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What is Depression?
A disease affecting the entire mind and body, causing a person to feel miserable in many ways.
Changes in brain chemistry make it happen.
Causes – unknown
Can strike normal and healthy people.
Often confused with other illnesses.
Treatable with medications and therapies.
Triggers of Depression in Teenagers
Personal experiences Earlier traumatic experiences Stress Hormonal changes Medical conditions Allergies Nutritional deficiencies Biology
Effects of Depression in Teenagers
Drug and alcohol use
Low self-esteem
Eating disorders
Self injury
Acting out
Suicidal thoughts or attempts
Prevalence of Depression
As many as 8% of adolescents
1-3% of children
5% of all children ages 9-17 have been diagnosed with major depression
Relapse of Depression
20-40% of depressed children relapse within 2 years
70% of depressed children relapse by adulthood
Major Depressive Disorder
Primary hallmark of this disorder is a depressed mood present for most of the time, nearly every day for at least two weeks.
Depression in adolescence is associated with future problems with depression.
Dysthymic Disorder
Evidenced by depressed or irritable mood for at least one year. This is normally milder than major depressive disorder but can lead to major depressive disorder and can cause impairment in functioning and development.
Co-Morbidity
Depression is highly associated with:
Eating Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Personality Disturbances
Substance Abuse
Suicidal Ideology
IMPLICATIONS FOR LEARNING
DIFFICULTY WITH:CONCENTRATION
ORGANIZATION
FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS
REMEMBERING ASSIGNMENTS
EXTREME SENSITIVITY TO CORRECTION, FAILURE, OR REJECTION
LACK OF ALERTNESS-DUE TO SLEEP DISRUPTIONS
IMPLICATIONS FOR LEARNING
GETTING TO SCHOOL ON TIME OR GETTING TO SCHOOL AT ALL
FITTING IN SOCIALLY OR ACADEMICALLY
SUBSTANCE ABUSE
DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR
VIOLENCE AND AGGRESSION
LEGAL TROUBLES
SUICIDE
CONSEQUENCES
SCHOOL PERFORMANCE AND LEARNING (Grades, Attendance)SOCIAL INTERACTIONS AND DEVELOPMENT OF NORMAL PEER RELATIONSHIPSSELF-ESTEEM AND LIFE SKILL ACQUISITIONPARENT-CHILD RELATIONS AND CHILD’S SENSE OF BONDING AND TRUST
WHAT CAN BE DONE?
COUNSELORS AND SCHOOLDEVELOP A CARING, SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENTDEVELOP SCHOOL WIDE PROGRAM TO EDUCATE TEACHERS, STUDENTS, AND PARENTSMAKE SURE THERE IS AN INTERVENTION PROTOCOL FOR TEACHERS AND STUDENTS TO FOLLOW COLLABORATE WITH MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALSPROVIDE DIRECT SERVICES TO STUDENTS
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL CURRICULUM
IMPROVE SOCIAL SKILLS
INCREASE PLEASANT ACTIVITIES
RELAXATION TRAINING
INCREASE POSITIVE THOUGHTS AND DECREASE NEGATIVE THOUGHTS
COMMUNICATION TRAINING
PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS
MAINTAINING GAINS
TEACHER Accommodations
ATTITUDECLASSROOM STRESSBE FLEXIBLEEXPECT DISORGANIZATION AND FORGETFULNESSGIVE THE BENEFIT OF THE DOUBTFIND AND PRAISE THE GOODMAKE USE OF FORMAL ACCOMMODATIONSBE COMPASSIONATE
Suggestions for Parents of Depressed Children
Do not minimize the seriousness.
Arrange one interesting activity a day.
Be aware of warning signs of suicide.
Seek counseling.
Consult your family doctor for a complete medical exam.
Adolescent Suicide
Suicide is the 3rd leading cause of death in adolescents. Only car accidents and homicide cause more deaths.
22% of depressed children will attempt suicide
About 3-4% of adolescents will have considered suicide in the past two weeks
Risk Factors for Suicide in Teenagers
Previous suicidal behavior History of psychiatric disorder or substance abuse Family history of suicide, psychiatric disorder or substance abuse Loss of parent through any means History of abuse, violence or neglect Social isolation/alienation, including because of being gay or being bullied
Suicide Rates
1-2 out of every 100,000 children under the age of 15 will commit suicide
About 11 out of 100,000 children in the 15-19 age group will commit suicide
20% of male suicides and 14% of female suicides are in the 15-24 year old age group
15-19 Year Olds
86% of teenage suicides occur in this age group
Boys actually kill themselves five times more often than girls
Girls attempt suicide twice as often as boys
Suicide Rates By Nationality
Deaths per 100,000resident population ages 15-24:
Black/African American- 13.0
American Indian/Alaskan Native- 35.3
Asian/Pacific Islander- 8.7
Hispanic- 12.7
White- 12.4
ReferencesCash, R.E. (2003). When depression brings teens down. The Education Digest, 69(3), 35-42.Erk, R. (2004). Counseling Treatment for Children and Adolescents with DSM-IV-TR Disorders. Columbus,OH: Merrill Prentice-Hall.Forness, S. R., Walker, H. M., & Kavale, K. A. (2003). Psychiatric disorders and treatments: A primer for teachers. TEACHING Exceptional Children, 36(2), 42-49. Guetzloe, E. (2003). Depression and disability in children and adolescents. ERIC digest No. EDOEC09). U.S.; Virginia: ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education. http://teenink.com/Past/2004/November/18275.htmlhttp://www.helpguide.org/mental/depression_teen.htm http://www.nasponline.org/index2.html http://www.psycom.net/depression.central.children.html, Depression and Suicide in Children and Adolescentshttp://www.redflags.orghttp://www.save.orgNational Center for Health Statistics. Health, United Staes, 2004. With chartbook on trends in the health of Americans. Hyattsville, MD. 2004.Phillips, J. H., Corcoran, J., & Grossman, C. (2003). Implementing a cognitive-behavioral curriculum for adolescents with depression in the school setting. Children & Schools, 25(3), 147-158. Sarafolean, M.H., (2000). Depression in school-age children and adolescents: Characteristics, assessment and prevention. A Pediatric Perspective, 9(4) July/August, 152-158.