Design & Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna for 3g Applications 20.4.2014

8/11/2019 Design & Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna for 3g Applications 20.4.2014

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DESIGN & ANALYSICS OF MICRO-STRIPPATCH ANTENNA FOR 3G APPLICATIONS

This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment for therequirements of the degree of B.Sc. in Electrical Electronics andTelecommunication Engineering in the Faculty of Science andEngineering, Dhaka International ni!ersity.

"#$E %F ST DE"TS B#T&' "%. (%)) "%. (E* "%.$d. Shamsul #refin +

th ,day- + /012++$d. 3halid Bin $ahbub +

th ,day- /2 /01242Shu!endu 'alder +

th ,day- /5 /01245S $ 6ahid "e7a8 +

th ,day- /4 /01244$d. Ershad 3handoker +

th ,day- 92 /01:02$ahbuba 'aque Baishakhi +th ,day- 94 /01:04

Department of Ele tr! al" Ele tron! # &Tele omm$n! at!on En%!neer!n%

Fa $lt of S !en e an' En%!neer!n%

D(a)a Internat!onal *n!+er#!tDhaka, Bangladesh

#pril /0 1


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AC,NO LADGEMENT

First and foremost, 7e 7ould like to e;press our special thanks to our super!isor Mr. M'

Tare/ for gi!ing us enormous support, moti!ation and !aluable ad!ices, lots of ideasregarding our thesis prorofessor Dr. Sana *lla( " Dean Faculty of Science and Engineering, DhakaInternational ni!ersity, for his a7esome encouragements, support and !aluable ad!ices. =e7ould also like to e;press our gratitude to our honorable Dr. Sera0$l I#lam Pro'(an "associate professor, &hairmen acting-, Department of EETE, Dhaka International ni!ersity.

=e 7ould also like to thank other respected faculty members of EETE for their !aluablecomments regarding our thesis pro


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CONTENTS

A )no2le'%ement I

A #tra t II

C(apter 45 Intro'$ t!on

. Introduction /

./ (ectangular $icrostrip patch antenna

.9 #d!antages and Disad!antages 9

C(apter 65 M! ro#tr!p Pat ( Antenna Operat!on

/. Basic >rinciples of operation 2/./ Feed Techniques :/./. &oa;ial >robe Feed :/././ $icrostrip )ine Feed 5/./.9 #perture &oupled Feed 5

C(apter 35 M! ro#tr!p Pat ( Antenna Parameter#

9. Band7idth 49./ >olari8ation 49.9 (eturn )oss 09.1 (adiation >attern9.2 Directi!ity /9.: *ain /9.5 &on!ersion *ain /9.+#;ial (atio /

C(apter 75 Appl! at!on# of M! ro#tr!p pat ( Antenna

1. $obile and satellite communication application? 11./ *lobal positioning system applications? 11.9 (adio frequency identification (FID-? 21.1 Interoperability for micro7a!e access =i$a;-? 21.2 (adar application? 21.: (educed si8e microstrip patch antenna for Bluetooth applications? :1.5 Broadband microstrip S@shaped patch antenna for 7ireless communication? :1.+ Some more areas of de!elopment are :


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C(apter 85 S!m$lat!on Soft2are9#

2. IE9D +2./ 'FSS soft7are +2.9 #d!anced design system +2.1 &ST micro7a!e studio 4

C(apter :5 Anal #!# an' De#!%n

:. Design parameters for rectangular patch /:. . Frequency of operation /:. ./ Dielectric constant of the substrate /:. .9 'eight of the dielectric substrate /:./ Design specifications /

