Description Pedon - Copy

SOIL CORRELATION TOUR 1/2010

DISTRICT OF KUALA LIPIS

PAHANG DARUL MAKMUR.

15 – 19 MAC 2010

ORGANISED BY

JABATAN PERTANIAN

SOILS SURVEY SECTION DIVISION OF SOIL MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION RESOURCES

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

TERHAD

ALL RIGHT RESERVED

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means

mechanicals, photocopy, recording or otherwise without the

prior permission of the Department of Agriculture Malaysia

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Organising Committee of the soil correlation 1/2010 wishes to convey its gratitude to Director-General of Agriculture, Malaysia, Dato’ Roseley Bin Hj Khalid and the Director of the Division of Soil Management and Conservation Resources Tn Hj. Mustafa Kamal bin Baharuddin and Assistant Director of Soil Survey Section, Choo Seh Bah for their full support to officers of Unit of Soil Management and Conservation Resources Kuantan, Pahang to organise this soil correlation.

The prompt and efficient support given by the Analytical Section of the Division of Soil Management and Conservation Resources, Department of Agriculture, in analysing the soil sample is greatfull acknowledge. Finally, we extend our sincere thanks to all staff of Unit of Soil Management and Conservation Resources, Kuantan and Temerloh Pahang who have worked tirelessly and given their contribution and cooperation in the preparation field trips and tour bulletin.

ii

TOUR COMMITTEE OF SOIL CORRELATION 1/2010 Chairman : Zulkifli bin Ahmad Members : Profile Preparation : Norhisham Yacob & M. Azemi b. Mahat Documentation : Norhisham Yacob & M. Azemi b. Mahat Logistic and Equipment : Norhisham Yacob Registration and Accommodation: Amiruddin Bin Idris Refreshment : Mohammad Nazrul Hizam Ab Manaf PA Equipment : Suhaimi Bin Husin

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Putrajaya

1. Choo Seh Bah Timbalan Pengarah G52 2. Noranizam bin Mohd Sahil Penolong Pengarah G44 3. Ahmad Fairuz Bin Che Omar Penolong Pengarah G41 4. Azman bin Ab. Rahman Penolong Pengarah G41 5. En Rodzi bin Mashor Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G36 6. Ishak bin Alias Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G32 7. Abdul Shukor bin Talib Pembantu Pertanian G17

Kuala Lumpur

1. Pegawai Sains C41 2. Shahida Talib Pembantu Makmal

Pulau Gadong, Melaka

1. Mohd Faizal Halmy bin Rosly Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27

Telok Chengal, Kedah

1. Mohammad Hatta bin Haron Penolong Pengarah G41 2. En. Mohammad Nor Mat Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G32 3. Sulaiman Hassan Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27

Titi Gantong, Perak

1. Muhamad Zikri bin Kamal Penolong Pengarah G41 2. George Katung Anak Barat Penolong Pengarah G41 3. Mohd Zainuddin bin Mohd Jailani Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G32 4. Fakharudin bin Abd Hamid Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27 5. En Mohd Radzi Othman Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27 6. En Akla Mohamad Pembantu Pertanian G17

Shah Alam, Selangor

1. Ahbar bin Ayub Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27 2. Ahmad Nazri bin Abdullah Zawawi Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27 3. Mohd Yusrizal bin Mat Yusoff Pembantu Pertanian G17

iii

Chembong, Negeri Sembilan

1. Abd Ghani bin Ahmad Pegawai Pertanian G41 2. Ramli bin Abd. Karim Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27 3. Shamsudin Aghoose Pembantu Pertanian G17 4. Ahmad Azwan bin Ahmad Anuar Pembantu Pertanian G17

Ayer Hitam, Johor

1. As’ari bin Hassan Kuasa Usaha (K/U) Ayer Hitam G52 2. Mohd Zulkifli bin Abdullah Penolong Pengarah G41 3. Mohammad Khair bin Ramli Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G32 4. Wan Abdul Aziz bin Wan Abdullah Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G32 5. Mohd Noor bin Abdul Manan Pembantu Pertanian G17 6. Mohd Nor Hakiki bin Husin Pembantu Pertanian G17

Kuantan & Temerloh, Pahang

1. Zulkifli bin Ahmad Kuasa Usaha (K/U) Kuantan (G48) 2. Norhisham bin Yacob Penolong Pengarah G44 3. M.Azemi Mahat Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G32 4. Mohd Nazrul Hizam bin Ab. Manaf Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27 5. Amiruddin bin Idris Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27

Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu

1. Norfazali bin Nordin Penolong Pengarah G44 2. Muhamad Zaihani bin Ramli Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G32 3. A. Rahim bin Ibrahim Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27

Lundang, Kelantan

1. Mohd Rusdi bin Lajid Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27 2. Mohd Affandy bin Yaacob Penolong Pegawai Pertanian G27

Sarawak

1. Ngab Dollah Bin Salam Q48 2. Jopen ak Abut Q41

Sarawak

1. Jutom Ongkosing Q41 2. Barry Lohok Q41

TOUR PROGRAMME

Date Time Activities

15.03.2010 2.00 p.m Registration at Pejabat Pertanian Daerah Lipis

16.03.2010 8.00 a.m Soil Survey Section meeting at Pejabat Pertanian Daerah Lipis

17.03.2010 8.00 a.m Depart to examine profile no 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

18.03.2010 8.00 a.m Depart to examine profile no 7, 8, 9, 10

19.03.2010 Disperse

iv

Chairperson, Commentator and Rapporteur of pedon

No Pedon Chairperson Commentator Rapporteur

1 Group 4

2 Group 3

3 Group 2

4 Group 1

5 Group 5

6 Group 5

7 Group 4

8 Group 3

9 Group 2

10 Group 1

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS … … … … … … … … i

TOUR COMMITTEE OF SOIL CORRELATION 1/2010 … … … … … ii

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS … … … … … … … … ii

TOUR PROGRAMME … … … … … … … … … iv

1.0 INTRODUCTION … … … … … … … … 1

2.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF REGION … … … … … … 3

2.1 Location of Tour Area … … … … … … … … 3

2.2 Topography … … … … … … … … … 4

2.3 Geology … … … … … … … … … 5

2.5 Climate … … … … … … … … … … 6

2.6 Agricultural Rainfall Index (A.R.I) … … … … … … … 8

2.7 Agro-Ecological Regions … … … … … … … … 9

3.0 PROFILE DESCRIPTIONS AND ANALYTICAL DATA

Pedon 1 … … … … … … … … … 10

Pedon 2 … … … … … … … … … 16

Pedon 3 … … … … … … … … … 22

Pedon 4 … … … … … … … … … 28

Pedon 5 … … … … … … … … … 34

Pedon 6 … … … … … … … … … 39

Pedon 7 … … … … … … … … … 44

Pedon 8 … … … … … … … … … 49

Pedon 9 … … … … … … … … … 55

4.0 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Location of Soil profile … … … … … … 2

Figure 2 Location of Kuala Lipis District … … … … … 3

Figure 3 Class of terrain for Lipis District ... ... ... … … 4

Figure 4 Geology of Kuala Lipis District … … … … … 5

Figure 5 The rainfall and evapotranspiration of Merapoh … … … 6

Figure 6 The Monthly temperature of Merapoh … … … … 7

Figure 7 The monthly relative of Merapoh … … … … … 8

Figure 8 Agriculture Rainfall Index (ARI) of Lipis District … … … 8

5.0 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Summary of climatic data for Merapoh area … … … 6

vi

Table 2 Main characteristics of agroecological Regions 23 … … … 9

Table 3 Crop suitability - Agroecological Regions … … … 9

6.0 APPENDICES

Guide to the use of the tables to the identification of soils in peninsular Malaysia App-1

Some criteria to determine the soil series in Peninsular Malaysia App-2

Guide to calculate analytical data App-2

Table 1: Identification of soils developed on igneous and high grade metamorphic rocks App-3

Table 2: Identification of soils developed on sedimentary and low grade metamorphic rocks App-4

Table 3a: Soils on older alluvium with no quartz stoneline or a quartz stoneline < 25cm

within 100cm of the soil surface App-5

Table 3b: Soils on older alluvium with a quartz stoneline or a quartz stoneline > 25cm

within 100cm of the soil surface App-6

Table 4: Identification of soil with a reworked lateritic layer App-7

Table 5: Identification of recent(T1) alluvial soils App-8

Table 6 : Identification of sub-recent (T2) alluvial and related reworked soils App-9

Table 7 : Identification of soils developed on Beach Ridges and related deposits App-10

Table 8 : Identification of soils with sulfidic and sulphuric horizons App-11

Table 9 : Identification of non acid sulphate marine alluvial soils App-12

Table 10 : Identification of shallow organic soils App-13

Table11 : Identification of moderately deep and deep organic soils App-14

Table12a: Identification of soils develop on limestone and calcareous material ( no iron or iron/

manganese band) App-15

Table12b: Identification of soils develop on limestone and calcareous material ( with iron or iron/

manganese band) App-16

1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The Department of Agriculture is the main agency involved in soil mapping and classification in

Malaysia. One of its main responsibilities is to ensure that there is uniformity in the mapping and

classification of soil among the officers that carry out soil survey work in the country In its efforts to

standardise soil mapping and classification in the country, the Department of Agriculture has embarked

on a programme that will provide soil correlation on a regular basis to soil scientists, agriculturalists,

landuse planners etc. for the purpose of disseminating up-to-date information on soil mapping and

classification, and land utilisation and management.

The soil correlation in the district of Kuala Lipis is a series of soil correlations that organised by

the Department of Agriculture towards fulfilling its role in the soil informations dissemination and

agrotechnology transfer. Soil correlations also act as a forum for soil scientists, agriculturalists, landuse

planners, land users and others to interact and to share their experience on soil classification, utilisation

and management.

The soils to be examined in the district of Kuala Lipis are developed from a wide range of parent

materials that are derived from igneous and sedimentary rocks. However, unlike soils that are developed

on similar materials in other parts of country, those in Kuala Lipis District are influenced by sedimentary

rocks dominated by sandstone, shale, siltstone , conglomerate and limestone.

For the purpose of this soil correlation, a total of 9 profiles (Figure 1) have been prepared, and

hopes to achieve the following objectives:

I. To disseminate information on recent developments on the mapping and classification of soils.

II. To stimulate and encourage a lively exchange of knowledge and experience among soil scientists on

the classification and utilisation of soils.

III. To promote judicious use of land in tandem with a concerted effort to protect and preserve the

environment.

2

Figure 1: Location of Soil Profile

3

2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF REGION

2.1 LOCATION OF TOUR AREA

The District of Kuala Lipis lies to the north of Pahang occupying an area of 536 903.816

hectares (5369 km square). It is situated within latitudes 3o 57’ N to d 4

o 48" N and longitudes 101

o 25’ to

102o 25’E Its northern border lies the State of Kelantan. Meanwhile districts of Jerantut located on the

North. To the south are the districts of Raub . The district of Cameron Highlands and State of Perak

forms its western border (Figure 2).

Accessibility into the area is by the Bentong-Raub-Kuala Lipis road and also accessible by

Jerantut-Kuala Lipis road and by railway from Gemas to Kuala Lipis - Gua Musang. In addition to the

primary means of transport via roads and railway, the rivers also provide an important means of

communication for rural dwellers.

Figure 2: Location Of Kuala Lipis District

4

2 TOPOGRAPHY

The District of Kuala Lipis lies between 60 m.a.s.l (198 ft.) to 1199 m.a.s.l (3956 ft.). The District

of Kuala Lipis occupying an area of 536 903.816 hectares (5369 km square. 170 957.15 hectares of the

area is steepland (31.84 %), especially in the areas to the north and east of the district. Otherwise

78549.10 hectares are Forest Reserves that recorded as 14.63 % of the area. Although between the hills

and the rivers, the relief is largely rolling to hilly with flat to undulating terrain in the valleys.

The major rivers flowing through the district are Lipis and Jelai River. River of Tenggelam,

Telang, Koyan, Tanum and Tui were distribute the water for Jelai River. Meanwhile Sungai Lipis were

continuously drain from Rengai, Dong, Gali, Semantan and Tersang river.

Figure 3: Class of Terain for Lipis District

5

2.3 GEOLOGY

The stratigraphy of Kuala Lipis District is largely dominated by Triassic and Permian period.

Others include Devonian and Silurian –Ordovician the west of the area and carboniferous at middle.

Most of the lithology of the area consist of sedimentary rocks dominated by sandstone, shale, siltstone,

conglomerate and limestone. Some extrusive igneous rock s occur at the boundary of Kelantan (acid to

intermediate) and middle of the area (intermediate to basic). Extrusive igneous rocks are scattered in

north, middle and southern parts of the area.

