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Design - History & Lineage I
Design
History & Lineage I
Jayne Hall - October
2009
Design - History & Lineage I
What is Design?
Comes from the italian word
„disegno‟
Means - the drafting or drawing of a work
Design - History & Lineage I
What is Design? Dictionary Definition - Verb
de·sign v
1. to work out or create the form or structure of
2. something
2. to plan and make something in a skillful or artistic way
3. to intend something for a particular purpose
4. to contrive, devise, or plan something
Encarta® World English Dictionary © 1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Developed for Microsoft by Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
Design - History & Lineage I
Dictionary Definition - Noun n
1. the way in which something is planned and made
2. a drawing or other graphical representation of something that shows how it is to be made
3. a pattern or shape, sometimes repeated, used for decoration
4. the process and techniques of designing things
5. a plan or scheme for something
6. something that is planned or intended
Encarta® World English Dictionary © 1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Developed for Microsoft by Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
Design - History & Lineage I
Snakeshead is a
Victorian pattern
created in 1876 by
William Morris for home
furnishing. It was
manufactured by
Thomas Wardle, Leek,
in block-printed cotton.
Design - History & Lineage I
„Study for a Flying
Machine‟
Leonardo Da Vinci, c.
1487
Metalpoint, pen and ink
on paper, 235 x 176 mm
Institut de France, Paris
Design - History & Lineage I
What is Design?
Notions of design/designer have changed
and continue to change.
It is widely held that design begins with
industrialisation - due to the increased
division of labour during the course of
production
Design - History & Lineage I
Early Design - History
Mid 15th century -Johannes Gutenberg (c1400-1468), German printer and pioneer in the use of movable type invented the printing press
Design - History & Lineage I
Early Design - History
1666 - Great Fire of London. Robert Hooke is Surveyor and Architect of the City of London
1752 - Benjamin Franklin Discovers Electricity
Benjamin
Franklin, and son
Kite Experiment,
1752
Design - History & Lineage I
Early Design - History
1765 - James Watt develops the steam engine
James Watt,
1784. Side view
of Albion Mill
Steam Engine.
Design - History & Lineage I
Early Design - The Steam
AgeCoal Mining
Iron & Steel
Machine Production
Industrial Mass Production
Modern Transportation System
Explosive Growth of Cities
Design - History & Lineage I
Early Design - History
1769 - Josiah Wedgewod establishes the
„first factory‟. It is intended to produce
pottery
Design - History & Lineage I
Old photograph of Wedgewood's Etruria factory, Stoke-
on-Trent
In 1769 - 70 Josiah Wedgewood built the original
Wedgewood village to house the factory workers, with
space and appropriate accommodation for all.
Design - History & Lineage I
Urban village:
Cadbury's model
community, built
1895
Design - History & Lineage I
1853 - Sir Titus Salt built Salts Woollen Mill in Bradford.
He then built a village with housing, a church and a
school. He named it Saltaire.
Design - History & Lineage I
Converted to an art gallery and shops in the 1980s by the
late Jonathan Silver, Salt's Mill in Saltaire houses a collection
of works by the world renowned Bradford-born artist, David
Hockney.
Design - History & Lineage I
Early Design - Social Enterprise
Gone Rural
Women workers in Swaziland
Design - History & Lineage I
Gone Rural - Designers
We hold an annual product design intern
programme where we select young
international designers who are placed with us
for 12 months. We select designers based on
their portfolios and their commitment to ethical
design. The challenge for our designers is to
create innovative and beautiful collections
whilst respecting Swazi cultural heritage,
tradition and the environment.
