DESIGN RESEARCH 2014 - Siteations€¦ · DESIGN RESEARCH 2014 Proposals & Planning. D R 2014 P & P...

1Proposals & PlanningDesign Research 2014

DESIGN RESEARCH 2014Proposals & Planning


PROPOSALS & PLANNINGDAILY AGENDA

WEB/FLOW DIAGRAMS & RESEARCH PLANNINGMartin & beyond, Sample deconstructions2 stage articulation: content structure, collection activity

PROPOSAL WORKSHOPpair elaboration, group review & addition

ARCHIVAL ORGANIZATION basic file management, basic access protocols


HYBRID FORMS, EXPLICIT INQUIRIESDeming- “Introduction” 12+

“...interdisciplinary form of knowledge, agendas to better integrate science and public policy, business opportunities & imperatives, individualization of work, and the curiosity of practitioners, scholars, and researchers...”

“The majority of practical research programs are hybrid strategies that combine different modes of inquiry in different ways and to different degrees.”


BRAINSTORMING STRUCTURE/STRATEGY

KEEP IN MIND:

• this is not your last chance for

research

• do not rarify this process

• systems recognition,

audience address, & interperative

extrapolation should be part of

your basic design process

• drivers or weighted interest is

okay, normal



“ ...it is a question of a movement of critical analysis in which one tries to see how the different solutions to a problem have been constructed; but also how these different solutions result from a specific form of problematization.”


STRUCTURE/STRATEGY TO SCHEDULEMartin (Universal Methods)- Hybridized

HIERARCHICAL BRAINSTORMING

• web brainstorming

• mind mapping

• thematic networks (if you are a

multiplicity)

WITH PROCESS OVERLAY

• flow diagrams:

• anticipated dates

• required contacts/calls

• linked access issues

• secondary sources

• plan b to pursue question

• additional avenues/artifacts


STRUCTURE/STRATEGY TO SCHEDULEexample: hierarchical issues, Lateral Architect’s Land Reservations

White, Mason. PA 30 : Coupling : Strategies for Infrastructural Opportunism.: Princeton Architectural Press, . p 24http://site.ebrary.com/id/10488630?ppg=24Copyright © Princeton Architectural Press. . All rights reserved.May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher,except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.

White, Mason. PA 30 : Coupling : Strategies for Infrastructural Opportunism.: Princeton Architectural Press, . p 25http://site.ebrary.com/id/10488630?ppg=25Copyright © Princeton Architectural Press. . All rights reserved.May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher,except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.

NEXT STEPS

• lateral elaborations/connections

• offices to call

• white papers to read/reference

• primary policy document sites

• etc.

. . . toward a research schedule


PER WORKSHOPPING GROUPREMINDERS . SCHEDULING TOOLS . BASIC GUIDES

TRIGGERS/QUESTIONS

• syllabus for schedule

• pdf packet below

• Booth/Deming problem Qs

• general diagram structure

• individual headers

• individual proposals/problem

statements

• aim for 2-3 claims/angle

• narrow down by how pragmatic that

evidence will be to access



STRUCTURE

• 15 MIN - individual summary - sketch

intial questions- target groups/sources

• 20 MIN- group additions/feedback

per project (order by coin toss)

• first 10 MIN: LATERAL IDEAS

• second 10 MIN: REFINE & FOCUS

• web/tree with post-it additions: add/

cross-out deleted avenues, inappropriate

concepts, too lengthy avenues

• photograph at end (for

documentation)

• full schedule for homework

christopher distributed sewage alanna green roof (water systems)said solar roof (light/energy systems)jerome acoustics articulated (what’s at stake in sound?) andrea Informal settlement (NYC squatters or other infrastructural cases)marie homelessness (zoning, categorical deconstruction, adaptations)anina Institutional engagementseli public mediation&production/light performance kristen alterates to the urban forestjulia botanical mission creepgeoffry streams (evolving hydrological cycles)xiaochao roadkill/crossings (relocate/expand conflicts) fern hyperaccumulators zhuo brownfields as habitat (novel ecologies, social conflicts)steve wetlands (edge engagement) ashley water management or settlement conflicts


