Agzone 2 108% 90%Agzone 3 119% 93%Agzone 4 111% 93%Agzone 5 106% 88%Agzone 6 108% 90%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – MSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMS MRMSpNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MRMSSTNB MRMS MSPowdery mildew MR MRLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD MRMS MRMSRLN (P. neglectus) MR MRRLN (P. teres) MRMSp MRMSpCCN S SFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Baudinlate April +7 to +9 -5 to -3late May +7 to +9 -4 to -2early July +7 to +9 +1 to +3Agronomic traits Coleoptile length ShortPlant height TallStraw strength FairHead retention PoorHerbicide tolerance May be sensitive to a label rate application of Axial® (pinoxadin) sprayed at Z12-Z14; Diuron + MCPA amine (diuron + MCPA) sprayed at Z14-Z15; and Velocity® (bromoxynil + pyrasulfotole) sprayed at Z12-15. Variety information Pedigree Franklin/VB9104//VB9104Breeder or licensee DPI (Vic)Access to seed SeedNet Authorised GrowersEPR ($/t, excl GST) $2.00

Commander AMalting variety

Comments Commander is a tall malting barley that is ACCEPTABLE for export as grain and as malt. The strongest current demand for Commander grain is from Joe White Maltings to export as malt. Commander is equal to or higher yielding than Buloke, except in Agzone 4 and superior to Buloke in environments with a yield potential above 3.5t/ha. Straw strength may be an issue in high yielding environments. Commander is expected to have a slightly higher probability of malting than Baudin as its grain is slightly plumper, but with a slightly lower hectolitre weight. Commander has good resistance to powdery mildew, but is at risk of scald, NTNB, STNB and barley leaf rust.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 103% 96%Agzone 2 97% 87%Agzone 3 95% 89%Agzone 4 95% 88%Agzone 5 97% 86%Agzone 6 104% 93%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – MS-SNTNB (Beecher virulent) S SNTNB (Beecher avirulent) S SSTNB S MS-SPowdery mildew MRMS MRLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD MRMSp MRMSpRLN (P. neglectus) MS MSRLN (P. teres) MSp MSpCCN R RFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April +8 to +10 0 to +2late May +11 to +13 +3 to +4early July +5 to +7 -3 to -1Agronomic traits Coleoptile length MediumPlant height MediumStraw strength FairHead retention FairHerbicide tolerance Has only been tested against a small number of herbicides in Western Australia. May be sensitive to a label rate application of Velocity® (bromoxynil + pyrasulfotole) sprayed at Z12-15.Variety information Pedigree Keel/Sloop//GalaxyBreeder or licensee University of AdelaideAccess to seed SeedNet Authorised GrowersEPR ($/t, excl GST) $3.80



Gairdner AMalting variety

Comments Gairdner is a semi-dwarf malting variety ACCEPTABLE for export as grain and as malt. Production of Gairdner is on the decline to varieties with superior grain yield, disease resistance and grain quality. Gairdner has the lowest probability of meeting malt barley receival specifications due to its narrow grain shape. It is susceptible to STNB, powdery mildew (very susceptible as a seedling) and barley leaf rust. When growing Gairdner an integrated disease management plan needs to be implemented. Like Buloke there is a risk of head loss before harvest.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 87% 81%Agzone 2 95% 86%Agzone 3 90% 84%Agzone 4 90% 84%Agzone 5 97% 85%Agzone 6 93% 83%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – MSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMS MRMSNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MRMSSTNB S SPowdery mildew VS SLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD MR MRRLN (P. neglectus) MS MSRLN (P. teres) MSp MSpCCN S SFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April +7 to +9 0 to +2late May +12 to +14 +3 to +5early July +12 to +14 +4 to +6Agronomic traits Coleoptile length MediumPlant height MediumStraw strength GoodHead retention FairHerbicide tolerance May be sensitive to label rate applications of Affinity® + MCPA amine (carfentrazone-ethyl + MCPA), Ally® (metsulfuron), Barrel® or Broadside® (bromoxynil + MCPA + dicamba), Diuron + MCPA (diuron + MCPA) and Wildcat® (fenoxaprop-P-ethyl) sprayed at Z13-Z14.Variety information Pedigree Tas 83-537/OnslowBreeder or licensee InterGrainAccess to seed Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excl GST) No EPR payable

