1. Hume cover 1.qxd 12/10/04 11:26 am Page 1 Early Responses to Hume 01 01 MORAL, LITERARY AND POLITICAL WRITINGS I EARLY RESPONSES TO HUMES 'This ten-volume series is among the most important contributions to Hume scholarship since E.C. Mossner published The Life of David Hume several decades ago' Andrew Cunningham, Boston University Edited and introduced by James Fieser, University of Tennessee at Martin The moral theory of David Hume (171176) is of lasting importance in the history of philosophy both for its originality and for its influence on later moral theories. Hume introduced the term utility into our moral vocabulary, and his theory is the immediate forerunner of the classical utilitarian views of Bentham and Mill. He is famous for the position that we cannot derive ought from is. Some contemporary philosophers see Hume as an early proponent of the meta-ethical view that moral judgements principally express our feelings. In 1741 Hume published his Essays, Moral and Political in which he consciously followed the model of informal essay writing. He continually added to this collection, making a lasting impact in political, economic and aesthetic theory. This collection gathers together over seventy important early responses to Humes moral theory and Essays. Each selection is introduced by Hume EARLY RESPONSES specialist James Fieser, who has also written a substantial general introduction TO HUMES MORAL, to the set. LITERARY AND POLITICAL WRITINGS I FIESER THOEMMES CONTINUUM Edited and introduced by 11 Great George Street ISBN 1-84371-117-6 Bristol BS1 5RR, UK JAMES FIESER Philosophy, Economics and Politics ISBN 1 84371 117 6 9 781843 711179

2. Hume cover 10.qxd 12/10/04 12:10 pm Page 1 Early Responses to Hume 10 10 LIFE AND REPUTATION II EARLY RESPONSES TO HUMES 'This ten-volume series is among the most important contributions to Hume scholarship since E.C. Mossner published The Life of David Hume several decades ago' Andrew Cunningham, Boston University Edited and introduced by James Fieser, University of Tennessee at Martin During the latter half of his life, David Hume (171176) achieved international celebrity as a great philosopher and historian.The sceptical and anti-religious bent of his works generated hundreds of critical responses, many of which were scholarly commentaries. Other writers, though, focused less on Humes specific publications and more on his reputation as a famous public figure.Wittingly or unwittingly, Hume was involved in many controversies: the attempts to excommunicate him from the Church of Scotland; his paradoxically close association with several Scottish clergymen; his quarrel with Jean Jacques Rousseau; his approach to his own death. Humes enemies attacked his public character while his allies defended it. Friends and foes alike recorded anecdotes about him which appeared after his death in scattered periodicals and books. Humes biographers have drawn liberally on this material, but in most cases EARLY RESPONSES the original sources are only summarized or briefly quoted.This set presents TO HUMES L I F E dozens of these biographically-related discussions of Hume in their most complete form, reset, annotated and introduced by James Fieser.The editor AND REPUTATION II also provides the most detailed bibliography yet compiled of eighteenth and nineteenth-century responses to Hume.These two volumes form the final part of the major Early Responses to Hume series, and they conclude with an Index to the complete ten-volume collection. FIESER THOEMMES CONTINUUM Edited and introduced by 11 Great George Street ISBN 1-84371-115-X Bristol BS1 5RR, UK JAMES FIESER Philosophy and Biography ISBN 1 84371 115 X 9 781843 711155

3. John Carter teaches sociology at the University Anti-Capitalist Britain is an account of the ANTI-CAPITALIST BRITAIN of Teesside. He has a longstanding involvement in state of left and radical politics in the UK, delivered radical politics and campaigning, including animal rights and the recent anti-capitalist mobilizations. ANTI-CAPITALIST through a study of recent anti-capitalist protests and movements.The book is a collaborative project involving writers from various universities in the Dave Morland teaches sociology and philosophy at the University of Teesside. He has campaigned on issues such as the poll tax, the miners strike, Anti-Capitalist Britain is a collection of accessible and BRITAIN UK and recent participants in anti-capitalist actions. The introduction examines the origins of the current nuclear arms and anti-capitalism. protest movement and its re-emergence from the informative essays on the emerging anti-capitalist movement in Victory of the West and the free market. Caroline the UK.Through accounts of recent anti-capitalist protests and Lucas and Colin Hines then critique the dominant organizations, often by those involved, the book considers the neoliberal version of globalization from a green and current state of radical politics in the UK. Its underlying theme is localist perspective.This analysis is complemented by the emerging relationship between Marxist and other radical the work of Molly Scott Cato, who explores positive and sustainable alternatives to capitalism and the free organizations and the disparate anti-globalization, anti-capitalist market. Amir Saeed also takes the new geopolitics as and direct action groups fronting campaigns against institutions his starting point, examining the difficulties created such as the World Trade Organization and the G8.The study for Asian Britons after 9/11 and the subsequent argues that there has been a shift towards anarchism on the War on Terror. British left and elsewhere.While it has a primarily domestic focus, the book also considers British anti-capitalism in an international Other contributors consider the different forms context. It therefore includes contributions from authors whose of protest and activism in current anti-capitalist and green politics. John Carter and Dave Morlands focus is beyond the domestic and who participate in wider overview of the UK anti-capitalist scene detects an campaigns. emerging shift towards a more libertarian mode of struggle. One source of this is set out in Derek Walls account of the Russian theorist Mikhail Bakhtin, whose theories loom large in the ongoing Carnival against Capitalism. Jon Purkis focuses on the role of anticonsumerist campaigns, finding EDITED BY JOHN CARTER echoes of radical movements from the English Civil Cover design: Alan Rutherford War period. Paul Taylor examines the creative ways AND DAVE MORLAND in which electronic hacktivists have undermined New Clarion Press corporations and the powerful. How all this 5 Church Row diversity and seeming fragmentation produces a Gretton functioning movement is the concern of Alex Plows, Cheltenham who explores the way in which groupings, GL54 5HG communities and individuals have supported each England other through fluid activist networks.The book EDITED BY concludes with a vibrant account of the Anti-G8 mobilization in Genoa, written by one of the participants. New Clarion Press JOHN CARTER AND ISBN 1-873797-44-3 DAVE MORLAND 9 781873 797440

