Deriving trends in cartography from ICA's past and geography
Menno-Jan Kraak
• Introduction
• ICA’s geography and history
• Maps & cartography
• Trends in mapping
• Conclusion
Deriving trends in cartography from ICA's past and geography
• The mission of the ICA is to promote the disciplines and professions of Cartography and GIScience in an international context
What do we do? ICA’s Members and International Cartographic Conferences
ICA member
1962 Frankfurt am Main
Frankfurt am Main1964 London/Edinburgh
Edinburgh
1967 Amsterdam
Amsterdam
1968 Dehli
Dehli
1970 Stresa
Stresa
Ottawa1972 Ottawa1974 Madrid
Madrid
Moscow
1976 Moscow1978 College ParkCollege Park1980 Tokyo
Tokyo
1982 Warszawa
Warszawa
1984 Perth
Perth
1987 MoreliaMorelia
1989 Budapest
Budapest
1991 Bournemouth
Bournemouth
Cologne
1993 Cologne
Stockholm
1997 Stockholm1999 Ottawa
Beijing
2001 Beijing
Durban
2003 Durban
Coruna
2005 Coruna2007 Moscow
Santiago2009 Santiago
Paris
2011 Paris
Dresden
2013 Dresden
Rio de Janeiro
2015 Rio de Janeiro2017 Washington
Washington
2019 Tokyo2021 Florence
FlorenceBarcelona
1995 Barcelona
• Commissions are core to ICA’s success
• Commissions follow their ToR to reach ICA’s objectives
• Commissions act globally
• Commissions might execute specific ICA tasks incorporated in their ToR
The Commissions and working Groups over time
64 68 72 76 80 84 87 91 95 99 03 07 11 15
Commission Working Group
ICA and its Commissions and Working Groups
Map Projections
Art a
nd C
arto
grap
hy
Atlas
esCart
ograp
hic H
eritag
e
into t
he di
gital
Cartograp
hy an
d
Children
Early Warning and
Crisis Management
Cognitive Issues in
GeoInfoVis
Education and Training
Generalization & Multiple ReprsGeospatial Analysis &
Modelling
History of Cartography
Location Based
Services
Map Design
Map Production &
Geoinfo M
anagement
Visu
al An
alytic
s
Use,
User
and U
sabil
ity
Issue
s
Ubiquitou
s Map
ping
Ubiquitou
s Map
ping
Topographic MappingSensor-driven Mapping
SDI & Standards
Planetary Cartography
Open Source
Geospatial Technology
Mountain Cartography
Marine CartographyM
aps and the InternetM
aps & Graphics for
Blind
Planetary Cartography
Topono
my
GI for Sustainability
ICA and its Commissions and Working Groups
Map Projections
Art and Cartography
Atlases
Cartographic Heritage
into the digital
Cartography and
Children
Early Warning and
Crisis Managem
ent
Cognitive Issues in
GeoInfoVis
Education and Training
Generalization &
Multiple Reprs
Geospatial Analysis &
Modelling
History of Cartography
Location Based
Services
Map Design
Map Production &
Geoinfo M
anagement
Visual Analytics
Use, User and Usability
Issues
Ubiquitous Mapping
Topographic Mapping
Sensor-driven Mapping
SDI & Standards
Open Source
Geospatial Technology
Mountain CartographyM
arine CartographyM
aps and the InternetM
aps & Graphics for
Blind
Planetary Cartography
Toponomy
GI for Sustainability
Commission and Working Groups over time
History
Map Production
Use
Census
Quality
Standards
Adv. Technology
AtlassesBlind
Education
HistoryComputer Ass.
