1.TO INVESTIGATE OF DIFFERENT TYPE OF CELL TO THE FIXED SHAPED OF THE CELL Problem statement Does plant cell and animal cell have fixed shape? Hypothesis Plant cell has a fixed shape but not animal cell Variables MV : type of cell/plant cell and animal cell RV : fixed shape of cell CV : One drop of methylene blue solution and distilled water Apparatus and materials Glass slide,cover slips,forcep,knife,microscope,toothpick,white tile/cutting board,methylene blue solution,iodine solution,iodine solution,filter paper,distilled water,onion scale leaf,cheek cell Procedure 1. A scale leaf from an onion bulb are obtained 2. By using a forcep .the inner surface of onion scale leaf is peeled off 3. One drop of distilled water was placed in the middle of glass slide 4. With a needle ,the cover slip is dropped slowly at 45 0 to the glass slide so that no air bubble being trapped 5. A drop of iodine solution was dropped at one side of the cover slip 6. A filter paper was placed at the opposite end of the opposite end of the cover slip to allow the spreading of solution absorbing excess solution 7. The slide is observed under a light microscope using a low power objective lens then high power objective lens 8. The plant structure is then drawn and recorded by using a microscope 9. This experiment is repeated using a cheek cell 10. The mouth is rinsed before starting with experiment 11. By using a toothpick, the inner mouth were scrapped to get some cheek cell 12. Then the cheek cell was placed onto a glass side 13. A drop of methylene blue solution was added 14. Slowly the cover slips was dropped, then the filter paper were placed at one end of the cover slip for irrigation Ema-Mel0dy spm’11
Transcript
1.TO INVESTIGATE OF DIFFERENT TYPE OF CELL TO THE FIXED SHAPED OF THE CELL
Problem statementDoes plant cell and animal cell have fixed shape?
HypothesisPlant cell has a fixed shape but not animal cell
VariablesMV : type of cell/plant cell and animal cellRV : fixed shape of cellCV : One drop of methylene blue solution and distilled water
Apparatus and materialsGlass slide,cover slips,forcep,knife,microscope,toothpick,white tile/cutting board,methylene blue solution,iodine solution,iodine solution,filter paper,distilled water,onion scale leaf,cheek cell
Procedure1. A scale leaf from an onion bulb are obtained2. By using a forcep .the inner surface of onion scale leaf is peeled off3. One drop of distilled water was placed in the middle of glass slide4. With a needle ,the cover slip is dropped slowly at 450 to the glass slide so that no air bubble
being trapped5. A drop of iodine solution was dropped at one side of the cover slip6. A filter paper was placed at the opposite end of the opposite end of the cover slip to allow the
spreading of solution absorbing excess solution7. The slide is observed under a light microscope using a low power objective lens then high power
objective lens8. The plant structure is then drawn and recorded by using a microscope 9. This experiment is repeated using a cheek cell 10. The mouth is rinsed before starting with experiment11. By using a toothpick, the inner mouth were scrapped to get some cheek cell12. Then the cheek cell was placed onto a glass side13. A drop of methylene blue solution was added 14. Slowly the cover slips was dropped, then the filter paper were placed at one end of the cover
slip for irrigation15. This slide is then observe and the structure was recorded by using a microscope 16. All the results are tabulated in a table
Presentation of Data
Type of cell Structure of cell seen under microscopeMagnification : 10 x 40
Plant cell/onion scale leafAnimal cell/cheek cell
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2.TO DETERMINE THE CONCENTRATION OF SUCROSE SOLUTION WHICH IS ISOTONIC TO THE CELL SAP OF POTATO STRIP
Problem statementWhat is the concentration of the sucrose solution that will maintain the length of potato strip?
HypothesisAs the sucrose solution reach certain concentration (isotonic to the cell sap),there is no changes in the length of potato strip
VariablesMV : the concentration of the sucrose solutionRV : change in length of potato stripFV : initial length of potato strip
Apparatus & materialCork borer, test tubes,stopwatch,ruler,potatoes,various concentration of sucrose solution,filter paper
Procedure:1. Six test tube are labeled P,Q,R,S,T and U2. Test tube P is filled with 10ml distilled water, test tube Q is filled with 10ml sucrose solution
O.1M,test tube R is filled with 10ml sucrose solution 0.2M,test tube S is filled with 10ml sucrose solution 0.3M,test tube T is filled with 10ml sucrose solution 0.4M and test tubes U is filled with 10ml sucrose solution 0.5M
3. The cork borer is pushed into the potato and the potato strip is obtained by pushing it out of the cork borer using a glass rod
4. The potato strips are cut to the exact length of 5 cm.5. One potato cylinder is placed in each labeled test tubes for 30 minutes.6. After 30minutes,the potato strips are removed from the test tube and gently wiped with filter
paper7. The final length of the potato strips are measured and record using a ruler8. The final length of the potato strips are recorded in a result table9. A graph pf the concentration of sucrose solution against the change in the length is plotted
3.TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF ALBUMEN CONCETRATION ON THE ENZYME PEPSIN REACTION
Problem statement What is the effect of different albumen concentration on the rate of enzyme reaction?
HypothesisThe higher the albumen concentration,the higher the rate of enzyme reaction
VariablesMV : the concentration of albumen solutionRV : rate of enzyme reactionCV : the volume of albumen solution
Apparatus and MaterialsAlbumen solution(1%,2%,3%,4%),1% pepsin solution, pipette/measuring cylinder,HCL,water bath,thermometer,stopwatch
Procedure1. 5ml of 1% albumen solution is poured into a test tube using a pipette.The test tube is labeled P.2. 1 ml of HCL acid is poured into the same test tube using another pipette3. 1 ml of 5% pepsin is poured into the same test tube using another pipette.The mixture is shaken
well.4. The test tube is placed in the beaker containing 300 ml of water at 37oC.A thermometer is
placed in the beaker to check the temperature.5. The stopwatch is started6. The mixture is observed and the time taken for the solution to turn colourless is taken using a
stopwatch and recorded in a table.7. Steps 1 to 6 are repeated twice to get an average result8. Steps 1 to 7 are repeated,replacing the 1% albumen solution with 2%,3% and 4% albumen
solution respectively.9. All data are recorded in a table and a graph of the rate of enzme reaction against the albumen
concentrated is plotted
Presentation of data
Concentration of albumen solution(%)
Time taken for the mixture to turn colourless(min) The rate of enzyme reaction (min-1)1 2 3 average
1234
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4.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF PH VALUES ON THE RATE OF PEPSIN ENZYME
Problem statementWhat is the effect of pH values on the rate of of Pepsin Reaction?