4. ANTI-CAPITALIST BRITAIN ANTI-CAPITALIST Anti-Capitalist Britain is a collection of accessible and BRITAIN informative essays on the emerging anti-capitalist movement in the UK.Through accounts of recent anti-capitalist protests and organizations, often by those involved, the book considers the current state of radical politics in the UK. Its underlying theme is the emerging relationship between Marxist and other radical organizations and the disparate anti-globalization, anti-capitalist and direct action groups fronting campaigns against institutions such as the World Trade Organization and the G8.The study argues that there has been a shift towards anarchism on the British left and elsewhere.While it has a primarily domestic focus, the book also considers British anti-capitalism in an international context. It therefore includes contributions from authors whose focus is beyond the domestic and who participate in wider campaigns. John Carter teaches sociology at the University of Teesside. He has a longstanding involvement in radical politics and campaigning, including animal rights and the recent anti-capitalist mobilizations. Dave Morland teaches sociology and philosophy EDITED BY JOHN CARTER at the University of Teesside. He has campaigned on issues such AND DAVE MORLAND as the poll tax, the miners strike, nuclear arms and anti-capitalism. Cover design: Alan Rutherford EDITED BY New Clarion Press JOHN CARTER AND ISBN 1-873797-43-5 DAVE MORLAND 9 781873 797433

5. Darhbcover.1 15/3/03 4:57 PM Page 1 THE FIRST S O C IA L I S M A N D DA RW I N I S M 1 8 5 9 1 9 1 4 THE FIRST DARWINIAN LEFT DARWINIAN LEFT David Stack is a lecturer in Modern British Darwinism and socialism were the two most exciting ideas In this first study of the relationship History at the University of Reading. He has between Darwinism and the left in Britain, of the late nineteenth century. One tore down a model of previously taught at Queen Mary, University of London and Keele University, and has nature that was static and unchanging; the other sought to do SOCIALISM David Stack argues that Darwinism provided the constitutive metaphor within which the same for society. Almost inevitably the ideas of Darwinism written widely on both the history of the left and popular science in the nineteenth century. His first book, Nature and Artifice: and socialism became intertwined in the period from 1859 to A N D DA RW I N I S M modern socialism was developed.The organic and evolutionary language of Darwinism, it is shown, provided the discursive space in 1914.The modern socialist movement was a product of the The life and thought of Thomas Hodgskin, 17871869, was published by the Royal Darwinian age and most leading socialists of the period had 18591914 which the new ideology of socialism was probed, explored and developed in the Historical Society in 1998 and he is currently studied and accepted Darwinism before reaching their political period from 1859 through to 1914. writing a biography of the nineteenth-century maturity.This was true of socialists both in Britain and Scottish phrenologist George Combe. The relationship between socialism and beyond including Annie Besant, Ramsay MacDonald, Eduard Darwinism was not instrumental with Bernstein, Karl Kautsky, Jack London and Prince Peter socialists simply picking and choosing Kropotkin. Each inevitably carried something of their convenient ideas to conform to their political Darwinism over into their understanding of socialism. In this prejudices but isomorphic, involving a real cross-fertilization of ideas and concepts from study of the relationship between the two ideas, David Stack the biological to the sociological and back argues that the contribution of Darwinism to the thought of again.This process was especially evident in the British left has been underestimated. Darwinism played a writings of those socialists such as Alfred Russel Wallace, Emile Vandervelde and DAVID STACK crucially important role both in the shift from radicalism to Prince Peter Kropotkin who were also socialism that occurred in the late nineteenth century and in accomplished scientists, but also helps us enabling MacDonald and others to develop a distinctive better appreciate the stance of amateur socialist position, marked off from liberalism to the right enthusiasts such as Annie Besant, Jack London and Ramsay MacDonald. and Marxism to the left. The First Darwinian Left demonstrates how the discursive boundaries imposed by Darwinism profoundly influenced the construction of Cover design: Alan Rutherford socialist ideology in Britain: marking it off from the older radical tradition, as well as distinguishing it from liberalism on the right New Clarion Press and Marxism on the left. In particular, the 5 Church Row New Clarion Press crucial role of Ramsay MacDonald in Gretton Cheltenham ISBN 1-873797-38-9 DAVID developing and disseminating a distinctively Darwinian understanding of socialism among GL54 5HG the membership of the Independent England STACK Labour Party is analysed. 9 781873 797389