Satellite
Gender
Urban
Base map theme
Reg. Planning
Marine
Communication
Census
Map Production
History
Map Production
Standards
Quality
Visualization
Theory
Updating
AtlassesBlind
SatelliteMarine
Map Production
StandardsGender
Visualization
Theory
AtlassesBlind
SatelliteMarine
Generalization
MountainPlanetaryInternetChildren
StandardsGender
Visualization
Theory
AtlassesBlind
SatelliteMarine
Generalization
Ubiqutous
Updating
Projections
Heritage
Use
StandardsGender
Visualization
Theory
AtlassesBlind
SatelliteMarine
Generalization
UbiqutousProjections
Society
AnalysisHeritage
Use
History
StandardsVisualization
Theory
AtlassesBlind
Satellite
Generalization
UbiqutousProjections
Society
Analysis
Cognition
Quality
Neocartography
Education
TerminologyAutomation
Education
TerminologyAutomation
Sustainability
Education
TerminologyAutomation
Thematic
Communication
Technology
Education
TerminologyAutomation
Communication
TechnologyHistory
Base Maps
Nat. Recources
MarineHistory
Satellite
Urban
Marine
Census
Map Production
Adv. Technology
Blind
Heritage
Use
StandardsVisualization
AtlassesBlind
Sensors
Generalization
UbiqutousProjections
Analysis
Art
Early Warning
Cognition
LBS
Sustainability
DesignOpen source
Toponomy
Topo Mapping
EducationEducation Education Education EducationEducation Education EducationMap Production Map Production Map ProductionMap Production
HistoryHistory HistoryHistory
Satellite
MountainPlanetaryInternetChildren
MountainPlanetaryInternetChildren
MountainPlanetaryInternetChildren
MountainPlanetaryInternetChildren
Art
Early Warning
Sustainability
DesignOpen source
Marine Marine MarineHistory
Thematic
Communication
IGU AtlasIGU AtlasIGU Atlas
Map Use
ICA.FIG.ISP A
IFLA IFLA
Market
ChildrenGeneralization
Early Warning
Art
Open Data
Toponomy
UNGGIM
IMY
Open source
TouristAfrica
Crime
Census
1964-1968 1968-1972 1972-1976 1976-1980 1980-1984 1984-1987 1987-1991 1991-1995 1995-1999 1999-2003 2003-2007 2007-2011 2011-2015 2015-2019
History
Map Production
Adv. Technology
Blind
Satellite
Urban
Census
Education
Marine
Theory
Atlasses
Map Use
IFLA
Market
Theory
Marine
ICA.FIG.ISP BICA.FIG.ISP C
Urban
Census
Gender
Definitions
Map UseMarketGender
Theory
Heritage
Use
Analysis
Early WarningHist. Colonial
IMY
Tech outreach
Basic Manual
Definitions
Base map theme
Kraak, M.J. & S.I. Fabrikant / Of Maps, Cartography, and the Geography of the International Cartographic Association (submitted ICY) / Data collected by Data: Igor Drecki / University of Auckland (NZ)
Origin of Commission and Working Group Chairs
South Africa
Kenya
Australia
ChinaJapan
India
Canada
Mexico
Brazil
Chile
United States Spain
Germany
AustriaSwitzerland
Sweden
Greece
Russia
Poland
France
Netherlands
Hungary
United Kingdom
CroatiaSlovenia
Belgium
Czechia
Borders and names as of today
United
Kin
gdom
Croatia
India
Spain
Chin
a
Slo
venia
Mexico
Ken
ya
Greece
Austr
ia
Czech
iaB
elgiu
m
Den
mar
kC
hile
Brazil
Austr
aliaJapan
South
Afr
icaR
ussia
Sw
itzerlan
dSw
eden
Hungar
yPolan
d
United
States
Can
ada
Neth
erlan
ds
Ger
man
yFran
ce
10
30
20
40
c) Number of chairs per country
Origin of Commission and Working Group Chairs over time
History
Map Production
Use
Census
Quality
Standards
Adv. Technology
AtlassesBlind
Education
HistoryComputer Ass.
