DESDES(Diethylstilbestrol)(Diethylstilbestrol)

By: Yasmin Khowaja

Bio Sci 2B

A synthetic form of A synthetic form of estrogen (female hormone) estrogen (female hormone) prescribed to women to prescribed to women to prevent pregnancy prevent pregnancy complicationscomplications

Carcinogen: a substance Carcinogen: a substance that causes cancerthat causes cancer

Teratogen: a substance Teratogen: a substance that causes birth defects that causes birth defects by damaging the fetusby damaging the fetus

Mutagen: a substance that Mutagen: a substance that causes mutationscauses mutations

Has a Dipropionate esterHas a Dipropionate ester

Physical properties:Physical properties: A white sand-like powderA white sand-like powder

Even though it was known that there was no difference in pregnancy outcome by taking or not taking the drug, and its harmful effect on animals, DES was still widely marketed. It was not until 1971 that the FDA issued a drug bulletin advising physicians to stop prescribing DES to pregnant women. The reason for this: a rare vaginal cancer, clear cell adenocarcinoma (CCA), was found in female offspring, as young as age 8. (Herbst, 1971; Noller, 1972)

Between 1938 and 1970, DES was prescribed to women to prevent miscarriages and other pregnancy complications based on the theory that some women did not produce enough estrogen naturally (Dodds). Studies in the 1950's proved the ineffectiveness of DES, yet it was still marketed widely. The first controlled study conducted in 1954 to test the efficiency of DES showed that the drug was ineffective. About 5 to 10 million pregnant women and their children were given the drug, in the US alone.

Suppress milk production Suppress milk production after child birthafter child birth

Alleviate hot flashes and Alleviate hot flashes and other menopausal other menopausal symptomssymptoms

Treatment for acneTreatment for acne Prostate cancerProstate cancer Gonorrhea in childrenGonorrhea in children Stunt growth in teenage Stunt growth in teenage

girlsgirls

““Morning after” Morning after” contraceptivecontraceptive

Farmers used DES as an Farmers used DES as an additive to animal feedadditive to animal feed

In neck or ear implants In neck or ear implants because it speeded the because it speeded the fattening of chickens, fattening of chickens, cows, and other livestock cows, and other livestock

The most recent study, published The most recent study, published in the in the British Journal of CancerBritish Journal of Cancer (Titus-Erstoff, 2001), included (Titus-Erstoff, 2001), included more than 6,000 women and more than 6,000 women and compared breast cancer rates of compared breast cancer rates of women exposed to DES with rates women exposed to DES with rates among women who were not among women who were not exposed. This study followed exposed. This study followed participants over a longer period participants over a longer period of time than earlier research on of time than earlier research on breast cancer risks associated breast cancer risks associated with DES. The researchers' with DES. The researchers' findings were consistent with findings were consistent with earlier studies, confirming an earlier studies, confirming an increased breast cancer risk of increased breast cancer risk of approximately 30% for women approximately 30% for women prescribed DES while pregnant. prescribed DES while pregnant. That means when considering That means when considering breast cancer risks across a breast cancer risks across a lifetime, one in six women lifetime, one in six women prescribed DES during pregnancy prescribed DES during pregnancy will get breast cancer. In will get breast cancer. In comparison, only one in eight comparison, only one in eight unexposed women will get breast unexposed women will get breast cancer across their lifetime.cancer across their lifetime.

1mg/day-inadequate 3mg/day-max(orchiectomy)

Clear cell adenocarcinoma (CCA) - A rare type of Vaginal and Cervical cancer. Approximately one in 1,000 (0.1 %) DES Daughters will be diagnosed with CCA. The risk is virtually non-existent among premenopausal women not exposed to DES. DES Daughters are 40 times more likely to develop CCA of the vagina and cervix than women not exposed to DES. This means that approximately one of every 1,000 women exposed to DES before birth (in the womb) will be diagnosed with CCA of the vagina and/or the cervix.

Reproductive tract structural differences - Including T-shaped uterus, hooded cervix, cervical cockscomb, and pseudopolyp. Some studies have shown that up to one third of DES Daughters have had some form of reproductive tract abnormality of the cervix, uterus, or fallopian tubes, including vaginal adenosis or cervical changes (such as collars, hoods, septae, and cockscombs) (Jeffries, 1984; Herbst, 1984).