6. Darpapercover.1 15/3/03 4:56 PM Page 1 THE FIRST S O C IA L I S M A N D DA RW I N I S M 1 8 5 9 1 9 1 4 THE FIRST DARWINIAN LEFT DARWINIAN LEFT Darwinism and socialism were the two most exciting ideas of the late nineteenth century. One tore down a model of nature that was static and unchanging; the other sought to do the same for SOCIALISM society. Almost inevitably the ideas of Darwinism and socialism became intertwined in the period from 1859 to 1914.The modern socialist movement was a product of the Darwinian age and most A N D DA RW I N I S M leading socialists of the period had studied and accepted Darwinism before reaching their political maturity.This was true of 18591914 socialists both in Britain and beyond including Annie Besant, Ramsay MacDonald, Eduard Bernstein, Karl Kautsky, Jack London and Prince Peter Kropotkin. Each inevitably carried something of their Darwinism over into their understanding of socialism. In this study of the relationship between the two ideas, David Stack argues that the contribution of Darwinism to the thought of the British left has been underestimated. Darwinism played a crucially important role both in the shift from radicalism to socialism that occurred in the late nineteenth century and in enabling MacDonald and others to develop a distinctive socialist position, DAVID STACK marked off from liberalism to the right and Marxism to the left. David Stack is a lecturer in Modern British History at the University of Reading. He has previously taught at both Queen Mary, University of London and Keele University. His first book, Nature and Artifice:The life and thought of Thomas Hodgskin, 17871869, was published by the Royal Historical Society in 1998. Cover design: Alan Rutherford New Clarion Press ISBN 1-873797-37-0 DAVID STACK 9 781873 797372

7. domestic violence ACTION FOR CHANGE ------- -- new edition Gill Hague and Ellen Malos

8. Eugenics HB cover 4/4/02 10:53 PM Page 1 genetic politics THE ISSUES IN SOCIAL POLICY SERIES genetic politics Anne Kerr is a lecturer in sociology We are poised at a turning point of human history. Behind us lies from eugenics to genome Genetic Politics explores the history of at the University of York with a twentieth century marked by unprecedented technological eugenics and the rise of specialist interests in genetics and developments, but also the nightmares of human barbarism and contemporary genomics, identifying gender. She followed her degree in war. In front of us stretches the century of the gene, when we continuities and changes between applied physics from the University are promised that science will be harnessed for the human good: to the past and the present. Anne Kerr of Strathclyde, Glasgow, with reduce the impact of disease, to increase longevity, and to provide and Tom Shakespeare reject the two doctoral research on gender and solutions for social problems including famine and global poverty. extreme positions that human science at the University of It is a good moment to explore, in the field of genetics, what went genetics are either fatally corrupted Edinburgh, going on to conduct wrong in so many countries during the first part of the twentieth by, or utterly immune from, eugenic research into the social and century, and to ask whether we are currently repeating some of influence. They argue that todays historical contexts of genetics. She the mistakes of the past, or growing problems for the future. forms of genetic screening are far has co-authored a number of articles from equivalent to the eugenics of on public and professional accounts From the Introduction the past, but eugenics cannot simply of genetic research and screening, be dismissed as bad science, or the Anne Kerr and Tom Shakespeare and their social implications. product of totalitarian regimes, for its values and practices continue to Tom Shakespeare received a shape genetics today. first-class honours degree in social and political science at the University Triumphalist accounts of scientific of Cambridge and completed an progress and the merits of individual M.Phil. in social and political theory choice mask how genetic and a Ph.D. on the sociology of technologies can undermine peoples disability. A former lecturer in freedom, by intensifying genetic sociology, he is currently Director determinism and discrimination, of Outreach at the Policy, Ethics individualizing responsibility for and Life Sciences Research Institute, health and welfare, and stoking Newcastle. He has served on the intolerance of diversity. Regulation editorial boards of Critical Social Policy is largely ineffectual at limiting and Disability and Society, and has these dangers because it is often written widely on disability and guided by the goals of perfect health genetics. and commercial profit. The authors argue that we need to listen to the people directly affected by the new genetics technologies, especially disabled people and women, and to challenge the values and practices Anne Kerr and that shape genetics. Cover design: Alan Rutherford Tom Shakespeare New Clarion Press ISBN 1-873797-26-5 5 Church Row New Clarion Press Gretton Cheltenham GL54 5HG England 9 781873 797266

9. Genetics pb cover 4/4/02 10:43 PM Page 1 genetic politics THE ISSUES IN SOCIAL POLICY SERIES genetic politics We are poised at a turning point of human history. Behind us lies a twentieth century marked by unprecedented technological from eugenics to genome developments, but also the nightmares of human barbarism and war. In front of us stretches the century of the gene, when we are promised that science will be harnessed for the human good: to reduce the impact of disease, to increase longevity, and to provide solutions for social problems including famine and global poverty. It is a good moment to explore, in the field of genetics, what went wrong in so many countries during the first part of the twentieth century, and to ask whether we are currently repeating some of the mistakes of the past, or growing problems for the future. From the Introduction Genetic Politics explores the history of eugenics and the rise of Anne Kerr and Tom Shakespeare contemporary genomics, identifying continuities and changes between the past and the present. The authors reject the two extreme positions that human genetics are either fatally corrupted by, or utterly immune from, eugenic influence. They argue that todays forms of genetic screening are far from equivalent to the eugenics of the past, but eugenics cannot simply be dismissed as bad science, or the product of totalitarian regimes, for its values and practices continue to shape genetics today. Triumphalist accounts of scientific progress and the merits of individual choice mask how genetic technologies can undermine peoples freedom, by intensifying genetic determinism and discrimination, individualizing responsibility for health and welfare, and stoking intolerance of diversity. Regulation is largely ineffectual at limiting these dangers because it is often guided by the goals of perfect health and commercial profit. The authors argue that we need to listen to the people directly affected by the new genetics technologies, especially disabled people and women, and to challenge the values and practices that shape genetics. Anne Kerr is a lecturer in sociology at the University of York with specialist interests in genetics and gender. Tom Shakespeare is Director of Outreach at the Policy, Ethics and Life Sciences Research Institute, Newcastle, and has written widely on disability and genetics. Anne Kerr and Tom Shakespeare Cover design: Alan Rutherford ISBN 1-873797-25-7 New Clarion Press 9 781873 797259