HypothesisThe lower the pH, the higher the rate of pepsin reaction
VariablesMV : pH valuesRV : rate of pepsin reactionCV : concentration of pepsin
Apparatus and materialsPepsin solution,albumen suspension,distilled water,Hydrochloric acid,sodium Hydroxide solution,stopwatch,water bath,tripod stand and wire gauze,thermometer,test tube,measuring cylinders/syringe,pH paper,wire gauze,Bunsen burner and tripod stand,test tube rack
Procedure1. 200ml of egg white is mixed with 500ml of distilled water to prepare an albumen suspension2. The albumen suspension were boiled,stirred and leave to cool3. Three test tubes were labeled as P,Q and R4. 5ml of albumen suspension were placed into each test tube using a syringe5. Then the following solutions were added into each test tubes as follows:
Test tube pH Mixture of solutionP 2 = acidic 1ml of 0.1M HCL + 1ml of 1% pepsin solutionQ 7 = neutral 1ml of distilled water + 1ml of 1%pepsin solutionR 9 = alkaline 1ml of 0.1M NaOH + 1ml of 1% pepsin solution
6. pH paper were dip into each test tube and the pH values were recorded7. All the test tubes were immersed in a water bath with a temperature of 37% for 20minutes.8. Observe and recorded the time taken for the cloudiness of mixture turns clear by using a
stopwatch9. Results of the experiment were recorded in a table
Presentation of data
Test tube pH values Time taken for the hydrolysis of albumen suspension (minutes)P 2Q 7R 9
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5.THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE RATE OF SALIVARY AMYLASE
Problem statementWhat are effects of different temperature on the rate of salivary amylase reaction?
HypothesisAs the temperature increase,the rate of amylase reaction increases until it reaches the optimum temperature
VariablesMV : temperature of the mediumRV : the rate of reaction catalysed by salivary amylaseCV : volume of saliva
Apparatus and MaterialsBeakers,test tube,thermometer,syringe,droppers,glass rods,white tiles woth grooves,water bath,stopwatch,1% of starch suspension,saliva suspension iodine solution ,ice cubes and distilled water
Procedure:1. Mouth is rinsed with warm water and saliva is collected.Saliva with equal volume of distilled water is
diluted2. 5ml of 1% starch suspension is out into each of the test tubes labeled A1,B1,C1,D1, and E1 respectively
using a syringe3. 2 ml of saliva is added into each of another set of the test tubes labeled A2,B2,C2,D2 and E2 using a
second syringe4. Test tubes A1 and A2,B1 and B2,C1 and C2,D1 and D2,E1 and E2 is immersed respectively into 5 different
water baths with temperature kept constant at OOC,28oC,37OC,45OC and 60oC.5. The test tubes are left for five minutes6. Meanwhile, a dry piece white tile with grooves is prepared and a drop of iodine solution is placed into
each groove7. After five minutes of immersion ,the starch suspension in test tube A1 is poured into the saliva in test tube
A2.The mixture is stirred using a glass rod. The stopwatch is started immediately.8. A drop of mixture is removed from test tube A2,using a dropper and is placed in into the iodine solution in
the first groove on the tile.The first groove is considered as zero minute9. The iodine test is repeated every minute for ten minute.The dropper in a beaker of water is rinsed after
each sampling.The time taen for the completion of the hydrolysis of starch is recorded (that is when the mixture gives a negative iodine test) using a stopwatch.
10. The test tube with the mixture in their respective water bath is kept throughout the experiment .steps 7 to 10 for test tubes B1,C1,D1 and E1 is repeated.
11. Thermometer is used to ensure that the temperature remain constant throughout the experiment12. The result is recorded and a graph showing the rate of reaction against temperature is plotted13. The activities of amylase reaction Is optimum at 37oC
Presentation of dataTest tube Temp
(oC)Time taken for the hydrolysis of starch to be completed (minutes) Rate reaction (min-1)
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6.TO DETERMINE THE ENERGY CONTENT IN THE SAMPLE OF FOOD
Problem statementDoes the final water temperature reading for cashew nut is higher than peanut and white bread?
HypothesisThe final temperature reading/energy value for cashew is higher than peanut and white bread
VariablesMV : type of foodRV : the energy content CV : volume of distilled water
Materials and apparatusCashew nut,peanut,white bread,distilled water,boiling tubes,plasticine,pin,thermometer,bunsen burner and wire gauze,stopwatch,retort stand and clamp
Procedure1. Weigh the white bread and record its weight2. Fill a boiling tube with 20ml distilled water3. Clamp the boiling tube to the retort stand4. Record the initial temperature of the water in the boiling tube 5. Spike the white bread firmly at the end of the pin which is mounted on some plasticine6. Ignite the white bread by holding it in the flame of a bunsen burner.then,immediately place it
beneath the boiling tube to heat the water7. Stir the water gently with the thermometer8. Record the initial temperature,that is the highest temperature reached as soon as the peanut
has stopped burning using thermometer.9. Calculate the energy value of the peanut using the formula below [show energy value formula]10. Tabulate the results in table below11. Steps 1 to 9 are repeated by using different food sample such as peanut and cashew nut
Presentation of data
Food sample Temperature 0C Energy valueInitial Final Increase in
temperatureWhite bread
PeanutCashew nut
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7.TO DETERMINE THE CONCENTRATION OF VITAMIN C CONTENT IN THE SAMPLE OF FRUIT JUICES
Problem statementWhat is the sample of fruit juices that contains a higher concentration of vitamin C?