REVERSE ENGINEERING EX: ELECTRIC L.A.Sarah McQueen’s infrastructural investigation

133ELECTRIC L.A.LoS ANGELES’ ELECTRICAL ENERGy NETWoRKS

Sarah Queen

Temporal Patterns of Supply and DemandLADWP’s historical timeline and temporal cycles of climate, economy, supply, and demand

Peak Demand per year

Peak Demand per day

0 MW

1000 MW

2000 MW

3000 MW

4000 MW

5000 MW

6000 MW

7000 MW

J F M A M J J A S O N D

7,266MWGenerating Capacity

6,165 MWRecord Peak Demand

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

45 F50 degrees F

55 F60 degrees F

65 F70 degrees F

75 F80 degrees F

40 degrees F 0 “ rainfall

3.0 “ rainfall

.75 “ rainfall

1.5 “ rainfall

2.25 “ rainfall

% of electricity produced by LADWP

climate data

1850

pop

: 1,6

10

1860

pop

: 4,3

85

1870

pop

: 5,7

28

1880

pop

: 11,

180

1890

pop

: 50,

400

1900

pop

: 102

,400

1910

pop

: 319

,000

1920

pop

: 577

,000

1930

pop

: 1.2

mil

1940

pop

: 1.5

mil

1950

pop

: 1.9

mil

1960

pop

: 2.5

mil

1970

pop

: 2.8

mil

1980

pop

: 2.9

mil

1990

pop

: 3.5

mil

2000

pop

: 3.7

mil

2008

pop

: 3.8

mil

1876

Sou

ther

n Pa

cific

RR

to L

A

1892

Oil

disc

over

ed in

LA

1905

firs

t LA

DW

P D

ivis

ion

Cree

k

1909

Bur

eau

of L

os A

ngel

es P

ower

1913

LA

Aqu

educ

t Con

stru

ction

1917

San

Fra

ncis

quito

Pow

er P

lant

(70.

5 M

W)

Moti

on P

ictu

re In

dust

ry

Avia

tion

Indu

stry

1923

LA

pro

duci

ng 1

/4 o

f wor

ld’s

pet

role

um

1925

Sea

l Bea

ch S

team

Sta

tion

1

1928

Sea

l Bea

ch S

team

Sta

tion

2

1936

Hoo

ver D

am b

uilt,

26

6 m

iles

of tr

ansm

issi

on li

nes

built

1939

LA

DW

P pr

oduc

ing

all o

f LA’

s el

ectr

ical

pow

er

1930

s LA

DW

P bo

ught

sm

all i

ndep

enda

nt p

ower

st

ation

s 1941

Ow

nens

Riv

er G

orge

Pro

ject

bui

lt19

43 H

arbo

r Pla

nt

1954

Val

ley

Gen

erati

ng S

tatio

n

1958

Sca

tter

good

Gen

erati

on S

tatio

n

1961

Hay

nes

Gen

erati

on S

tatio

n

1978

Inte

rmou

ntai

n Pr

ojec

t

1994

Nor

thrid

ge E

arth

quak

eon

ly a

ll sy

stem

bla

ckou

t

Cast

aic

Pum

p St

ation

1971

Moh

ave

Pow

er P

lant

1988

Pal

o Ve

rde

2009

Pin

e Tr

ee P

roje

ct

1970

Pac

ific

Inte

rtie

Hot Season

J

F

M

A

M

JJ

A

S

O

N

D

via Pacific Intertiehydro via Castaic

coal via Intermountainnuclear via Palo Verde

via Haynes

natural gas via Harbor

via Scattergood via Valley

2

4

6

8

10

1214

16

18

20

22

24 1

3

5

7

9

11

1315

17

19

21

23

C

RI

sunlight

peak demand via Industrial Customer via Residential Customer via Industrial Customer

peak demand all Customers

selling power purchasing power

Rainwater pumped and stored

water released to make power

via Pacific Intertie hydro via Castaic (intermediate)

coal via Intermountain (base)nuclear via Palo Verde (base)

via Haynes (intermediate)

natural gas via Harbor (peak)

via Scattergood (intermediate) via Valley (peak)