A normal cervix, and one with a "hood" (right)

The inside of a normal and a "T" shaped uterus (right)

Comparison of Full-term Delivery and Miscarriage Rates for First Pregnancies of DES-

Exposed Women vs. Unexposed Women*

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

                            

Pregnancy complications - Ectopic (tubal) pregnancy and pre-term (early) delivery. A DES Daughter's risk for an ectopic pregnancy range from 3-5 times higher than the risk for a woman not exposed to DES. DES Daughters are also more likely to experience miscarriage than are unexposed women. The most recent study found almost 20% of DES Daughters had a miscarriage during their first pregnancy. About 10% of unexposed women had a miscarriage during their first pregnancy. The risk of miscarriage during the second trimester is slightly higher than the risk of miscarriage during the first trimester. Overall, 82%-85% of DES Daughters were able to deliver at least one healthy baby, compared to 87% of unexposed women. DES Daughters were less likely than unexposed women to have more than one child (Kaufman, 2000).

Infertility - Difficulty becoming pregnant. 28% of DES Daughters have tried for 12 months to become pregnant without success, compared with 16% of women not exposed to DES. DES exposure was most strongly associated with infertility caused by uterine problems (such as the shape of the uterus) (Palmer, 2001).

Infertility Rates for DES Daughters vs. Unexposed Women

Non-Cancerous Epididymal CystsNon-Cancerous Epididymal CystsThe most consistent research finding for DES Sons indicates that they have an increased risk The most consistent research finding for DES Sons indicates that they have an increased risk for non-cancerous epididymal cysts, which are growths on the testicles (Bibbo, 1977; Gill, 1979; for non-cancerous epididymal cysts, which are growths on the testicles (Bibbo, 1977; Gill, 1979; Conley, 1983; Niculescu, 1985; Wilcox, 1995). In one study, 21% of DES Sons had non-Conley, 1983; Niculescu, 1985; Wilcox, 1995). In one study, 21% of DES Sons had non-cancerous epididymal cysts compared with 5% of unexposed men (Gill, 1979).cancerous epididymal cysts compared with 5% of unexposed men (Gill, 1979).

Other Genital AbnormalitiesOther Genital Abnormalities Microphallus: An abnormally small penis (microphallus) occurs more often in DES sons than in Microphallus: An abnormally small penis (microphallus) occurs more often in DES sons than in

other men. other men. – Testicular varicoceles: Some studies have indicated that testicular varicoceles occur more often in DES Testicular varicoceles: Some studies have indicated that testicular varicoceles occur more often in DES

sons than in other men. A varicocele is an irregularly swollen or varicose vein on the testicle. This sons than in other men. A varicocele is an irregularly swollen or varicose vein on the testicle. This enlarged vein produces a higher temperature than is normal for testicles, and - over a period of years - can enlarged vein produces a higher temperature than is normal for testicles, and - over a period of years - can lower the number of normal sperm as a result. lower the number of normal sperm as a result.

– Hypospadias: Hypospadias is a condition where the opening of the penis is located on the under-surface Hypospadias: Hypospadias is a condition where the opening of the penis is located on the under-surface of the penis rather than at the end. of the penis rather than at the end.

– Meatal stenosis: This term refers to a narrowing of the opening of Meatal stenosis: This term refers to a narrowing of the opening of the penis. These studies estimated the penis. These studies estimated that 15%-32% of DES Sons experience one or more of these structural differences that 15%-32% of DES Sons experience one or more of these structural differences compared with 5%-8% of unexposed men (Gill, 1979; Wilcox, 1995). Other studies, however, compared with 5%-8% of unexposed men (Gill, 1979; Wilcox, 1995). Other studies, however, have not identified an increased risk of structural differences (Leary, 1984; Vessey, 1983).have not identified an increased risk of structural differences (Leary, 1984; Vessey, 1983).

• InfertilityInfertilityDES Sons are not at an increased risk for infertility. Some DES Sons have been concerned that DES DES Sons are not at an increased risk for infertility. Some DES Sons have been concerned that DES exposure might be linked to infertility. Although one study found a lower sperm count in men exposed to exposure might be linked to infertility. Although one study found a lower sperm count in men exposed to DES compared with unexposed men (Gill, 1979), a 40-year follow-up study of DES Sons found no DES compared with unexposed men (Gill, 1979), a 40-year follow-up study of DES Sons found no increased risk of infertility among men exposed to DES before birth (Wilcox, 1995).increased risk of infertility among men exposed to DES before birth (Wilcox, 1995).