:.9 Design of a Simple (ectangular $icrostrip >atch #ntenna //:.1 Simulation result /9:.2 Design a Simple (ectangular $icrostrip >atch #ntenna by reducing its /:

parameters?:.: Simulation result /5

C(apter ;5 Propo#e' Antenna

5. Design consideration 905./ Simulation result 9

C(apter &B-technology in the 450s. Since then, microstrip antennas are the most common types of antennas 7ith 7ide range of applications due to their apparent ad!antages of light 7eight, lo7

profile, lo7 cost, planar conFiguration, easy of conformal, superior portability, suitable for array 7ith the ease of fabrication and integration 7ith micro7a!e monolithic integratecircuits $$I&s-.They ha!e been 7idely engaged for the ci!ilian and military applicationssuch as radio@frequency identification (FID-, broadcast radio, mobile systems, global

positioning system *>S-, tele!ision, multiple@input multiple@output $I$%- systems,!ehicle collision a!oidance system, satellite communications, sur!eillance systems, directionfounding, radar systems, remote sensing, missile guidance, and so on.

4.6 Re tan%$lar M! ro#tr!p pat ( antenna

# $icrostrip patch antenna is a narro7band, 7ide@beam antenna fabricated by etching theantenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to an insulating dielectric substrate, such as a

printed circuit board, 7ith a continuous metal layer bonded to the opposite side of thesubstrate 7hich forms a ground plane as sho7n in the Fig .

)o7 dielectric constant substrates are generally preferred for ma;imum radiation. Theconducting patch can take any shape but rectangular and circular configurations are the mostcommonly used. %ther configurations are comple; to analy8e and require hea!y numericalcomputations.

F!% 4.45 # $icrostrip >atch #ntenna

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# microstrip antenna is characteri8ed by its )ength, 7idth, input impedance, polari8ation,gain and radiation patterns A , /

The characteristics of microstrip patch antennas, microstrip slot antennas and printed dipole

antennas are compared in Table . .

Ta le 4.45 Compar!#on of m! ro#tr!p pat (" m! ro#tr!p #lot an' pr!nte' '!pole antenna#.

Ser!al C(ara ter!#t! # M! ro#tr!p Pat ( M! ro#tr!p Slot Pr!nte' D!opoleNo. Antenna Antenna antenna

. >rofile Thin Thin Thin/. Fabrication Cery easy Easy Easy9. >olari8ation Both linear and Both linear and )inear

circular circular

1. Dual@Frequency >ossible >ossible >ossibleoperation2. Shape fle;ibility #ny shape $ostly (ectangulatar and

rectangular and triangular circular shapes

:. Spurious radiation E;ists E;ists E;ists5. Band7idth /@20 2@90 @90

4.3 A'+anta%e# an' D!#a'+anta%e#

There are lots of ad!antages and disad!antages of microstrip patch antenna. It is famous for small si8e and used in mobile phone, modem, and =i@Fi router de!ices etc. But it can t implemented for

large scale data transfer in long distances communication. The ad!antagesand disad!antages A/ are sho7n in Table ./

Ta le 4.6 t(e a'+anta%e# an' '!#a'+anta%e# of m! ro#tr!p pat ( antenna

Ser!al A'+anta%e D!#a'+anta%eNo.

. )ight 7eight and lo7 !olume. )o7 efficiency "arro7 band7idth/. )o7 profile planar configuration 7hich can )o7 gain

be easily made conformal to host surface.9. )o7 fabrication cost, hence can be )arge ohmic loss in the feed structure of

manufactured in large quantities arrays1. (equired no ca!ity backing )o7 po7er handling capacity2. Supports both, linear as 7ell as circular E;citation of surface 7a!es

polari8ation:. &apable of dual and triple frequency >olari8ation purity is difficult to achie!e

operation5. Feed lines and matching net7ork can be &omple; feed structures require high

fabricated simultaneously performance arrays

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C(apter 6

M! ro#tr!p Pat ( Antenna

Operat!on

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6.4 1a#! Pr!n !ple# of operat!on

The Fig /. sho7s a patch antenna in its basic form? a flat plate o!er a ground plane usuallya >& board-. The center conductor of a coa; ser!es as the feed probe to coupleelectromagnetic energy in or out of the patch. The electric field distribution of a rectangular

patch e;cited in its fundamental mode is also indicated .

F!% 6.45 # Side !ie7 of $icrostrip >atch #ntenna.