Satellite
Gender
Urban
Base map theme
Reg. Planning
Marine
Communication
Census
Map Production
History
Map Production
Standards
Quality
Visualization
Theory
Updating
AtlassesBlind
SatelliteMarine
Map Production
StandardsGender
Visualization
Theory
AtlassesBlind
SatelliteMarine
Generalization
MountainPlanetaryInternetChildren
StandardsGender
Visualization
Theory
AtlassesBlind
SatelliteMarine
Generalization
Ubiqutous
Updating
Projections
Heritage
Use
StandardsGender
Visualization
Theory
AtlassesBlind
SatelliteMarine
Generalization
UbiqutousProjections
Society
AnalysisHeritage
Use
History
StandardsVisualization
Theory
AtlassesBlind
Satellite
Generalization
UbiqutousProjections
Society
Analysis
Cognition
Quality
Neocartography
Education
TerminologyAutomation
Education
TerminologyAutomation
Sustainability
Education
TerminologyAutomation
Thematic
Communication
Technology
Education
TerminologyAutomation
Communication
TechnologyHistory
Base Maps
Nat. Recources
MarineHistory
Satellite
Urban
Marine
Census
Map Production
Adv. Technology
Blind
Heritage
Use
StandardsVisualization
AtlassesBlind
Sensors
Generalization
UbiqutousProjections
Analysis
Art
Early Warning
Cognition
LBS
Sustainability
DesignOpen source
Toponomy
Topo Mapping
EducationEducation Education Education EducationEducation Education EducationMap Production Map Production Map ProductionMap Production
HistoryHistory HistoryHistory
Satellite
MountainPlanetaryInternetChildren
MountainPlanetaryInternetChildren
MountainPlanetaryInternetChildren
MountainPlanetaryInternetChildren
Art
Early Warning
Sustainability
DesignOpen source
Marine Marine MarineHistory
Thematic
Communication
IGU AtlasIGU AtlasIGU Atlas
Map Use
ICA.FIG.ISP A
IFLA IFLA
Market
ChildrenGeneralization
Early Warning
Art
Open Data
Toponomy
UNGGIM
IMY
Open source
TouristAfrica
Crime
Census
1964-1968 1968-1972 1972-1976 1976-1980 1980-1984 1984-1987 1987-1991 1991-1995 1995-1999 1999-2003 2003-2007 2007-2011 2011-2015 2015-2019
History
Map Production
Adv. Technology
Blind
Satellite
Urban
Census
Education
Marine
Theory
Atlasses
Map Use
IFLA
Market
Theory
Marine
ICA.FIG.ISP BICA.FIG.ISP C
Urban
Census
Gender
Definitions
Map UseMarketGender
Theory
Heritage
Use
Analysis
Early WarningHist. Colonial
IMY
Tech outreach
Definitions
Manual
Base map theme
History
Map Production
Use
Census
Quality
Standards
Adv. Technology
AtlassesBlind
Education
HistoryComputer Ass.
Satellite
Gender
Urban
Base map theme
Reg. Planning
Marine
Communication
Census
Map Production
History
Map Production
Standards
Quality
Visualization
Theory
Updating
AtlassesBlind
SatelliteMarine
Map Production
StandardsGender
Visualization
Theory
AtlassesBlind
SatelliteMarine
Generalization
MountainPlanetaryInternetChildren
StandardsGender
Visualization
Theory
AtlassesBlind
SatelliteMarine
Generalization
Ubiqutous
Updating
Projections
Heritage
Use
StandardsGender
Visualization
Theory
AtlassesBlind
SatelliteMarine
Generalization
UbiqutousProjections
Society
AnalysisHeritage
Use
History
StandardsVisualization
Theory
AtlassesBlind
Satellite
Generalization
UbiqutousProjections
Society
Analysis
Cognition
Quality
Neocartography
Education
TerminologyAutomation
Education
TerminologyAutomation
Sustainability
Education
TerminologyAutomation
Thematic
Communication
Technology
Education
TerminologyAutomation
Communication
TechnologyHistory
Base Maps
Nat. Recources
MarineHistory
Satellite
Urban
Marine
Census
Map Production
Adv. Technology
Blind
Heritage
Use
StandardsVisualization
AtlassesBlind
Sensors
Generalization
UbiqutousProjections
Analysis
Art
Early Warning
Cognition
LBS
Sustainability
DesignOpen source
Toponomy
Topo Mapping
EducationEducation Education Education EducationEducation Education EducationMap Production Map Production Map ProductionMap Production
HistoryHistory HistoryHistory
Satellite
MountainPlanetaryInternetChildren
MountainPlanetaryInternetChildren
MountainPlanetaryInternetChildren
MountainPlanetaryInternetChildren
Art
Early Warning
Sustainability
DesignOpen source
Marine Marine MarineHistory
Thematic
Communication
IGU AtlasIGU AtlasIGU Atlas
Map Use
ICA.FIG.ISP A
IFLA IFLA
Market
ChildrenGeneralization
Early Warning
Art
Open Data
Toponomy
UNGGIM
IMY
Open source
TouristAfrica
Crime
Census
History
Map Production
Adv. Technology
Blind
Satellite
Urban
Census
Education
Marine
Theory
Atlasses
Map Use
IFLA
Market
Theory
Marine
ICA.FIG.ISP BICA.FIG.ISP C
Urban
Census
Gender
Definitions
Map UseMarketGender
Theory
Heritage
Use
Analysis
Early WarningHist. Colonial
IMY
Tech outreach
Definitions
Manual
Base map theme
United
Kin
gdom
Croatia
India
Spain
Chin
a
Slo
venia
Mexico
Ken
ya
Greece
Austr
ia
Czech
iaB
elgiu
m
Den
mar
kC
hile
Brazil
Austr
aliaJapan
South
Afr
icaR
ussia
Sw
itzerlan
dSw
eden
Hungar
yPolan
d
United
States
Can
ada
Neth
erlan
ds
Ger
man
yFran
ce
10
30
20
40
Origin of Commission and Working Group Chairs over time
History
Map Production
Use
Census
Quality
Standards
Adv. Technology
AtlassesBlind
Education
HistoryComputer Ass.