8 “off peak” hours

16 “on peak” hours

winter daylightfall daylight

summer daylight hours

spring daylight

20%

40%

60%

80%

0%

100%

residential demand: 7.664 mil kWH 31%

industrial demand: 2.368 mil kWH 10%

commercial demand: 14.114 mil kWH 57%

UPC

Win

d

PPM

Ene

rgy

Hyp

erio

n D

iges

ter

Lope

z Ca

nyon

other: 0.472 mil kWH 2%

ENERGY

134Los Angeles’ Electrical Energy NetworkLADWP’s generation, transmission, and distribution components

Step-Up TransformerEnergy loss in transmission is an exponential factor of current due to resistance. Reducing current by increasing voltage is the best way to reduce energy loss. Energy is generated between 2.3 kV and 30 KV andtransmitted between 115kV-765kV.

Energy Generation StationsLADWP operates 12 major generation stations as well as oversees a handful of renewable distributed energy generation programs such as their solar rooftop program. LADWP also has 4 purchasing agreements. The LADWP’s generation and purchasing capacity is 7,266 MWcompared to LA’s peak demand of 6,165 MW which means LADWP is producing 120% of its demand.

Primary Transformer + Receiving StationThere are 135 Distribution Stations in LA operated by LADWP.Of these, there are 19 Primary Receiving Stations which convert the high voltage current to sub-transmission levels for distribution within the city.

Sub-Transmission LinesCarrying Voltages between 66 - 33 kV between

Receiving Station and neighborhood transformer stations.

Converter Stations

Sylmar Converter Station

Lugo Converter Station

Transmission LinesThere are 2 types of transmission lines

used by LADWP: High Voltage Direct Currentand High Voltage 3 Phase Current.

LADWP owns 3,655 miles of transmission lines.

HVDC36% of transmission lines

HVAC64% of transmission lines

Step-Down TransformerStep Down transformers drop the voltage down from transmission level voltages (100kV+) to distribution levels of 33kV of less.

Distribution LinesThere are 8,685 miles of overhead and 6,200 miles of underground distribution lines, 300,000 power poles, and 100,000 overhead transformers carrying voltages less than 33kV.

CustomerLADWP has 1.4 electrical service connectionsand serves 4 million customers. The demand

breaks down to 3 main uses: 31% for residentialuses, 57% for commercial uses, 10% for

industrial uses, and 2% for other. The average residential customer consumes 6,120 kWh/year.

31% ResidentialLADWP Electricty Demand

57% CommercialLADWP Electricty Demand

10% IndustrialLADWP Electricty Demand

up to 40% loss in conversion of heat energy into mechanical energy to turn an electrical generator.Fuel sources which dont convertthermal energy into mechanical energy has much less energy loss (wind, solar, hydro).

3% - 7% loss for HVDC over 1,000 miles and HVAC over 300 miles respectively

5% loss for in generation plant use 4% - 10% loss

in step-down transformers and lower wire voltages

ELECTRICAL ENERGy NETWoRKSThe Los Angeles Department of Water and Power is the entity which provides the electricity for LA City and parts of Bishop, Culver City, South Pasadena, and West Hollywood to total a service area of 465 square miles. The rest of LA County, as well as the majority of the state, receives electricity from the Cal ISO network. LADWP serves over 4 million residents with 1.4 million electrical connections. LADWP is an interesting hybrid of a public utility and private corporation which is run by a 5 member Board of Commissioners which are appointed by the Mayor of Los Angeles and confirmed by the City Council. LADWP does not use any tax revenue to operate, but occasionally has used the sale of bonds to fund large electrical and water infrastructural projects. Typically, the LADWP’s annual operational budget is $4.19 billion, of which $190 million/year is contributed to the City to Los Angeles.

All electrical networks contain generation stations, step up transformers, high voltage transmission lines, step down transformers, distribution lines, and a consumer. The LADWP operates 12 major generation stations as well as oversees a handful of renewable distributed energy generation programs such as their solar rooftop program, fuel cells, and landfill biogas micro-turbines. LADWP also has 4 purchasing agreements, two for wind generated power and two for hydro-electric power . The LADWP’s total generation and purchasing capacity is 7,266 MW compared to LA’s peak demand of 6,165 MW which means LADWP is producing a minimum of 120% the demand and at times can be producing 200% of the demand. This extra capacity built into the network is the reason why LADWP has only once experienced a total system blackout (during the 1994 North Ridge Earthquake), unlike the rest of the state which is served by Cal ISO and frequently experiences rolling blackouts. The excess energy generated by LADWP is sold to surrounding utilities through Cal ISO generating a profit which feeds back into the City of LA.