10. I n the years of famine following World War I in East KAPUTALA Africa two words were coined by the local people: mutunya and kaputala. Mutunya, meaning scramble, refers to the frenzy of the starving crowd whenever a KAPUTALA supply train passed through. Kaputala refers to the baggy shorts worn by the British troops. It was these soldiers, according to the local Gogo tribespeople, who were responsible for their plight. The first-hand account of war in East Africa in The Diary of Arthur Beagle brings out the absolute and THE DIARY OF tragic waste of life in a far-away war. Photographs taken ARTHUR BEAGLE by Arthur Beagle add authenticity to his tale. With an & extended introduction and a final skirmish-by-skirmish THE EAST AFRICA CAMPAIGN chapter covering the East Africa Campaign from 1916 THE DIARY OF ARTHUR BEAGLE THE DIARY OF ARTHUR BEAGLE 19161918 to 1918, it is indeed a fine introduction to this obscure military campaign, and the horrors of war. I hope all who read this account will be sickened by the institutionalised racism, find war abhorent and feel a great sympathy for those, black and white, forced, coerced or duped into the ranks, for whatever reason be it straightforward intimidation or the sickly-sweet lure of drum-thumping jingoism. Cutting away all the bullshit, no matter how gentlemanly the conduct of some officers, a lot of people died horrible deaths because the greed of competing capitalisms could not coexist on the same planet. ISBN 0-9540517-0-X 9 780954 051709 Introduced and Edited HAND OVER HO by FIST PRESS FP ALAN RUTHERFORD

11. FairPlay cover 4 26/9/05 10:30 am Page 1 FAIR PLAY AND FOUL? Fair play and foul? John Elder The Nordic countries remain unique in independently managing and operating their health care complaints mechanisms and medical regulatory bodies. They are also almost on their own in having established statutory no-fault patient compensation schemes as an alternative to the potentially expensive and risky civil litigation route. Moreover, these same nations (Sweden excepted) are among the few on the planet where sweeping patients rights set in stone are in place. Sadly, the enlightened example long set by lawmakers in Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden and Iceland on all these issues is still not being matched by their counterparts in the United Kingdom or, for that matter, anywhere else in Europe. For instance, more rather than total independence is the theme of the latest British reforms following the sustained public excoriation of the previous health care complaints and medical regulatory systems in particular the routinely inequitable outcomes they produced for complainants. Self-regulation continues to be the predominant force in the operation of these new procedures. As before, only a comparatively small proportion of complaints lodged with the National Health Service in the UK will receive the attention of the recently established independent review bodies where these have been set up. Furthermore, regulation of doctors and nurses remains in the hands of their existing, albeit extensively reformed, regulatory bodies under FAIR whose patronage the consideration of allegations about these professionals is also being maintained. A book of The position about patients rights in the United Kingdom is nowhere near so contrasting. Nonetheless, instead of a specific set of comprehensive legal entitlements revelations about PLAY the interests of patients and those who attend to their clinical needs are provided for, collectively, via legislation, case law, set ethical criteria and health service policy rules. However, the proposals for a patient compensation and redress scheme as an alternative patients rights, to the existing system of civil damages is a big step in the right direction even if, initially, it turns out to be a comparatively limited arrangement and then not of the complaints AND handling and all-encompassing, no-fault variety. Fair play and foul? examines all these issues in some detail and also focuses on an area that had not been in the limelight before or during the reforms that began to take effect compensation JOHN ELDER in Britain since the turn of the century. It seems to have always been assumed that the FOUL? Health Service Ombudsman is above reproach. But is this really justified? The book explores vital aspects of the organization that this key independent complaints arbiter in the United fronts in a way that has not been done before and raises matters that question the bodys seemingly high standing. Kingdom and In the process of examining the subject at hand, the book accepts that healthcare is not elsewhere in the only part of public life in Britain where self-regulation still prevails, and provides examples of the practice elsewhere in society. Perhaps, foremost among these cases of Europe institutional self-regulation is that relating to the British parliament itself, the body that holds the key to enlightened public reform in all its guises. Fair play and foul? may not be a good read in the accepted sense, but if it succeeds in helping to bring forward the day when British citizens are conferred with the same level JOHN of entitlements in their relationship with health care that their counterparts in certain other European societies take for granted, it will have achieved its end. ELDER 12.95 ISBN 0-95346-041-X BOOKS 9 780953 460410

12. Rachel's Cover 8/9/05 3:14 pm Page 1 L THE ANTIQUARIAN LIBRARY JI THE ANTIQUARIAN LIBRARY OF EMERITUS PROFESSOR DAVID A. PAILIN OF EMERITUS PROFESSOR DAVID A. PAILIN E I p JF