Satellite
Gender
Urban
Base map theme
Reg. Planning
Marine
Communication
Census
Map Production
History
Map Production
Standards
Quality
Visualization
Theory
Updating
AtlassesBlind
SatelliteMarine
Map Production
StandardsGender
Visualization
Theory
AtlassesBlind
SatelliteMarine
Generalization
MountainPlanetaryInternetChildren
StandardsGender
Visualization
Theory
AtlassesBlind
SatelliteMarine
Generalization
Ubiqutous
Updating
Projections
Heritage
Use
StandardsGender
Visualization
Theory
AtlassesBlind
SatelliteMarine
Generalization
UbiqutousProjections
Society
AnalysisHeritage
Use
History
StandardsVisualization
Theory
AtlassesBlind
Satellite
Generalization
UbiqutousProjections
Society
Analysis
Cognition
Quality
Neocartography
Education
TerminologyAutomation
Education
TerminologyAutomation
Sustainability
Education
TerminologyAutomation
Thematic
Communication
Technology
Education
TerminologyAutomation
Communication
TechnologyHistory
Base Maps
Nat. Recources
MarineHistory
Satellite
Urban
Marine
Census
Map Production
Adv. Technology
Blind
Heritage
Use
StandardsVisualization
AtlassesBlind
Sensors
Generalization
UbiqutousProjections
Analysis
Art
Early Warning
Cognition
LBS
Sustainability
DesignOpen source
Toponomy
Topo Mapping
EducationEducation Education Education EducationEducation Education EducationMap Production Map Production Map ProductionMap Production
HistoryHistory HistoryHistory
Satellite
MountainPlanetaryInternetChildren
MountainPlanetaryInternetChildren
MountainPlanetaryInternetChildren
MountainPlanetaryInternetChildren
Art
Early Warning
Sustainability
DesignOpen source
Marine Marine MarineHistory
Thematic
Communication
IGU AtlasIGU AtlasIGU Atlas
Map Use
ICA.FIG.ISP A
IFLA IFLA
Market
ChildrenGeneralization
Early Warning
Art
Open Data
Toponomy
UNGGIM
IMY
Open source
TouristAfrica
Crime
Census
1964-1968 1968-1972 1972-1976 1976-1980 1980-1984 1984-1987 1987-1991 1991-1995 1995-1999 1999-2003 2003-2007 2007-2011 2011-2015 2015-2019
History
Map Production
Adv. Technology
Blind
Satellite
Urban
Census
Education
Marine
Theory
Atlasses
Map Use
IFLA
Market
Theory
Marine
ICA.FIG.ISP BICA.FIG.ISP C
Urban
Census
Gender
Definitions
Map UseMarketGender
Theory
Heritage
Use
Analysis
Early WarningHist. Colonial
IMY
Tech outreach
Definitions
Manual
Base map theme
United
Kin
gdom
Croatia
India
Spain
Chin
a
Slo
venia
Mexico
Ken
ya
Greece
Austr
ia
Czech
iaB
elgiu
m
Den
mar
kC
hile
Brazil
Austr
aliaJapan
South
Afr
icaR
ussia
Sw
itzerlan
dSw
eden
Hungar
yPolan
d
United
States
Can
ada
Neth
erlan
ds
Ger
man
yFran
ce
10
30
20
40
Number of Executive Committee members by country
Indonesia
United
Kin
gdom
Morocco
Ken
ya
Fin
land
Brazil
Philippin
es
Hong K
ong
Chile
Sw
itzerlan
dPolan
d
Spain
Hungar
y
Austr
iaM
exico
South
Afr
ica
Can
ada
Japan
Russia
Austr
alia
ItalyIn
dia
Chin
aC
zechia
United
States
Ger
man
ySw
eden
Neth
erlan
ds
Fran
ce
3
9
6
12
15
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.8
Officers / population
NUMBER OF Officers
Location Executive Committee members over time
Borders and names as of today
South Africa
Kenya
Australia
Indonesia
China
Hong Kong
Japan
PhilippinesIndia
Canada
Mexico
Brazil
Chile
United States
Morocco
Spain
Germany
Austria
Switzerland
Sweden
Finland
Italy
Russia
Poland
France
Netherlands
Czechia
Hungary
United Kingdom