DES Granddaughters:DES Granddaughters: The researchers compared The researchers compared

findings of pelvic examinations findings of pelvic examinations of 28 DES Granddaughters with of 28 DES Granddaughters with findings noted in their mothers findings noted in their mothers (DES Daughters). Even though (DES Daughters). Even though abnormalities were present in abnormalities were present in more than 60% of DES more than 60% of DES Daughters, no abnormalities Daughters, no abnormalities were found in the DES were found in the DES Granddaughters (Kaufman, Granddaughters (Kaufman, 2002).2002).

DES Grandsons:DES Grandsons: Are being studied at the Are being studied at the

Netherlands Cancer Institute. Netherlands Cancer Institute. Early research reported that Early research reported that hypospadias, misplaced hypospadias, misplaced opening of the penis, occurred opening of the penis, occurred 20 times more frequently among 20 times more frequently among sons of DES Daughters (Klip, sons of DES Daughters (Klip, 2002).2002).

• Experiments in mice:Experiments in mice:Female mice had an increased risk of uterine Female mice had an increased risk of uterine cancers, benign ovarian tumors, and cancers, benign ovarian tumors, and lymphomas. Elderly third-generation DES-lymphomas. Elderly third-generation DES-exposed male mice were at an increased risk exposed male mice were at an increased risk of certain reproductive tract tumors. of certain reproductive tract tumors.

Other risks:Other risks: Reduction of T-helper cellsReduction of T-helper cells Impaired cognitionImpaired cognition Pituitary glandsPituitary glands Mammary glandsMammary glands Weaken immune systemWeaken immune system

ArthritisArthritis 10% of men were attracted to other men10% of men were attracted to other men 5% of women were attracted to other 5% of women were attracted to other

womenwomen DepressionDepression Psychiatric disorders, such as anxietyPsychiatric disorders, such as anxiety

Similarity between mice and Similarity between mice and human affects to DES:human affects to DES:

Human:Human: Retention and proliferation Retention and proliferation

epithelium in abnormal sites epithelium in abnormal sites (vagina and ectocervix)(vagina and ectocervix)

Vaginal adenosis and Vaginal adenosis and cervical ectropiancervical ectropian

Vaginal and cervical CCAVaginal and cervical CCA

Mice:Mice: Retention and proliferation of Retention and proliferation of

normally degenerating cells normally degenerating cells replacing original vaginal replacing original vaginal epithelium in neonateepithelium in neonate

Persistent vaginal Persistent vaginal cornifications, hyperplasia, cornifications, hyperplasia, down growthsdown growths

Cervicovaginal squamous cell Cervicovaginal squamous cell carcinomacarcinoma

1. Recognizes that cervical and 1. Recognizes that cervical and vaginal clear cell vaginal clear cell adenocarcinimas (CCA) occur in adenocarcinimas (CCA) occur in a small portion of DES a small portion of DES daughters, but does not take daughters, but does not take into account the possibility of into account the possibility of other long term consequences other long term consequences such as the development of such as the development of other neoplastic changes of other neoplastic changes of endocrine abnormalities.endocrine abnormalities.

2. “Tip of the iceberg” view: Overly 2. “Tip of the iceberg” view: Overly emphasizes the frequency and emphasizes the frequency and the severity of DES associated the severity of DES associated alterations, for example, by alterations, for example, by regarding vaginal adenosis as regarding vaginal adenosis as established preneoplastic leisons established preneoplastic leisons that will lead to more serious that will lead to more serious disorders as the offspring grows disorders as the offspring grows older.older.