Granger AMalting variety

Comments Granger is a semi-dwarf malting variety BEING ASSESSED for export as grain but not as malt. Granger, like Commander, is equal to or superior than Buloke for grain yield, especially in environments with a yield potential above 3.5t/ha. Granger is superior yielding to Hindmarsh in environments with a yield potential above 4.5t/ha. Granger’s probability of malting is expected to be superior to Baudin, having better grain plumpness and hectolitre weight, but not as good as Vlamingh. Excellent resistance to powdery mildew (mlo resistance) and barley leaf rust (due to adult plant resistance, Rph20). To reduce scald and STNB risk, avoid sowing Granger into paddocks where 1 or 2 year old barley stubble is present.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 – –Agzone 2 105% 94%Agzone 3 102% 95%Agzone 4 – –Agzone 5 101% 89%Agzone 6 112% 100%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – SNTNB (Beecher virulent) S MSNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MSp MRMSSTNB S SPowdery mildew R RLeaf rust R# R-MRBYD and CYD MRMS MRMSRLN (P. neglectus) MS MSRLN (P. teres) MRMSp MRMSpCCN S SFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April +4 to +6 -3 to -1late May +8 to +10 -1 to +1early July +10 to +12 +1 to +3Agronomic traits Coleoptile length MediumPlant height MediumStraw strength GoodHead retention GoodHerbicide tolerance Has only been tested against a limited number of herbicides in Western Australia.

Variety information Pedigree Braemar/AdonisBreeder or licensee NickersonsAccess to seed Heritage SeedsEPR ($/t, excl GST) $2.95



Scope CL A

Malting varietyComments Scope CL is a tall malting variety BEING ASSESSED for export as grain and as malt. Scope CL is derived from Buloke through mutation and its agronomic response (grain yield, disease, grain quality, phenology, lodging, head loss and agronomic traits) is almost identical to Buloke. Scope CL is tolerant of the imidazolinone chemistry herbicide Intervix®, allowing Scope CL to be sown in rotations with other Clearfield® crops, where brome and barley grass are a problem or when sowing into non-Clearfield® wheat stubbles. Whilst there are agronomic similarities between Scope CL and Buloke, Barley Australia and CBH have advised that there will be no co-binning of malt grade Scope CL and Buloke.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 100% 94%Agzone 2 101% 91%Agzone 3 100% 93%Agzone 4 101% 93%Agzone 5 99% 87%Agzone 6 100% 90%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – MSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MR MRMSpNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MRMSSTNB MS SPowdery mildew R RLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD MRp MRpRLN (P. neglectus) MS-Sp MS-SpRLN (P. teres) MSp MSpCCN S SFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April +7 to +9 0 to +2late May +7 to +9 -1 to +1early July +7 to +9 -1 to +1Agronomic traits Coleoptile length ShortPlant height TallStraw strength FairHead retention PoorHerbicide tolerance Data from herbicide tolerance trials in Western Australia is not yet available.

Variety information Pedigree Franklin/VB9104//VB9104Breeder or licensee DPI (Vic)Access to seed SeedNetEPR ($/t, excl GST) $3.50

Vlamingh A

Malting varietyComments Vlamingh is a tall malting barley that is ACCEPTABLE when exported as grain, but with LIMITED demand for export as malt. Vlamingh is discounted relative to other established malting varieties. Vlamingh has a similar grain yield to Buloke in all Agzones, but has a higher probability of malting than both Baudin and Buloke due to its superior grain plumpness and very good hectolitre weight. It is susceptible to STNB, powdery mildew and barley leaf rust, but has good resistance to scald and NTNB. Has better straw strength than Buloke and Commander and a low risk of head loss.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 102% 95%Agzone 2 100% 90%Agzone 3 96% 89%Agzone 4 94% 87%Agzone 5 98% 86%Agzone 6 102% 91%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – MRNTNB (Beecher virulent) MR MRMSNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MR MRMSSTNB MRMS SPowdery mildew S SLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD MS MSRLN (P. neglectus) MS MSRLN (P. teres) MSp MSpCCN S SFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April +7 to +9 -1 to +1late May +6 to +8 -2 to 0early July +6 to +8 -1 to +1Agronomic traits Coleoptile length MediumPlant height Tall Straw strength Moderately GoodHead retention Good Herbicide tolerance May be sensitive to label rate applications of Ally® (metsulfuron) and Axial® (pinoxadin) sprayed at Z13-Z14.