Figure 4: Geology of Kuala Lipis

6

CLIMATE

Peninsular Malaysia is characterized by uniformly high temperatures and rainfall throughout the year.

The climate in the District of Lipis is hot and humid with small temperature variations not exceeding 50C

throughout the year. The climatic data for Merapoh are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 : Summary of climatic data for Merapoh (1966-1990)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mac

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Rainfall 95 81 105 179 268 205 173 190 298 329 315 302 2540

Temperature (ºC)

Maximum 30.8 32.8 33.0 33.4 33.6 33.3 32.4 33.0 32.2 32.2 31.2 30.0 32.4

Minimum 21.3 21.9 22.4 22.4 22.8 21.1 21.9 21.7 22.0 22.1 25.9 22.1 22.7

Mean 26.1 27.3 27.9 27.9 28.2 27.7 27.4 27.4 27.1 27.5 26.4 25.8 27.0

Relative Humidity 82.0 84.0 81.0 84.0 84.0 84.0 84.0 84.0 84.0 84.0 85.0 82.0 84.0

Evapotranspiration

(mm)

113 112 133 130 129 122 127 131 129 129 115 101 1471

a. Rainfall

The average annual rainfall is 2540mm with the lowest mean monthly precipitation in the month of

February (80mm) and the highest mean monthly precipitation in the month of October (329 mm) The

area experiences a dry spell from January to March. The rainfall data of the area shown in the Table 1

and Figure 5.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Jan Feb Mac Apr Mei Jun Jul Ogs Sep Okt Nov Dis

Month

mm

Rainfall (mm) Evapotranspiration

Figure 5: The rainfall and evapotranspiration of Merapoh

7

b. Evapotranspiration

The mean annual evapo-transpiration is 1471 mm with the highest occurring in March (133mm) and the

lowest in December at 101mm (Table 1 and Figure 5) The evapotranspiration in the month in the

months of January to March exceeds the precipitation, indicatings moisture deficit in these months.

c. Temperature

The mean monthly temperature varies from 25.8ºC (December) to 28.2ºC (May) with mean annually

27.0ºC (figure 6) The lowet mean minimum monthly temperature is about 20.2ºC and occurs in the

month of June, while the highest mean maximum monthly is 33.6ºC (May).

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


Month

Tem

pera

ture

(º

C)

Maximum Minimum Mean

d. Relative humidity

The relative humidity of the area is shown in Table 1 and Figure 7, the mean annual relative humidity is

84% . The month of November is has highest relative humidity (85 %), while the lowest relative humidity

occurs in March (81 %).

Figure 6: The monthly temperature of Merapoh

8

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86


Month

Rela

tive h

um

idity

(%)

Relative Humidity

2.6 AGRICULTURAL RAINFALL INDEX (ARI)

Figure 7: The monthly relative humidity of Merapoh

Figure 8: Agriculture Rainfall Index of Lipis District

9

AGRO-ECOLOGICAL REGIONS

Based on the Agro-ecological Regions by Nieuwolt et al (1982), the area falls into zone 23.

The main characteristic of this zone are shown in Table 2.

Table 2 : Main characteristics of Agroecological Regions 23

Region Month

Jan Feb Mac Apr May June Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

23 dr D D d - - - - - fr fr R

D -dry month (A.R.I below 40 during 20% of years on record)

d -frequent moisture stress days (probability over 40%)

f -flash floods possible (R80 over 200 mm).

F -flash floods likely (R90 over 200 mm).

r -sunshine less than 40% of possible hours.

( ) -only in some parts of region

Table 3: Crop suitability - Agroecological Regions

Region Suitable Crops Marginal Crops

23 Coffee(Rob), Citrus, Durian, Rubber Cocoa, Mango, O/Palm.

10

Pedon 1

A. GENERAL INFORMATION

1. Map Sheet No. : Series L7030, Sheet 3961

2. RSO Coordinates : 454563 mE, 462056 mN

3. Location : Kg Kuala Lanar, Kuala

Lipis, Pahang

4. Elevation : 76 masl

5. Date : August 20th

, 2009

6. Author : M.Azemi Mahat

7. Land use : Shrub/Orchard

8. Soil Series :

9. Drainage : Moderately well drained

10. Parent Material : Recent Alluvium

11. Landform and Topography : Undulating (2o-6

o)

B. PROFILE DESCRIPTION

Horizonation Depth (cm) Description

Ap 0-22 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/6); silty clay; strong,

coarse sub angular blocky structure; firm; few fine

and medium roots; few charcoal; diffuse smooth

boundary.

Bt1 22-50 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and few brownish yellow

(10YR 6/8); silty clay; strong, coarse sub angular

blocky structure; firm; patchy clay skin on ped faces

and along channel; few fine roots; few charcoal;

diffuse smooth boundary.

Bt2 50-97 Reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) and few brownish

yellow (10YR 6/8); silty clay; strong, coarse sub

angular blocky structure; firm; common clay skin on

ped faces; few fine roots; few pores; diffuse smooth

boundary.

Bt3 97-150 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and few brownish yellow

(10YR 6/8); silty clay; strong, coarse sub angular

blocky structure; firm; continues clay skin on ped

faces; few pores.

11

C. MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

Hor. Depth

(cm)

Ganulometric Composition (%) Gravel

v/v

2 –

7.5mm

Clay

2µm

Fine

silt

2 -

20µm

Coarse

silt

20 -

50µm

V.fine

sand

50 –

100µm

Fine

sand

100 -

250µm

Medium

sand

250 –

500µm

Coarse

sand

500µm

-2mm

Ap 0 -22 54.8 34.8 6.1 2.0 1.3 0.7 0.4 -

Bt1 22-50 62.8 30.9 4.4 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.2 -

Bt2 50-97 60.4 32.4 4.9 1.1 0.6 0.3 0.3 -

Bt3 97-150 58.9 32.9 5.8 1.3 0.7 0.3 0.2 -

150-200 66.7 25.9 4.5 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.3 -

Hor.

1N NH4OAc cmol (+)/ kg soil

Base

Saturation

(%)

Exc.

Al

cmol

(+)/Kg

soil

Available

P (ppm) CEC

Exchangeable cation

TEB Ca Mg K Na

Ap 16.8 0.49 0.61 0.30 0.05 1.45 9 2.4 3.8

Bt1 13.0 0.12 0.11 0.07 0.10 0.40 3 4.14 1.9

Bt2 18.8 0.20 0.21 0.17 0.03 0.61 3 3.03 n.d

Bt3 12.4 0.07 0.13 0.07 0.11 0.38 3 2.64 n.d

12.5 0.04 0.15 0.07 0.04 0.30 2 3.51 n.d

Hor. Depth C % N % O. M

%

C/N

ratio H²O KCL

Elec.

Cond.

dS/m

Free

Iron

(%)

Ap 0 -22 1.56 0.05 2.69 31.20 5.3 - 0.0266 1.31

Bt1 22-50 1.08 0.03 1.86 36.00 5.3 - 0.0093 1.02

Bt2 50-97 0.53 0.01 0.91 53.00 5.2 - 0.0125 1.34

Bt3 97-150 0.44 0.01 0.76 44.00 5.2 - 0.0089 1.61

150-200 0.30 0.01 0.52 30.00 5.3 - 0.0072 0.55

12

Calculated value for identification of texture and subdivision of sand fraction

Horizon For P.M’sia Tex. Tri Percentage sand fraction

Clay Silt Sand

V.fine

Sand

Fine

Sand

Medium

Sand

Coarse

Sand Symbol Depth

Thick-

ness

(cm)

2µm 2-

50µm

50µm

-2mm

Ap 0 -22 54.8 40.9 4.4 45.45 29.55 15.91 9.09

Bt1 22-50 62.8 35.3 1.9 52.63 26.32 10.53 10.52

Bt2 50-97 60.4 37.3 2.3 47.83 26.09 13.04 13.04

Bt3 97-150 58.9 38.7 2.5 52.00 28.00 12.00 8.00

150-200 66.7 30.4 2.9 44.83 27.59 17.24 10.34

Weighted Average of Texture

Depth (cm) Clay Silt Sand

Textural Class 2µm 2-50µ 50µm – mm

0 – 25

25 -100

13

D. DISCUSSION

1. Horizonation 2. Morphological /Physical Properties

0 cm 2.1 Texture / Particle size

0 - 25 cm –

25 - 50 cm -

Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –

2.2 Colour

Matrix colour at 50 cm –

Matrix colour 50 -75cm-

50 cm

Mottles -

Gleying –

2.3 Consistence

2.4 Structure

2.5 Pedological Features

2.6 Soil Drainage

100cm 2.7 Others-

14

3. SOIL CLASSIFICATION

3.1 Local Classification

a. Field Legend __________________________________________

b. Soil Series - P. M’sia : ………………………………………………….

Sabah : ………………………………………………….

Sarawak : ………………………………………………….

3.2 FAO/ UNESCO Legend

a. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -

b. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -

c. Other Diagnostic Properties -

FAO/ UNESCO Legend

3.3 USDA Soil Taxonomy




3.3.1 Order -

3.3.2 Sub-order-

3.3.3 Sub Group

3.3.4 Classification for Family

i. Control section

ii. Texture Class

iii. Mineralogy

iv. Temperature Regime

USDA Soil Taxonomy

15

4. SOIL-CROP SUITABILITY CLASSIFICATION

a. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity

No Kind Of

Limitation

Degree of Severity

Very Serious Serious Moderate Minor

b. Soil Suitability Class : _______________________________

b. Crop Suitability :

Durian Coconut Oil

Palm Rambutan Jarak Guava Tembikai Vegetables

5. GENERAL DISCUSSION

16

Pedon 2





Lipis Pahang



, 2009


7. Land use : Bushes

8. Soil Series :

9. Drainage : Well drained

10. Parent Material : Sub Recent Alluvium


o)



Ap 0-25 Brown (10YR 5/3); fine sandy loam; moderate,

medium sub angular blocky structure; friable;

common fine roots, few coarse roots; few pores; clear

smooth boundary.

Bt1 25-57 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/6); fine sand clay loam;

moderate, medium sub angular blocky structure;

friable; patchy clay skin on ped faces; few fine roots;

many pores; diffuse smooth boundary.

Bt2 57-85 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/8); fine sandy clay loam;


slightly firm; patchy clay skin on ped faces; few

insect channel; few charchoal; few pores; diffuse

smooth boundary.

Bt3 85-105 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/8); fine sandy clay loam;

strong, medium sub angular blocky structure; firm;

few patchy clay skin on ped faces; few medium

roots; diffuse smooth boundary.

Bt4 105-121 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/8); fine sandy clay;

strong, coarse sub angular blocky structure; firm;

17

common patchy clay skin on ped faces; few medium

roots; few pores; diffuse smooth boundary.

Bt5 121-140 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/8); few faint strong brown

(7.5YR 5/8) mottle; fine sandy clay; strong, coarse

sub angular blocky structure; firm; few patchy clay

skin on ped faces; few pores.


Hor. Depth

(cm)


v/v

2 –

7.5mm

Clay

2µm

Fine

silt

2 -

20µm

Coarse

silt

20 -

50µm

V.fine

sand

50 –

100µm

Fine

sand

100 -

250µm

Medium

sand

250 –

500µm

Coarse

sand

500µm

-2mm

Ap 0 -25 15.2 12.0 11.1 14.4 28.1 14.4 4.9 -

Bt1 25-57 21.0 11.9 9.8 14.2 25.8 11.9 5.4 -

Bt2 57-85 29.2 11.5 9.6 12.9 22.7 10.4 3.6 -

Bt3 85-105 32.5 11.9 9.5 12.4 21.3 8.3 4.0 -

Bt4 105-121 36.1 12.2 7.8 12.5 18.8 8.8 3.8 -

Bt5 121-140 38.5 11.3 9.4 12.3 17.7 7.6 3.3 -

140-200 40.0 12.9 11.2 14.9 15.3 4.2 1.5 -

Hor.


Base

Saturation

Exc.

Al

cmol

(+)/Kg

soil

Available

P (ppm) CEC

Exchangeable cation

TEB Ca Mg K Na

Ap 5.0 0.07 0.04 0.16 0.11 0.38 8 0.70 3

Bt1 4.8 0.05 0.02 0.10 0.03 0.2 4 0.50 1

Bt2 4.7 0.04 0.01 0.11 0.10 0.26 6 0.82 0.5

Bt3 6.8 0.03 0.01 0.10 0.02 0.16 2 0.72 0.4

Bt4 6.6 0.05 0.01 0.10 0.11 0.27 4 0.71 0.3

Bt5 10.9 0.04 0.01 0.10 0.03 0.18 2 1.00 n.d

7.2 0.04 0.02 0.11 0.09 0.26 4 0.52 n.d

18


%

C/N

ratio H²O KCL

Elec.