Why DES research may not be accurate:Why DES research may not be accurate:

•No medical test (such as blood, urine, or skin No medical test (such as blood, urine, or skin analysis) can detect DES exposureanalysis) can detect DES exposure

•29% of women who took DES were unsure of 29% of women who took DES were unsure of their use of the drugtheir use of the drug

•8% who took the drug said they hadn’t8% who took the drug said they hadn’t

•Research is based on studies with mice, yet Research is based on studies with mice, yet some affects are different in humans and mice, some affects are different in humans and mice, such as psychological affectssuch as psychological affects

•The damage of DES correlates with the time of The damage of DES correlates with the time of pregnancy the drug was taken in (those exposed pregnancy the drug was taken in (those exposed in the tenth week and before were at a greater in the tenth week and before were at a greater risk than those exposed after the twentieth risk than those exposed after the twentieth week), and timing is not taken into consideration week), and timing is not taken into consideration in many studiesin many studies

DES mothers should: inform her DES mothers should: inform her doctor. She should try to learn the doctor. She should try to learn the dosage, when the medication was dosage, when the medication was started, and how it was used. She started, and how it was used. She also should inform her children who also should inform her children who were exposed before birth so that were exposed before birth so that this information can be included in this information can be included in their medical records. DES mothers their medical records. DES mothers should have regular breast cancer should have regular breast cancer screening and yearly medical screening and yearly medical checkups that include a pelvic checkups that include a pelvic examination and a Pap test.examination and a Pap test.

DES sons should: inform their DES sons should: inform their physician of their exposure and be physician of their exposure and be examined periodically. While the examined periodically. While the level of risk of developing testicular level of risk of developing testicular cancer is unclear among DES sons, cancer is unclear among DES sons, males with undescended testicles males with undescended testicles or unusually small testicles have an or unusually small testicles have an increased risk of developing increased risk of developing testicular cancer, whether or not testicular cancer, whether or not they were exposed to DES.they were exposed to DES.

DES Daughters should:Pelvic examination— A physical examination of the reproductive organs. An examination of the rectum also should be done.Palpation— As part of a pelvic examination, the doctor feels the vagina, uterus, cervix, and ovaries for any lumps. Often palpation provides the only evidence that an abnormal growth is present.Pap test— A routine cervical Pap test is not adequate for DES-exposed daughters. The cervical Pap test must be supplemented with a special Pap test of the vagina called a “four-quadrant” Pap test, in which cell samples are taken from all sides of the upper vagina. Iodine staining of the cervix and vagina— An iodine solution is used to temporarily stain the linings of the cervix and vagina to detect adenosis (a noncancerous but abnormal growth of glandular tissue) or other abnormal tissue.Colposcopy— In colposcopy, a magnifying instrument is used to view the vagina and cervix. Some doctors do not perform colposcopy routinely. However, if the Pap test result is not normal, it is very important to check for abnormal tissue.Biopsy— Small samples of any tissue that appears abnormal on colposcopy are removed and examined under a microscope to see whether cancer cells are present.Breast examinations— Researchers are studying whether DES-exposed daughters have a higher risk of breast cancer than unexposed daughters; therefore, DES-exposed daughters should continue to follow the routine breast cancer screening recommendations for their age group

Nonsteroidal Estrogens:Nonsteroidal Estrogens:BenzestrolBenzestrol

ChlorotrianiseneChlorotrianisene ComestrolComestrol Cyren ACyren A CyrenBCyrenB DelvinalDelvinal DESDES DesPlexDesPlex DibestilDibestil DiestrylDiestryl DienestrolDienestrol DienoestrolDienoestrol Diethylsteilbestrol dipalmitateDiethylsteilbestrol dipalmitate Diethylstilbestrol diphosphateDiethylstilbestrol diphosphate DiethylstilbestroldipropionateDiethylstilbestroldipropionate DiethylstilbenediolDiethylstilbenediol DigestilDigestil DomestrolDomestrol EstilbenEstilben EstrobeneEstrobene Estrobene DPEstrosynEstrobene DPEstrosyn FonatolFonatol GynbenGynben GynebenGyneben HexestrolHexestrol HexoestrolHexoestrol HiBestrolHiBestrol MenocrinMenocrin MepraneMeprane MestilbolMestilbol MicroestMicroest MethallenestrolMethallenestrol MikarolMikarol Mikarol fortiMikarol forti MilestrolMilestrol MonomestrolMonomestrol Neo-Oestranol INeo-Oestranol I Neo-Oestranol IINeo-Oestranol II