Variety information Pedigree WABAR570/TR118Breeder or licensee InterGrainAccess to seed Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excl GST) $3.50 - malt/$1.50 - feed



Hindmarsh A

Food varietyComments Hindmarsh is semi-dwarf food variety that is segregated and exported to FAQ markets in China at a small premium over feed barley. Alongside Fathom, Lockyer and Oxford, Hindmarsh is one of highest yielding varieties in Western Australia. It is higher yielding than all malting varieties in environments with a yield potential below 3t/ha. Hindmarsh’s probability of being received as BFOD1 is expected to be superior to that of Baudin for malt, having better grain plumpness and hectolitre weight, but not as good as Vlamingh for malting. Grain brightness may be an issue in coastal regions. Has good resistance to powdery mildew but is susceptible to STNB and barley leaf rust.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % BaudinAgzone 1 107% 116%Agzone 2 111% 120%Agzone 3 107% 128%Agzone 4 108% 120%Agzone 5 114% 121%Agzone 6 111% 121%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald - MRMSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMS MSNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MSSTNB S SPowdery mildew MRMS MRMSLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD S SRLN (P. neglectus) MR MRRLN (P. teres) MRp MRpCCN R RFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April -4 to -2 -12 to -10late May 0 to +2 -8 to -6early July +1 to +3 -7 to -5Agronomic traits Coleoptile length ShortPlant height MediumStraw strength Moderately GoodHead retention Moderately GoodHerbicide tolerance May be sensitive to label rate applications of Diruon + MCPA (diuron + MCPA) and Legacy® (diflufenican + MCPA) sprayed at Z13-Z14 and Triathlon® (diflufenican + bromoxynil + MCPA) sprayed at Z13-Z15.

Variety information Pedigree Dash/VB9409Breeder or licensee DPI (Vic)Access to seed SeedNet Authorised GrowersEPR ($/t, excl GST) $1.50



Dash A

Feed varietyComments High yielding, semi-dwarf feed variety highly resistant to scald, powdery mildew and barley leaf rust best suited to Agzones 3 and 6. Has good resistance to NTNB but is susceptible to STNB. Dash is higher yielding than Hindmarsh in environments with a yield potential above 4t/ha. An erectoidies variety that can produce small grain. Dash can be expected to show a small percentage of red awned and taller off types. It has a short coleoptile and caution is urged with deep seeding. May be useful in rotations where root lesion nematodes and cereal cyst nematodes are a problem.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 – –Agzone 2 – –Agzone 3 102% 95%Agzone 4 – –Agzone 5 108% 95%Agzone 6 – –Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – RNTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMS MRMSNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MRMSSTNB S SPowdery mildew R RLeaf rust MSp RBYD and CYD MRMSp MRMSpRLN (P. neglectus) MRMS MRMSRLN (P. teres) MRp MRpCCN R RFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April +9 to +11 +2 to +4late May +11 to +13 +2 to +4early July +12 to +14 +6 to +7Agronomic traits Coleoptile length ShortPlant height ShortStraw strength GoodHead retention Very GoodHerbicide tolerance Showed no sensitivity to a limited number of herbicides evaluated in herbicides tolerance trials during 2009 in Western Australia.

Variety information Pedigree Chad/Joline//CaskBreeder or licensee Heritage SeedsAccess to seed SeedNetEPR ($/t, excl GST) $1.80

Fathom AFeed variety

Comments New (tested as WI4483) long coleoptile, tall feed barley. Similar grain yield to Hindmarsh in NVT trials, but slightly below in a side-by-side analysis of NVT + DAFWA barley agronomy trials. Fathom has the highest level of resistance to STNB of current varieties but is susceptible to NTNB. Has good resistance to scald and powdery mildew but is susceptible to barley leaf rust. Fathom is mixed for its head colour, having green and waxy green heads. When needing to sow into moisture at depth Fathom is better suited than Hindmarsh as it has a longer coleoptile than Hindmarsh. Weed competition data from eastern Australia suggests it is more competitive against oats than Hindmarsh.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 – –Agzone 2 104% 93%Agzone 3 104% 97%Agzone 4 107% 99%Agzone 5 110% 96%Agzone 6 109% 98%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – MRNTNB (Beecher virulent) S SNTNB (Beecher avirulent) S MS-SSTNB MR MRMSPowdery mildew MRMS MRMSLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD MRp MRpRLN (P. neglectus) – –RLN (P. teres) – –CCN R RFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April +6 to +8 -2 to 0late May +3 to +5 -5 to -3early July +3 to +5 -6 to -4Agronomic traits Coleoptile length LongPlant height TallStraw strength FairHead retention Moderately GoodHerbicide tolerance Has only been tested against a limited number of herbicides in Western Australia. May be sensitive to a label rate application of Diuron + MCPA (diuron + MCPA) sprayed at Z13-Z14.