ENERGY

ELECTRIC L.A.


135Electrical Energy Fuel SourcesLADWP’s fuel sources used to generate electricty by cost, distance, and ownership

small hydroelectric biomassbiodiesel digester gassolar thermallandfill gasgeothermalphotovoltaicsfuel cellsocean wave / tidewindmunicipal solid waste

Powerex Corp. projected capacity 150 MW British Columbia, 1180 miles

PPM Energy, capacity 80 MWWyoming, 620 miles

LA Aqueducts, capacity 238 MWsmall hydroelectrical power plants

Lopez Canyon, capacity 240 MWlocal microturbines powered on landfill gas

Municipal Landfill Gas, capacity 30 MW

Hyperion Digester Gas, capacity 40 MWlocal biomass

Solar Rooftop Program .6 MWlocal PV

UPC Wind Agreement, projected capacity 160 MWUtah, 435 miles

Pine Tree Wind Project 120 MWTehachapi Mountains N. of Mojave, 70 miles

Palo Verde, capacity 368 MWNuclear in AZ, 310 milesMohave, capacity 0 MWCoal in NV, 536 miles

Castaic Pump Station, capacity 1,175 MWHydro CA, 30 miles

Intermountain Units 1 +2, capacity 1,165 MWCoal in UT, 487Harbor, capacity 466 MWlocal natural gas Haynes, capacity 1,348 MWlocal natural gasScattergood, capacity 803 MWlocal natural gasValley, capacity 578 MWlocal natural gas

Hoover Dam, capacity 601 MWHydro in NV, 240 miles

nuclear

coal

natural gas

hydro

Pacific Intertie System, capacity 3,100 MWCelio Oregon, 846 miles

hydro

wind

Owens Gorge, capacity 100 MWHydro CA

ener

gy p

urch

ased

rene

wab

le e

nerg

y no

n-re

new

able

ene

rgy

small hydroelectric

ener

gy p

rodu

ced

in-h

ouse

nuclear

coal

natural gas

hydro

wind

solar

biomass

geothermal

maximum capacity in MW

3,00

0

2,00

0

1,00

0

cost $/kWh

.08

.04

.12

.16

.20

.24

% o

f LA

DW

P’s

supp

ly

.28

.30

Fuel

Sou

rce

as %

of L

AD

WP

elec

tric

al s

uppl

y

Fuel

Sou

rce

as %

of C

ALI

SO a

nd U

SA e

lect

rical

sup

ply

LA a

vera

ge

US

aver

age

CA a

vera

ge

15% LADWP

42% LADWP

14% LADWP

6% LADWP

11% LADWP

4% LADWP

LA average $.07/kWh

CA average $.14/kWh

US average $.09/kWh

14% 53% Cal ISO

21% 27% Cal ISO

42% 1% Cal ISO

11% 8% Cal ISO

1% 5% Cal ISO

1% 1% Cal ISO

4% 2% Cal ISO

5% Cal ISO

409.

1 m

iles

aver

age

Dis

tanc

e/M

W

9% USA

15% USA

40% USA

19% USA

petroleum

4% USA

<1% USA

<1% USA

<1% USA

<1% USA 0%

0% 0% Cal ISO

17%

83%

73%

10%

ELECTRICAL ENERGy NETWoRKSAfter the power is generated at fairly low voltages of 2.3-30kV the voltage is increased by a series of Step-Up transformers to a voltage of 115-765 kV . Step up transformers are a key component in the efficiency of the transmission system because energy lost in transmission is an exponential factor of the current due to resistance within the conduct. To reduce current and therefore reduce resistance and energy losses, you increase the voltage.