NulabortNulabort OestrogenineOestrogenine OestromeninOestromenin OestromonOestromon OrestolOrestol Pabestrol DPabestrol D PalestrolPalestrol RestrolRestrol StilRolStilRol StilbalStilbal StilbestrolStilbestrol StilbestronateStilbestronate StilbetinStilbetin StilbinolStilbinol StilboestroformStilboestroform SilboestrolSilboestrol StilboestrolDPStilboestrolDP StilestrateStilestrate StilpalmitateStilpalmitate StilphostrolStilphostrol StilronateStilronate StilroneStilrone StilsStils SynestrinSynestrin SynestrolSynestrol SynthosestrinSynthosestrin TaceTace VallestrilVallestril WillestrolWillestrol Nonsteroidal Estrogen-Nonsteroidal Estrogen-

Androgren Combination:Androgren Combination:AmperoneDi-AmperoneDi-EroneEstanMetystilTesereneTylandEroneEstanMetystilTesereneTylandrilTylostereonerilTylostereone

Nonesteroidal Estrogen-Nonesteroidal Estrogen-Progesterone Combination:Progesterone Combination:ProgravidiumProgravidium

Vaginal Cream Suppositories Vaginal Cream Suppositories with Nonsterioidal Estrogens:with Nonsterioidal Estrogens:AVC Cream w/ DienestrolAVC Cream w/ Dienestrol

Dienestrol CreamDienestrol Cream

In 1976, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) published a list of the most commonly used names and spellings for DES and similar drugs.DES Type-Drugs That May Have Been Prescribed to Pregnant Women(Source: NCI. Exposure in utero to diethylstilbestrol and related synthetic hormones.JAMA (Sept. 6, 1976) - Vol 236 No. 10, pp. 1107-1109.)

The National Cancer Institute's (NCI) DES Combined Cohort* Follow-up Study was formed in 1992. NCI researchers brought together a large group of mothers and their children who had been exposed to DES, as well as a group of similar (in age, medical history, etc.), but unexposed persons. NCI recruited for this study primarily from previously studied groups and their family members. These cohort groups were followed over a long period of time. *Cohort: A group of people sharing common characteristics or experiences, often followed by a research study over long periods of time. By compiling and summarizing data from a cohort, scientists can observe whether disease conditions develop at higher rates in a cohort group than they would expect in the general population. The DES Combined Cohort Study (DCCS) is an example of research using a cohort.

Diethylstilbestrol Adenosis Project (DESAD) - The DESAD began in 1974 at Baylor College of Medicine, Gundersen Clinic, Massachusetts General Hospital, the Mayo Clinic, and the University of Southern California. The DESAD, the largest DES cohort, included 4,014 DES Daughters and 1,033 unexposed women. Exposed women had documented evidence of DES exposure through review of prenatal records or by physician referral. The DESAD was assembled to conduct studies to determine if DES Daughters were at an increased risk for health problems related associated with their exposure to DES (Labarthe, 1978).

DES Mothers Study - The DES Mothers Study began in 1980. The participant group (cohort) included approximately 3,000 women exposed to DES while pregnant and 3,000 unexposed women. These participants had delivered babies during 1940-1960 at Boston Lying-In Hospital, the Mayo Clinic, Dartmouth Medical School, and a private practice in Portland, Maine. Exposure status was determined through review of medical records. The cohort was created to determine if women exposed to DES during pregnancy were at increased risk for cancer (Greenberg, 1984).

Mayo Clinic Sons Study - The Sons Study included approximately 800 men exposed to DES before birth (in the womb) and 600 unexposed men. This cohort was identified by review of medical records of women who gave birth at Mayo Clinic hospitals (Leary, 1984).

Connecticut Mothers Study - The participants included women who delivered babies during 1946-1965 at medical offices in Fairfield and New Haven Counties, Connecticut. The participants included 1,706 DES-exposed mothers and 1,405 unexposed mothers. The participants are now included in the DES Combined Cohort Studies (Hadjimichael, 1984).

Dieckmann Cohort - Participants in the group, assembled in 1974 to study DES-related health risks, included approximately 800 women exposed to DES while pregnant and 800 unexposed mothers; approximately 400 women exposed to DES before birth (in the womb) and 400 women in a control group; and approximately 400 men exposed to DES before birth and 400 unexposed men. The 1974 group comprised the second Dieckmann cohort; the first included mothers who were participants in a study at the University of Chicago in the early 1950s. Results based on the initial study indicated that DES was not effective in preventing miscarriages (Dieckmann,

1953).