Cond.

dS/m

Free

Iron

(%)

Ap 0 -25 1.23 0.28 2.12 4.39 5.2 - 0.0288 0.34

Bt1 25-57 0.45 0.12 0.78 3.75 5.2 - 0.0125 0.59

Bt2 57-85 0.53 0.12 0.91 4.42 5.0 - 0.0127 1.05

Bt3 85-105 0.34 0.11 0.59 3.09 5.0 - 0.0126 0.70

Bt4 105-121 0.36 0.11 0.62 3.27 5.1 - 0.0142 0.73

Bt5 121-140 0.26 0.09 0.45 2.89 5.0 - 0.0135 0.76

140-200 0.35 0.09 0.60 3.89 5.0 - 0.0137 0.55



Clay Silt Sand

V.fine

Sand

Fine

Sand

Medium

Sand

Coarse

Sand Symbol Depth

Thick-

ness

(cm)

2µm 2-

50µm

50µm

-2mm

Ap 0 -25 15.2 23.1 61.8 23.30 45.47 23.30 7.93

Bt1 25-57 21.0 21.7 57.3 24.78 45.03 20.77 9.42

Bt2 57-85 29.2 21.1 49.6 26.01 45.77 20.97 7.26

Bt3 85-105 32.5 21.4 46.0 26.96 46.30 18.04 8.70

Bt4 105-121 36.1 20.0 43.9 28.47 42.82 20.05 8.66

Bt5 121-140 38.5 20.7 47.0 26.17 37.66 16.17 7.02

140-200 40.0 24.1 35.9 41.50 42.62 11.70 4.18




0 – 25

25 -100

19

D. DISCUSSION



0 - 25 cm –

25 - 50 cm -

Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –

2.2 Colour



50 cm

Mottles -

Gleying –

2.3 Consistence

2.4 Structure


2.6 Soil Drainage

100cm 2.7 Others-



a. Field Legend __________________________________________


Sabah : ………………………………………………….

Sarawak : ………………………………………………….

20


d. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -

e. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -

f. Other Diagnostic Properties -

FAO/ UNESCO Legend





3.6.1 Order -

3.6.2 Sub-order-

3.6.3 Sub Group


v. Control section

vi. Texture Class

vii. Mineralogy

viii. Temperature Regime

USDA Soil Taxonomy

21


c. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity

No Kind Of

Limitation

Degree of Severity



d. Crop Suitability :

Durian Coconut Oil



22

Pedon 3



2. RSO Coordinates : 457168mE, 461311 mN

3. Location : Ladang Kurnia Setia, Kuala

Lanar,

Kuala Lipis, Pahang



, 2009

6. Author : Norhisham Yacob, Amiruddin

Idris, Abd Karim Dolah

7. Land use : Palm Oil

8. Soil Series :


10. Parent Material : Shale

11. Landform and Topography : Rolling (6o-12

o)



Ap 0-18 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4); silty clay; firm; very

strong, coarse sub angular blocky structure; friable;

many fine and medium roots; few charchoal; few

termite nest; common pores; diffuse smooth

boundary.

Bt1 18-48 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/6); silty clay; very strong,

coarse sub angular blocky structure; firm; common

clay skin on ped faces; common medium roots, few

fine roots; few pores; few termite nest; diffuse

smooth boundary.

Bt2 48-91 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/6); heavy clay; strong,

coarse sub angular blocky structure; very firm;

common clay skin on ped faces; few fine and

medium roots; diffuse smooth boundary.

Bt3 91-125 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/6); heavy clay; very

strong, course sub angular blocky structure; very

firm; few fine and medium roots; few charchoal;


23

Bt4 125-145 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/6); silty clay; strong,

medium sub angular blocky structure , very firm; few

fine roots, presents weatherable, rock fragments

about 15%


Hor. Depth

(cm)


v/v

2 –

7.5mm

Clay

2µm

Fine

silt

2 -

20µm

Coarse

silt

20 -

50µm

V.fine

sand

50 –

100µm

Fine

sand

100 -

250µm

Medium

sand

250 –

500µm

Coarse

sand

500µm

-2mm

Ap 0 -18 49.7 36.0 6.4 2.4 2.4 1.6 1.6 -

Bt1 18-48 55.1 33.7 5.3 1.8 1.8 1.2 1.1 -

Bt2 48-91 62.7 27.7 4.6 1.8 1.6 0.7 0.9 -

Bt3 91-125 62.7 28.7 4.1 1.7 1.3 0.5 1.0 -

Bt4 125-145 48.1 36.1 6.5 4.3 3.6 0.9 0.4 -

145-200 34.5 30.6 7.4 5.8 9.7 6.3 5.8 -

Hor.


Base

Saturation

Exc.

Al

cmol

(+)/Kg

soil

Available

P (ppm) CEC

Exchangeable cation

TEB Ca Mg K Na

Ap 13.2 1.14 0.39 0.11 0.05 1.69 13 0.39 1.5

Bt1 9.5 0.35 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.56 6 1.58 4.0

Bt2 10.5 0.50 0.22 0.07 0.07 0.86 8 1.28 0.3

Bt3 10.7 0.81 0.31 0.05 0.12 1.29 12 0.71 0.5

Bt4 9.9 0.34 0.11 0.06 0.06 0.57 6 0.89 n.d

6.3 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.12 0.24 4 1.81 n.d


%

C/N

ratio H²O KCL

Elec.

Cond.

dS/m

Free

Iron

(%)

Ap 0 -18 2.16 0.16 3.72 13.50 5.2 - 0.040 13.5

Bt1 18-48 1.11 0.11 1.91 10.09 4.9 - 0.030 10.09

Bt2 48-91 1.19 0.11 2.05 10.82 5.1 - 0.0258 10.82

Bt3 91-125 1.23 0.11 2.12 11.18 5.2 - 0.0234 11.18

Bt4 125-145 0.53 0.05 0.91 10.60 4.7 - 0.0416 10.60

145-200 0.24 0.03 0.41 8.00 4.9 - 0.0173 8.00

24



Clay Silt Sand

V.fine

Sand

Fine

Sand

Medium

Sand

Coarse

Sand Symbol Depth

Thick-

ness

(cm)

2µm 2-

50µm

50µm

-2mm

Ap 0 -18 49.7 8.8 8.0 30.00 30.00 20.00 20.00

Bt1 18-48 55.1 7.1 5.9 30.51 30.51 20.34 18.64

Bt2 48-91 62.7 6.4 5.0 36.00 32.00 14.00 18.00

Bt3 91-125 62.7 5.8 4.5 37.78 28.89 11.11 22.22

Bt4 125-

145

48.1 10.8 9.2 46.74 39.13 9.78 4.35

34.5 13.2 27.6 21.01 35.14 22.83 21.01




0 – 25

25 -100

25

D. DISCUSSION



0 - 25 cm –

25 - 50 cm -

Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –

2.2 Colour



50 cm

Mottles -

Gleying –

2.3 Consistence

2.4 Structure


2.6 Soil Drainage

100cm 2.7 Others-

26



a. Field Legend __________________________________________


Sabah : ………………………………………………….

Sarawak : ………………………………………………….


g. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -

h. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -

i. Other Diagnostic Properties -

FAO/ UNESCO Legend





3.9.1 Order -

3.9.2 Sub-order-

3.9.3 Sub Group


ix. Control section

x. Texture Class

xi. Mineralogy

xii. Temperature Regime

USDA Soil Taxonomy

27


e. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity

No Kind Of

Limitation

Degree of Severity



f. Crop Suitability :

Durian Coconut Oil



28

Pedon 4





Lipis

Pahang.



, 2009

6. Author : M.Azemi Mahat, Abdul

Karim Dolah, Amiruddin Idris

7. Land use : Rubber / Bushes

8. Soil Series :




o)



Ap 0-10 Dark brown (10YR 3/3); clay; moderate, fine sub

sub angular blocky structure, slightly firm; many fine

roots, few medium roots; few pores; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt1 10-50 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/8); heavy clay; strong ,

coarse sub angular blocky structure; firm; continous

clay skin on ped faces; common fine roots; diffuse

smooth boundary.

Bt2 50-105 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/8); heavy clay; strong,


clayskin on ped faces; few fine and medium roots;

few charchoal; many pores; diffuse smooth

boundary.

Bt3 105-125 Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 6/8); heavy clay ; strong,

course sub angular blocky structure; firm; patchy

clayskin on ped faces; few fine roots; few pores;


29

Bt4 125-135 Reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) few brownish yellow

(10YR 6/8); heavy clay; moderate, medium sub

angular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots.


Hor. Depth

(cm)


v/v

2 –

7.5mm

Clay

2µm

Fine

silt

2 -

20µm

Coarse

silt

20 -

50µm

V.fine

sand

50 –

100µm

Fine

sand

100 -

250µm

Medium

sand

250 –

500µm

Coarse

sand

500µm

-2mm

Ap 0 -10 47.7 22.0 7.5 4.6 6.7 5.8 5.8 -

Bt1 10-50 66.7 15.5 5.6 3.1 4.5 2.6 2.0 -

Bt2 50-105 72.5 14.5 4.5 2.5 2.7 1.6 1.7 -

Bt3 105-125 74.1 14.7 4.0 2.0 2.2 1.3 1.7 -

Bt4 125- 135 73.9 14.9 4.0 2.1 2.0 1.2 1.9 -

135-200 69.6 15.9 4.2 2.4 2.7 1.8 3.4 -

Hor.


Base

Saturation

Exc.

Al

cmol

(+)/Kg

soil

Available

P (ppm) CEC

Exchangeable cation

TEB Ca Mg K Na

Ap 18.0 2.18 0.84 0.20 0.04 3.26 18 0.27 10.6

Bt1 11.0 1.09 0.60 0.06 0.08 1.83 17 0.56 0.7

Bt2 11.2 0.26 0.30 0.05 0.05 0.66 6 0.67 0.03

Bt3 9.0 0.25 0.13 0.05 0.08 0.51 6 0.21 n.d

Bt4 10.8 0.20 0.07 0.07 0.02 0.36 3 0.19 n.d

10.4 0.09 0.03 0.04 0.08 0.24 2 0.20 n.d


%

C/N

ratio H²O KCL

Elec.

Cond.

dS/m

Free

Iron

(%)

Ap 0 -10 3.66 0.27 6.31 13.56 5.9 - 0.0645 0.54

Bt1 10-50 1.15 0.09 1.98 12.78 5.8 - 0.0372 0.66

Bt2 50-105 0.97 0.09 1.67 10.78 5.2 - 0.0169 1.65

Bt3 105-125 0.58 0.05 1.00 11.60 5.4 - 0.0077 1.20

Bt4 125- 135 0.46 0.04 0.79 11.50 5.5 - 0.0063 0.76

135-200 0.34 0.03 0.59 11.33 5.4 - 0.0061 0.76

30



Clay Silt Sand

V.fine

Sand

Fine

Sand

Medium

Sand

Coarse

Sand Symbol Depth

Thick-

ness

(cm)

2µm 2-

50µm

50µm

-2mm

Ap 0 -10 47.7 29.5 22.9 20.09 29.26 25.33 25.33

Bt1 10-50 66.7 21.1 12.2 25.41 36.89 21.31 16.39

Bt2 50-105 72.5 19.0 8.5 29.41 31.76 18.82 20.00

Bt3 105-125 74.1 18.7 7.2 27.78 30.56 18.06 23.61

Bt4 125- 135 73.9 18.9 7.2 29.17 27.78 16.67 26.39

135-200 69.6 20.1 10.3 23.30 26.21 17.48 33.00




0 – 25

25 -100

31

D. DISCUSSION



0 - 25 cm –

25 - 50 cm -

Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –

2.2 Colour



50 cm

Mottles -

Gleying –

2.3 Consistence

2.4 Structure


2.6 Soil Drainage

100cm 2.7 Others-

32



a. Field Legend __________________________________________


Sabah : ………………………………………………….

Sarawak : ………………………………………………….


j. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -

k. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -

l. Other Diagnostic Properties -

FAO/ UNESCO Legend





3.12.1 Order -

3.12.2 Sub-order-

3.12.3 Sub Group


xiii. Control section

xiv. Texture Class

xv. Mineralogy

xvi. Temperature Regime

USDA Soil Taxonomy

33


g. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity

No Kind Of

Limitation

Degree of Severity



h. Crop Suitability :

Durian Coconut Oil



34

Pedon 5


1. Map Sheet No. : Series L7030, Sheet

3861

2. RSO Coordinates : 442183 mE, 463172mN

3. Location : Kg Bapong, Kuala

Lipis, Pahang



, 2009

6. Author : M. Azemi Mahat,

Norhisham Yacob, Abdul Karim Dollah, Amiruddin

Idris


8. Soil Series :



11. Landform and Topography : Hilly (12o-20

o)



Ap 0-15 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4); clay loam; moderate,

medium sub angular blocky structure; friable;

common fine roots, few course roots; few insect

channel; diffuse smooth boundary.