ENERGY

RECALIBRATING INFRASTRUCTURESCHRIS REEDSARA QUEEN



136

Castaic Pump Station, 3%

Harbor, 2%Scattergood, 3.5%

Vallley, 2%

Powerex Corp, <1%

Bonneville Power Administration, 15%

PPM Energy, <1%

Intermountain Units 1+2, 42%

UPC Wind, <1%

Hoover Dam, 4%

Owens Gorge + LA aquaduct, 1%

Mohave, 6%

Palo Verde, 11%

Pine Tree, <1%

Haynes, 6.5%

Powerex Corp, 150 MW

Bonneville Power Administration, 3,100 MW

PPM Energy, 80 MW

Intermountain Units 1+2, 1,165 MW

UPC Wind, 160 MW

Hoover Dam, 463 MW

Owens Gorge + LA aquaduct, 238 MW

Mohave, 158 MWCastaic Pump Station, 1,175 MW

Palo Verde, 368 MW

Pine Tree, 120 MW

Harbor, 466 MWHaynes, 1,384 MW

Scattergood, 803 MW

Vallley, 578 MW

LADWP Power Generation Sources by Maximum Capacity Power Generation Sources as % of LADWP Yearly Power Supply

Energy Sheds and Transmission Network LADWP’s electricty generation facility locations, capacity, % of supply, and type of unit

LADWP Electrical Energy Shed

0 80 16040

Miles

LADWP Electrical Energy-ShedPacific Intertie DC Power Supply Pacific Intertie AC Power SupplyWind Generation PlantNatural Gas Powered Electrical Generation PlantHydro-Electrical Generation PlantNuclear Energy Generation PlantCoal Powered Electrical Generation PlantUnspecified Power GridUnspecified Power Supply Points

Castaic Pump Station, intermediate unit

Harbor, peak unitScattergood, intermediate unit

Vallley, peak unit

Powerex Corp, purchased renewable energy

Bonneville Power Administration, purchased seasonally during peak loading

PPM Energy,purchased renewable energy

Intermountain Units 1+2,base load unit 24/7

UPC Wind, purchased renewable energy

Hoover Dam, base load unit 24/7

Owens Gorge + LA aqueduct, base load unit 24/7

Mohave, base load unit 24/7

Palo Verde, base load unit 24/7

Pine Tree, renewable energy

Haynes, intermediate unit

LADWP Base, Intermediate, and Peak Load Units + Purchased Power

200 miles

300 miles

400 miles

500 miles

600 miles

700 miles

800 miles

900 miles

1000 miles

200 miles

300 miles

400 miles

500 miles

600 miles

700 miles

800 miles

900 miles

1000 miles

200 miles

300 miles

400 miles

500 miles

600 miles

700 miles

800 miles

900 miles

1000 miles

*average = 409.1 miles *average = 409.1 miles

*average = 409.1 miles

Powerex Corp, 150 MW

Bonneville Power Administration, 3,100 MW

PPM Energy, 80 MW

UPC Wind, 160 MW

Intermountain Units 1+2, 1,165 MW

Hoover Dam, 463 MW

Castaic Pump Station, 1,175 MW

Pine Tree, 120 MW

Owens Gorge + LA aquaduct, 238 MW

Mohave, 158 MW

Palo Verde, 368 MW

Haynes, 1,384 MW

Harbor, 466 MW

Scattergood, 803 MW

Vallley, 578 MW

ELECTRICAL ENERGy NETWoRKSOnce the energy is at a high voltage over 230 kV it is transmitted over a series of high voltage lines, 36% of which are direct current lines and 64% of which are alternative current lines within LADWP. The vast majority of lines in the US are AC lines and there are only 7 HVDC systems within the US, two of which are in the LADWP’s network . HVDC lines are ideal for long distance transmissions for a number of reasons I will explain in a bit. The direct current lines need converter stations at each end of the transmission lines to convert the energy back into alternating current. LADWP maintains a total of 3,655 miles of transmission lines which run between the energy generation plants and the distribution network.

ENERGY

ELECTRIC L.A.