The electric field is 8ero at the center of the patch, ma;imum positi!e- at one side, andminimum negati!e- on the opposite side. It should be mentioned that the minimum andma;imum continuously change side according to the instantaneous phase of the appliedsignal. The electric field does not stop abruptly at the patch s periphery as in a ca!ityG rather,the fields e;tend the outer periphery to some degree. These field e;tensions are kno7n asfringing fields and cause the patch to radiate. Some popular analytic modeling techniques for

patch antennas are based on this leaky ca!ity concept. Therefore, the fundamental mode of arectangular patch is often denoted using ca!ity theory as the T$ 0 mode.

Since this notation frequently causes confusion, 7e 7ill briefly e;plain it. T$ stands for trans!ersal magnetic field distribution. This means that only three field components areconsidered instead of si;. The field components of interest are? the electric field in the 8direction and the magnetic field components in ; and y direction using a &artesian coordinate

system, 7here the ; and y a;es is parallel 7ith the ground plane and the 8 a;is is perpendicular.

In general, the modes are designated as T$ nm8. The 8 !alue is mostly omitted since theelectric field !ariation is considered negligible in the 8 a;is. 'ence T$ nm remains 7ith n andm the field !ariations in ; and y direction. The field !ariation in the y direction impedance7idth direction- is negligibleG thus m is 0. #nd the field has one minimum to ma;imum!ariation in the ; direction resonance length direction-G Thus n is in the case of thefundamental. 'ence the notation is T$ 0 A/, 9 .

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6.6 Fee'!n% Te (n!/$e#

There are se!eral feeding techniques for microstrip patch antennas?1. &oa;ial probe feed

2. $icrostrip transmission line feed1) Edge feed2) Inset feed

3. #perture coupled feed4. >ro;imity coupled feed

'o7e!er, only those techniques 7ill be discussed 7hich are used in this research 7ork.

6.6.4 Coa=!al Pro e Fee'

The coa;ial feed or probe feed is a !ery common technique used for feeding $icrostrip >atchantennas. The inner conductor of the coa;ial connector e;tends through the dielectric up tothe patch, 7hile the outer conductor is connected to the ground plane. The Fig /./ sho7s amicrostrip antenna 7ith co@a;ial feeding.

The main ad!antage of this type of feeding scheme is that the feed can be placed at anylocation inside the patch in order to match 7ith its input impedance. This feed method is easyto fabricate and has lo7 spurious radiation. 'o7e!er, a ma


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C(apter 3

M! ro#tr!p Pat ( AntennaParameter#

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#ntenna parameters are used to characteri8e performance of an antenna 7hen designing andmeasuring antennas. In this Section, terms like band7idth, radiation pattern, gain,

polari8ation, and input impedance are e;plained.

3.4 1an'2!'t(

Band7idth is a fundamental antenna parameter. It describes the range of frequencies o!er 7here the antenna parameters, such as input impedance, radiation pattern, polari8ation, sidelobe le!el and gain is 7ithin an acceptable !alue from those at the center frequency. %ften,the desired band7idth is one of the determining parameters used to decide upon an antenna.For instance, many antenna types ha!e !ery narro7 band7idths and cannot be used for 7ideband operation A2.

'o7e!er the band7idth requirements for the thesis 7ork 7as not !ery strict many antennas 7ith a narro7 band7idth 7ere selected to be studied in this 7ork.

3.6 Polar!>at!on

The polari8ation of an electromagnetic field is defined in terms of the direction of its electricfield !ector. If the electric field !ector is al7ays in one plane, then it is said to be linearly

polari8ed. Special cases are !ertical polari8ation for the electric field !ector in a !ertical plane, and hori8ontal polari8ation for the electric field !ector in a hori8ontal plane typically7ith reference to the surface of the earth-. In general, the electric field !ector rotates about aline parallel to the direction of propagation and its tip traces out an ellipse. This is kno7n aselliptical polari8ation. &ircular polari8ation &>- is a special case of elliptical polari8ation in7hich the trace of the electric field !ector is a circle. Because the electric field !ector tra!els

as a 7a!e, the actual pattern is that of a spiral 7ith an elliptical or circular cross section. The polari8ation of the recei!ing : antenna must be matched to the polari8ation of the transmitantenna in order to e;tract ma;imum po7er from the field. If the antenna polari8ation is

perpendicular to the field polari8ation such as !ertical !s. hori8ontal or right hand !s. lefthand circular- the antenna 7ill not e;tract any po7er from the incident 7a!e.