HypothesisGuava juice contains a higher concentration of vitamin C compared to orange Juice and pineapple juice
Variables MV : type of fruit juiceRV : concentration of vitamin CCV : volume of DCPIP solution
Apparatus and materialsBoiling tube,a syringe,a syringe with needles ,beaker,gauze cloth and a knife ,DCPIP solution,0.1% ascorbic acid solution .freshly prepared guava juice,pineapple juice and orange juice
Procedure1. Label four boiling tube as A,B,C, and D2. Place 1ml of DCPIP solution in each boiling tube3. Fill a syringe with 5ml of ascorbic acid solution4. Immerse the needle of the syringe in the DCPIP solution drop-by-drop5. Do not shake the tube vigorously6. Record the volume of ascorbic acid solution used to turn the DCPIP solution colourless using a
syringe 7. Repeat steps 22 to 7 using Lime Juice,pineapple juice and papaya juice8. Calculate the percentage and concentration of vitamin C in these three types of fruit juice using
the formula below [ shows percentage of vitamin C and Concentration of vitamin C formula]
Presentation of data
Solution Volume of fruit juice needed to decolourize 1ml of DCPIP solution
(ml)
Percentage of vitamin C In fruit juice (%)
Vitamin C concentration in fruit juice (mg/cm)
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8.TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON THE RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Problem statementWhat is the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?
HypothesisThe higher the light intensity ,the higher the rate of photosynthesis until it reaches limiting value
VariablesMV : light intensityRV : rate of photosynthesisCV : The temperature
Apparatus and materialsHydrilla Sp.,0.3% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution,beaker,thermometer,test tube,stopwatch,60W electric bulb , measuring cylinder , retort stand,paper clip,metre ruler
Procedure1. A 5cm sprig is cut from a hydrilla sp. Plant using a sharp scalpel2. The plant is placed with the cut end facing upwards3. A paper clip is used to weight down the other end of the hydrilla sp. Sprig4. 10ml of 0.3% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution is poured in a boiling tube5. The boiling tube with plant is placed in a water bath with the temperature maintained at 280C6. A 60watt bulb is placed at a distance of 50cm from the plant7. When the rate of bubbles given out is constant ,the number of bubbles released for 5 minutes is
recorded using a stopwatch8. The steps are repeated by placing the apparatus at distance 40cm,30cm,20cm and 10cm from
the light source.9. The results are recorded and the rate of photosynthesis is calculated by using a formula:[rate of
photosynthesis formula]
Presentation of data
Distance of light source (cm)
Number of bubbles released in 5 minutes
Rate of photosynthesis (number of bubble /minute)
5040302010
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9.TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE ON THE RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Problem statement What is the effect of concentration of carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis?
HypothesisThe higher the concentration of carbon dioxide the higher the rate of photosynthesis
VariablesMV : concentration of Carbon dioxideRV : rate of photosynthesisCV : temperature
Apparatus and materialsHydrilla Sp., sodium hydrogen carbonate solution,beaker,thermometer,test tube,retort sand,stopwatch,lamp , measuring cylinder , retort stand,ruler and paper clip
Procedure1. A 5cm sprig is cut from a hydrilla sp. Plant using a sharp scalpel2. The plant is placed with the cut end facing upwards3. A paper clip is used to weight down the other end of the hydrilla sp. Sprig4. 10ml of 0.3% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution is poured in a boiling tube5. The boiling tube with plant is placed in a water bath with the temperature maintained at 280C6. A 60watt bulb is placed at a distance of 50cm from the plant7. When the rate of bubbles given out is constant ,the number of bubbles released for 5 minutes is
recorded using a stopwatch8. The steps are repeated by using 0.4%,0.6% and 0.8% sodium carbonate solution.9. The results are recorded and the rate of photosynthesis is calculated by using a formula:[rate of
photosynthesis formula]
Presentation of dataConcentration of sodium
hydrogen carbonate solution (%)
Number of bubbles released in 5 minutes
Rate of photosynthesis (number of bubble /minute)
0.20.40.60.8
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10.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN DEFECIENCIES IN CULTURE SOLUTION ON THE BEIGHT/GROWTH RATE OF SEEDLING
Problem statementWhat is the effect of nitrogen deficiencies in culture solution on the growth rate of seedling
HypothesisThe growth rate of seedling is slower in nitrogen deficiencies of culture solution
VariablesMV : the type of culture mediumRV : growth rate of seedlingCV : the initial height if seedling
Procedure1. Three glass jars labeled A,B and C are prepared2. In glass jar A ,distilled water is fulfilled which serves as a control experiment3. In glass jar B, a complete culture solution is prepared using the composition of the Knop’s
solution as a guide4. In glass jar C a culture solution deficient in nitrogen is prepared by replacing calcium nitrate with
calcium chloride and potassium nitrate is replaced by potassium chloride5. Each jar is wrapped with black paper to prevent light from penetrating into the culture which
will cause the growth of green algae6. Three maize seedlings of the same height are chosen and put into each jars7. Keep the roots of seedlings are fully immersed in each solutions.The culture solution is aerated
using an air pump to ensure the root of the seedling obtain enough for respiration8. All set of apparatus are exposed to light so the seedling are able to carry out photosynthesis9. The culture solution in each jar is replaced every week to ensure that the nutrients which are
supposed to be available are not depleted10. After one month,seedling in jar A Is taken out and the height of seedling is measured and
recorded by using a ruler.the growth rate of the seedling is calculated and is recorded in a table using formula:
The height of seedling (cm)Time taken (days)
11. Step 10 is repeated with seedling in glass jar B and glass jar C are observed12. Record the result in table and plot a bar chart showing the growth rate of seedlings(cm/day)
against the types of solution
Presentation of dataGlass jar Type of solution The height of seedling cm The growth rate of
seedling(cm/day)initial finalA Distilled waterB Complete knop’s solutionC Nitrogen deficient in culture
solution
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11.TO INVESTIGATE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE RATE OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN YEAST
Problem statementWhat is the effect of temperature on the rate anaerobic respiration in yeast?