137

7

12

3

11

5

2

6

4

10

13 1 14

9

8

15

D

E

ABCDE

to Owen’s Gorge Hydro-Electric Generation Plantsto from Bonneville Power Admin

to Intermountain Generation Plant

to Palo Verde Nuclear Generation Plant

to Hoover Dam Generation Plant

to Mohave Generation Plant

to UPC and PPM Wind Energy

Scattergood Generation Plant

Haynes Generation PlantHarbor Generation Plant

Valley Generation Plant

Lopez Canyon Biogas Generation Plant

Castaic Pump Stations

Sylmar Converter Station, Pacific Intertie HVDC[power from Bonneville Power Admin]

Adelanto Converter Station(power from Intermountain Units]

to Pine Tree Wind

Lugo Converter Stations, Pacific Intertie HVAC[power from Bonneville Power Admin]

Valley Generation Plant

Energy Generation StationPrimary Transformer Seconday TransformerHigh Voltage Transmission LinesSub-Transmission LinesLADWP Residential Service AreaLADWP Non-Redientail Serive AreaLADWP Service Districts

LADWP Transmission and Distribution Grid

Electrical Distribution NetworkLADWP service area and the intersection between the transmission and distribution networks

Natural Gas Fueled Generation StationCoal Fueled Generation StationHyrdo-Electrical Generation StationPacific Intertie Converter Station Electrical Transmission GridLADWP Service AreaLA County

LADWP Service Area and Regional Grid

Areas not served by LADWPCity of San FernandoCities of Beverly Hills and West HollywoodVeterans AdministrationMarina Del RayUniversal Studios

AAA

B

A

C

Hoover Dam Generation Plant

Pacific Intertie HVDC

Castaic Pump Stations

LA Aquaduct Power Generation

Owen’s Gorge Generation Plants

Intermountain Generation Plant

Haynes Generation Plant

Scattergood Generation Plant

Harbor Generation Plant

Palo Verde Nuclear Generation Plant

ELECTRICAL ENERGy NETWoRKSThroughout the LADPW district there are 135 Distribution Stations, 19 of which are Primary Receiving Stations connecting directly to the transmission grid . These stations step down the voltage of the wires from a transmission voltage of over 230 kV to a sub-transmission voltage of 138 KVs to operating voltage of less than 33 kV. These distribution stations are distributed throughout the city often times as the only monumental building within an otherwise residential neighborhood. Many were built between 1920 and 1940 as LA’s population and industry grew exponentially due to WWII, so many are built in an Art Deco architectural style .

ENERGY

RECALIBRATING INFRASTRUCTURESCHRIS REEDSARA QUEEN



138Temporal Patterns of Supply and DemandLADWP’s historical timeline and temporal cycles of climate, economy, supply, and demand

Peak Demand per year

Peak Demand per day

0 MW

1000 MW

2000 MW

3000 MW

4000 MW

5000 MW

6000 MW

7000 MW


7,266MWGenerating Capacity

6,165 MWRecord Peak Demand

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

45 F50 degrees F

55 F60 degrees F

65 F70 degrees F

75 F80 degrees F

40 degrees F 0 “ rainfall

3.0 “ rainfall

.75 “ rainfall

1.5 “ rainfall

2.25 “ rainfall

% of electricity produced by LADWP

climate data

1850

pop

: 1,6

10

1860

pop

: 4,3

85

1870

pop

: 5,7

28

1880

pop

: 11,

180

1890

pop

: 50,

400

1900

pop

: 102

,400

1910

pop

: 319

,000

1920

pop

: 577

,000

1930

pop

: 1.2

mil

1940

pop

: 1.5

mil

1950

pop

: 1.9

mil

1960

pop

: 2.5

mil

1970

pop

: 2.8

mil

1980

pop

: 2.9

mil

1990

pop

: 3.5

mil

2000

pop

: 3.7

mil

2008

pop

: 3.8

mil

1876

Sou

ther

n Pa

cific

RR

to L

A

1892

Oil

disc

over

ed in

LA

1905

firs

t LA

DW

P D

ivis

ion

Cree

k

1909

Bur

eau

of L

os A

ngel

es P

ower

1913

LA

Aqu

educ

t Con

stru

ction

1917

San

Fra

ncis

quito

Pow

er P

lant

(70.