PresidentSecretary-General
Vice-President
Executive Committee members by country over timeIndonesia
United Kingdom
59 61 64 68 72 76 80 84 87 91 95 99 03 07 11 15
South AfricaKenya
BrasilFinland
Chili
AustriaHong Kong
ChinaMexico
PolandAustralia
CzechiaPhilippines
Hungary
RussiaIndia
SwitzerlandNetherlands
JapanSpain
CanadaMorocco
United States
GermanyItaly
SwedenFrance
Kraak, M.J. & S.I. Fabrikant / Of Maps, Cartography, and the Geography of the International Cartographic Association (submitted ICY) / Data collected by Data: Igor Drecki / University of Auckland (NZ)
Cartography and maps
art
using
making
technology
science
MAPS
CARTOGRAPHY
Process
Tools
Sustainability of the definition
CARTOGRAPHY technology MAPSmakingscienceart usingCARTOGRAPHY
technology
MAPS
making
science
art
using
Data Visualizers
InfoVis
D3
Internet
ProfessionalsDesigners
GIScience
LBS
GPSCrowd
CARTOGRAPHY
technology
MAPS
making
science
art
using
Societal needs and technological innovation
ICC Spatializations
Percentageconferencecontributions
mobile
digital
database
time
time
time
Spatializations of International Cartographic Conferences
Commissions and conference proceedings
2003 Durban
2001 Beijing
1999 Ottawa
1997 Stockholm
1993 Cologne
1995 Barcelona
2013 Dresden
2009 Santiago
2011 Paris
2007 Moscow
2005 Coruna
200 400 6000UseChildren
Satellite
Blind Gender
Standards
Generalization Marine
Map Production
Atlases
Education
History
Visualization
Theory
Commissions existing at least ten conferences Number of submissions • Yesterday • Carefully crafted ’authoritative’ products (cartographers) • Filling gaps to present the essence of the message
• Today • Participatory perspective: cartographers & mapmakers • Big data: creating summaries • Map environments: Web, AR, VR
Changes
• maps tell stories • maps invite • maps show patterns • maps reveal relationships • maps explain • maps provide overview • maps offer insight
Maps
• A map is a visual representation of an environment
• Maps that matter should raise interest, be engaging, instantly understandable, and be relevant to society
[Kraak, M.J. & S.I. Fabrikant, 2017]
ICA’s International Map Year [ mapyear.org ]
Why we are needed
Apeldoorn58
Utrecht79
… to avoid my worst nightmares Why we are needed … to avoid my worst nightmares
• Today’s cartographer should be creative and be able to design maps for personalized interaction to reveal (hidden) stories. The cartographer should be able to code to hack the data, be cooperative with both graphic designers and data visualizers as well as (geo)scientists who know the problems and stories behind the data
A smart future
• The map has become an interactive, mobile, dynamic and collaborative interface between humans and the dynamically evolving environment
• Cartography is ready for tomorrow. However, we have to remain innovative and open, so we can handle societal and technological changes, without compromising on fundamental cartographic values, but also be willing to extend these values Special (open) research issue 2017-01
with contributions of the Commissions of • Cognitive issues in geographic
information visualization • Use, Users and usability issues • Visual Analytics
Where to find some of the trends and challenges
§
Let’s make the world a better place with maps