HypothesisThe increase the temperature,the increase the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast
Variables MV : temperatureRV : the rate of anaerobic respirationCV : volume/concentration of yeast
Apparatus and materialsYeast solution,glucose solution,coloured liquid,paraffin oil,manometer tube,measuring cylinder , rubber tubing, clip ,glass tube, ruler, boiling tube, water bath, stopwatch, marker pen, rubber stopper, thermometer , beaker, retort stand
Procedure1. Filled the boiling tube with 15 ml yeast suspension.2. Then the boiling tube is added with 10ml 5% glucose solution3. The boiling is filled with paraffin oil4. The apparatus is joined to a rubber stopper with glass tube,rubber tubing and the manometer5. The apparatus is placed to a retort stand6. Mark and record the initial height of the coloured liquid in the manometer with a marker pen7. Then,placed the boiling tube in water bath at 200C8. Start the stopwatch and mark the level of coloured liquid in the manometer (after 10 minutes)9. Record the final height of the coloured liquid in the manometer using a ruler10. Repeat the experiment by placing the boiling tube in water baths at 300C,400C and 500C11. Make sure all the joints of the apparatus are air-tight12. Calculate and record the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast by using a formula
The change in height of coloured water in the manometer Time taken
13. The results are tabulated in a table
Presentation of dataTemperature
(C0)The height of coloured liquid in manometer(cm) Rate of anaerobic in yeast
(cm/min)initial final20304050
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12.THE EFFECT OF pH ON THE RATE OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION YEAST
Problem statement What is the effect of pH on the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast?
Hypothesis The rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast is optimal in acidic medium
VariablesMV : pH valueRV : rate of anaerobic respirationCV : concentration of yeast solution
Procedure1. Filled the boiling tube with 15 ml yeast suspension.2. Then the boiling tube is added with 10ml 5% glucose solution3. 4 drop of 0.1mol dm3 Hydrochloric acid is added4. The content in boiling tube is shaked.determine the pH of the solution using pH paper5. The boiling tube is filled with paraffin oil.6. The apparatus is joined to a rubber stopper with glass tube,rubber tubing and the manometer7. The apparatus is placed to a retort stand8. Mark and record the initial height of the coloured liquid in the manometer with a marker pen
and a ruler9. Start the stopwatch and mark the level of coloured liquid in the manometer (after 10 minutes)10. Record the final height of the coloured liquid in the manometer using a ruler11. Repeat the experiment by placing add 4 drops o.o1 mol dm3 HCL,4 drops of distilled water and 4
drops of 0.1 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide12. Make sure all the joints of the apparatus are air-tight13. Calculate and record the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast by using a formula
The change in height of coloured water in the manometer Time taken
14. The results are tabulated in a table
Presentation of datapH The height of coloured liquid in manometer (cm) Rate of anaerobic
respiration in yeast (cm/min)
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13.THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF GLUCOSE ON THE RATE OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN YEAST
Problem statement what is the effect of concentration of glucose on the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast?
Hypothesis the higher the concentration of glucose the higher the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast
Variables MV : concentration of glucoseRV : The rate of anaerobic respirationCV : Concentration of yeast solution
Procedure1. Filled the boiling tube with yeast suspension.2. Then the boiling tube is added with 10ml 5% glucose solution3. Glucose solution is heated to remove dissolved oxygen.the solution is left to cool4. The boiling is filled with paraffin oil5. The apparatus is joined to a rubber stopper with glass tube,rubber tubing and the manometer6. Vaseline is used to make sure all the joints is airtight7. The apparatus is placed to a retort stand8. Mark and record the initial height of the coloured liquid in the manometer with a marker pen9. Start the stopwatch and mark the level of coloured liquid in the manometer (after 10 minutes)10. Record the final height of the coloured liquid in the manometer using a ruler11. Repeat the experiment by 10% and 30% glucose solution12. Calculate and record the rate of anaerobic respiration in yeast by using a formula
The change in height of coloured water in the manometer Time taken
13. The results are tabulated in a table
Presentation of dataConcentration of
glucose (%)The height of coloured liquid in the manometer
(cm)Rate of anaerobic
respiration(cm/min)initial final
51020
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14.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF SMOKING TO THE LUNG
Problem statementWhat is the effect of cigarette number to the colour change in cotton wool and the increase in temperature of thermometer?
HypothesisAs the number if cigarette increase ,the more brownish the colour of cotton wool and the higher the temperature in thermometer
VariablesMV : the number of cigaretteRV : Change in cotton wool and increased in temperature of thermometerCV : Volume of universal indicator
1. Diagram with 5 correct labels2. 50ml of universal indicator is measured using measuring cylinder and poured into the boiling
tube3. The initial temperature of the air in U-Tube is recorded4. The initial colour of cotton wool/universal indicator is recorded5. One cigarette is lighted up and suction pump is switched on6. Record the change of colour in cotton and increase in temperature using a thermometer after
cigarette stopped burning (In a table)7. Repeat steps 6 to 8 by using 2,3, and 4 cigarettes8. Make sure all the joining are air tight
Presentation of data
Before experiment After experimentTemperature (0C)Colour of cotton wool
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Universal indicator
To suction pump
15.TO DETERMINE THE OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE CONTENTS IN INHALED AND EXHALED AIR
Problem statementDoes inhaled air contain more oxygen and less carbon dioxide than exhaled hair?