5 M

W)

Moti

on P

ictu

re In

dust

ry

Avia

tion

Indu

stry

1923

LA

pro

duci

ng 1

/4 o

f wor

ld’s

pet

role

um

1925

Sea

l Bea

ch S

team

Sta

tion

1

1928

Sea

l Bea

ch S

team

Sta

tion

2

1936

Hoo

ver D

am b

uilt,

26

6 m

iles

of tr

ansm

issi

on li

nes

built

1939

LA

DW

P pr

oduc

ing

all o

f LA’

s el

ectr

ical

pow

er

1930

s LA

DW

P bo

ught

sm

all i

ndep

enda

nt p

ower

st

ation

s 1941

Ow

nens

Riv

er G

orge

Pro

ject

bui

lt19

43 H

arbo

r Pla

nt

1954

Val

ley

Gen

erati

ng S

tatio

n

1958

Sca

tter

good

Gen

erati

on S

tatio

n

1961

Hay

nes

Gen

erati

on S

tatio

n

1978

Inte

rmou

ntai

n Pr

ojec

t

1994

Nor

thrid

ge E

arth

quak

eon

ly a

ll sy

stem

bla

ckou

t

Cast

aic

Pum

p St

ation

1971

Moh

ave

Pow

er P

lant

1988

Pal

o Ve

rde

2009

Pin

e Tr

ee P

roje

ct

1970

Pac

ific

Inte

rtie

Hot Season

J

F

M

A

M

JJ

A

S

O

N

D

via Pacific Intertiehydro via Castaic

coal via Intermountainnuclear via Palo Verde

via Haynes

natural gas via Harbor

via Scattergood via Valley

2

4

6

8

10

1214

16

18

20

22

24 1

3

5

7

9

11

1315

17

19

21

23

C

RI

sunlight

peak demand via Industrial Customer via Residential Customer via Industrial Customer

peak demand all Customers

selling power purchasing power

Rainwater pumped and stored

water released to make power

via Pacific Intertie hydro via Castaic (intermediate)

coal via Intermountain (base)nuclear via Palo Verde (base)

via Haynes (intermediate)

natural gas via Harbor (peak)

via Scattergood (intermediate) via Valley (peak)

8 “off peak” hours

16 “on peak” hours

winter daylightfall daylight

summer daylight hours

spring daylight

20%

40%

60%

80%

0%

100%

residential demand: 7.664 mil kWH 31%

industrial demand: 2.368 mil kWH 10%

commercial demand: 14.114 mil kWH 57%

UPC

Win

d

PPM

Ene

rgy

Hyp

erio

n D

iges

ter

Lope

z Ca

nyon

other: 0.472 mil kWH 2%

ELECTRICAL ENERGy NETWoRKSFrom the Receiving Stations and Step Down transformers the energy is dispersed with in the city by distribution lines. This network of low voltage lines consist of 8,685 miles of overhead and 6,200 miles of underground distribution lines, 300,000 power poles, and 100,000 overhead transformers carrying voltages less than 33kV.

ENERGY

ELECTRIC L.A.



140Path 65: the Pacific IntertieLADWP and Bonnieville Power Administration’s Electrical Power Exchange

Celilo Converter

Sylmar Converter

Lugo Transformer

Sylmar ConverterCelilo Converter

In Celilo the sink is 10.6 km from the converter in

Rice Flats and is a ring type electrode measuring 3255 meters in cir-cumference and made of 1067 cast iron anodes buried in a 2’x2’ trench.

The sink for Sylmar is located 48 km away, 1mile

off the pacific coast. It is a linear array of 24 horizontal electrode ele-ments made of silicon iron alloys suspended 1 meter above the ocean bottom embedded in concrete.

Hydro-Electric Generation Dams

HVDC Corridors across the landscape

John Day


LADWP PURCHASINGSELLINGSELLING

45 F50 degrees F

55 F60 degrees F

65 F70 degrees F

75 F80 degrees F

40 degrees F

0 “ rainfall

3.0 “ rainfall

.75 “ rainfall

1.5 “ rainfall

2.25 “ rainfall

00 degrees F

10 degrees F

20 degrees F

30 degrees F

-10 degrees F

6.0 “ rainfall

3.75 “ rainfall

4.5 “ rainfall

5.25 “ rainfall

6.75 “ rainfall

5 F

15 F

25 F

35 F

85 F

LA

SpokaneSpokane

LA

HVAC4,800-7,900 MW John Day and Lugo

HVDC3,100 MWSylmar to Celio

HVDC3,100 MWCelilo to Sylmar

April-N

ovember

Dec

embe

r-M

arch

non-

dire

ction

al

Pacific Intertie

HVDC Transmission LinesHVAC Transmission LinesHydro-Electrical Generation PlantElectrical Sink and System Grounding DeviceConverter Station