13. MOLLY SCOTT CATO MARKET SCHMARKET BUILDING THE POST-CAPITALIST ECONOMY

14. NEW 05 Prologue of the Fourth Gospel.qxd 18/08/2005 13:09 Page 115 The Logos 115 and more radical: Scott and Witherington have discussed the importance of the Sapiential tradition;170 Borgen has argued that the Prologue is a rabbinic reflection on the Genesis creation myth;171 McNamara ecplored the links with the Palestinian Targumim;172 other scholars have argued for specific parallels for specific verses. As a common leceme in Koin, it is not surprising that lo&goj appears over twelve hundred times in the Septuagint. However, it is clear that lo&goj does not always translate the Hebrew phrase hwhy rbd. This mismatch is quite important because it suggests that at least for the translators of the Septuagint, there was no definite correlation between the concept of word of God in the Hebrew Bible and the leceme lo&goj per se. An ecample of this mismatch can be found in a list of the occurrences of hwhy rbd and rbd in Genesis: Hebrew Text Septuagint Genesis 4.23 K7mele y#'n&; yliw&q N(ama#;$ hl,fciw a)kou&sate& mou th=j fwnh=j ytirfm)i hn%fz');h ; gunai=kej Lamex e)nwti&sasqe& mou touj lo&gouj Genesis 15.1 hyfhf hl%e)'hf Myribfd@:ha rxa)a meta de ta r(h&mata tau=ta hzexjm%aba% Mrfb;)a-l)e hwfhy;-rbad e)genh&qh r(h=ma kuri&ou proj Abram e)n o(ra&mati Genesis 15.4 wylf)e hwfhy;-rbad; hn%"hw; i kai eu)quj fwnh kuri&ou e)ge&neto proj au)ton Genesis 29.13 t) Nbflfl; rp%say;wa kai dihgh&sato tw|~ Laban hl%e)h Myribfd;ha-lk%f pa&ntaj touj lo&gouj tou&touj Genesis 34.18 rwomxj yn"y("b%; Mheyr"b;di w%b+;y;y%iw kai h1resan oi( lo&goi e)nanti&on Emmwr kai e)nanti&on rwomxj-Nb%e Mke#$; yn"y("bw% Suxem tou= ui(ou= Emmwr The table provides a good ecample of the problems associated with attempting to analyse the intertext for lo&goj in the Hebrew Bible and Septuagint. Firstly, we can see that rbd is variously translated as r(h&ma (kuri&ou, fwnh& (kuri&ou and lo&goj and, conversely, that lo&goj is also used to translate hrm) (word, utterance). This is important, since it shows that while lo&goj was one way in which (hwhy-)rbd could be translated, it was not the only way. The alternative translations are also significantly common in the Septuagint as a whole. The phrase r(h&ma kuri&ou occurs 48 times, not only as a reference to the command of the Lord (for ecample, Ecodus 9.20, Numbers 14.41) but also in references suggesting a dynamic word, which meets with people and is the basis of their 170. Scott, Sophia; Witherington, Johns Wisdom 171. P. Borgen, Observations on the Targumic Character of the Prologue of John NTS 16 (1970), pp. 288295 and Logos was the True Light in Borgen, Logos was the true light and other essays on the Gospel of John (Trondheim: Tapir Publications, 1983) 172. M. McNamara, Logos of the Fourth Gospel and Memra of the Palestinian Targum (Ex 12:42), ExpTim 79 (1968), pp. 11517

15. NEW 05 Prologue of the Fourth Gospel.qxd 18/08/2005 13:53 Page 80 80 The Prologue of the Fourth Gospel of what is communicated rather than any particular word itself.20 Normally, a reader would look to a polysemic lexemes context in order to disambiguate its meaning. However, in the Prologue, there is little context since the text has only just begun. In this instance, perhaps the wider context of New Testament liter- ature and the use of that literature within the Johannine community may provide some background. 5.5 Christian Intertexts 5.5.1 In the Gospels in General lo&goj occurs, in its various forms, frequently in the Gospels. For the most part, it refers to the message about Jesus, the preached word, rather than the incarnate word.21 So, Dunn offers many examples of the use of the lexeme to mean the preached word and shows how broadly this term was used and accepted across the Christian traditions from the earliest Pauline material, through the Gospels and on into the later writings. For now, we will focus on the use of the lexeme in the Gospels, before looking at Johannine material and then at the rest of the New Testament. Within the range of meanings for lo&goj in the Synoptics, the central concept seems to reflect normal Koin usage as a message communicated. So, in Matthew 7.2829 and its parallels: Matthew 7.2829 Mark 1.2122 Luke 7.1; 4.32 kai e0ge&neto o3te e0te&lesen kai ei0sporeu&ontai ei0j e0peidh e0plh&rwsen o( I)hsou=j touj lo&gouj Kafarnaou&m: kai eu0quj pa&nta ta_ r9h&mata tou&touj, toi=j sa&bbasin ei0selqwn au0tou= ei0j ta_ a)koa_j ei0j thn sunagwghn laou=, ei0sh=lqen e0di&dasken. ei0j Kafarnaou&m. e0ceplh&ssonto oi9 o2xloi kai e0ceplh&ssonto e0pi th|= kai e0ceplh&ssonto e0pi th=| didaxh=| au0tou=: didaxh|= au0tou=: e0pi th|= didaxh|= au0tou=, o4ti e0n e0cousi/a| h]n o( lo&goj au0tou=. 20. Dodd, Interpretation, pp. 26367; Davies, Rhetoric and Reference, p. 121: In English Bibles lo&goj is usually translated Word, but this is the translation of the Latin Vulgate verbum. It is inappropriate as a rendering of the Greek lo&goj. The Greek for word is r(h=ma or o!noma'. Mark Edwards gives a brief reception history, including a reference to the same point, John (Blackwell Bible Commentary; Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), pp. 1617; Davies quotes from Goodenoughs introduction to Philo in which he makes a similar argument based upon a lexical taxonomy drawn from LSJ. Such arguments do not stop the vast majority of commentators and translators from using Word as the translation: for example, Malina and Rohrbaugh, Social Science Commentary, pp. 3537; Kruse, John, pp. 5865 21. Brown, John, p. 519; J.D.G. Dunn, Christology in the Making: An Inquiry into the Origins of the Doctrine of the Incarnation (London: SCM Press, 2nd edn, 1989), pp. 23039