HypothesisInhaled air contains more oxygen and less carbon dioxide than exhaled air
VariablesMV : type of air sample(inhaled or exhaled air)RV : percentage of oxygen and carbon dioxide in inhaled and exhaled airCV : length of air used
Apparatus and materialsPotassium hydroxide solution,pottassium pyrogallate solution,water,J-tube,ruler,beaker,boilng tube,basin/water bath,ruber tubings
Procedure1. Turn the screw of the J-Tube until the end2. Dip the end of the J-Tube in water.Draw into the tube about 5cm of water3. Remove the J-Tube from the water.Draw into the tube about 10cm of air(inhaled air)4. Dip the open end of J-Tube into the water again .Draw in a little more water (to seal the air
column)5. Adjust the screw so that air column is sin the middle of the J-Tube6. Immerse the J-Tube into the water bath for 2 minutes ,to stabilize the temperature of air sample7. Measure the length of air column using a ruler .Record the measurement as P cm8. Expel some of the water in the J-tube leaving about 2-3mm from the end of the tube9. Dip the open end of the J-Tube into the potassium hydroxide and draw in about 2-3cm of the
solution(potassium hydroxide absorbs carbon dioxide from the air column)10. Remove the test tube from the solution and move the air column to and fro several times11. Repeat step 6 and 7 .Record the length of air column as q cm12. Expel the potassium hydroxide solution leaving about 2-3 mm from the end of the tube13. Repeat step 9 using potassium pyrogallate solution (potassium pyrogallate absorbs oxygen from
the air column)14. Repeat steps 6 and 7 .Record the length of the air column as r cm15. Based on the results ,calculate the percentage of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the sample of
inhaled air column using formula16. Repeat steps 1 -17 using a sample of exhaled air17. Compare the percentage of carbon dioxide in inhaled and exhaled air18. Compare the percentage of oxygen in inhaled and exhaled air
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Presentation data
Data for inhaled airLength of inhaled air column at the beginning experiment
P
Length of inhaled air column after treating with potassium hydroxide solution
Q
Length of inhaled air column after treating with potassium pyrogallate solution
R
Length of CO2 column in inhaled air (p-q)cmLength of O2 column in inhaled air (q-r)cmPercentage of CO2 in inhaled air p-qcm x 100%
p cmPercentage of O2 in inhaled air q-rcm x 100
p cm
Data for exhaled air
Length of inhaled air column at the beginning experiment
X
Length of inhaled air column after treating with potassium hydroxide solution
Y
Length of inhaled air column after treating with potassium pyrogallate solution
Z
Length of CO2 column in inhaled air (x-y)cmLength of O2 column in inhaled air (y-z)cmPercentage of CO2 in inhaled air (x-y)cm x 100%
X cmPercentage of O2 in inhaled air (y-z)cm x 100%
X cm
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15.TO STUDY HOW POPULATION SIZE OF SPECIES MIMOSA PUDICA AND IMPERATA CYLINDRICA CAN BE DETERMINED IN YOUR SCHOOL FIELD
Problem statement What is the population size of mimosa pudica and imperata cylindrica in the school field?
HypothesisThe population size of species mimosa pudica plant is higher than species imeprata cylindrica in the school field
VariablesMV : type of plantRV : population sizeCV : quadrat size
Materials and apparatusPlant species Mimosa Pudica and imperata cylindrica ,plastic quadrat,marker pen,A4 paper,graph paper
Procedure1. School field was chosen as the field study2. Quadrats size 1mx1m was used3. Two plants species mimosa pudica and imperata cylindrica was identified4. The quadrats were thrown at random in the school field5. The area of coverage each plant species were counted6. If more than half of the squares in the quadrat are covered ,the area of plant species will be
counted.the area is not counted if only less than half is covered7. Steps 5 to 7 was repeated for nine quadrats8. The area covered by plant species studied in each quadrat were recorded and tabulated in a
table9. The percentage coverage of plant species were calculated by using this formula :
percentage of coverage = total are covered plant species In all quadrats X 100 Total number of quadrants x area of quadrat
Presentation of data
Plant species
Number of plant species in the quadrat Total number of plant species(m2)
Percentage coverage area (%)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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19.TO INVESTIGATE THE WATER POLUTION LEVEL AND BOD VALUE AT THE STATION A,B, AND C
Problem statementWhich sources of water sample A,B and C will be more polluted and give the higher BOD value?
HypothesisWater sample C are the most polluted and have the highest BOD value compare to water sample A and B
VariableMV : type water samples RV : water pollution level and BOD valuesCV : volume of water sample
Apparatus and materialsReagents bottles with stoppers,syringe,cupboard,stopwatch,label paper, measuring cylinder, beaker, water sources from station A,B and C,methylene blue solution
Procedure1. 200ml water samples from A,B and C sources are collected2. 3 bottles of reagent are labeled as A,B, and X respectively3. 100ml of water samples at A were measured by using measuring cylinder are being put into
reagent bottle4. 1ml of methylene blue solution 0.1% solution was added to the base of each water samples
using a syringe5. The bottles are closed quickly and the contents are not to be shaken6. Steps 1 to 5 were repeated by using water source from station B and C7. All the bottles are placed in a cupboard and the stopwatch is started8. The bottle are examined from time to time9. The time taken for methylene to decolourise is recorded for all the water samples10. The results are recorded in a table
Presentation of dataReagent bottles Water samples (100ml) Time taken to
decolourise methylene blue (hour)
BOD value and pollution level (unit)
ABC
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16.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON THE POPULATION GROWTH RATE OF LEMNA MINOR
Problem statementWhat is the effect of light intensity on the growth rate of lemna minor?
HypothesisThe higher the light intensity the higher the growth rate of lemna minor at the end of experiment
VariablesMV : light intensityRV : the growth rate of lemna minorCV : initial number of lemna minor
Apparatus and materialsLemna minor,pond water,light bulb(5,40,80 watts),beaker,ruler,measuring cylinder,waterproof paint
Procedure1. Three beakers are prepared and filled with 500ml of water in each beaker2. The beakers are labeled as A,B and C with waterproof paint3. 5 lemna minor are put into each baker4. Each beaker is placed at 30cm from the lamps with different light intensities ,that is 5 watts ,40
watts, and 80 watts respectively5. All the beakers are placed in area of the same temperature6. Change the water in each beaker every 3 days7. After 7 days,the number of lemna minor in each beaker is counted and recorded8. The growth rate of lemna minor is calculated by using formula:
The number of lemna minor Time taken(day)
9. The result are recorded in a table
Presentation of data
Light intensity (watts) Number of lemna The growth rate of lemna minorBeginning end
5 540 580 5
Ema-Mel0dy spm’11
17.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF PH ON THE POPULATION GROWTH OF LEMNA MINOR IN THIS LABORATORY
Problem statementDoes the changes in pH effects the growth rate of lemna minor?