Bt 15-35 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/6); silty clay; moderate,

medium sub angular blocky structure; slightly firm;

patchy clay skin on ped faces; few fine and medium

roots; common insect channel; many pores; clear

boundary.

2CB1 35-70 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/8); silty clay; moderate; fine

sub angular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots;

common insect channel; present of course rock

fragment about 80 %; diffuse smooth boundary

2CB2 70-110 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/8); silty clay; moderate,

medium sub angular blocky structure; few fine roots;

present of boulder rock fragment about 80%; diffuse

smooth boundary.

35

R 110-210 Shale bed rock


Hor. Depth

(cm)


v/v

2 –

7.5mm

Clay

2µm

Fine

silt

2 -

20µm

Coarse

silt

20 -

50µm

V.fine

sand

50 –

100µm

Fine

sand

100 -

250µm

Medium

sand

250 –

500µm

Coarse

sand

500µm

-2mm

Ap 0 -15 32.9 45.0 5.1 2.3 5.6 5.4 3.6 -

Bt 15-35 41.0 45.2 4.0 1.5 2.6 2.4 3.3 -

2CB1 35-70 43.9 41.4 4.6 2.1 2.8 2.3 3.0 -

2CB2 70-110 46.1 35.8 7.9 4.4 2.8 1.2 1.7 -

Hor.


Base

Saturation

Exc.

Al

cmol

(+)/Kg

soil

Available

P (ppm) CEC

Exchangeable cation

TEB Ca Mg K Na

Ap 14.0 0.07 0.07 0.28 0.04 0.46 3 3.86 7.3

Bt 9.8 0.03 0.03 0.10 0.10 0.26 3 3.78 2.9

2CB1 10.7 0.01 0.02 0.15 0.03 0.21 2 4.62 1.3

2CB2 10.3 0.01 0.02 0.09 0.09 0.21 2 4.70 0.5


%

C/N

ratio H²O KCL

Elec.

Cond.

dS/m

Free

Iron

(%)

Ap 0 -15 2.33 0.18 4.02 12.94 4.3 - 0.0615 0.79

Bt 15-35 1.07 0.11 1.84 9.73 4.3 - 0.0417 0.84

2CB1 35-70 0.67 0.10 1.16 6.70 4.5 - 0.0283 1.45

2CB2 70-110 0.44 0.08 0.76 5.50 4.8 - 0.0154 1.17



Clay Silt Sand

V.fine

Sand

Fine

Sand

Medium

Sand

Coarse

Sand Symbol Depth

Thick-

ness

(cm)

2µm 2-

50µm

50µm

-2mm

Ap 0 -15 32.9 50.1 16.9 13.61 33.14 31.95 21.30

Bt 15-35 41.0 49.2 9.8 15.31 26.53 24.49 33.67

2CB1 35-70 43.9 46.0 10.2 20.59 27.45 22.55 29.41

2CB2 70-110 46.1 43.7 10.1 43.56 27.72 11.88 16.83

36




0 – 25

25 -100

D. DISCUSSION



0 - 25 cm –

25 - 50 cm -

Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –

2.2 Colour



50 cm

Mottles -

Gleying –

2.3 Consistence

2.4 Structure


2.6 Soil Drainage

100cm 2.7 Others-

37



a. Field Legend __________________________________________


Sabah : ………………………………………………….

Sarawak : ………………………………………………….


m. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -

n. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -

o. Other Diagnostic Properties -

FAO/ UNESCO Legend





3.15.1 Order -

3.15.2 Sub-order-

3.15.3 Sub Group


xvii. Control section

xviii. Texture Class

xix. Mineralogy

xx. Temperature Regime

USDA Soil Taxonomy -

38


i. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity

No Kind Of

Limitation

Degree of Severity



j. Crop Suitability :

Durian Coconut Oil



39

Pedon 6




3. Location : Kg Bapong, Kuala Lipis,

Pahang



, 2009

6. Author : M. Azemi Mahat


8. Soil Series :

9. Drainage : Somewhat poorly drained

10. Parent Material : Limestone

11. Landform and Topography : Flat (0o-2

o)



Ap 0-14 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/6); fine sandy clay loam;


slightly firm; few fine roots; few pores; few insect

channel; diffuse smooth boundary.

Bt1 14-41 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and few yellowish

brown (10YR 5/8); fine sandy clay loam; strong,

coarse sub angular blocky structure; firm; continous

clay skin on ped faces; few medium roots; many

pores; diffuse smooth boundary.

Bt2 41-50 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and few dark brown

(7.5YR 3/2); clay loam; strong, coarse sub angular

blocky structure; firm; continous clay skin on ped

faces; few fine roots; few pores; present of

manganese nodules around 20%; clear boundary.

Btcn 70-110 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/8); clay; present of

manganese nodules around 80 %.

40


Hor. Depth

(cm)


v/v

2 –

7.5mm

Clay

2µm

Fine

silt

2 -

20µm

Coarse

silt

20 -

50µm

V.fine

sand

50 –

100µm

Fine

sand

100 -

250µm

Medium

sand

250 –

500µm

Coarse

sand

500µm

-2mm

Ap 0 -14 20.9 26.3 12.9 5.4 12.6 14.3 7.7 -

Bt1 14-41 26.0 26.6 11.5 4.9 10.1 11.7 9.2 -

Bt2 41-50 33.0 24.3 9.5 4.4 8.2 8.5 12.0 -

Bcn 50-105 46.5 15.3 7.2 3.9 4.8 5.5 16.7 -

Hor.


Base

Saturation

Exc.

Al

cmol

(+)/Kg

soil

Available

P (ppm) CEC

Exchangeable cation

TEB Ca Mg K Na

Ap 7.3 0.34 0.07 0.11 0.03 0.55 8 1.22 1.3

Bt1 6.3 1.13 0.03 0.03 0.08 1.27 20 0.04 2.9

Bt2 9.4 2.02 0.05 0.04 0.03 2.14 23 0.23 0.7

Bcn 14.6 2.50 0.10 0.04 0.09 2.73 19 0.19 0.2


%

C/N

ratio H²O KCL

Elec.

Cond.

dS/m

Free

Iron

(%)

Ap 0 -14 0.43 0.07 0.74 6.14 5.0 - 0.0189 0.72

Bt1 14-41 0.92 0.11 1.59 8.36 5.7 - 0.0112 1.07

Bt2 41-50 0.48 0.09 0.83 5.33 6.6 - 0.0268 0.74

Bcn 50-105 0.50 0.09 0.86 5.56 7.3 - 0.0429 1.14



Clay Silt Sand

V.fine

Sand

Fine

Sand

Medium

Sand

Coarse

Sand Symbol Depth

Thick-

ness

(cm)

2µm 2-

50µm

50µm

-2mm

Ap 0 -14 20.9 39.2 40.0 13.50 31.50 35.75 19.25

Bt1 14-41 26.0 38.1 35.9 13.65 28.13 32.59 25.63

Bt2 41-50 33.0 33.8 33.1 13.29 24.77 25.68 36.25

Bcn 50-105 46.5 22.5 30.9 12.62 15.53 17.80 54.05

41




0 – 25

25 -100

D. DISCUSSION



0 - 25 cm –

25 - 50 cm -

Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –

2.2 Colour



50 cm

Mottles -

Gleying –

2.3 Consistence

2.4 Structure


2.6 Soil Drainage

100cm 2.7 Others-

42



a. Field Legend __________________________________________


Sabah : ………………………………………………….

Sarawak : ………………………………………………….


p. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -

q. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -

r. Other Diagnostic Properties -

FAO/ UNESCO Legend





3.18.1 Order -

3.18.2 Sub-order-

3.18.3 Sub Group


xxi. Control section

xxii. Texture Class

xxiii. Mineralogy

xxiv. Temperature Regime

USDA Soil Taxonomy

43


k. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity

No Kind Of

Limitation

Degree of Severity



l. Crop Suitability :

Durian Coconut Oil



44

Pedon 7




3. Location : Kg Kerbau Jatuh, Kuala

Lipis, Pahang


5. Date : August 21st, 2009

6. Author : Amiruddin Idris, Abdul

Karim Dolah

7. Land use : Orchad

8. Soil Series :


10. Parent Material : Reworked Lateritic


o)



Ap 0-5 Dark brown (7.5YR 4/4); clay; moderate, fine sub

angular blocky structure; friable; many fine and

medium roots; few insect channel; few pores; clear

boundary.

Btcn1 5-40 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/6); clay; moderate, medium

subangular blocky; few medium roots; many fine

roots; few pores; present laterite gravel about 85 %,

size medium, sub rounded and rounded shape;


Btcn2 40-140 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/6); heavy clay; moderate,

medium subangular blocky; few fine and medium

roots; few insect channel; present laterite gravel and

boulder about 90 %, sub rounded and sub angular

shape.

45


Hor. Depth

(cm)


v/v

2 –

7.5mm

Clay

2µm

Fine

silt

2 -

20µm

Coarse

silt

20 -

50µm

V.fine

sand

50 –

100µm

Fine

sand

100 -

250µm

Medium

sand

250 –

500µm

Coarse

sand

500µm

-2mm

Ap 0 -5 50.2 16.9 5.7 4.4 6.5 6.4 9.9

Btcn1 5-40 58.6 11.1 5.1 3.1 5.0 4.8 12.3

Btcn2 40-140 65.0 14.5 4.6 3.0 3.4 2.8 6.6

Hor.


Base

Saturation

Exc.

Al

cmol

(+)/Kg

soil

Available

P (ppm) CEC

Exchangeable cation

TEB Ca Mg K Na

Ap 13.7 1.39 0.89 0.34 0.05 2.67 19 0.03 15.6

Btcn1 12.0 0.31 0.08 0.14 0.09 0.62 5 1.97 7.8

Btcn2 12.6 0.85 0.11 0.10 0.03 1.09 9 1.10 1.5


%

C/N

ratio H²O KCL

Elec.

Cond.

dS/m

Free

Iron

(%)

Ap 0 -5 0.87 0.14 1.50 6.21 5.2 - 0.122 0.90

Btcn1 5-40 1.40 0.18 2.41 7.78 4.9 - 0.029 1.11

Btcn2 40-140 3.70 0.36 6.38 10.28 5.2 - 0.0168 1.13



Clay Silt Sand

V.fine

Sand

Fine

Sand

Medium

Sand

Coarse

Sand Symbol Depth

Thick-

ness

(cm)

2µm 2-

50µm

50µm

-2mm

Ap 0 -5 50.2 22.6 27.2 16.18 23.90 23.53 36.40

Btcn1 5-40 58.6 16.2 25.2 12.30 19.84 19.05 48.81

Btcn2 40-140 65.0 19.1 15.8 18.99 21.52 17.72 41.77

46




0 – 25

25 -100

D. DISCUSSION



0 - 25 cm –

25 - 50 cm -

Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –

2.2 Colour



50 cm

Mottles -

Gleying –

2.3 Consistence

2.4 Structure


2.6 Soil Drainage

100cm 2.7 Others-

47



a. Field Legend __________________________________________


Sabah : ………………………………………………….

Sarawak : ………………………………………………….


s. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -

t. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -

u. Other Diagnostic Properties -

FAO/ UNESCO Legend





3.21.1 Order -

3.21.2 Sub-order-

3.21.3 Sub Group


xxv. Control section

xxvi. Texture Class

xxvii. Mineralogy

xxviii. Temperature Regime

USDA Soil Taxonomy

48


m. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity

No Kind Of

Limitation

Degree of Severity



c. Crop Suitability :

Durian Coconut Oil



49

Pedon 8



2. RSO Coordinates : 442732 mE , 446213 mN

3. Location : Benta Estate, Kuala Lipis –

Benta Road, Benta, Pahang



6. Author : Norhisham Yacob, Abd

Karim Dolah, Amiruddin

Idris

7. Land use : Oil Palm (abundant)

8. Soil Series :


10. Parent Material : Older Alluvium


o)



Ap 0-10 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4); coarse sandy clay

loam; weak, fine sub angular blocky structure;

friable; many fine roots; few pores; clear boundary.

Bt1 10-33 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/8); clay loam; strong,


clayskin on ped faces; many medium roots, few fine

roots; few pores; few termite nest; diffuse smooth

boundary.