British Research Medical Council (BRMC) Study - Participants included pregnant diabetic women enrolled in clinical trial and DES Daughters and DES Sons identified through follow-up study, for a total of 151 participants (79 DES-exposed and 72 unexposed people) (Reid, 1955).

British Randomized Trial - A group assembled to study DES-related health effects. Participants included women exposed to DES during pregnancy and men and women exposed before birth (in the womb). The DES-exposed group included 379 mothers, 144 daughters, and 177 sons. A control group of unexposed included 371 mothers, 170 daughters, and 163 sons (Guisti, 1995).

1971: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a Drug Bulletin warning physicians 1971: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a Drug Bulletin warning physicians that giving DES to a pregnant woman could harm the developing baby in her womb. (Dr. that giving DES to a pregnant woman could harm the developing baby in her womb. (Dr. Arthur L. HerbstArthur L. Herbst ) )

1972: Registry of DES Daughters diagnosed with clear cell adenocarcinoma (CCA) was 1972: Registry of DES Daughters diagnosed with clear cell adenocarcinoma (CCA) was established.established.

1974: National Cooperative Diethylstilbestrol and Adenosis (DESAD) project began. This 1974: National Cooperative Diethylstilbestrol and Adenosis (DESAD) project began. This project was designed to locate DES Daughters and monitor their health over time.project was designed to locate DES Daughters and monitor their health over time.

1978: The National DES Task Force issued a Physician Advisory recommending that all 1978: The National DES Task Force issued a Physician Advisory recommending that all physicians review their medical records and notify women who were prescribed DES while physicians review their medical records and notify women who were prescribed DES while pregnant. The Task Force also recommended the initiation of a public health information pregnant. The Task Force also recommended the initiation of a public health information campaign. In addition, reports about DES appeared in many newspapers, magazines, and campaign. In addition, reports about DES appeared in many newspapers, magazines, and television programs.television programs.

1979: DES Action, a national consumer advocacy group, was started by women who had 1979: DES Action, a national consumer advocacy group, was started by women who had been prescribed DES while pregnant, and their families.been prescribed DES while pregnant, and their families.

1980: The research study, DES Mothers, began.1980: The research study, DES Mothers, began.

1982: DES Cancer Network, an advocacy and support group for DES Daughters diagnosed 1982: DES Cancer Network, an advocacy and support group for DES Daughters diagnosed with CCA, was formed.with CCA, was formed.

1985: The DES Sons Network was formed in conjunction with DES Action.1985: The DES Sons Network was formed in conjunction with DES Action.

1992: The National Institutes of Health (NIH) held a national workshop on long-term health 1992: The National Institutes of Health (NIH) held a national workshop on long-term health effects of exposure to DES. The DES Combined Cohort Study joined five existing study effects of exposure to DES. The DES Combined Cohort Study joined five existing study groups to examine the long-term risk for cancer and other adverse effects by studying groups to examine the long-term risk for cancer and other adverse effects by studying thousands of people together in one study.thousands of people together in one study.

1993-1997: The National Cancer Institute (NCI) conducted regional DES education program 1993-1997: The National Cancer Institute (NCI) conducted regional DES education program pilot studies in five states, including California, Massachusetts, New York, Texas, and pilot studies in five states, including California, Massachusetts, New York, Texas, and Wisconsin. The results of the pilot studies provided a foundation for CDC's DES Update.Wisconsin. The results of the pilot studies provided a foundation for CDC's DES Update.

1999: The National Institutes of Health (NIH) held a National DES Research Conference.1999: The National Institutes of Health (NIH) held a National DES Research Conference.

2002: CDC launched its national DES Update for consumers and health care providers.2002: CDC launched its national DES Update for consumers and health care providers.

Works CitedWorks Cited http://www.desaction.org/http://www.desaction.org/ http://www.cdc.gov/http://www.cdc.gov/ http://cis.nci.nih.gov/fact/3_4.htmhttp://cis.nci.nih.gov/fact/3_4.htm http://www.aaronlevinelaw.com/des.htmhttp://www.aaronlevinelaw.com/des.htm Developmental Effects of DES in PregnancyDevelopmental Effects of DES in Pregnancy

By: Howard A. Bern, Arthur L. HerbstBy: Howard A. Bern, Arthur L. Herbst Our Stolen FutureOur Stolen Future