Design - History & Lineage I
Early Design - History
Thomas Sheraton (1751 - 1806)
Thomas Chippendale (1718 - 1779)
Design - History & Lineage I
Design for a library table by
Thomas Sheraton, engraving
from his book, The Cabinet-
Maker, Upholsterer and General
Artist’s Encyclopaedia (1805)
Design - History & Lineage I
Early Design - Philosophy
The Age of Enlightenment
A conflict between
long held traditional religion
and
the inquiring mind that wanted to know
and understand through reason based
on evidence and proof
Design - History & Lineage I
Early Design - Philosophy
The Age of Enlightenment
The most fundamental concepts of the
Enlightenment were
faith in nature
belief in human progress
Design - History & Lineage I
Early Design - Politics
1776 - The American Revolution
“All men are created equal”
1789 - The french revolution follows the
Enlightenment
1814 - Congress of Vienna - strengthens trade
even further
Design - History & Lineage I
Early Design - History
1792 - Mary Wollstonecraft writes „A
Vindication of the Rights of Woman‟ A
classical feminist text
Design - History & Lineage I
Charles Babbage (1791-
1871)
1822 -
Charles
Babbage,
originates the
idea of a
programmabl
e computer
Design - History & Lineage I
The first complete Babbage Engine was completed in
London in 2002, 153 years after it was designed.
Design - History & Lineage I
Jack Dorsey has developed a little hardware add-on
that can turn an iPhone into a credit card reader.
Design - History & Lineage I
Early Design - History
1824 - Ludwig van Beethoven completes
his symphony no. 9
Design - History & Lineage I
Early Design - Ethics &
AestheticsShakers
Religion based aesthetic
Simplicity of Design
Pre-cursor of “Form follows Function”
Ethos still influences design now
Shaker furniture is available to buy now under licence by German Habit and Italian de Padova
Design - History & Lineage I
Early Design - Ethics &
Aesthetics
Guiding Principles of the Shakers
Regularity is beautiful
The Highest Beauty Lies in Harmony
Beauty arises from practicality
Order is the origin of beauty
That which is most practical is also most
beautiful
Design - History & Lineage I
Measures 3.125-inches in height, 8-inches in width and
5.75-inches in depth.
Design - History & Lineage I
Early Design - History
1830 - The first railway is built between
Liverpool and Manchester
1844 - Samuel Morse sends the first telegram
1847 - Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels write „The
Communist Manifesto‟
1848 - California Gold Rush
1851 - The Great Exhibition is held in London
Design - History & Lineage I
The Great Exhibition,
London 1851 held in Hyde Park in London
conceived by Queen Victoria‟s husband Albert
invitations were extended to almost all of the colonized world
intended to symbolize the industrial, military and economic superiority of Great Britain
held in the specially constructed Crystal Palace
Design - History & Lineage I
The Crystal Palace
Design - History & Lineage I
The Crystal Palace
designed by Sir Joseph Paxton in
only 10 days
It was cheap, simple to erect and
remove and could be ready quickly
revolutionary modular, prefabricated
design using glass and iron
Design - History & Lineage I
When the exhibition
finished, the Crystal
Palace was re-erected
in Sydenham in south
London, where it
remained popular until
it burned down in 1936
Design - History & Lineage I
Crystal Palace Park
The London Borough of Bromley, who
own the park today, together with the
Crystal Palace Foundation, have
recently submitted an outline proposal
the National Heritage Lottery Fund to
restore much of the park to its former
glory
Design - History & Lineage I
The Great Exhibition
massive steam hammers and locomotives
exquisite artistry of the handicraft trades
ingenious gadgets
ornaments and domestic clutter
Design - History & Lineage I
Great Exhibition Products
Alfred Charles Hobbs (1812 - 1891) American
locksmith.
Frederick Bakewell demonstrated a precursor
to today's fax machine.
Mathew Brady was awarded a medal for his
daguerreotypes.
George Jennings designed the first public
conveniences in the Retiring Rooms of the
Crystal Palace, for which he charged one penny.
Design - History & Lineage I
Karl Marx saw the exhibition
as
“an emblem of the
capitalist fetishism of
commodities”
Design - History & Lineage I
The Great Exhibition made a
surplus of £186,000 which was
used to found the Victoria &
Albert Museum
Victoria & Albert Museum
Design - History & Lineage I
Platform shoes, Vivienne Westwood, autumn 1993-4.