Bt2 33-90 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/8); clay; strong, coarse sub

angular blocky structure; firm; common clayskin on

pedfaces; few medium roots; few pores; diffuse

smooth boundary

Bt3 90-130 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/8), few yellowish red

(5YR 5/8) mottle; clay; strong, coarse sub angular

blocky structure; firm; patchy clayskin on pedfaces;

few fine roots; few pores; diffuse smooth boundary.

Bt4 130-150 Brownish yellow (10YR 6/6), few yellowish red

(5YR 5/8) mottle; clay; strong, coarse sub angular

50

blocky structure; firm; patchy clayskin on pedfaces;

few medium roots.


Hor. Depth

(cm)


v/v

2 –

7.5mm

Clay

2µm

Fine

silt

2 -

20µm

Coarse

silt

20 -

50µm

V.fine

sand

50 –

100µm

Fine

sand

100 -

250µm

Medium

sand

250 –

500µm

Coarse

sand

500µm

-2mm

Ap 0 -10 24.8 17.4 10.0 8.5 12.4 12.1 14.8 -

Bt1 10-33 36.7 25.0 5.9 5.9 9.2 7.2 10.1 -

Bt2 33-90 40.7 24.1 5.6 5.5 7.5 5.7 10.9 -

Bt3 90-130 47.4 17.9 6.5 5.5 8.4 6.0 8.3 -

Bt4 130-150 56.1 17.9 5.5 4.4 5.5 3.6 7.1 -

Hor.


Base

Saturation

Exc.

Al

cmol

(+)/Kg

soil

Available

P (ppm) CEC

Exchangeable cation

TEB Ca Mg K Na

Ap 8.0 0.30 0.13 0.28 0.07 0.78 10 1.92 5.0

Bt1 7.8 0.01 0.04 0.19 0.02 0.26 3 5.18 1.8

Bt2 9.7 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.09 0.20 2 6.5 0.7

Bt3 9.5 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.02 0.10 1 5.76 n.d

Bt4 10.6 0.01 0.01 0.08 0.10 0.11 2 6.65 n.d


%

C/N

ratio H²O KCL

Elec.

Cond.

dS/m

Free

Iron

(%)

Ap 0 -10 1.75 0.17 3.02 10.29 4.6 - 0.0677 0.49

Bt1 10-33 0.81 0.03 1.40 27.00 4.2 - 0.0705 0.86

Bt2 33-90 0.62 0.02 1.07 28.18 4.1 - 0.069 0.88

Bt3 90-130 0.41 0.01 0.71 41.00 4.3 - 0.0370 1.01

Bt4 130-150 0.45 0.01 0.78 45.00 4.3 - 0.0427 0.97

51



Clay Silt Sand

V.fine

Sand

Fine

Sand

Medium

Sand

Coarse

Sand Symbol Depth

Thick-

ness

(cm)

2µm 2-

50µm

50µm

-2mm

Ap 0 -10 24.8 27.4 47.8 17.78 25.94 25.31 30.96

Bt1 10-33 36.7 30.9 32.4 18.21 28.40 22.22 31.17

Bt2 33-90 40.7 29.7 29.6 18.58 25.34 19.26 36.82

Bt3 90-130 47.4 24.4 28.2 19.50 29.79 21.28 29.43

Bt4 130-150 56.1 23.4 20.6 21.36 26.70 17.48 34.47




0 – 25

25 -100

52

D. DISCUSSION



0 - 25 cm –

25 - 50 cm -

Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –

2.2 Colour



50 cm

Mottles -

Gleying –

2.3 Consistence

2.4 Structure


2.6 Soil Drainage

100cm 2.7 Others-



a. Field Legend __________________________________________


Sabah : ………………………………………………….

Sarawak : ………………………………………………….

53


v. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -

w. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -

x. Other Diagnostic Properties -

FAO/ UNESCO Legend





3.24.1 Order -

3.24.2 Sub-order-

3.24.3 Sub Group


xxix. Control section

xxx. Texture Class

xxxi. Mineralogy

xxxii. Temperature Regime

USDA Soil Taxonomy


a. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity

No Kind Of

Limitation

Degree of Severity


54


c. Crop Suitability :

Durian Coconut Oil



55

Pedon 9




3. Location : Benta – Raub Road, Benta





8. Soil Series :

9. Drainage : Moderately well drained

10. Parent Material : Mixed Parent Materials

11. Landform and Topography : Hilly (12o-20

o)



Ap 0-18 Dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4); fine sandy loam;

weak, fine sub angular blocky structure; friable;

many fine roots; few medium roots; few coarse roots;


Bt 18-45 Dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4); fine sandy clay

loam; moderate, medium sub angular blocky

structure; friable; continues clayskin on ped faces;

few fine roots; medium fine roots; few insect

channel; clear boundary.

BC 45-73 Strong brown (7.5YR 5/8); fine sandy clay loam;

weak, medium sub angular blocky structure; slightly

firm; continue clayskin on pedfaces; few fine roots;

weatherable parent material.

R 73-120 Bedrock

56


Hor. Depth

(cm)


v/v

2 –

7.5mm

Clay

2µm

Fine

silt

2 -

20µm

Coarse

silt

20 -

50µm

V.fine

sand

50 –

100µm

Fine

sand

100 -

250µm

Medium

sand

250 –

500µm

Coarse

sand

500µm

-2mm

Ap 0 -18 19.1 14.5 10.8 7.5 14.4 18.2 15.4 -

Bt 18-45 23.7 12.7 10.5 7.2 12.2 15.1 18.6 -

BC 45-73 27.9 13.8 9.9 6.8 10.7 12.5 18.4 -

Hor.


Base

Saturation

Exc.

Al

cmol

(+)/Kg

soil

Available

P (ppm) CEC

Exchangeable cation

TEB Ca Mg K Na

Ap 13.1 1.25 1.76 0.25 0.02 3.28 25 1.00 8.7

Bt 13.2 0.71 0.82 0.22 0.11 1.86 14 1.00 1.5

BC 17.0 0.78 1.97 0.11 0.40 3.26 19 1.16 17.1


%

C/N

ratio H²O KCL

Elec.

Cond.

dS/m

Free

Iron

(%)

Ap 0 -18 1.63 0.11 2.81 14.82 5.7 - 0.0584 0.69

Bt 18-45 1.09 0.06 1.88 17.30 5.3 - 0.0269 1.65

BC 45-73 0.92 0.06 1.59 15.33 5.5 - 0.0221 0.56



Clay Silt Sand

V.fine

Sand

Fine

Sand

Medium

Sand

Coarse

Sand Symbo

l Depth

Thick-

ness

(cm)

2µm 2-

50µm

50µm

-2mm

Ap 0 -18 19.1 25.30 55.5 13.51 25.95 32.80 55.5

Bt 18-45 23.7 23.2 53.1 13.56 22.98 28.44 35.03

BC 45-73 27.9 23.7 48.4 14.05 22.11 25.83 38.02

57




0 – 25

25 -100

D. DISCUSSION



0 - 25 cm –

25 - 50 cm -

Wt. av. 25 – 100 cm –

2.2 Colour



50 cm

Mottles -

Gleying –

2.3 Consistence

2.4 Structure


2.6 Soil Drainage

100cm 2.7 Others-

58



a. Field Legend __________________________________________


Sabah : ………………………………………………….

Sarawak : ………………………………………………….


b. Diagnostic Subsurface Horizon / Epipedon -

c. Diagnostic Sub-surface Horizon -

d. Other Diagnostic Properties -

FAO/ UNESCO Legend





3.27.1 Order -

3.27.2 Sub-order-

3.27.3 Sub Group


xxxiii. Control section

xxxiv. Texture Class

xxxv. Mineralogy

xxxvi. Temperature Regime

USDA Soil Taxonomy

59


d. Kind of Limitation and Degree of Severity

No Kind Of

Limitation

Degree of Severity



e. Crop Suitability :

Durian Coconut Oil



60

GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE TABLES

TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS

IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

Tables 1 : These two tables are used to identify upland soils that are developed in-

situ over

and 2 weathering parent materials or rocks which are either igneous

(Table 1) or sedimentary (Table 2) in origin. They are often found on

rolling (6 - 120) or steeper terrain and only occasionally, on undulating

terrain (2-60). They are well-drained soils which are characterised mainly

by oxic, argillic, kandic and occasionally, cambic horizons. Textures of

the soils are highly variable due to major differences in the nature of the

parent materials. Although the colour of these soils is also variable, it is

important to pay attention to the value/chroma especially the use of the

4/4 criterion which is used to separate the soils into 2 major groups,

namely, those with low value/chroma (<4/4) and those with high

value/chroma (>4/4).

Table 3a: This table contains soils developed on reworked materials which are often

referred as Older Alluvium. These soils are influenced mainly by

pedimentation. The reworked materials are moved around the landscape

and redeposited on truncated saprolite of various parent materials. In a soil

profile, a lithological discontinuity is identified whereby the overl ying

soil can differ distinctly from the saprolite below.

A stoneline consisting of quartz gravels, stones and pebbles is

either absent or is less than 25 cm thick within 100 cm of the soil surface.

Table 3b: This table also contains reworked soils. The soils in this table have a

stoneline of quartz gravels, stones and pebbles which is > 25 cm thick

within 100 cm of the soil surface.

Table 4: The soils in this table must have a reworked lateritic band that is at least

25 cm thick within the top 100 cm of the soil profile. These are an

important group of soils in Peninsular Malaysia which is formed by

pedimentation, a common geomorphologic process which shapes the

upland landscape of Peninsular Malaysia.

Table 5: The soils in this table are developed on recent alluvial formed on

terraces of present-day rivers terraces. Such terraces are designated as

T1. The soils are frequently found on flat terrain (0-20), and on a limited

scale, unduating terrain (e-60)

.

Table 6: The soils in this table are developed on alluvia of old river terraces or

subrecent terraces which are designated as T2. These soils are found on

flat and undulating terrain.

61

Table 7: This table contains soils that are developed on Beach Ridges

Interspersed with Swales (BRIS) and consist of 2 sets of parallel beach

ridges and swales. In the east coast, especially in Kelantan, these 2 sets of

beach ridges and swales are separated by a large peat swamp. The old

beach ridges and swales are found are characterised by sandy soils with an

A/C profile and which have not undergone podzolization. The soils of

young beach ridges are characterized by sandy textures, excessive

drainage and the presence of spodic horizons. The swales consist of

very heterogeneous soils which are collectively mapped as Rusila

Complex.

Table 8: The soils in this table are characterised by the presence of a sulfuric

horizon and sulfidic materials. The sulfuric horizon is characterised by a

pH-water value of 3.5 or less and a thickness of at least 15 cm thick. There

must be evidence to show that the low pH is due sulfuric acid such the

presence of jarosite, sulfidic materials and water soluble sulfate 0.05% or

more.

Table 9: The soils in this table are developed on non-acid sulphate and non-saline

marine alluvial. They are developed mainly on marine deposits and to a

lesser extent on mixed marine and riverine deposits which are not

influenced by acid sulphate and saline conditions.

Table 10: This table contains shallow organic soils with the thickness of the

organic soil materials 50-100cm thick (as a single layer or

cumulatively) within 100 cm of the soil profile.

Table 11: The table contains moderately deep organic soils (100-300 cm thick)

and deep organic soils (>300 cm thick).

Table 12a: This table contains limestone soils which either do not have a layer of iron

or iron-manganese gravels, or if present, it is less than 25 cm thick within

100 cm of the soil surface. Most of these soils have dull colour (

value/chroma: 5/3, 5/4, 4/6) and low value/chroma ( 4/4).

Table 12b: This table contains limestone soils having a layer of iron and/or iron-

manganese gravels > 25 cm within 100 cm of the soil surface. Most of

these soils have dull colour ( value/chroma: 5/3, 5/4, 4/6) and low

value/chroma ( 4/4).

62

SOME CRITERIA TO DETERMINE THE SOIL SERIES

IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

The soils are first classified using the USDA Soil Taxonomy up the Family level.

At the Series level. the criteria used to name the individual soil series are either locally

selected or based on recommendations of the Soil Taxon omy. Some the common

criteria used are as follows:

1. Control Section : Top 100 cm of the soil profile

2. Texture : Weighted texture between 25 and 100 cm

depth or immediately above the lithic or

paralithic layer

3. Colour : Dominant colour between 25 and 100 cm

4. Parent Materials

5. Thickness of lateritic band : For Series defintion: band 25 cm or thicker.

For Phase definition: band less than 25 cm.