C!r $lar Polar!>at!on

In general, circularly polari8ed $icrostrip antennas can be cate gori8ed into t7o types according to the number of feed points? namely single fed and dual@fed antennas.The basic configurations of a dual fed &> antenna are illustrated in Fig 9. a-.

Fig9. a- sho7s the antennas that are fed 7ith an e;ternal polari8er, such as a 9 dB hybrid or offset feed line. Insuch an antenna system, the polari8er e;cites t7o linearly polari8ed orthogonal 7a!es. The fields due to theseorthogonal 7a!es ha!e equal amplitude and are 40H out of phase. Therefore, an antenna e;cited by an e;ternal

polari8er acts as a &> 7a!e radiator. Both the impedance and a;ial ratio characteristics of dual@fed antennas are broader than those of single fed antennas because the 9 dB hybrid is typically broadband.

%n the other hand, single fed circularly polari8ed patches are !ery attracti!e, because they can be arrayedand fed like any linearly polari8ed patch. The basic configurations of a single@fed antenna are sho7n in Fig9. b-. Dual@fed &> patches require an additional circuit, 7hich makes the o!erall si8e of the radiatingelement quite large, thus limiting the frequency performance of the array because of grating lobes. Single@fed &> patches ha!e been e;tensi!ely e!aluated in the literature, 7here they are sho7n to be e;tremely

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narro7band antennas band7idth or less-. The most frequently used types of single@fedcircularly polari8ed patches are the slotted patch, the notched patch and the patch.

In Fig 9. b-,represents Sthe si8e of the perturbation segment as sho7n at the edges of

single@fed circularly polari8ed $icrostrip #ntennas and S denotes the area of the antenna.The t7o orthogonal JdegenerateK-ntot7omodesbytheeffectmodesofthe are

perturbation.The radiatedsegmentfieldscaused Sbythese t7o modes are perpendicular to each other and ha!e equal amplitude, but are 40H out of phase if the si8e of the

perturbation segment for an antenna is ad @7a!e radiator 7ithout using ane;ternal polari8er. Due to the perturbation, the patch surface currents in the ; and y directionsare simultaneously affected, 7hich makes the manufacturing tolerance critical for &>operation. To a!oid the need for fine tolerance, in this study the simple &> design technique7as applied to single probe feed elliptical microstrip antennas. In an elliptical microstrip

patch antenna, the feed position is located along the 12H line bet7een the long and shorta;is of the elliptical patch, in order to simultaneously e;cite the t7o nearly degeneratemodes corresponding to the long and short a;es of the elliptical patch. The impedancematching is achie!ed by !arying the feed position that is by mo!ing the feed along the 12Hline bet7een the patch edge and the patch center A2 .

F!% 3.4? Carious Types of &ircularly >olari8ed $icrostrip >atch #ntennas? a- Dual@Fed &>@=a!e >atchesG b- Single Fed &>@=a!e >atches.

3.3 Ret$rn Lo##

(eturn loss is an important parameter 7hen connecting an antenna. It is related to impedancematching and the ma;imum transfer of po7er theory. It is also a measure of the effecti!enessof an antenna to deli!er po7er from the source to the antenna. The return loss ()- is defined

by the ratio of the incident po7er of the antenna to the po7er reflected back from theantenna of the source the mathematical e;pression is?

LLL 9. -

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For good po7er transfer, the ratio shall be high. If 7e ha!e lo7 () there is a risk that

there 7ill be occurring standing 7a!e phenomena sit7illendup in resona frequency ripple of gain etc. In

most practical circuits a () !alue of 0 dB is good enough.