HypothesisThe growth rate of lemna minor is higher in neutral medium
VariablesMV : the changes in pHRV : the growth rate of lemna minorCV : numberof lemna minor in the beginning of experiment
Apparatus and materialsLemna minor,pond water,0.1M hydrochloric acid ,0.1M sodium hyroxide,distilled water,beaker,waterproof paint,measuring cylinder and dropper
Procedure1. Three beakers are prepared and filled with 500ml of pond water in each beaker2. The beaker are labeled A,B, and C with waterproof paint3. Bu using measuring cylinder,10ml of 0.1M of hydrochloric acid is measured and poured into
beaker A,10ml of 0.1M sodium hydroxide solution is measured and poured into beaker B and 10ml of distilled water is measured and poured into beaker C
4. 20 numbers of lemna minor are put into each beaker5. Each beaker is placed in an area of distributed light and temperature6. After 5 days,the number of lemna minor is counted in each beaker7. The growth rate of lemna minor is calculated by using formula8. The result are recorded in a table
Presentation of data
Beaker Condition of pH Number of lemna minor The growth rate of lemna minor(day)beginning ending
A 0.1M of hydrochloric acid(acidic)
B 0.1M sodium hydroxide(alkaline)
C distilled water(neutral)
Ema-Mel0dy spm’11
20.TO DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF SOLID POLLUTANTS IN THE AIR OF DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENT
Problem statementWhich place will produce the largest number of fine particle in the air?
HypothesisThe number of solid particles in school car park is higher than air sample in air conditional room,classroom and school canteen
VariablesMV : location where glass slide is placedRV : number of solid particlesCV : time exposure
Apparatus and materialsGlass slide,cellophone tape,light miscroscope,petri dish,ruler,places of study,fine particles
Procedure1. 4 slides are prepared and labeled them A,B,C and D2. 5cm of cellophane tape is sticked on each slide with the sticky surface facing outward3. The slide A is placed at school park4. Leave the slide undisturbed for a week5. After one week,collect a slide view under light microscope under low power6. Repeat experiment for slide B at conditioned room,slide C at classroom and slide D at school
canteen7. The number of solid pollutions is recorded
Presentation of data
Glass slide Place where slide is located Number of fine particles as seen under microscope (unit)
A Air conditioned roomB ClassroomC School canteenD School car park
Ema-Mel0dy spm’11
21.TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF TOTAL SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME(TSA/V) RATIO TOWARDS THE RATE OF DIFFUSION OF SUBTANCES BY USING POTATO
Problem statementHow does the TSA/V ration effect the rate of diffusion of the substance?
HypothesisAs the TSA/V ratio increases the rate of diffusion of the substances increases
VariablesMV : TSA/VRV : rate of diffusionCV : concentration of coloured water
Apparatus and materialsColoured water,potato,filter paper,knife,blade,white tiles,forceps,stopwatch,grided transparency sheet,beaker
Procedure1. Potato is cut into cubes which is 1cm3,8cm3,27cm3, and 64cm3
2. Each potato cubes is placed in a beaker containing coloured water for 20minutes3. After 20minutes the potato cubes are cut into two halves4. The outer surface of the potato cubes are dried using filter paper5. The transparency sheet is placed on the top of cut surface6. The area that is stained red is drawn and shaded on the gridded transparency 7. Coloured area in each potato cubes is measured by using gridded transparency8. The percentage of coloured area in each potato cube is calculated and recorded9. Calculated and recorded the rate of diffusion using a formula
Percentage of coloured area % Time taken(Min)
Presentation of dataSize of cubes(cm3) Percentage of coloured area (%) Rate of diffusion of potato cube
(%/min)18
2764
Ema-Mel0dy spm’11
22.TO DETERMINE WETHER THE NUMBER OF LEAVES EFFECTING THE RATE OF TRANSPIRATION IN PLANTS
Problem statementDoes number of leaves effect the rate of transpiration?
HypothesisThe higher the number of leaves,the higher the rate of photosynthesis
VariablesMV : number of leavesRV : rate of transpirationCV : air movement
Apparatus and materialsPlant shoot with leaves,water,photometer(or capillary tube,ruler,ruber tube),stopwatch,light bulb,beaker
Procedure1. A leafy shoot is chosen from a plant.the shoot is cut and is immersed immediately into a basin of
water2. The shoot is cut 1cm from the bottom of the stem under water.the leaves are removed from the
shoot and 8 leaves is left behind3. The cut end of the stem is inserted carefully into the rubber tubing of the photometer under
water4. The apparatus is then set up as shown in diagram .the end of the tube is immersed in a beaker
of water5. The leaves and the apparatus are wiped dry with a cloth6. Vaseline is used to ensure no water leakage and the apparatus is air tight7. An air bubble is introduced in the tube8. The photometer then placed in an enclosed room with no air movement9. The shoot Is allowed a few minutes to reach a steady state before any readings is taken10. The stopwatch is activated and the time taken for air bubble travel10cm distance is recorded 11. The experiment is repeated to obtain two more reading12. Steps 1 to 11 are repeated by using difference shoot with difference number of leaves 6,4,2 and
0.13. The time taken for air bubble to travel for each shoot is recorded in the following table using
stopwatch14. Calculate the rate of transpiration by using formula
Presentation of data
Number of leaves Time taken (min) Rate of transpiration(cm/min)02468
Ema-Mel0dy spm’11
23.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON THE RATE OF TRANSPIRATION
Problem statementIs the light increasing the rate of of transpiration of a plant?
HypothesisThe higher the light intensity,the higher the rate of transpiration
VariablesMV : distance light sourcesRV : rate of of transpirationCV : temperature
Apparatus and materialsPhotometer,stopwatch,knife,beaker,fluorescent lamp,meter ruler, balsam plant,vaseline,water,tissue
Procedure1. A suitable balsam plant is selected and is cut using a sharp knife.the cut end is
immediately immersed in a beaker filled with distilled water2. The cut plant is then fixed onto a photometer and the joint between the plant and the
photometer are sealed using a Vaseline to make the airtight 3. The laboratory curtains and doors are pulled and closed so that outside lightning will not
effect the outcome of experiment4. A 40W fluorescent lamp is set 30cm away from the edge of the photometer with a
meter ruler placed to measure the distance5. The air bubble in photometer is set to 0cm.the lamp is switched on and the stopwatch is
started when the air bubble cross X mark.6. The movement of air bubble is observed and the stopwatch is stopped when the bubble
reaches Y mark that is 10cm7. Record the time taken into a table using stopwatch8. Step 4 to 7 are repeated ,with the distance of the lamp are put at 40cm,50cm,60cm
away from the photometer.9. Calculate the rate of transpiration by using a formula10. All the findings are recorded In a table
Presentation of data
Distance of lamp from the edge of photometer (cm)
Time taken for the air bubble to travel from X to Y (s)
Rate of transpiration (cm/second)
0405060
Ema-Mel0dy spm’11
24.TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF AIR MOVEMENT ON THE RATE OF TRANSPIRATION
Problem statementWhat are the effect of the different speed of air movement on the rate of transpiration?