6. Mottle Colour : Red, yellow or brown

GUIDE TO CALCULATE ANALYTICAL DATA

Clay (< 2µm)

Silt (2 -50µm) = fine silt (2-20µm) +coarse silt (20 – 50µm)

Sand (50µm-2mm) = very fine sand (50-100µm) + fine sand (100-250µm)+

Medium sand (250-500µm) +coarse sand(0.5-2mm)

Gravels( > 2mm)

Percentage of sand fractions:

Very fine sand = very fine sand/sand*100

Fine sand = fine sand/ sand *100

Medium sand = medium sand/sand *100

Coarse sand = coarse sand/ sand *100

Total Exchangeable Cation (TEB)

TEB = Total amount of exchangeable cation (Ca, Mg,K, Na) from lab analysis

% Base saturation = Total Exchangeable Bases (TEB)/CEC * 100

% Organic matter = % Carbon *1.724

Carbon / Nitrogen ratio (C/N Ratio) = % of C / % Of N

TABLE 1: IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS DEVELOPED FROM IGNEOUS AND HIGH GRADE METAMORPHIC ROCKS

DIAGNOSTIC HORIZON

OXIC / KANDIC ARGILLIC

DEPTH TO ROCK or P.M.

SHALLOW (0-50cm)

MODERATE (50-100cm)

DEEP (>100cm)

SHALLOW (0-50cm)

MODERATE (50-100cm)

DEEP (>100cm)

HUE

TEXTURAL

CLASS

2.5YR-

5YR

7.5YR-10YR

2.5YR-5YR

7.5YR-10YR

2.5YR-5YR

7.5YR-10YR

2.5YR-5YR

7.5YR-10YR

2.5Y-5Y

2.5YR-5YR

7.5YR-10YR

2.5Y-5Y

2.5YR-5YR

7.5YR-10YR

2.5Y-5Y

VERY FINE > 60% CLAY

lb/JABOR/B

lb/KEPAYANG/B

lb/GOH/B

lb/SG.MAS/S

lb/SEGAMAT/A lb/PRANG/Sh lb/KG. KOLAM/G lb/PATANG/H

lb/KUANTAN/B

lb/SENAI/D lb/KATONG/A lb/JERANGAU/G lb/MUNCHONG/Sh

lb/BUKIT AJIL/G

hb/TAHAN/V

lb/(MAI)/V lb/ULU DONG/Q

lb/LANCHANG/G hb/BANTAL/A (dull colour)

FINE

35-60% CLAY

>30% fine

SILT

lb/(KASAH)/V

lb/PENYABONG/R/f

M/hb/(LEKOK)/V/f lb/HARAD/Gr/Co

lb/CHENIAN/Gr/Co

lb/YONG

PENG/RD/f

hb/JERANTUT/V/f

lb/KULAI/R/f

<30% fine

SILT

lb/TERSAT/Gr/Co

lb/BUKIT TEMIANG/Gr/ Co

lb/PENUBA/Gr/m

lb/BALING/Gr/Co lb/PELEPAH/LPM/c hb/BENTA/M/f

lb/TAMPIN/Gr/ Co

lb/NERING/Gr/Co hb/SALANG/V/f lb(JEMPOL)/V/f hb/(KIOL)/V/f

hb/RENGAM/Gr/Co hb/KENERING/Gr/gr lb/TAI TAK/G/f lb/BATANG MERBAU/Q/m hb/TADA/V/f (dull colour) hb/(RETANG)/V/f

CLAY

SKELETAL (>35%

GRAVELS & >35% CLAY)

lb/(MUKUT)/M/f

lb/LAMBAK/Gr/gr

lb/BESERAH/Gr/gr lb/MASAI/LPM/f lb/PENGARANG/Sh/gr/b

CLAY OVER

CLAY- SKELETAL >35% CLAY

>35% GRAVELS BETWEEN 50-100 cm

FINE LOAMY 18-35% CLAY

lb/GADING/Gr/Co

hb/LALANG/Gr/Co

hb/(KERAK)/V/f

hb/DAMAK/R/f

hb/(SELIMBER)/V/f

hb/MAT DALING/R/f

COARSE LOAMY

<18% CLAY

hb/JAN/R/f

hb(TEKEK)/M/f

Non-existent Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: Epipedon/base Saturation/SOIL SERIES NAME/Parent Material/Sand fraction /others Features

Epipedon Base Saturation Value/Chroma Parent Materials (P.M.) Sand Fraction Others Features M=Mollic (indicated when present) lb=low base saturation (<50%NH4OAc) Soil Name in parenthesis ( )= value/chroma (< 4/4) A= Andesite V=Tuffaceous Materials Co = Coarse Sand >30% b = bauxite U=Umbric (indicated when present) hb=high base saturation (>50%NH4OAc) Soil Name without parenthesis( )= value/chroma (>4/4) B=Basalt M=Mixed Parent Materials c = Coarse Sand <30% Soil not indicated with letters ‘M’ or Dull colour = Value/chroma 5/4; 5/3; 4/6 D=Gabbro Q=Quartz Mica Schist m = Medium Sand ‘U’ have on ochric epipedon G=Granodiorite R=Rhyolite gr = gravelly (bauxite) Gr =Granite S= Serpentinite f = fine sand H=Hornsfel Sh=Schist LPM=Laterised Parent Materials

SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

KUALA LUMPUR

17/02/2003

TABLE 2 : IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS DEVELOPED FROM SEDIMENTARY AND LOW GRADE METAMORPHIC ROCK

DIAGNOSTIC HORIZON

OXIC / KANDIC

ARGILLIC

DEPTH TO ROCK OR P.M.

SHALLOW (0-50 cm)

MODERATE (50-100cm)

DEEP (>100cm)

SHALLOW (0-50cm)

MODERATE (50-100cm)

DEEP (>100cm)

HUE

TEXTURAL CLASS

2.5YR-

5YR

7.5YR-10YR

2.5YR-5YR

7.5YR-10YR

2.5YR-5YR

7.5YR-10YR

2.5YR-5YR

7.5YR-10YR

2.5Y- 5Y

2.5YR- 5YR

7.5YR-10YR

2.5Y-5Y

2.5YR-5YR

7.5YR-10YR

2.5Y-5Y

VERY FINE >60% CLAY

lb/PRANG/S lb/PATANG/H hb/SAGU/L lb/TANGGA/L KANGKAR/V

lb/MUNCHONG/S PENGAU/V

lb/(JERAM)/V

lb/KODIANG/L

hb/KOMEL/V

lb/GOL/S TAHAN/V

hb/TERAH/L

lb/ULU DONG/ Q lb/LANGKAWI/L KEMBIR/V

lb/CHAT/S hb/KAKI BUKIT/L hb/TAJENG/S

hb/MERAPOH/L

FINE

35-60% CLAY

>30% FINE

SILT

lb/KUAH/S lb/LOK YANG/S/p

lb/PAGI/S

lb/DURIAN/S lb/BATU ANAM/IS lb/ASAHAN/S/p hb/SAT/S

lb/BEDUP/S/d6 lb/MUSANG/S

lb/KERAIT/IS/d5 lb/LALAT/S

<30% FINE

SILT

lb/SEREMBAN/LS/f

lb/PADANG BESAR/LS/f lb/KUAH/S/f

lb/SENGGORA/V/f

lb/BATU LAPAN/LS/f lb/KUALA BRANG/S/f hb/BERUIT/V/f lb/KETAK/K/c WAU/Co

lb/POHOI/CS/f (Olive yellow) lb/KEMUNING/CS/f (Olive)

BUNGOR(red)/f lb/(JEMPOL)/V/f hb/(KIOL)/V/f lb/KEMASUL/S/P/f

lb/BUNGOR/S/f lb/BATANG MERBAU/Q/m hb/TEMBELING/V/f hb/TADA/V/f(dull colour) hb/(RETANG)/V/f RELOP/V/Co

lb/JAYA/CS/f (deep Pohoi)

CLAYEY SKELETAL

(>35% GRAVELS & >35% CLAY)

CLAYEY OVER CLAYEY-SKELETAL >35% CLAY

>35% GRAVELS BETWEEN 50-100cm

FINE LOAMY 18-35% CLAY

lb/KEDAH/K/c lb/KEKURA/SD/f

KULAI/V

lb/KELEDANG/K/c lb/NAMI/SD/f KULIM/V

lb/APEK/SS/(white) lb/MARANG/SS/f (pale yellow)

lb/LAKA/SD/f hb/JUARA/SD/f

lb/KEMAHANG/K/c lb/SERDANG/SD/f hb/(SELIMBER)/V/f

COARSE LOAMY

<18% CLAY

lb/MALAU/SD/f

Non-existent Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: Epipedon/base Saturation/SOIL SERIES NAME/Parent Materials/Sand fraction /Others Features

Epipedon Base Saturation Value/Chroma Parent Materials (P.M.) Sand Fraction Others Features M=Mollic (indicated when present) lb=low base saturation (<50%NH4OAc) Soil Name in parenthesis ( )=soil with low value/chroma (< 4/4) CS=Carbonaceous shale Q=Quartz mica schist Co=Coarse Sand >30% d5=somewhat imperfectly drained U=Umbric (indicated when present) hb=high base saturation (>50%NH4OAc) Soil Name without parenthesis( )=soil with high value chroma (>4/4) H =Hornsfel S= Shale C=Coarse Sand <30% d6=moderately well-drained Soil not indicated with letters ‘M’ or Dull colour = value/chroma 4/6, 5/3, 5/4 IS =Iron poor shale SD=Sandstone f=Fine sand P =plinthite (>50%) ‘U’ have on ochric epipedon Olive colour = hue 5Y and 2.5Y, value/chroma 5/3, 5/4, 4/6, 4/4 K=Conglomerates SS=Iron poor sandy shale m =Medium Sand p =<50% plinthite Olive yellow colour = hue 2.5Y, value/chroma 6/4, 6/3 L=Limestone V=Tuffaceous shale gr=Gravelly White colour = value/chroma 7/1, 7/2, 8/1, 8/2 LS=Laterised shale Pale yellow colour = hue 5Y and 2.5Y, value/chroma 7/3, 7/4, 8/3, 8/4

SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

KUALA LUMPUR

17/02/2003

TABLE 3a: SOILS ON OLDER ALLUVIUM WITH NO QUARTZ STONELINE OR A QUARTZ STONELINE <25CM WITHIN 100CM OF THE SOIL SURFACE

DEPTH TO

SAPROLITE OR PARENT MATERIAL

0 – 50 CM

50 – 100 CM

>100 CM

HUE

2.5YR –5 YR

7.5YR – 10 YR

2.5YR –5 YR

7.5YR – 10 YR

2.5YR –5 YR

7.5YR – 10 YR

PLINTHITE

TEXTURE

<5%

5 – 50%

>50%

<5%

5 – 50%

>50%

<5%

5 – 50%

>50%

<5%

5 – 50%

>50%

<5%

5 – 50%

>50%

<5%

5 – 50%

>50%

VERY FINE ( >60% CLAY)

KELAU/gr

FINE (35 – 60% CLAY AND > 30% FINE SILT)

FINE (35 – 60% CLAY AND < 30% FINE SILT)

NAM HENG/Sh/f

BALING/G/C

TAMPOI/f

HARIMAU/c

FINE LOAMY (18-35% CLAY)

CHUKAI/c

CO – LOAMY (10 –18% CLAY)

IBOK/c

Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: SOIL SERIES NAME/Parent materials/sand fraction Parent Materials Sand Fraction Sh = Shale c = Coarse sand Gr = Granite m = Medium sand SD = Sandstone f = Fine sand

Note: 1. This table contains reworked soil with no stoneline consisting of quartz stone and gravels or a stoneline <25cm thick within 100cm of the soil surface. 2. A stoneline (quartz, stone and gravels) <25cm thick should be classified as a phase of a soil without stoneline in this table 3. For soil with a lateritic > 25cm thick overlaying the stoneline of quartz, stone and gravels, refer to Table 4: Identification Of Soils With Reworked Lateritic Stoneline

SOIL MANAGEMENT DIVISION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE KUALA LUMPUR 17/02/2003

TABLE 3b: SOILS ON OLDER ALLUVIUM WITH QUARTZ AND STONELINE > 25CM WITHIN 100CM OF THE SOIL SURFACE

DEPTH TO SAPROLITE

> 1 METER

< 1 METER

TEXTURE

VERY FINE >60% CLAY

FINE

35 – 60% CLAY

FINE LOAMY

18-30%

COARSE LOAMY

10 –18% CLAY

VERY FINE >60% CLAY

FINE

35 – 60% CLAY

FINE LOAMY

18-30%

COARSE LOAMY

10 –18% CLAY

HUE

DEPTH TO STONELINE

2.5YR – 5 YR

7.5YR – 10 YR

2.5YR – 5 YR

7.5YR – 10 YR

2.5YR – 5 YR

7.5YR – 10 YR

2.5YR – 5 YR

7.5YR – 10 YR

2.5YR – 5 YR

7.5YR – 10 YR

2.5YR – 5 YR

7.5YR – 10YR

2.5YR – 5 YR

7.5YR – 10 YR

2.5YR – 5 YR

7.5YR – 10 YR

SHALLOW (0 –50 cm)

TEMERLOH/c

ULU TIRAM

MODERATELY DEEP (50 –100cm)

KENING

KAWANG/c

JERNEH

DEEP (Stoneline below 100cm soil surface)

Mainly moderately well to well drained Somewhat imperfectly or imperfectly drained

Proceed to Table 1 on Soil develop on Igneous or High Grade Metamorphic Rock Table 2 on Soil develop on sedimentary or Low Grade Metamorphic Rock

Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: SOIL SERIES NAME/Sand Fraction

Sand Fraction c = Coarse sand

f = Fine sand

Note : 1. To use this table, the band consisting mainly of quartz, stones and pebbles should be at least 25cm thick within 100cm of the soil surface 2. A soil with a band <25cm within 100cm of the soil surface, should be classified as a phase of a soil in table 3a. 3. A soil with a lateritic band > 25cm thick overlaying the band of quartz stone and pebble or the saprolite should be classified

as lateritic soil (Table 4: Identification Of Soils With A Reworked Lateritic Stoneline) Refer to Table 3a for soils on saprolite at 0 – 50cm or 50 – 100cm on flat and undulating terrain. If the soil is found on rolling terrain or steeper, refer to Table 2


TABLE 4: IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS WITH A REWORKED LATERITIC STONELINE

DEPTH TO SAPROLITE

> 100cm

> 100cm

WITHIN 100cm

LATERITIC

MATERIALS

MAINLY LARGE

ANGULAR, STONES,

BOULDERS AND GRAVELS

MAINLY MIXED SUBANGULAR AND SUBROUNDED GRAVELS.