3.7 Ra'!at!on Pattern

(adiation pattern distributiondefinedofaquantity thatascharacteri8esJthethe spatia electromagnetic fieldgenerated by antennaK IEEE, 449-. three dimensional spatial distribution of po7er flu; density, radiationintensity, field strength, directi!ity, phase or polari8ation. sition(adiati along a path or surface of constantradius Balanis, 445- and goes through a direction at

7hich ma;imum radiation occurs. sually, the spherical coordinate system is used to!isuali8e the radiation pattern. # t7o dimensional pattern can be a function of the ele!ationangle, M, at constant N,orfunctionof Na8imuthatconstantangle,: .ThesphericalM!alue A coordinate system is

sho7n in Fig 9./

F!% 3.6 Spherical &oordinate Systems for #ntenna #nalysis


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3.8 D!re t!+!t

Directi!ity is Jthe ratio of the radiation radiation intensity a!eraged o!er all direct it is often defined only tothe direction of the ma


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C(apter 7

Appl! at!on# of

M! ro#tr!p pat ( Antenna

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The $icrostrip patch antennas are famous for their performance and robust design. $icrostrip patch antennas ha!e applications in !arious fields such as in the medical field, satellites ande!en in the military systems S recei!ers 7ill

be used by the general population for land !ehicles, aircraft and maritime !essels to find their position accurately A+ . # *>S patch antenna is sho7n in Fig 1./.

F!% 7.65 $icrostrip #ntenna used in *>S system


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7.3 Ra'!o fre/$en !'ent!f! at!on ?RFID@5

(FID is used in different areas like mobile communication, logistics, manufacturing,transportation and health care. (FID system generally uses frequencies bet7een 90 '8 and2.+ *'8 depending on its applications. Basically (FID system is a tag or transponder anda transcei!er or reader sho7n in Fig 1.9.

F!% 7.35 $icrostrip #ntenna used in (FID

7.7 Interopera !l!t for m! ro2a+e a e## ? !Ma=@5

The IEEE +0/. : standard is kno7n as =i$a;. It can reach upto 90 mile radius theoreticallyand data rate 50 $bps. $icrostrip patch antenna generates three resonant modes at /.5, 9.9and 2.9 *'8 and can, therefore, be used in =i$a; compliant communication equipment.This is sho7n in Fig 1.1

F!% 7.75 $icrostrip #ntenna used in =ima;

7.8 Ra'ar appl! at!on5

(adar can be used for detecting mo!ing targets such as people and !ehicles. The $icrostripantennas are an ideal choice. The fabrication technology based on photolithography enablesthe bulk production of $icrostrip antenna 7ith repeatable performance at a lo7er cost in alesser time frame as compared to the con!entional antennas A+ . This is sho7n in Fig 1.2

F!% 7.85 $icrostrip antenna used in radar


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7.: Re'$ e' #!>e m! ro#tr!p pat ( antenna for 1l$etoot( appl! at!on#5

In this case the $icrostrip antenna operates in the /100 to /1+1 $'8 IS$ Band. #lthough anair substrate is introduced, $icrostrip antenna occupies a small !olume of 99.9R:.:R0.+ mm7hich is sho7n in Fig 1.:

F!% 7.:5 (educed si8e of $icrostrip antenna used in Bluetooth

7.; 1roa' an' M! ro#tr!p S-#(ape' pat ( antenna for 2!rele##omm$n! at!on5

This is a single@patch broadband $icrostrip S@shaped patch antenna Fig 1.5. $icrostrip S@shaped patch antenna is fed by a coa;ial feeding. The antenna is designed by inserting t7o

slots into rotated square patch then it loo thick substrate, band7idth of antenna is increased. A+

F!% 7.;5 $icrostrip #ntenna used as a Broadband

4.8 Some more area# of 'e+elopment are5

1. Design and E!aluation of E@Shaped $># For =ima; #pplication2. (ectenna #pplication

3. Telemedicine #pplication4. $edicinal applications of patch5. # dual@band circularly polari8ed stub loaded $># for *>S applications.

