Desalination of Ground Water

Himanshu Rao-C.E3A-2 , 111000064Class Roll No. - 60

The Worlds WaterWorld Water Resources

Salt Water

Fresh Water 97% Sea Water 3% Fresh Water

California Coastline

http://www.windycityart.com/californiawallpaper/ocean%20wallpaper.jpg

SalinityIt is a term used to describe the amount of salt

in a given water sample. It is usually referred in terms of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS).

Water with a TDS concentration greater than 1,000 mg/L commonly is considered saline.

Where does the salt come from?

The wearing down of rock materials over time.

Salt from the ocean going into the land by wind or rain.

Other materials from the ocean that get transferred from the ocean to the land.

Desalination Definition Process of removing

salts & minerals from water in order to produce water suitable for various applications.

Currently 14,500 desalination plants operating world wide.

230 million people rely on this process for daily water usage.

http://www.pimagazine-asia.com/news/chennai-desalination-plant-adopts-alectric-actuators/

Various Procedures

Desalination by Reverse Osmosis(R.O)Process,

Desalination by Electro-Dialysis,

Solar driven Desalination,

Desalination by Carbon Nano-tube Membrane.

Reverse Osmosis ProcessPrinciple

http://www.hydrotec.co.uk/InfoCentre/Filtration/tabid/138/Default.aspx

Reverse Osmosis

http://www.thewatertreatments.com/desalination-water-treatment/water-treatment-process/

Electro-DialysisElectro dialysis is a membrane process in which ions are transported through ion permeable membranes from one solution to another under the influence of an electrical potential gradient.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3c/Edprinc.jpg

How It Works?• Salts dissolved in water forms ions, being positively (cationic)or negatively (anionic) charged.

•These ions are attracted to electrodes with an opposite electric charge.

It is possible to build a small scale low maintenance desalination unit using current methods with power requirements able to be supplied by photovoltaic cells.

Solar Powered Desalination

Photovoltaic cell

http://members.aol.com/norfloat/fotsol2.jpg

Desalination by Carbon Nano-tube

Membrane

(Bucky Papers)

Bucky_Paper_nano_image (www.disclosetv.com)

How it Works?Ions cannot fit through the 1 nm tubesAt .93 nm in diameter,95% of ions are

filtered out of waterUp to 100 times fasterAlso filters out bacteria and viruses

http://www.filtsep.com/view/37355/carbon-nanotube-membranes-for-water-purification-desalination/

ConclusionProvides clean, desalinated, water.Filters out bacteria and virusesCheaper price.Faster filtration

http://anam-cara.typepad.com/.a/6a00d83451a05569e20115702e25ad970c-pi

“Everyone Need Water”

http://news.bbc.co.uk

ReferencesK. S. Rawat*1, A. K. Mishra1 and V. K. Sehgal. “Journal of Applied and

Natural Science 4 (1): 117-122 (2012)”.Kallista Sears 1,*, Ludovic. “Recent Developments in Carbon Nanotube

Membranes forWater Purification”. Materials 2010, 3, 127-149; doi:10.3390/ma3010127”Buros, O.K. 1987. "An Introduction to Desalination." In Non-Conventional

Water Resources Use in Developing Countries. New York, United Nations, pp. 37-53. (Natural Resources/Water Series No. 22)

O'Connell, M.J. Carbon Nanotubes: Properties and Applications; Taylor & Francis Group: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2006.

Dresselhaus, M.S.; Dresselhaus, G.; Avouris, Ph. Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Structure, Properties,and Applications; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2001.