MAINLY ROUNDED AND SUBROUNDED GRAVELS

TEXTURAL CLASS

CLAYEY

HEAVY CLAY

CLAYEY

FINE LOAMY

COARSE LOAMY

CLAYEY

FINE LOAMY

COARSE LOAMY

HUE

DEPTH TO

LATERITIC LAYER

2.5YR-10YR

7.5YR-10YR

2.5YR-5YR

7.5YR-10YR

2.5YR-5YR

7.5YR-10YR

2.5YR-5YR

7.5YR-10YR

2.5YR-5YR

7.5YR-10YR

2.5Y -5YR

7.5YR-10YR

2.5YR-5YR

7.5YR-10YR

2.5YR-5YR

7.5YR-10YR

SHALLOW (0-50cm)

MALACCA/f

TUNGGAL/f

JITRA/f

GAJAH MATI/f

PEDU/f

NAPAI/f

POKOK SENA/f

CUPING/f

×BERA/f

MODERATE

(50-75cm)

TANDAK/f

TAVY/f

KAWAH/f

TERAP/f

NERANG/f LANAS/c

CHUNGLOON/f SEMBRIN/f ×KABU/f ×TEMBIL/f

×DAMPAR/f

×TEMBAGA/f

DEEP (>100cm)

Lateritic layer below 100 cm of soil surface

Soils on P and P3 surfaces are mostly well-drained soils except the Oxisols which are somewhat excessively drained The P2 soils are mainly somewhat imperfectly drained (drainage class 5) and imperfectly drained (drainage class 4) found on flat ( 0 - 30º) and undulating terrain (2 - 6º) Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: SOIL SERIES NAME/Sand Fraction

Proceed to (i) Table 2 on soils developed on sedimentary and low grade metamorphic rocks or

(ii) Table 3 on soils developed on older Alluvium.

Refer to Table 3a for soils on saprolite at 0 - 25cm or 50 – 100cm on flat and undulating terrain.

If the soil is found on rolling terrain or steeper, refer to Table 2

Sand Fractions c=Coarse sand × =Tentative series f=Fine sand NOTE: All these soils have a low base saturation except for some soil found in the vicinity of limestone country. Characterization of lateritic soils in limestone areas is being undertaken.

To use this table, the minimum thickness of the lateritic layer must be 25 cm within 100 cm of the soil surface. A lateritic layer <25 cm thick within 100 cm of the soil surface is considered a phase of another soil series in Table 2 or Table 6

of a non-lateritic soils


TABLE 5 : IDENTIFICATION OF RECENT (T1) ALLUVIAL SOILS

TEXTURAL

CLASS DRAINAGE CLASS

CLAY (>35% CLAY)


COARSE LOAMY (10-18% CLAY)

SANDY (<10% CLAY)

GRAVELLY

VERY FINE

(>60% CLAY)

FINE

(35-60% CLAY)

SILT

(>30% FINE SILT)

FINE SAND

COARSE SAND

FINE SAND

COARSE SAND

FINE SAND

COARSE SAND

CLAY

LOAMY

SAND

0 VERY POOR

LUBOK ITIK/B

BINJAI

KERPAI

1 SOMEWHAT VERY POOR

LUBOK SENDONG

SELINGKAT

2 POOR

JABIL

SETOL

SUNGAI AMIN/r

SEJACOB/b

PASIR PUTEH/r

MAROH/b

3 SOMEWHAT POOR

TEPUS

SEPAYANG

BATU HITAM/m

4 IMPERFECT

LATING

GUGUT

KAYA

U/LEKIR/1 U/KOH/2

TELAGA

BANGGOL

5 SOMEWHAT IMPERFECT

MEDANG

MERANTI

6 MODERATELY WELL

LUNDANG/m

CHEMPAKA

PENAMBANG

7 WELL

TOK YONG

8 SOMEWHAT EXCESSIVE

TELEMONG

TERAS

9 EXCESSIVE

Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: Epipedon/SOIL SERIES NAME/Others Features Epipedon Others Features U = Umbric horizon b=Brown mottles The other soils m=Minimum of 10% manganese nodules throughout the profile have an ochric epipedon r=Red mottles 1=Humitropept Great Group 2=Dystropept Great Group B= Buried organic layer


TABLE 6 : IDENTIFICATION OF SUB-RECENT (T2) ALLUVIAL AND RELATED REWORKED SOILS

TEXTURAL CLASS

DRAINAGE CLASS

VERY FINE

(>60% CLAY)

CLAY (>35-60% CLAY)


COARSE LOAMY

(10-18% CLAY)

SANDY

(<10% CLAY)

GRAVELLY

<30% FINE SILT

>30% FINE SILT

<30% FINE SILT

>30% FINE SILT

FINE SAND

COARSE SAND

FINE SAND

COARSE SAND

CLAY SKELETAL

FINE

LOAMY SKELETAL

<5%Plinthite

5-50% plinthite

>50%

plinthite

<5%

plinthite

5-50%

plinthite

>50%

plinthite

<5% Plinthite

5-50%

Plinthite

>50%

Plinthite

<5%

Plinthite

5-50%

Plinthite

>50%

Plinthite Fine Sand

Co. Sand

0 VERY POOR

JELUTONG/f

1.SOMEWHAT VERY POOR

2 POOR

SOGOMANA/f

CHERANG HANGUS/f

SIMPAH/f

LUNAS HALU/d

SEGARI

JONG/f

SUBANG

MANIK

BADAK

3 SOMEWHAT POOR

BERTAM/f/p (dull colour)

KG. PUSU/f

HUTAN/f

KILAN/f

4 IMPERFECT

SEROK/f hb/BELADING/f/p

GONG CENAK/f

ALMA/c

LUBOK KIAT/f

TELANG/f/d

PELANDUK/f

BUKIT TUKU

AWANG/gr CERMIN

BEMBAN/f

BANAR

5 SOMEWHAT IMPERFECT 6 MODERATELY WELL

SITIAWAN/f

KECHOR/f

KERAYONG/f/r

KUAU/f

NANGKA

LINTANG

TENANG

7 WELL

TEBOK/f TAWAR/c

RASAU

HOLYROOD

KILIN/f


SUNGAI

BULOH

9 EXCESSIVE

Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name : Base Saturation/ SOIL SERIES NAME/sand fraction/other features

Base Saturation Sand Fraction Others Features hb = high base saturation f=Fine Sand d=duripan c=Coarse Sand r =Red mottles gr=slightly gravelly of colluvial origin p =compact and prismatic structures with surface gleying dull colour = value/chroma: 5/3,5/4, 4/6

<5% plinthite = Negligible 5-50% plinthite = Plinthic subgroup >50% = Plinthic great group

All soils have low base saturation percentage except those indicated with symbol ‘hb’ The soil in this table are found only on flat terrain (0 - 2º) and undulating terrain (2 - 6º)


TABLE 7 : IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS DEVELOPED ON BEACH RIDGES AND RELATED DEPOSITS TEXTURE

CLASS DEPTH TO SPODIC/ BURIED HORIZON

DRAINAGE CLASS

VERY POOR

0

SOMEWHAT VERY POOR

1

POOR

2

SOMEWHAT

POOR 3

IMPERFECT

4

SOMEWHAT IMPERFECT

5

MODERATELY

WELL 6

WELL

7

SOMEWHAT EXCESSIVE

8

EXCESSIVE

9

VERY FINE > 60% Clay

S

M

LUBOK ITEK/B

D

FINE 33-60% Clay

S

M

CHENERING/B/gr

NERUS/B

PENAGA/o

D

FINE LOAMY

18-35% Clay

S

M

NIBONG/ /B

D

PERMATANG

SENENG

COARSE LOAMY

<18% Clay

S

M

IBAI/s/f

D

MELAWI/f + RESAM

+ BAKONG

SANDY <10% Clay

S

RHU TAPAI/s

M

MERCHANG/B/o

RUDUA/s CERATING/w ULAR/o

D

KERPAH/f/ (Strong Brown) FIKRI (Brown, med sand)

+BEOH (Light Greyish Brown) + PERMATANG TIMBUL (Brown, co & med

sand)

ROMPIN/r + PAUH BAGING

JAMBU/e

Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: Parent Materials (origin deposits) SOIL SERIES NAME/Sand Fraction/Others Features Parent Materials (Origin Deposits) Sand Fraction Others Features

S = Shallow (0-50 cm) + = on old beach ridge f=Fine sand B = buried M = Moderate deep ((50-100 cm) r= riverine influence o = enriched with illuviated humus D = Deep (>100) w = wavy fragmental spodic

All soils are ‘Young Beach Ridge’ unless otherwise specified; soils on old beach ridges s = spodic are indicated by a ‘t’ in front of the soil services name written in italic. Soil influenced e = eluvial by riverine alluvium are indicated by latter ‘r’ after he soil series gr = gravelly All soils consist of medium and coarse sand fraction except those indicating with ‘f’ Note 1. The term "Rusila Complex" is used to describe complicated soil complexes which are found in the swales and which cannot be mapped as individual series even at detailed soil mapping. 2. Hardness of the spodic horizon is considered at phase level i.e either hard (H), soft (S) or a mixture of hard and soft (HS). Example (i) Rudua/s/H (Rudua Series, hard spodic horizon); (ii) Rudua/s/S (Rudua Series, soft spodic horizon); (iii) Rudua/s/HS (Rudua Series with a mixture of hard and soft spodic materials in the same horizon). These of these 3 phases can be upgraded to soil series at a later when their occurrence and distribution become significant.