6. ka band $icrostrip antenna arrays 7ith high efficiency.

7. %ptically Transparent $icrostrip >atch #ntenna8. Fle;ible liquid metal alloy E*aIn- $icrostrip >atch #ntenna9. /.1 *'8 $icrostrip >atch #ntenna 7ith a single slot for =)#" application10. &ompact Triple Band Slotted $icrostrip >atch #ntenna.

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C(apter 8

S!m$lat!on S

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8.4 IE3D Soft2are5

IE9D, from 6eland soft7are Inc., is an electromagnetic simulation and optimi8ation soft7areuseful for circuit and antenna design. IE9D has a menu dri!en graphic interface for modelgeneration 7ith automatic meshing, and uses a field sol!er based on a full@7a!e, method of moments to sol!e current distribution on 9D and multilayer structures of general shape. Thisis sho7n in Fig 2.

F!% 8.45 Integral Equation Three@Dimensional

8.6 HFSS #oft2are5

'FSS is the industry@standard simulation tool for 9D full@7a!e electromagnetic fieldsimulation. 'FSS pro!ides E@ and '@fields, currents, S@parameters and near and far radiatedfield results. Intrinsic to the success of 'FSS as an engineering design tool is its automated

solution process 7here users are only required to specify geometry, material properties andthe desired output. From here 'FSS 7ill automatically generate an appropriate, efficient andaccurate mesh for sol!ing the problem. This is sho7n in Fig 2./

F!% 8.65 'igh frequency structural simulator

8.3 A'+an e' 'e#!%n # #tem5

#d!anced Design System is the 7orld s leading electroni

(F, micro7a!e, and high speed digital applications. In a po7erful and easy to use interface,#DS pioneers the most inno!ati!e and commercially successful technologies, such as @

parameters and 9D E$ simulators, used by leading companies in the 7irelesscommunication, net7orking, aerospace defense industries.


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For =i$# , )TE, multi@gigabit per second data links, radar, satellite applications, #DS pro!ides full, standards@based design and !erification 7ith =ireless )ibraries and circuit@system@E$ co@simulation in an integrated platform. This is sho7n in Fig 2.9

F!% 8.35 #d!anced Design System #DS-

8.7 CST m! ro2a+e #t$'!o5

&ST micro7a!e studio &ST $=S- is a specialist tool for the 9D E$ simulation of highfrequency components. &ST $=S has made unparalleled performance making it first choice

in technology leading ( D departments. &ST $=S enables the fast and accurate analysis of high frequency 'F- de!ices such as antennas, filters, couplers, planar and multi@layer structures and SI and E$& effects A4 . This is sho7n in Fig 2.1

F!% 8.75 &omputer Simulation Technology


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:.4 De#!%n parameter# for re tan%$lar pat (5

The three essential parameters for the design of a rectangular $icrostrip patch antennaare? A 0

:.4.4 Fre/$en of operat!on5

The resonant frequency of the antenna must be selected appropriately .The resonantfrequency selected for my design is .+ *'8.

:.4.6 D!ele tr! on#tant of t(e #$ #trate5

The dielectric material selected for my design is quart8 7hich has a dielectric constant of 1./.

a substrate 7ith high dielectric constant has been selected since it reduces the dimensions of the antenna .

:.4.3 He!%(t of t(e '!ele tr! #$ #trate ?(@5

For the $icrostrip patch antenna to be used in cellular phones, it is essential that the antennashould not be bulky.

:.6 De#!%n #pe !f! at!on#

The ($># parameters are calculated from the follo7ing formulas.

Cal $lat!on of !'t( ? @5

LL.. : -

=here,

&UFree space !elocity of light, UDielectric constant of substrate

T(e effe t!+e '!ele tr! on#tant of t(e re tan%$lar M! ro#tr!p pat ( antenna5( ) LLL :./-

Cal $lat!on of len%t( e=ten#!on5( )

LL. :.9-( )

21

( )%r, LLL :.1-

( )


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T(e effe t!+e len%t( of t(e re tan%$lar M! ro#tr!p pat ( antenna5 A4

LLL ,:.2-

A t$al len%t( of t(e pat ( ?L@5

1 :.:-

6.3 De#!%n of a S!mple Re tan%$lar M! ro#tr!p Pat ( Antenna

# Simple (ectangular $icrostrip patch #ntenna is designed on F(@1 )ossy- substramatching impedance 7hose specifications are gi!en in Table :. .