Variety information Pedigree JE013D-020/WI3806-1Breeder or licensee University of AdelaideAccess to seed SeedNetEPR ($/t, excl GST) $2.00



Fleet A

Feed varietyComments CCN resistant feed variety with good overall disease resistance and a maturity similar to Buloke and Vlamingh. Grain yield is between Buloke and Hindmarsh and generally below Fathom and Lockyer. The hectolitre weight of Fleet is 2 – 3kg/hl lighter than Hindmarsh and Lockyer and up to 1kg/hL lighter than Mundah. It is susceptible to lodging and head loss with early planting. Fleet has a long coleoptile (so can be planted deep) and is suited to both sandy and clayey soils. May be useful in rotations where root lesion nematodes and cereal cyst nematodes are a problem.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 109% 102%Agzone 2 102% 92%Agzone 3 102% 95%Agzone 4 102% 95%Agzone 5 106% 93%Agzone 6 104% 93%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – MSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MSp MRMSpNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MRSTNB MR MSPowdery mildew MRMS MRMSLeaf rust S MRMSBYD and CYD MRMS MRMSRLN (P. neglectus) MRMS MRMSRLN (P. teres) MRMSp MRMSpCCN R RFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April +3 to +5 -4 to -2late May +5 to +7 -3 to -1early July +3 to +5 -5 to -3Agronomic traits Coleoptile length LongPlant height MediumStraw strength FairHead retention FairHerbicide tolerance Has only been evaluated against Barrel® / Broadside® (bromoxynil + MCPA + dicamba) sprayed at Z13-Z14 and showed no sensitivity at label rates. The impact of other herbicides is unknown.

Variety information Pedigree Mundah/Keel//BarqueBreeder or licensee University of AdelaideAccess to seed SeedNetEPR ($/t, excl GST) $1.50

La Trobe A

Feed varietyComments New (tested as IGB1101) early spring, semi-dwarf, CCN resistant barley bred in Victoria but licensed to InterGrain. Almost identical to Hindmarsh in the paddock as derived from the same cross. La Trobe has been released as a feed barley pending the results of Barley Australia’s Stage 2 testing in 2014. The decision is now due by March 2015. A limited volume of seed has been released by the seed licensee Syngenta, focusing on the Kwinana Port Zone. The bulk of the La Trobe grown in 2014 will be used for seed for the 2015 season, although small volumes will be accumulated in the Kwinana Port Zone at the 2014/15 harvest for market development purposes if accredited.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 – –Agzone 2 110% 99%Agzone 3 108% 101%Agzone 4 – –Agzone 5 113% 100%Agzone 6 113% 102%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – MRNTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMS MSNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MRMSSTNB S SPowdery mildew MRMS MRMSLeaf rust MS SBYD and CYD Sp SpRLN (P. neglectus) MS MSRLN (P. teres) MSp MSpCCN R RFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April -4 to -2 -12 to -10late May 0 to +2 -8 to -6early July +1 to +3 -7 to -5Agronomic traits Coleoptile length ShortPlant height MediumStraw strength Moderately GoodHead retention Moderately GoodHerbicide tolerance Has only been tested against a limited number of herbicides in Western Australia. May be sensitive to a label rate application of Diuron + MCPA (diuron + MCPA) sprayed at Z13-Z14.

Variety information Pedigree Dash/VB9409Breeder or licensee InterGrainAccess to seed SyngentaEPR ($/t, excl GST) $4.00