16. NEW 06 Prologue of the Fourth Gospel.qxd 18/08/2005 13:16 Page 184 184 The Prologue of the Fourth Gospel So, as the gospel progresses, and especially when ko&smoj responds, the use of the lexeme becomes more and more pejorative. It is interesting to note that a similar deterioration happens in the use of the lexeme in the Prologue: Use 1: o4 fwti&zei pa&nta a!nqrwpon e)rxo&menon ei)j ton ko&smon (v.9) In this use there is a positive association with the coming of light into the world. We have already seen the opposition of darkness to light (v.5) and the subsequent association of negativity with darkness. Here ko&smoj is associated with the light and so disassociated from darkness. ko&smoj is therefore positive in this context. Use 2: e0n tw|~ ko&smw|~ h]n (v.10a) There is another positive association here in that the Logos/Life/Light has chosen to be in the ko&smoj. Once again such association means that the world is characterized in a positive way. Use 3: kai o( ko&smoj di au)tou= e)ge&neto (v.10b) There is yet another positive association in that the Logos is said to have had a role in creating/ordering the world. Use 4: kai o( ko&smoj au)ton ou)k e1gnw (v.10c) There is a negative association here in that the ko&smoj is negligent in recog- nising its creator. Here, the first time that the world is the subject of an action, it is depicted as failing to achieve the desired result. The idea that the ko&smoj can react, even negatively, suggests that at least in this phrase reference is being made to humanity, and thus an inherently incompetent humanity.181 The first three uses of the term, which all focus on the activity of lo&goj in relation to ko&smoj, have positive overtones whereas the final use, the only time in which the Prologue talks of the specific activity of ko&smoj, is negative. This analysis seems to reflect Cassems findings for the whole gospel.182 We see that ko&smoj is a neutral term when it is the object of activity: the place where light comes to illuminate; the place where lo&goj dwells; that which was created by lo&goj. It refers to the world, especially the world of humanity, but does not hint that this is a negative reference. In fact, the world is seen to be the object of the Logos attention and is therefore given privileged association with light and life.183 Ultimately, however, the worlds activity shows that this attention seems to be unwarranted. The Logos is associated with this world, is present within it and created it despite its ignorance. Boismard sums up the ambiguity well: De soi, le monde nest pas mauvais, puisque Dieu laime, et quil a envoy sons Fils pour le sauveur. Mais en fait, le monde refus de recevoir le message du Verbe, et cest pourquoi il prend si souvent une nuance pjorative chez saint Jean.184 Indeed, this ambiguity about whether the world is good or bad may well reflect an antisociety trait. The world represents those who do not receive o( lo&goj and so cannot be part of the Johannine community; they become the 181. Hendricksen, John, p. 80. 182. Compare Brown, St John, p. 509; Morris, John, p. 97 183. Witherington, Johns Wisdom, p. 52; Beasley-Murray, John, p. 12 184. Boismard, Prologue de Saint Jean, p. 50 : In itself, the world is not evil, since God loves it, and has sent his Son to save it. But in fact, the world has refused to receive the Words message, and that is why it so often takes on a pejorative sense in the Johannine material.

17. NEW 05 Prologue of the Fourth Gospel.qxd 18/08/2005 13:53 Page 87 The Logos 87 subject in his book on the development of Christology in the first centuries of the Church, in which he outlines a number of key stages.42 Firstly, very early in the NT tradition the word/message refers to the proclamation of the gospel.43 We have already seen that this tradition is dominant within the Synoptic Gospels, the Fourth Gospel outside the Prologue, and the rest of the Johannine literature. However, Dunn then traces a development in the tradition by which vigorous metaphors or near personifications are associated with lo&goj. The final stage according to Dunn is that the message, so clearly centred upon Jesus, is actually identified with Jesus.44 As Dunn points out: It is not that he identifies Christ with the divine Logos of Hellenistic Judaism or Stoicism and goes on from that to identify Christ (the Logos) with the word (logos) of preaching; it is rather that Christ is the heart and substance of the kerygma, not so much the Word as the word preached. Dunn draws attention to two key passages, which on the surface seem to be very close to the understanding of the Logos in the Prologue, Luke 1.2 and Acts 10.3637a:45 Luke 1.2: kaqwj pare&dosan h(mi=n oi( a)p' a)rxh=j au)to&ptai kai u(phre&tai geno&menoi tou= lo&gou Acts 10.3637a: ton lo&gon [o3n] a)pe&steilen toi=j ui(oi=j I)srahl eu)aggelizo&menoj ei)rh&nhn dia I)hsou= Xristou=, ou[to&j e)stin pa&ntwn ku&rioj, u(mei=j oi1date to geno&menon r(h=ma kaq' o3lhj th=j I)oudai&aj It would be possible to see in these texts a reference to a personified Word, incarnated in Jesus. However, it would be wrong to do so. Both references simply show the degree to which Jesus is central to the message preached. Indeed, the verse from Lukes preface is a red herring since Luke strives throughout his preface to use secular language rather than specifically Christian terminology.46 Luke could have written in such a way as to make an overt identification between Jesus and the message which God sent out. However, he does not do this. Nor does he need to, since, as Dunn has shown, there is a good tradition 42. Dunn, Christology, pp. 23050 43. Barrett, St John, cites Luke 8.11, 2 Timothy 2.9, Revelation 1.9 44. Dunn, Christology, p. 231 gives the following examples: 1 Corinthians 1.23, 15.12; 2 Corinthians 1.19, 4.5; Philippians 1.15; Ephesians 1.9, 3.3f., 6.19; Colossians 1.27, 2.2, 3.16, 4.3. 45. Dunn, Christology, p. 232 46. Alexander, Preface, p. 123 where she understands the term to be a reference to those in charge of passing on the Christian tradition of which they are first hand witnesses (au)to&ptai). Since the focus is on the passing on of a tradition and not on Christology, the reference to ministers of the word is not a reference to servants of Jesus but rather to any in charge of handing down a message through a tradition. So, later, p. 201: Unlike the openings of Matthew, Mark and John, [Lukes preface] contains no promise of revelation, no mention of Jesus, no overtly religious language at all: such possibly Christian terms as there are (peplhroforhme&nwn, u(phre&tai tou= lo&gou) would be opaque to the outsider unfamiliar with the argot of the Christian tradition, delib- erately muffled by the predominantly neutral, secular terminology.