Ta le :.45 S!mple Re tan%$lar M! ro#tr!p Pat ( Antenna Spe !f! at!on#.

>arameters Dimension nit

Dielectric constant 1.9 V V

Substrate Thickness h- 1 mm

&opper layer thickness $ t- 0. mm

)ength )- 99.01:/4 mm

=idth =- 19.+5+// mm

&ut 7idth F 7 - 0.5 mm

&ut depth F i- /.2 mm

>ath length ) f - /4.0/9 1 mm

*ap from feed to patch * pf - mm

Impedence 20 P

(esonating frequency f r - /. *'8

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&ST@soft7are is used to design the Simple (ectangular $icrostrip >atch #ntenna ($>#- atresonating frequency /. *'8. This is sho7n in Fig :.

F!% :.45 Simple (ectangular $icrostrip >atch #ntenna at /. *'8.

:.7 S!m$lat!on re#$lt#5

Simulation result of (eturn loss and Band7idth of (ectangular $icrostrip >atch #ntenna($>#- is sho7n in Fig :./. (eturn loss or reflection loss is the reflection of signal po7er

from the insertion of a de!ice in a transmission line or optical fiber. It is e;pressed as ration indB relati!e to the transmitted signal po7er. The band7idth of simple ($># is ++.41+$'8and (eturn loss is @/:. + dB.

F!% :.65 Simulation of return loss and band7idth of ($>#


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The Fig :.2 sho7s the surface current distribution for the resonating frequency of /. *'8.The dimensions of patch are completely responsible for the radiation and making the designfeasible for an application in /. *'8 standard.

F!% :.85 Surface current distribution for f r U/. *'8.


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:.8 De#!%n a S!mple Re tan%$lar M! ro#tr!p Pat ( Antenna re'$ !n% !t#parameter#5

#s the simulation result depends on its parameters. So that, by reducing the parameters 7e tryto impro!e the simulation results. The simple ($># is inspired at /.02 42*'8. The #ntennaspecifications and design are sho7n in Table :./

Ta le :.65 S!mple Re tan%$lar M! ro#tr!p Pat ( Antenna Spe !f! at!on# re'$ !n%parameter#5


Dielectric constant 1.9 @

Substrate Thickness h- / mm


)ength )- 99.4:+21 mm

=idth =- 19.+5+// mm

&ut 7idth F 7 - :.92 mm


>ath length ) f - /4.1+1/5 mm


Impedence 20 P

(esonating frequency f r - /.02 42 *'8

&ST soft7are is also used to design the (ectangular $icrostrip >atch #ntenna ($>#- atoperating frequency /.02 42 *'8. This is sho7n in Fig :.:

F!% :.:5 Simple (ectangular $icrostrip >atch #ntenna at /.02 42 *'8.


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'o7e!er, their employment raises some problems, such as, difficulty impedance matching or increasing of surface 7a!es in the Substrate that could decline the radiation efficiency and theradiation pattern. Band7idth of the antenna may be considerably becomes 7orse.

:.: S!m$lat!on re#$lt5

From the simulation result, it is found that the band7idth of simple ($># is 2:.+51$'8,(eturn loss is @9 .5+5dB and Frequency is /.02 42*'8. It is not desirable qualities for #ntenna. Simulation result of (eturn loss and Band7idth of (ectangular $icrostrip >atch#ntenna ($>#- is sho7n in Fig :.5

F!% :.;5 Simulation of return loss and band7idth of ($>#

The Fig :.+ sho7s the simulated 9@D radiation pattern 7ith directi!ity of 5.0+9 dBi for theantenna configuration at the resonating frequency of /. *'8.

