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DESIGN AS INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUE:
COUPLING HUMAN-CENTERED DESIGN WITH REQUIREMENT
ENGINEERING METHODS
Chiara Leonardi, Luca Sabatucci, Angelo Susi, and Massimo Zancanaro
INTERACT 2011, September 9th, Lisboa
Speaker: Luca Sabatucci, Software Engineering Unit, FBK
ACube
• Critical Context
• Acceptability
• Privacy and Value
• Low Intrusiveness
2
Slide 3
Human-Centered Design
Strengths
• Ethnographic Study• Engagement of users• Concrete representation
of the domain• Stories prioritize
requirements
Limits
• Does not support traceability
• Does not support abstraction
• Coverage problem
The Tropos MethodologyAn Overview
• Agent-oriented design process, • Based on goal-oriented language and notation.• The focus is on capturing intentional and strategic
dependencies among actors of a domain.• Five phases: from early/later requirements to
architecture, implementation and deployment.
Giunchiglia et al. 2003. The Tropos Software Development Methodology: Processes, Models and Diagrams. In Agent-Oriented Software Engineering III, Springer
Slide 5
Tropos
Strengths
• Strategic view of the domain
• Analysis of motivations and dependencies
• Check of quality and coverage
• Support traceability
Lacks and Limits
• Prioritization of requirements
• Needs translation to involve users
• Model mainly invariant elements of the domain
• Can’t model physical context
Tropos and UCD: a Promising Synergy
• Purpose:• synergy without reducing advantages
• Enablers:• Ground on information about people• Similar “High Level” objectives (requirements)• Similar Language (goal/need, actor/persona)• Similar methodological approach (data exploration, filtering)
Slide 7
Working Together
Integration
• bridge the gap between different research traditions
• to work in a situation of methodological pluralism
• overhead for practitioners
Assimilation
• transform a specific approach to make it fit into another one
• to work in a situation of methodological purity
• the risk is to loose the strength of one of the approaches
• more complex for method designer
The Common Meta-Model: a lesson learned
TROPOS META-MODEL
UCD META-MODEL ?
persona
need
scenario
empathy
wish
= difficulty in providing a precise semantics
?
?
? = uncertainty to bridge concepts
= difficulty in identifying inter-concepts relationships
Susi et al. 2005. The Tropos Metamodel and its Use. INFORMATICA
9
Ambiguity:a different perspective
The Integrated Process• Iterative process• Design threads in parallel
• shared design vision• common problem space• no priority
• Inform without constraining• Frequent, small evaluations
Slide 11
The aim is to find under what conditions our experience can be generalized
• Strengths/limits analysis
• Making the divides explicit
• Mutual learning
RE
CIP
E
Strengths/limits analysis• It relies on the identification of strengths and limits
• This allows to define integration points to create a beneficial dialogue
• It allows to preserve their strengths.
Slide 12
Making the divides explicit
Identifying barriers that may hinder the dialogue between the two methods.
• Epistemological divides
• Linguistic and conceptual divides
Slide 13
Mutual learning
Mutual learning represent the crucial aspect to mediate between the different epistemologies and languages
• Definition of a shared dictionary of terms (natural language)
• Collaborative negotiation of the definition of terms in the dictionary which leads to discover hidden relationships between terms
• Iteration with refinement until the agreement
Slide 14
Operative Example
• A criticality is a situation in the organization for which the system is being designed.
• A criticality is represented as a view on the organization model that focuses on highlighting actors, goals and tasks when a critical situation occurs.
• The description is enriched with information about the context in which the problem may occur and the impact on the standard stakeholder activities.
CRITICALITIESTROPOS EARLY REQUIREMENTS
PERSONAS/SCENARIOS
CONTEXT NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION
Slide 16
Conclusion
Strengths/Limits
Identify Barriers
Mutual Learning