18. NEW 06 Prologue of the Fourth Gospel.qxd 18/08/2005 13:15 Page 206 206 The Prologue of the Fourth Gospel particular phrase often used in association with God, tme)vwe dsexe bra.281 Is this phrase a translation of the Hebrew? If so, does the reader need to know this to understand this text? We need to make a more detailed exploration of the terms involved. xarij & Xa&rij refers to a kindness shown. Hence, LSJ suggest that the semantic domain covers the following areas: beauty, glory, grace, kindness, goodwill, partiality, favour, gratitude for a gift received, favour, grant, delight or gratification. The sense is clear the offering or reception of favour and the resulting feeling in the recipient282. BAGD, bearing their accustomed theological burden, mention the possibility that the word can refer to a number of aspects of Gods relationship with his creation: b. on the part of God and Christ: the context will show whether the emphasis is upon the possession of divine grace as a source of blessings for the believer, or upon a store of grace that is dispensed, or a state of grace (i.e. standing in Gods favor) that is brought about, or a deed of grace wrought by God in Christ, or a work of grace which grows fr. more to more. In fact, xa&rij is a rare term in John, used only these four times in vv. 1417.283 Barrett, along with most commentators, links the use of the lexeme to the Hebrew phrase tme)vwe dsexe bra and suggests that since dsexe is usually translated in the LXX as e1leoj, it has the meaning grace, undeserved favour. However, Feuillet and Kuyper have shown that dsexe could be translated with xa&rij and that the Hebrew words semantic overlap is in fact closer to xa&rij than to e1leoj.284 Indeed, Kuyper has shown that e1leoj reflects the meaning of the 281. Kuyper, Grace and Truth: An Old Testament Description of God, and Its Use in the Johannine Gospel, Int 18,1 (1964), pp. 319, p. 3; Brown, John, p. 14. Note, however, Bultmanns comment, John, p. 74 fn.1, where he denies the possibility of linking this phrase with John 1.14 and Mowvleys insistence that since dsexe is only translated with xa&rij once (Esther 2.9), then this phrase is not being echoed. Mowvley prefers to see a link with Exodus 33.16 which includes both a)lhqw~j and xa&rij. However, the words here are not used together and the arguments for the echo of 34.6 seem much more convincing. 282. Compare Louw-Nidas selection: 88.66 kindness; 57.103 gift; 33.350 thanks; 25.89 good will. BAGD, pp. 87778, suggest: attractiveness, favor, goodwill, gift, thanks, gratitude 283. Edwards, Grace and Law, p. 3; Kuyper, Grace and Truth, p. 14. Boismard argues that the term is a sign of the Lukan redaction of the Gospel; Feuillet, Prologue, p. 114. However, if this were the case, then we would find xa&rij much more frequently in the Gospel. 284. On the translation from Hebrew to Greek, see Brown, John, p. 14 and Kuyper, Grace and Truth, p. 8 and Dodd, Interpretation, p. 175 tme)vwe dsexe is variously translated, but most characteristically as e1leoj kai a)lh&qeia. There is, however, evidence to suggest that in the later stages of the LXX, and in Hellenistic Judaism, xa&rij came to be preferred to e1leoj as a rendering of dsexe. So, Feuillet, Prologue, p. 115; Bultmann, p. 74 fn.1; Schnackenburg, John, p. 272, fn.193; Barrett, St John, p. 167, Beasley-Murray, John, p. 14; Carson, John, p. 129