F!% :.


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The Fig :.4 sho7s the simulated polar radiation pattern for the Simple (ectangular $icrostrip >atch antenna configuration at the resonating frequency of /. *'8.

F!% :. 5 >olar (adiation pattern

The Fig :. 0 sho7s the surface current distribution for the resonating frequency of /. *'8.The dimensions of patch are completely responsible for the radiation and making the designfeasible for an application in /. *'8 standard.

F!% :.4B5 Surface current distribution.


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28


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C(apter ;

Propo#e' Antenna

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;.4 De#!%n Con#!'erat!on

The proposed structure of the antenna is sho7n in Fig 5. . Its specifications are sho7n inTable 5. . The antenna is simulated on an F(1 lossy- substrate. The thickness of thesubstrate is : mm. (ectangle shaped patches are cut four times in four corners of each 9W9

mm / . 'ere, &ST simulation soft7are is used to design the proposed structure of the antenna.

F!% ;.45 *eometry of proposed antenna.

# patch is fed 7ith a port through feed line. The port position can be inset for matching the patch impedance 7ith the input impedance. This insetting minimi8es port radiation. The easeof insetting and lo7 radiations is ad!antages of port feeding.

Ta le ;.45 Propo#e' M! ro#tr!p Pat ( Antenna Spe !f! at!on#.


Dielectric constant 1.9 V V

Substrate Thickness h- : mm


)ength )- 99.01:/4 mm

=idth =- 19.+5+// mm

&ut 7idth F 7 - 0.5 mm


>ath length ) f - /4.0/9 1 mm


Impedance 20 P

(esonating frequency f r - /.05/+ *'8

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The Fig 5.2 sho7s the surface current distribution for the resonating frequency of /. *'8.The dimensions of patch are completely responsible for the radiation and making the designfeasible for an application in /. *'8 standard. The >robe is located such that an e;cellentimpedance matching of appro;imately 20 ohm is obtained.

F!% ;.85 Surface current distribution


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C(apter atch #ntenna

#ntenna

Band7idth ++.41 $'8 5.55 $'8

/ Impedance )ess impro!ement Better Impro!ement

9 (eturn loss (educe @/:. + dB- (educe @ +.4/9dB-

1 Si8e Smaller Slightly *reater

2 Side and back lobes #bsent #bsent

: Directi!ity 5.0+9 dBi :.:1/ dBi


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band7idth of >roposed ($># by cutting its corners is greater than others. This fulfills our aim to increase the band7idth of a ($>#. #ll the polar plots and the graphs of !ariations inthe results 7ith respect to frequency ha!e also been plotted in the report.

%ur Future plan is to reduce the thickness of our proposed antenna and gain more band7idth7ith lo7 radiation pattern and lo7 return loss.

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APPENDI

PC1 >rinted &ircuit BoardRFID (adio@frequency identification

MIMO $ultiple@input multiple@outputTM Trans!ersal magnetic field distributionCP &ircular polari8ation

The total radiation efficiencyThe polari8ation efficiency

DSRC Dedicated short@range communicationsAR A ;ial ratioGPS *lobal positioning systemCG &on!ersion *ainD!r Directi!ityEma= $a;imum FieldEm!n $inimum FieldG *ainHF 'igh FrequencyIEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersMMIC# $icro7a!e $onolithic Integrate &ircuitsMPA $icrostrip >atch #ntennaM S $icro7a!e Studio

Incident >o7er (eflected >o7er

RFID (adio@Frequency Identification

RMPA (ectangular $icrostrip >atch #ntennaRL (eturn )ossS Si8e of the >erturbation Segment

S #rea of the #ntenna!Ma= =orld7ide Interoperability for $icro7a!e #ccess LAN =ireless )ocal #rea "et7ork

LTE )ong Term E!olution 3DThree Dimensional3G Third *eneration Dielectric constant of substrate1 Ele!ation #ngle1 &onstant #8imuth #ngle

CEN European &ommittee for Standardi8ation

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Design & Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna for 3g Applications 20.4.2014

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