Museum no. T.225:1,2-199
Device for Rotating
the Fashion
Machine, Ruben
Toldeo, 2003
Design - History & Lineage I
Design - History & Lineage I
Early Design - The Steam
AgeCoal Mining
Iron & Steel
Machine Production
Industrial Mass Production
Modern Transportation System
Explosive Growth of Cities
Design - History & Lineage I
The Industrial Revolution
Transport Cities
Ships
Railway lines
Railway Stations
Hotels
Factories
Commercial Buildings
Housing
Water and Sewage Systems
Design - History & Lineage I
Early Photography
Louis Daguerre
WH Fox Talbot
Sir John Frederick William Herschel
Design - History & Lineage I
Daguerrotype, c 1839 - 1850
Design - History & Lineage I
Henry Fox Talbot: „Lattice Window‟, 1835
Design - History & Lineage I
Photography
Photography develops
1861: Scottish physicist James Clerk-
Maxwell demonstrates a color
photography system.
Design - History & Lineage I
James Clerk Maxwell, Tartan Ribbon, 1861
Design - History & Lineage I
Photography
1888 - The name "Kodak" was born and the KODAK camera was placed on the market, with the slogan,
"You press the button - we do the rest."
This was the birth of snapshot photography, as millions of amateur picture-takers know it today.
Design - History & Lineage I
The first Kodak handheld camera sold for $25,
equivalent to $500 in modern currency.
Design - History & Lineage I
Steven Meisel, 2005. Killer Vogue. Fashion Editorial
for Vogue Italy, shot in 2005 inspired by Sin City
Design - History & Lineage I
Thomas Edison's first
lightbulb which was used
in a demonstration at
Menlo Park, in 1879
Design - History & Lineage I
Early Design - History
1861 - 1865 American Civil War
1867 - Alfred Noble invents dynamite
- Karl Marx writes „Das Kapital‟ (Capital:
A Critique of Political Economy) (1867)
"The battle of competition is fought by the
cheapening of commodities."・Volume II, Chapter 10
Design - History & Lineage I
1863 - The
Metropolitan Line
opened for
business on
January 10th
Design - History & Lineage I
1862, the Times described it as
“an insult to common sense”
Design - History & Lineage I
Fig. 1 Excerpt from the standard
London Underground map
Fig. 2 Excerpt of the same
region in a geographically
accurate map.
„Schematic‟ Tube Map
Design - History & Lineage I
Edward Johnston designed the font which is
still in use today
Design - History & Lineage I
P22 type foundry
London
Underground set
Design - History & Lineage I
Early Design - History
1869 - The Suez canal opens
1876 - Philadelphia World Fair
- Alexander
Graham Bell
invents the
telephone
Giorgio Armani - Samsung
Smartphone
Design - History & Lineage I
Early Design - History
1870 - 1885 - sees a second wave of industrialisation
Fast growing cities demanded mass production of goods
New factories and enterprises founded
New methods of production developed
New commodities
New equipment with new functions
Design - History & Lineage I
Claude Monet, 1873 Impression: soleil levant,
(Impression: The Sunrise)
Design - History & Lineage I
Design - History & Lineage I
1886 - The Statue
of Liberty is
erected in New
York Harbour.
Design - History & Lineage I
1889 - The Eiffel
Tower is
completed for the
Paris Exposition
Design - History & Lineage I
From Workshop to Factory
Division of Labour
Mass inexpensive Production
Broader Social Class of Customer
International Market
Design - History & Lineage I
Progress is not without problems
Deplorable working conditions
Environmental pollution
Cramped living quarters in urban areas
Lack of Sanitation/disease
Ugly mixtures of styles
Poor quality mass wares
Design - History & Lineage I
Reform Movements
Housing reform
Child Labour
Education
Health
Trade unions
Arts and Crafts
Commercial design
Design - History & Lineage I
To be continued………….
Design - History & Lineage I
Questions……………?