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Whaling is the hunting and capture of whales for resources such as
oil, meat and baleen. Whale hunting started out as free resources to
use as captured, however as more countries took part in this type of
hunting and as oil and bone industries began to expand, the
populations of whales began to decrease significantly. As an
attempt to save whale stocks the ICW and its moratorium were
created to limit the amount of whales killed. Whaling is a food
source to some countries and so when the moratorium tried to put a
stop to this hunting, conflict grew. The depletion in whale
population takes a toll on our ocean’s ecosystems and has an effect
on Earth’s global warming.
Abstract
History of Whaling
In 1931, the Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
was adapted in order to save whales, but mostly to save
the depletion of the whaling industries. As the number of
whales continued to decline, the US called for an
international conference on the issue of whaling. In 1946,
the International Convention for the Regulation of
Whaling (ICRW) was created (Skare). Much like the
Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, ICRW’s
purpose was to raise whale stocks in order to further
develop the whaling – industries (Skare). The International
Whaling Commission (IWC) was not successful in saving
whale stocks from the start because they were focused on
getting whaling states to agree to the limiting of whaling.
As time continued, more and more non-whaling states
joined the IWC and whaling became seen as immoral. In
1982, the IWC passed a moratorium giving restrictions on
the amount of whaling done by countries. Despite the
rejections from whaling-countries such as Japan and
Norway, the moratorium took effect in 1986. As the whale
stocks started to rise again, IWC continued the
moratorium because the non-whaling countries
outnumbered the opposing groups and whaling was
continued to be seen as unnecessary. There was a loop-
hole to the moratorium however, and that was if whaling
had to do with scientific studies, which is what Japan
claims their whaling is for, or if it is aboriginal, which is
what Norway is (Matera).
International Whaling Commission (IWC)
One of the countries that reacted negativley to ICW’s
moratorium was Norway. Norway, along with Japan and
Iceland, is one of the countries that whale hunt still today.
Norway is known as one of the largest whale hunting
countries (Hurd). Whale hunting in Norway dates back
more than 10,000 years ago (Skare). Similar to other
whale hunting countries at the time, they used whales for
resources such as oil and baleen, but they also used whale
as food. Whale meat was used for human – consumption
but it is also used for margarine which is then used in
many other food products. In the early twentieth century
Norway’s hunting methods improved significantly with
their use of harpoons and steam engines. Sven Foyn, a
Norwegian, came up with the concept of being able to
produce the resources from whales on the ships that they
used to hunt instead of having to go threw the journey to
bring the bodies back to shore. Their advancements in
weapons and steam engines allowed them to hunt larger
whales and at greater distances (Matera). They are not
bound by the moratorium established in 1982 by the ICW.
They did however place a temporary ban on whaling in
1987 due to the depletion of whale stocks and pressure
from environmental groups. Norway waited for the whale
stock to rise again before removing the ban in 1993.
Norway continues their whaling today only on northeast-
Atlantic Minke baleen whales (Skare).
Norway Effects of Whaling
The reduction of whale populations takes a toll on the ocean’s
ecosystems. Whales are beneficial for food flow as both consumers
and prey. By killing off a species, every living organism related to
the species is affected. Whales are usually at the top of their food
web. If whales were to grow extinct, than the intake of krill will
decrease and the krill will over-populate. When whales die, their
bodies sink to the ocean-floor where marine-organisms will feed
on their carcasses (Lian & Lu). If whales are killed off than
organisms living on the sea-floor loose a food source. Whales have
a greater impact on more than just their own food web. The
extinction of whales even effects global warming and most of other
marine-organisms. Sperm whale feces help the growth of
phytoplankton, who then help clear the air of carbon (Lian & Lu).
Without the help of whales and their contribution to the growth of
phytoplankton the Earth’s temperature will increase, due to all the
carbon trapping heat, resulting in the melting of Earth’s polar ice
caps. The melting of polar ice caps than results to a limit of food
resources for other marine-organisms, such as algae, and affects
the way other animals live, such as polar bears. Earth’s life is
dependent on the survival of whales.
References
(Picture) A Whale's Tale: The importance of networks of MPAs. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://cpaws.org/campaigns/a-whales-tale
Hurd, I. (2012). Almost Saving Whales: The Ambiguity of Success at the International
Whaling Commission. Retrieved from
http://libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu:8080/login?url=https://search-proquest-
com.libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu/docview/992999862?accountid
Lian, J., & Lu, K. (n.d.). Ecosystem. Retrieved from
http://whalingecosystems.weebly.com/ecosystem.html
Matera, A. (2000). Whale quotas: A market-based solution to the whaling controversy.
Retrieved from http://libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu:8080/login?url=https://search-proquest-
com.libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu/docview/225516511?accountid
(Picture) Rafferty, J. P. (n.d.). Japan Maneuvers to Skirt Whaling Restrictions. Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/story/japan-maneuvers-to-skirt-whaling-restrictions
Shoemaker, N. (2005, April). WHALE MEAT IN AMERICAN HISTORY. Retrieved from
http://libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu:8080/login?url=https://search-proquest-
com.libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu/docview/216119073?accountid
Skare, M. (1994, September). Whaling: A sustainable use of natural resources or a violation of
animal rights? Retrieved from
http://libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu:8080/login?url=https://search-proquest-
com.libraryaccess.sdmiramar.edu/docview/224041889?accountid
(Picture) Whale Hunting. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2012062900
In the eleventh century, The Basques began commercially whale
hunting and were later joined by British and Dutch hunters. With
no regulations on whale hunting, the right-whales were being led to
extinction in the North Atlantic at the start of the eighteenth
century. As more Europeans joined in commercial whale-hunting,
more species of whales were almost led to extinction (Matera).
Dating back to 1620 and the first encounter between the
Mayflower pilgrims and the Natives, the use of whales for
resources was new to the colonists. Walking along the beach of
Cape Cod where they first noticed the Natives and discovering the
leftover carcasses of long-finned pilot whales, was the start of the
colonists involvement in the oil business. Whales washed up on
shore periodically and even though the colonists had no personal
yearning for them, they knew that they could make money off of
the resources (Shoemaker). Colonists focused on producing oil and
baleen and regardless if right whales were the easiest targets to
hunt from shore, they ventured out to sea for years long journeys in
order to bring back larger whales. As the Early 20th Century began
to approach, the New England’s oil and bone industry began to die
down as petroleum replaced the need for whale oil, however the
Norwegians excelled. Norwegians chased blue whales, the largest
whales, with their industrialized ships and harpoons. All parts of
the whales were used such as their meat not only for consumption
but for fertilizer and animal food (Shoemaker). With the new
advanced technology and still no regulations on whaling, whale
stocks plummeted to the point where whaling started to become
non-profitable (Matera).
Bio 115
By: Caroline Whitlock
Whaling
Figure shows the decline in whaling as ICW created its moratorium
Norwegians continued whaling despite being looked down upon
Brief summary of whaling history
Represents multiple importance's whales have on our ecosystems