19. Leviathan vol1 23/9/03 12:33 pm Page 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME ONE: INTRODUCTION Preface 3 List of Illustrations 6 List of Abbreviations 7 I. The Genesis of Leviathan 9 II. Hobbesian Sources of Leviathan 18 III. The Different Versions of Leviathan 47 III.1. The Egerton Manuscript 48 III.2. The Head Edition 71 III.3. Twentieth-Century Reprints of the Head Edition 97 III.3.A. The Waller Edition 99 III.3.B. The Pogson Smith Edition 101 III.3.C. The Lindsay Edition 104 III.3.D. The Macpherson Edition 105 III.3.E. The Scolar Press Facsimile 110 III.3.F. The Tuck Edition 111 III.3.G. Excursus: Hobbesian Variants in the Head Edition? 123 III.3.H. The Tricaud Translation 129 III.4. The Bear Edition 130 III.5. The Ornaments Edition 155 III.6. A Re-edition in 1680? 182 III.7. The 1750 Edition 184 III.8. The Molesworth Edition 201 III.9. Twentieth-Century Pseudo-Editions 213 III.9.A. The Oakeshott Edition 213 III.9.B. The Curley Edition 217 III.9.C. The Gaskin Edition 222 III.9.D. The Flathman/Johnston Edition 226 1

20. Leviathan vol1 23/9/03 12:33 pm Page 2 2 INTRODUCTION TO LEVIATHAN IV. The Latin Leviathan 229 IV.1. A Latin Proto-Leviathan? 230 IV.2. The Latin Edition of 1668 241 IV.3. The Later Latin Editions 250 V. The Present Edition 259 VOLUME TWO: LEVIATHAN List of Abbreviations vii LEVIATHAN 1 The Contents of the Chapters 5 The rst Part, Of MAN 9 The second Part, Of COMMON-WEALTH 133 The third Part, Of A CHRISTIAN COMMON-WEALTH 291 The fourth Part, Of THE KINGDOME OF DARKNESSE 481

21. Leviathan vol1 23/9/03 12:33 pm Page 3 PREFACE It will be no secret that the editors of this critical edition of Thomas Hobbess Leviathan work from different agendas: the edition of the works of John Locke on the one hand, the edition of Hobbess Latin works on the other. Neither of us ever had the intention to focus on Hobbess English works as such, let alone on his Leviathan. Only when we happened to be in need of an edition of this work that would scrupulously note the major variant readings contained in its various versions, and could nd none, did we reluctantly decide to take this task upon ourselves. However, only as we went along did we become aware that, instead of walking on rm ground, we were imprudently sailing ofer hronrade in an old tub, and about to get lost in the innities of the Elder Plinys mare Cronium. The late Franois Tricaud, who had struggled more intensely with Leviathan than anyone before, denitely knew what he was talking about when he told us: Le Lviathan, cest un monstre. The only way to escape from being swallowed by draco iste (Ps. 104:26), this serpens tortuosus (Is. 27:1), was to limit our enterprise. Fortunately it turned out just in time that the widespread rumour of Hobbesian corrections in the so-called Head edition was, in Descartess words, only one of many fabulas de Leviathan, so that chasing after that mythical, supposedly best corrected copy (if it were still there) would be as hopeless as had been the quest for that other whale, Moby-Dick. On the contrary, we would proceed on the rm rule: one copy, one vote. This applied also to the so-called Bear and Ornaments editions of Leviathan so reprehen- sibly neglected in Hobbes research up until now. And we were in the lucky position of being able to divide the work. While Karl Schuhmann collated all the text versions used in this edition (the quantitative part of the work), John Rogers took all the decisions as to which variants should go into the main text and which ones were to be relegated to the critical apparatus (the qualitative aspect of the work). While Karl Schuhmann drafted the Introduction, John Rogers controlled and shaped it in the way it appears here. If our edition does not fall too far short of its goal, we may put an end to this cetacean undertaking of ours with Petrarchs comforting words so dear to Schopenhauer: satis est. We can only hope that, as in the case of that shanty celebrity, the whaler Reuben Ranzo, so also with this adventure of ours alls well that ends well. But even though other interludes tend to be shorter than this one has been, we look back with great satisfaction at a period of very pleasing and fruitful collaboration on this shared project. For us it was a time of exciting and most unexpected discov- 3

22. Leviathan vol1 23/9/03 12:33 pm Page 4 4 INTRODUCTION TO LEVIATHAN eries about the textual history of that great work of political philosophy which goes under so sinister a name: Leviathan. We most gratefully acknowledge the help and support we have received from many people and institutions, without which it would have been impossible to bring this enterprise to a happy end. This concerns in particular the British Library, the Bodleian Library and Cambridge University Library, but also the British Council and the Leverhulme Trust which gave important nancial support for John Rogerss visits to Utrecht. We also want to thank the late Franois Tricaud for discussing in all minute detail a draft of this edition with Karl Schuhmann only a few months before his death. Thanks also go to Paul Schuurman through whose most welcome services it was easy for us to acquire copies from the Bodleain Library in Oxford; to Matthijs van Otegem for his suggestions concerning the riddle of the Ornaments edition; to Cees Leijenhorst who critically read a draft of the Introduction; and especially to Quentin Skinner for his unwavering friendship and his most generous support of this undertaking of ours, as well as for his critical reading of a draft of the Introduction G.A.J. Rogers, Keele University, Karl Schuhmann, University of Utrecht January 2003

23. vol 1 A-J.qxd 12/9/03 11:05 am Page 194 BURMAN time for study. He studied at the universities of history and Latin eloquence in Franeker and Leiden (matriculated on 24 September 1685) Amsterdam, was his nephew. and Utrecht (1687). He was appointed professor extraordinarius of history at Utrecht BIBLIOGRAPHY University in 1696 and full professor in 1698; Disputatio juridica inauguralis de from 1703 he also taught politics. In 1715 he transactionibus (Utrecht, 1688). was appointed Professor of History at LEIDEN; Oratio de eloquentia et potice (Utrecht, in 1724 he became