TABLE 8 : IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS WITH SULFIDIC AND SULFURIC HORIZON

DIAGNOSTIC HORIZON/MATERIAL

SULFIDIC

SULFURIC HORIZON WITHOUT JAROSITE

SULFURIC HORIZON WITH JAROSITE

CAMBIC

DEPTH TO SULFIDIC/

SULFURIC

0 - 50 cm

50 - 100 cm

0 - 50 cm

50 - 100 cm

0 - 50 cm

50 - 100 cm

Sulfidic/

Sulfuric horizon below 100 cm

HORIZONATION

O / A / C, A / C, A / BC / C O / A / C, A / C,

A / BC / C

A / B / C

A / B / C

A / B / C

A / B / C

A / B / C

A / B / C

A / B / C

DEPTH TO C HORIZON

0 - 50 cm

50-100

cm

50 - 100 cm

0 - 50 cm

50-100cm

50 - 100 cm

0 - 50 cm

50-100 cm

50 - > 100 cm

> 50 - 100 cm

> 100 cm

Below 100 cm

n VALUE

NATURE OF SUBSOIL

> 1

< 1

< 1

< 1

< 1

< 1

< 1

< 1

< 1

< 1

< 1

MATRIX : GRAY

MASSIVE TO VERY COARSE ANGULAR

BLOCKY

KRANJI/HC/C

MERBOK/C

KUALA PERLIS/C

MATRIX : GRAY

(INCLUDING GRAYISH BROWN 10YR5/2)

MED. TO CO. ANGULAR AND / OR

SUBANGULAR BLOCKY

TIMUN/Sc

PARIT BOTAK/C

TELOK/C

TONGKANG/C

CAREY/L

Example BERNAM

MATRIX : BROWN

ANGULAR BLOCKY AND STICKY

LINAU/C

KEMANG/C

GUAR/C

MATRIX : BROWN

SUBANGULAR BLOCKY AND FRIABLE

x SERKAT ‘A’

JENJARUM

TAMBUN/Mc

TEBUAN/Cc

x SABRANG ‘A’

SEDU/C

JAWA/C

JURU/Cc

JAWA

JURU/Cc

Example SELANGOR

Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: SOIL SERIES NAME/Conductivity/Texture Conductivity Texture HC= High conductivity (>4dS/m) C = Clay to heavy clay Mc= Coarse sandy clay loam x= Tentative Cc = Coarse sandy clay Sc=Coarse sand to loamy sand L = Loamy texture soil

Proceed to table 9 on non-acid sulphate non-saline soils developed on marine clay

Note : 1. To be a Sulfuric Horizon, the following criteria must be satisfied : i) pH ≤3.5

ii) at least 15 cm thick iii) Evidences to show low pH is due to sulfuric acid formation (jarosite; sulphate≥0.05%; sulfide materials).

2. Names of similar soils will be finalised upon completion of further field and laboratory testing. 3. All series have clayey textures unless otherwise specified. 4. All soils have low electrical conductivity reading unless otherwise specified.


TABLE 9: IDENTIFICATION OF NON-ACID SULPHATE MARINE ALLUVIAL SOILS

N - VALUE

High ( > 1 )

Low ( < 1 )

HORIZONATION

A / BC / C, A / C,

O / A / C

A / BC / C, A / C, O / A / C

A / B / C

A / B / C

A / B / C

DEPTH TO PARENT

MATERIALS

0 - 50 cm

0 - 50 cm

50 - 100 cm

0 - 50 cm

50 - 100 cm

> 100 cm

DOMINANT MOTTLES

COLOUR PROPERTIES OF SUBSOIL

-

-

-

Olive

Brown/ Yellow

Red

Olive

Brown/ Yellow

Red

Olive

Brown/ Yellow

Red

GREENISH GRAY (5GY 6/1 - 5G 5/1)

1/PIANDANG/ HC1 1/BAKAU/ LC

1/KUALA

KEDAH/HC1 2/BANJAR/HC1 1/BALIK

PULAU/LC

TEBENGAU/ v

SERONG

OLIVE GRAY (5Y 6/2)

ROTAN/ v

CHENAAM/HC1

BERNAM/ v (AB) KANGKONG/ (AB)

GRAY (10YR 6/1, 10YR 7/1, 10YR 5/1)

2/SERKAM/ LC

2/KAYAN/ LC

BURONG/ LC

SEDAKA/@

KG. PERLIS MANGKOK/(AB)

KECHAI

IDRIS/ p CHENGAI// r/#

LIGHT BROWNISH GRAY (10YR 6/2 / 10YR 5/2 - 2.5Y 6/2 / 2.5Y 5/2)

2/SERKAM/ LC

2/KAYAN/ LC

PEREPAT/np

PEREPAT/np

BRIAH/ y TUALANG/ b

KANGAR/ r/#

DARK GRAY (10YR 4/1)

2/ALOR

SEMAT/LC

2/ALOR

SEMAT/LC

KUNDOR

BROWN (10YR 5/3)

SERKAT/np

SABRANG/np PACHINTAN/ (AB)

SELANGOR/np

\ ____ ________ / Co. to V Co. angular blocky to massive structures in greenish gray to gray soils Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: Profile Development/SOIL SERIES NAME/Conductivity/Colours of Mottles/Others Profile Development Conductivity Mottles Colour Others 1 = A/C or O/AC/C profile HC1=high conductivity 2-4 ds/m b= brown mottles v = slickensides 2 = A/BC/C profile HC2=high conductivity > 4 ds/m y = yellow mottles (AB) = Coarse angular blocky structures LC=low conductivity < 2 ds/m r=Red mottles p = Plinthite < 35% @ = manganese concretions # = gypsum np = non padi soils


TABLE 10 : IDENTIFICATION OF SHALLOW ORGANIC SOILS

DOMINANT ORGANIC SOIL MATERIAL (0-50 CM)

NATURE OF UNDERLAYING

MINERAL SOIL (50-100 CM)

SAPRIC

HEMIC

FIBRIC / WOODY

CLAYEY

LOAMY

SANDY

CLAYEY

GALI

CHANGKAT LOBAK

LOAMY

SANDY

PAK BONG

CLAYEY

LINGGI

LOAMY

SANDY

CLAYEY

NIPIS

MUKAH

LOAMY

SANDY

CLAYEY

LOAMY

SANDY

CLAYEY

LOAMY

SANDY

CLAYEY

PENOR

BAKRI

LOAMY

SANDY

RIV

ER

INE

MA

RIN

E/E

ST

UA

RIN

E/B

RA

CK

ISH

WA

TE

R

BR

OW

N

NO

N S

UL

FID

IC/S

UL

FU

RIC

SU

LF

IDIC

GR

EY

B

RO

WN

G

RE

Y


G

RE

Y

BR

OW

N

TABLE 11: IDENTIFICATION OF MODERATELY DEEP AND DEEP ORGANIC SOILS

DOMINANT ORGANIC SOIL MATERIAL

0-100cm

NATURE OF MATERIAL >100 cm

SAPRIC

HEMIC

FIBRIC / WOODY

CLAYEY

LOAMY

SANDY

CLAYEY

TASIK

LOAMY

SANDY

CLAYEY

TELUK BULUH

LOAMY

SANDY

CLAYEY

LOAMY

SANDY

CLAYEY

LOAMY

SANDY

CLAYEY

NIPIS

LOAMY

SANDY

SAPRIC

HEMIC

FIBRIC / WOODY

GONDANG

SALLEH

SAPRIC

HEMIC

FIBRIC / WOODY

BAYAS

DE

PT

H O

F P

EA

T

MO

DE

RA

TE

LY

DE

EP

PE

AT

(M

INE

RA

L S

OIL

AT

100

-300 C

M

RIV

ER

INE

M

AR

INE

/ES

TU

AR

INE

/BR

AC

KIS

H

DE

EP

PE

AT

(MIN

ER

AL

SO

IL A

T D

EP

TH

>300 C

M)

BR

OW

N

BR

OW

N

GR

EY

GR

EY

B

RO

WN

G

RE

Y

NO

NS

UL

FU

RIC

/NO

NS

UL

FID

IC

SU

LF

UR

IC/S

UL

FID

IC

RIV

ER

INE

M

AR

INE

/ES

TU

AR

INE

/

BR

AC

KIS

H


TABLE 12a: IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS DEVELOPED ON LIMESTONE AND CALCAREOUS MATERIALS (SOILS WITH NO IRON OR IRON/MANGANESE BAND OR THE BAND IS LESS THAN 25 CM THICK

WITHIN 100 CM OF THE SOIL SURFACE)

DEPTH TO ROCKS

SHALLOW ( 0 - 50 cm)

MODERATE ( 50 - 100 cm)

DEEP ( > 100 cm)

TEXTURAL

CLASS DRAINAGE CLASS

VERY FINE

> 60% CLAY

CLAY

35 - 60 %

FINE

LOAMY 18 - 35 %

CLAY

VERY FINE

> 60% CLAY

CLAY

35 - 60 %

FINE

LOAMY 18 - 35 %

CLAY

VERY FINE

> 60% CLAY

CLAY

35 - 60 %

FINE

LOAMY 18 - 35 %

CLAY < 30% SILT

> 30% SILT

< 30% SILT

> 30% SILT

<30% SILT

>30% SILT

0 VERY POOR


2 POOR

LALOH/C

3 SOMEWHAT POOR

4 IMPERFECT

5 SOMEWHAT IMPERFECT

6 MODERATELY WELL

RAKIT

MERAPOH

NIRAM

TANGGANG

7 WELL

lb/KODIANG

KAKI BUKIT


lb/TANGGA/O lb/LANGKAWI hb/SAGU/O

9 EXCESSIVE

Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: Base Saturation/SOIL SERIES NAME/Sub-Surface Diagnostic Horizon Sub-Surface Diagnostic Horizon Base Saturation O = Oxic horizon lb = low base saturation C = Cambic All the soils have a high base saturation except those abbreviated as ‘lb’. All the soils have an argillic horizon except for those indicated by letters ‘O’ and ‘C’. Note 1. This table is for the identification of soils with no gravel band or the band is less than 25 cm thick. 2. A mixed iron and manganese gravel band less than 25 cm thick within 1 metre of soils surface are considered as depth phases of these soils. 3. For soils with mixed iron and manganese gravel band > 25 cm, refer to table 12b. 4. These soils generally have dull colours (value/ chroma 4/6, 5/3, 5/4) except for Tanggang, Sago, Langkawi and Tangga series(5/6, 5/8).


TABLE 12b: IDENTIFICATION OF SOILS DEVELOPED ON LIMESTONE AND CALCAREOUS MATERIALS (SOILS WITH MANGANESE OR IRON/MANGANESE BAND MORE THAN 25 CM THICK WITHIN 100CM OF SOIL SURFACE)

DEPTH TO

ROCKS

SHALLOW ( 0 - 50 cm)

MODERATE ( 50 - 100 cm)

DEEP

(> 100 cm)

DEEP

(>100 cm)

DEPTH TO

BAND

0 - 50 cm

0 - 50 cm

50 - 100 cm

0 - 50 cm

50 - 100 cm

> 100 cm

TEXTURAL

CLASS

DRAINAGE CLASS


CLAY

35 - 60 %

FINE

LOAMY 18 - 35 %

CLAY


CLAY

35 - 60 %

FINE

LOAMY 18 - 35 %

CLAY


CLAY

35 - 60 %

FINE

LOAMY 18 - 35 %

CLAY


CLAY

35 - 60 %

FINE

LOAMY 18 - 35 %

CLAY


CLAY

35 - 60 %

FINE

LOAMY 18 - 35 %

CLAY

VERY FINE

> 60% CLAY

CLAY

35 - 60 %

FINE

LOAMY 18 - 35 %

CLAY < 30% SILT

> 30% SILT

< 30% SILT

> 30% SILT

<30% SILT

>30% SILT

<30% SILT

>30% SILT

< 30% SILT

> 30% SILT

< 30%

Silt

> 30%

Silt

0 VERY POOR


2 POOR

PERSIT/C

LALOH/C

3 SOMEWHAT POOR 4 IMPERFECT

MENTARA

TEMAU

5 SOMEWHAT IMPERFECT 6 MODERATELY WELL

(LAYANG)

TABAN

TERAH

lb/KODIANG

KUMBANG SELUT

SALAK (MERHAMAH)

MERAPOH KAKI BUKIT

NIRAM

TANGGANG

7 WELL 8 SOMEWHAT EXCESSIVE

lb/TANGGA/O lb/LANGKAWI hb/SAGU/O

9 EXCESSIVE

Prefixes and Suffixes used with Soil Series Name: Base Saturation/SOIL SERIES NAME/ Sub-Surface diagnostic horizon

Sub-Surface Diagnostic Horizon Base Saturation Others O = Oxic horizon lb = low base saturation ( ) – low value chroma < 4/4

C = Cambic horizon All the soils have a high base saturation except those abbreviated as ‘lb’. All the soils have an argillic horizon except for those indicated by letters ‘O’ and ‘C’.

Note: 1. The gravel band should at least 25 cm thick occurring within 1 metre of the soil surface. 2. For limestone related soils with no mixed iron-manganese band within 1 meter of soil surface, please refer to Table 12a. 3. Limestone related soils with mixed iron-manganese band less than 25 cm thick should be classified as phases of soils found in Table 12a. 4. Soils with a lateritic band more than 25 cm thick with low base saturation should be classified as lateritic soils in accordance to Table 4 (Identification of Soils with a Reworked Lateritic Stoneline). If the band is less than 25 cm , the soils should be classified as a phase of non-lateritic soils found in Table 2 (Identification of Soils developed on Sedimentary and Low Grade Metamorphic Rocks) or Table 6 [Identification of Sub-recent (T2) Alluvial Soils] 5. These soils generally have dull colour (value/chroma 4/6, 5/3, 5/4) except for Tanggang,Sago, Langkawi, Selut and Tangga series. (value/chroma 5/6 : 5/8)

Soils with a iron/iron-manganese 100cm below the soil surface. Please refer to Table 12a


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