HypothesisAs the speed of the air movement increases,the rate of transpiration increases.
VariablesMV : speed of air movementRV : Rate of transpirationCV : the temperature
Apparatus and materialsCapillary tube,retort stand,50ml beaker,basin,scalpel,rubber tubing,tissue paper,vaseline,marker pen and stopwatch,ruler,fan,water and plant shoot
Procedure1. The leafy shoot is immersed In the water and cut using a sharp scalpel2. The rubber tubing and capillary tube is placed in the basin containing water.the apparatus is
filled with water.the leafy shoot is inserted into the rubber tubing 3. Steps 1-2 is carried out under water to mae sure no air bubbles are trapped in the apparatus 4. A finger is placed over the open the end of the capillary tube.the apparatus is removed from the
basin5. The open end of the capillary tube is placed under water in the beaker before ermoving the
finger from the tube6. The water is dried from the surface of the leaves of the shoot using a tissue paper.some
vaseline is smeared around the rubber tubing to make the apparatus airtight7. The capillary tube is lifted just clear above the water reservoir .the rubber tubing is squeezed
gently to release one drop of water from the capillary tube .the capillary tube is placed in water8. The apparatus is supported by a retort stand.a marker pen is used to mark two points, X and Y
at a distance of 5 cm apart9. The photometer is placed under the table fan with speed 1 .record the time taken (in minutes)
for the air bubble to move from point X to point Y using stopwatch10. Repeat the experiment twice11. To reset the photometer,squeeze the rubber tubing so that air bubble escapes into the beaker
of water12. The above step is repeated to get three readings with the same shoot in under water a an with
speed 2 and respectively13. The average rate of the rate of transpiration measurement is recorded in the table using
formula
Prresentation of dataSpeed of fan Time taken for the air bubble to move from point X to Y (minutes) Rate of
transpiration (cm/min)
First reading Second reading Third reading average
Speed 1 Speed 2
Ema-Mel0dy spm’11
Speed 325.TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE RATE OF TRANSPIRATION
Problem statementDoes the temperature affect the rate of transpiration of a plant?
HypothesisThe higher the temperature,the higher the rate of transpiration of a plant
VariablesMV : temperatureRV : the rate of transpirationCV : air movement
Apparatus and materialsPhotometer,stopwatch,cutter,beaker,meter ruler,a basin of water,marker,a leafy shoot,water,vaseline,dry cloth,thermometer,transparent frame
Procedure1. The leafy shoot is immersed in the water and cut using a sharp scalpel2. The rubber tubing and capillary tube is placed in the basin containing water.the apparatus is
filled with water.the leafy shoot is inserted into the rubbing tubing.3. Steps 1 and 2 is carried out under water to make sure no air bubbles are trapped in the
apparatus 4. A finger is placed over the open end of the capillary tube.the apparatus is removed from the
basin5. The open end of the capillary tube is placed under water in the beaker before removing the
finger from the tube6. The water is dried from the surfaces of the leaves of the shoot using tissue paper.Some vaseline
is smeared around the rubber tubing to make it airtight7. The capillary tube is lifted just clear above the water reservoir.the rubber tubing is squeezed
gently to release one drop of water from the capillary tube.the capillary tube is placed in water8. The apparatus is supported by a retort stand.a marker pen is used to mark two points ,X and Yat
a distance 5cm apart9. The non transparent frame is used to cover the leafy shoot and of the photometer is placed in
the shady place at 300C.the temperature inside the frame is recorded using stopwatch10. Record the time taken (in minutes)for the air bubble to move from X to Y using stopwatch11. To reset the photometer,squeeze the rubber tubing so that air bubble escapes into the beaker
of water12. The above step is repeated to get the three readings with the same shoot with the transparent
frame to cover the leaf shoot and photometer is placed under the sun at 330C.the temperature inside the frame is recorded using stopwatch
13. The rate of transpiration measurement is recorded in the table by using formula
Presentation of datatemperature Time taken for the air bubble to move from X to Y (minute) Rate of
transpiration(cms-1)1 2 3 averageShady place 300CUnder the sun 330C
Ema-Mel0dy spm’11
26.TO INESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF AIR HUMIDITY ON THE RATE OF TRANSPIRATION
Problem statementDoes humidity of air effect the rate of temperature?
HypothesisWhen the air humidity surrounding the plant is high,the rate of transpiration is low
VariableMV : humidity of airRV : rate of transpirationCV : temperature
Apparatus and materialsPhotometer,stopwatch,cutter,beaker,meter ruler,a basin of water,marker,a leafy shoot,water,vaseline,dry cloth,anhydrous calcium chloride,transparent bag
Procedure1. The leafy shoot is immersed in the water and cut using a sharp scalpel2. The rubber tubing and capillary tube is placed in the basin containing water.the apparatus is
filled with water.the leafy shoot is inserted into the rubber tubing 3. Steps 1-2 is carried out under water to make sure no air bubble are trapped in the apparatus 4. A finger is placed over the open end of the capillary tube.the apparatus is removedfrom the
basin 5. The open end of the capillary tube is placed under in the beaker before removing the finger
from the tube6. The water is dried from the surface of the leaves of the shoot using tissue paper.some vaseline
is smeared around the rubber tubing to make sure the apparatus airtight 7. The capillary tube is lifted just clear above the water reservoir .the rubber tubing is squeezed
gently to release one drop of water from the capillary tube .the capillary tube is placed under water
8. The apparatus is supported by a retort stand .a marker pen is used to mark two points ,X and Y at a distance 5 cm apart
9. The transparent bag filled with presence of anhydrous calcium chloride is used to cover the leafy shoot
10. Record the time taken (in minutes) for the air bubble to move from pint X to Y using a stopwatch11. Repeat the experiment twice12. To reset the photometer,squeeze the rubber tubing so that air bubble escapes into the beaker
of water13. The above step is repeated to get three readings with the same shoot with the transparent bag
with absence of anhydrous calcium chloride 14. The rate of transpiration measurement is recorded in the table using formula
Presentation of dataCondition inside tranparent bag
Humidity of air Time taken for the air bubble to move from X to Y
chloride27.TO DETERMINE THE URINE VOLUME RELEASED BY A STUDENT WHO DRINKS DIFFERENT VOLUME OF MINERAL WATER
Problem statementWhat is the effect of water intake of urine output?