Litmus A

Feed varietyComments New (tested as WABAR2625) medium height feed barley with improved tolerance to low soil pH and high soil Al. Carries Alt1 gene which allows its roots to excrete citrate reducing the toxicity of Al in the soil, resulting in increased grain yield relative to traditional barley varieties on acidic soils. Litmus provides growers with an option to diversify their wheat phase on acidic soils, but does not ameliorate the soil. Lime is required to ameliorate soil with a low pH. Higher yielding than Hindmarsh on soils with a sub-soil pH below 4.8. The future of Litmus beyond the 2014/15 harvest is uncertain due to the presence of blue aleurone in its grain.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 – –Agzone 2 106% 95%Agzone 3 87% 81%Agzone 4 – –Agzone 5 99% 87%Agzone 6 – –Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – S-VSNTNB (Beecher virulent) S SNTNB (Beecher avirulent) Sp SSTNB S SPowdery mildew MS-S MSLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD Sp SpRLN (P. neglectus) – –RLN (P. teres) – –CCN – –Flowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April -7 to -5 -13 to -11late May 0 to +2 -9 to -7early July 0 to +2 -8 to -6Agronomic traits Coleoptile length ShortPlant height MediumStraw strength FairHead retention FairHerbicide tolerance Data from herbicide tolerance trials in Western Australia is not yet available

Variety information Pedigree WB229/2*Baudin//WABAR2238Breeder or licensee InterGrainAccess to seed SyngentaEPR ($/t, excl GST) $3.80

Lockyer A

Feed varietyComments Longer seasoned, semi-dwarf, high yielding feed variety. Lockyer has a grain yield comparable to Hindmarsh in all Agzones except Agzones 4 and 5. Can be higher yielding than Hindmarsh in environments with a yield potential above 4t/ha. Relative to the long seasoned feed varieties Dash and Oxford, Lockyer is able to maintain its grain yield as seeding is delayed into June and July. Has poor resistance to barley leaf rust relative to Dash and Oxford.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 110% 103%Agzone 2 107% 97%Agzone 3 104% 97%Agzone 4 102% 94%Agzone 5 109% 96%Agzone 6 112% 101%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – MRMSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MR MSpNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MR MRMSSTNB S SPowdery mildew MRMS MRMSLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD S SRLN (P. neglectus) MR MRRLN (P. teres) MRMSp MRMSpCCN – –Flowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April +11 to +13 +3 to +5late May +12 to +14 +3 to +5early July +7 to +9 -1 to +1Agronomic traits Coleoptile length MediumPlant height ShortStraw strength Moderately GoodHead retention Very GoodHerbicide tolerance May be sensitive to label rate applications of Achieve® (tralkoxydim), Eclipse® + MCPA LVE (metosulam + MCPA) and Hoegrass® (diclofop-methyl) sprayed at Z13-Z14; and to 2,4-D Amine 625 sprayed at Z15-Z16.

Variety information Pedigree Tantangara/VB9104Breeder or licensee InterGrainAccess to seed Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excl GST) $1.50



MundahFeed variety

Comments It is suited to later sowing systems where early season weed control is necessary. Mundah can suffer from severe head loss. Suitable for areas with a low disease risk, but may be useful in rotations where root lesion nematodes, but not cereal cyst nematodes are a problem. Lower yielding than most newer feed varieties including Fathom, Hindmarsh, Litmus, Lockyer and Roe.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 84% 79%Agzone 2 96% 86%Agzone 3 89% 83%Agzone 4 99% 91%Agzone 5 95% 83%Agzone 6 86% 77%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – SNTNB (Beecher virulent) S SNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MS MSSTNB S SPowdery mildew S MS-SLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD S SRLN (P. neglectus) MR MRRLN (P. teres) MRp MRpCCN S SFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April -8 to -6 -16 to -14late May -6 to -4 -15 to -13early July +1 to +3 -6 to -4Agronomic traits Coleoptile length MediumPlant height Medium Straw strength Fair Head retention Fair Herbicide tolerance May be sensitive to a label rate application of Wildcat® (fenoxaprop-P-ethyl) sprayed at Z13-Z14.

Variety information Pedigree Yagan/O’ConnorBreeder or licensee InterGrainAccess to seed Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excl GST) No EPR payable

Oxford A

Feed varietyComments Long seasoned, semi-dwarf, feed barley suited to Agzones 3 and 6. Oxford is best suited to late April or early May planting and its yield potential falls rapidly as seeding is delayed. Oxford is higher yielding than Hindmarsh in environments with a yield potential above 4t/ha, particularly when sown early. Excellent resistance to NTNB, powdery mildew (non-mlo resistance) and barley leaf rust (due to adult plant resistance, Rph20). Growers need to be wary of STNB and therefore avoid sowing Oxford into paddocks where 1 or 2 year old barley stubble is present. May be useful in rotations where root lesion nematodes are a problem.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 108% 101%Agzone 2 101% 91%Agzone 3 102% 95%Agzone 4 – –Agzone 5 98% 86%Agzone 6 116% 104%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald - MSNTNB (Beecher virulent) R MRMSpNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MR MRSTNB S SPowdery mildew R RLeaf rust R# RBYD and CYD MRMS MRMSRLN (P. neglectus) MRMSp MRMSpRLN (P. teres) – –CCN S SFlowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April +7 to +9 0 to +2late May +13 to +15 +5 to +7early July +11 to +13 +3 to +5Agronomic traits Coleoptile length MediumPlant height ShortStraw strength Very GoodHead retention Very GoodHerbicide tolerance Has shown no sensitivity to a limited number of herbicides evaluated in herbicide tolerance trials.