HypothesisIf more water is taken,more urine will be released
VariablesMV : volume of waterRV : volume of urine released CV : same student
Apparatus and materialsBeakers,cup/mug,measuring cylinder,stopwatch,drinking water,a student
Procedure1. A student (sample A) is chosen and instructed to empty his bladders before the start of the the
experiment2. 200ml of water is measured and put into the mug3. A student(sample A ) is given 200ml of mineral drinking water drink4. A stopwatch is started immediately after consuming the water5. During the experiment,he is kept within 1-2 hours6. He is instructed not to eat or perform any vigorous physical activities7. After half an hour,he is asked to empty his bladder 8. The collected urine is kept in a large beaker9. At the interval of half an hour,until two hours,a student empty his bladder10. After two hours ,the total collected urine is measured using measuring cylinder11. Repeat step 2-9 for different amount of drinking water(400ml,600ml,800ml,1000ml)12. Step 7 is conducted for four consecutive days in a fixed time and place13. Dispose the measured urine properly14. Measure and record the data collected into a table
Presentation of data
Volume of water intake(ml)Volume of urine is produced(ml)
200 400 600 800 1000
Ema-Mel0dy spm’11
28.TO INVESTIGATE THE TRAIT OF COLOUR OF FLOWER OBEY MENDEL’S FIRST LAW
Problem statementIs colour of marble influence the total of button pair in beaker?
HypothesisWhen the red button is cross breeding with white button,the ratio of fillial is 3 red button and 1 white button if first filial do self-breeding
Variables MV : colour of buttonRV : the number of pair buttonCV : 50 red buttons ad 50 white buttons
Apparatus and materialsPlastic bag/can/box/pouch,red buttons,white buttons,beaker,student X
Procedure1. Two black pouches ,A and B each containing a mixture of 50 red buttons and 50 white buttons2. Pouch A and B were shaken to mix the buttons randomly3. (without see)one button was drawn at random from each pouch by student X4. Both of buttons are combined to produce daughter in second filial generation5. Steps 1 to 4 are repeated when all buttons are completing combined6. The number of colour combination of buttons from each pouches are recorded in table show7. The genotype and phenotype of all the colour combination are recorded in the table show
Presentation of data
Colour of combination Number of button colour
genotype phenotype
Both are red coloursBoth are white coloursOne red colour and one white colour
Ema-Mel0dy spm’11
29.TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AVERAGE HEIGHT/GROWTH RATE OF MAIZE PLANTS AND TIME AFTER PLANTING
Problem statementWhat is the relationship between the average height of maize plants and time after planting?
HypothesisThe longer the time after planting,the more the average height of maize plant until they reach maturity
Variables MV : the time after plantingRV : the average height of maize plantsCV : number of seedlings types
Apparatus and materialsMaize seeds,nursery tile,garden soil,tap water,fertilizer,measuring tape,meter ruler
Procedure1. Prepare a site for nursery with garden soil2. Plant 20 maize seeds in the soil with even spacing between each seed3. Water the seeds daily throughout the period of experiment4. After 10 days,measure the height of maize plants using the meter ruler or measuring tape5. Repeat steps 4 over 90/120 days 6. Record all the results obtained In a table7. Plot a graph of the average height of maize plants against time after planting
Presentation of data
Time(days) after planting The height of maize plants /cm Average heights of maize plants (cm)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1020304050
Ema-Mel0dy spm’11
30.TO DETERMINE THE TYPES OF VARIATION TO THE NUMBEROF STUDENTS
Problem statementDo all the students have the same type of fingerprints and height?
HypothesisEach student in group belongs to one fingerprint and height
Variables MV : types of variationRV : number of studentsCV : same class
Apparatus and materialsStudent,graph paper,A4 paper,tissue paper,fingerprint pad,hand lens,marker,meter ruler
Procedure1. Ten names of students in the same group were written down in a table 2. My height is measured by using a ruler and recorded in a table 3. The experiment is repeated by investigating the type of fingerprint4. By using fingerprint pad,I placed my thumbprint were observed and indentify5. By using hand lens , the type of my thumbprint were observed and identify6. Steps 2 to 5 were repeated to other students in the same group7. The measurement of height and fingerprint are repeated twice to get the average8. Two graphs on the number of students against the types of variation were plotted
Presentation of data
student’s name
Type of fingerprint Height (m) whorl curves composite loops
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.
Ema-Mel0dy spm’11
31.TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF CAMOUFLAGE ON PREY AND PREDATOR RELATIONSHIP
Problem statementWhat is the effect of colour camouflage on organism?
HypothesisWhen the colour between cloth and the buttons are more distinct ,the number of contrasting button chosen is greater
Variables MV : the colour of clothRV : the number of coloured button chosenCV : the size of cloth used
Apparatus and materialsStudent,a piece of white cloth(50cmx50cm),a piece of black cloth (50cm50cm),a piece of multicoloured patterned cloth(30cmX30cm),20 red buttons,20 black butons,20 white buttons,20 yellow buttons,20 green buttons, a white tile
Procedure1. Student Y scattered various coloured button randomly on a piece of white cloth measuring
50cmX50cm.the buttons used are: 20 red buttons 20 black buttons 20 white buttons 20 yellow buttons 20 green buttons
2. Student X did not observe what student Y did3. Within 1-2 seconds ,student X then quickly took a button from the white tile and placed it on a
white tile 4. Step 3 was repeated 9 times5. Use the same student that has been chosen6. Count and record the number of coloured buttons according to colour in the table7. Steps 1-4 were repeated using a black cloth followed by a multicoloured patterned cloth
Presentation of data
Colour of cloth
Number of buttons according to colour otal number of buttons were takenblack white red yellow green