Variety information Pedigree Tavern/ChimeBreeder or licensee NickersonsAccess to seed Heritage SeedsEPR ($/t, excl GST) $2.50



Roe A

Feed varietyComments Medium height, early spring feed barley. Reaches awn peep 4 – 6 days later than Mundah and at a similar time to Hindmarsh and Stirling with late May sowing. Roe is higher yielding than Mundah, equivalent to Fleet, but lower yielding than Hindmarsh. Suitable for areas with a low disease risk, but may be useful in rotations where root lesion nematodes are a problem.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 102% 95%Agzone 2 105% 95%Agzone 3 98% 91%Agzone 4 103% 95%Agzone 5 103% 91%Agzone 6 101% 90%Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – MS-SNTNB (Beecher virulent) S SNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MS MS-SSTNB S SPowdery mildew MS MSLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD MS MSRLN (P. neglectus) MR MRRLN (P. teres) MRp MRpCCN -– –Flowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April -1 to -3 -10 to -8late May +1 to +3 -8 to -6early July 0 to +2 -7 to -5Agronomic traits Coleoptile length MediumPlant height MediumStraw strength Moderately GoodHead retention Moderately GoodHerbicide tolerance Has shown no sensitivity to a range of different herbicides when evaluated in herbicide tolerance trials.

Variety information Pedigree Doolup//Windich/MorexBreeder or licensee InterGrainAccess to seed Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excl GST) $1.50

YaganFeed variety

Comments Very early maturing variety that may be considered in weed management situations for late sowing or short seasons. As Yagan has not been sown in NVT trials since 2003 there is no current MET data available. Results from DAFWA barley agronomy time of sowing trials suggest that Fleet, Hindmarsh, Lockyer and Roe are all higher yielding than Yagan. Hindmarsh and Roe also have improved hectolitre weight and grain brightness relative to Yagan.

Grain yield (2009-2013) % Buloke % HindmarshAgzone 1 – –Agzone 2 – –Agzone 3 – –Agzone 4 – –Agzone 5 – –Agzone 6 – –Disease resistance Seedling AdultScald – VSNTNB (Beecher virulent) MRMS MS-SpNTNB (Beecher avirulent) MRMS MRMSSTNB MRMS SPowdery mildew R MRMSLeaf rust S SBYD and CYD S SRLN (P. neglectus) MS MSRLN (P. teres) MRp MRpCCN – -–Flowering (days to Z49) rel. Stirling rel. Bulokelate April -19 to -17 -28 to -26late May -15 to -13 -21 to -19early July -7 to -5 -14 to -12Agronomic traits Coleoptile length MediumPlant height Medium Straw strength FairHead retention Moderately GoodHerbicide tolerance May be sensitive to a label rate application of Eclipse® (metosulam + MCPA) and Glean® (chlorsulfuron) sprayed at Z13-Z14.

Variety information Pedigree unknown pedigreeBreeder or licensee InterGrainAccess to seed Free to tradeEPR ($/t, excl GST) No EPR payable

1. Grow varieties with adequate resistance to stem, stripe and leaf rust.

2. Phase out very susceptible (VS) or susceptible (S) varieties.

3. Remove volunteer plants, called the green bridge, at least four weeks before sowing.

4. Know the seedling and adult rust resistance or susceptibility of varieties sown.

5. Monitor crops – early disease detection and management is best.

6. Identify chemical options, taking into account maximum residue limits and withholding periods.

7. Play your part in national rust management and report infections to your State agriculture department.

8. Send suspected rust infections to the Australian Cereal Rust Survey, Private Bag 4011, Narellan NSW 2567.

The Rust Bust is an initiative of the Australian Cereal Rust Control Program Consultative Committee, with support from the Grains Research and Development Corporation.

Have a rust management plan this season

If you find rust, be proactive and tell other growers.

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