Hea

ting

Air

Cond

ition

ing

ELECTRICAL ENERGy NETWoRKSOver this entire system as much as 2/3 of the initial energy is lost before it reaches the customer. Most of the potential energy of the fuel source is lost in the conversion of heat energy into mechanical energy which can total as much as a 40% loss. This conversion is generally done through combustion of the fuel source (i.e. natural gas, coal, nuclear) to produce steam to turn a turbine. Fuel sources which use kinetic energy to turn a turbine (i.e. wind and hydro) have much lower energy losses. There is also a considerable about of energy consumed and lost within the generation plant power which accounts for another 5% of energy lost . In the step-up transformers and high voltage transmission there is generally 3-7% energy lost depending on type of transmission system (direct current or alternating current), the voltage of wires, and the distance traveled. DC lines generally only lose 3% /1000 miles , where AC loses 7.2%/300 miles for the same voltage . Lastly an additional 4-10% is lost in the step down transformers, distribution, and consumption.

ENERGY

ELECTRIC L.A.




177

Fiji Natural Artesian Water, 2009. http://www.fijiwater.comFood and Agricultural Organization. 1999. Understanding the Codex Alimentarius. Rome. http://www.fao.org/docrep/w9114e/w9114e00.htm.

General Accounting Office. 1991. Food safety and quality: Stronger FDA standards and oversight needed for bottled water. GAO/RCED-91-67, Washington, D.C. March.

Gleick, Peter H. The World´s Water, The Bienal Report on Freshwater Resources: 2004-2005. Island Press, Pacific Institute. http://www.worldwater.org

Gleick, P. H., and Cooley, H. S., Energy implications of bottled water, Pacific Institute, Environmental Research Letters.

Glennon, R. J. 2002. Water follies: Groundwater pumping and the fate of America’s fresh waters. Washington, D.C.:Island Press.

Health Canada. 2003. Bottled water questions and answers. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/food-aliment/mh-dm/mhe-dme/e_faqs_bottle_water_eng.html

International Bottled Water Association (IBWA). 2003. Industry regulation: The IBWA model code.

ELECTRIC L.A. _ 11 - 20Los Angeles Department of Power and Water Facts from their website: http://www.ladwp.com/

Los Angeles Department of Power and Water , 2007 Integrated Resource Plan – Fact Sheet: http://www.ladwp.com/

Department of Energy, The US Electric Power Industry Infrastructure: Functions and Components Department of Energy: http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/chg_stru_update/chapter3.html

Siemens, Solutions with HVDC for Bulk System Transmission and System Interconnection, December 2005.

M Shinozuka, X Dong, TC Chen, X Jin, Seismic Performance of Electric Transmission Network Under Component Failures. Grant by National Science Foundation. Published by 2006 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.

Locations of and pictures of LADWP Distribution Stations by Martin Krieger at School of Policy, Planning, and Development, USC. http://www-rcf.usc. Page662.html edu/~krieger/index_files/

Los Angeles Department of Power and Water. 2007 Integrated Resource Plan – Fact Sheet and Transmission and Distribution: http://www.ladwp.com/

Department of Energy, The US Electric Power Industry Infrastructure: Functions and Components Department of Energy: http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/chg_stru_update/chapter3.html

Department of Energy State and Nation Statistics: http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/st_profiles/california.

html, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/esr/table5.html

Department of Energy, Energy Consumption by Sector: Note 2: Electrical System Energy Losses http://www.eia.doe gov/emeu/mer/pdf/pages/sec2_n.pdf

Wikipedia, Pacific Intertie: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Intertie

US Climate Change and Technology Program 1.3 Infrastructure: High Temperature Superconductivity. “Average energy loss is 7.2% in transmission in US” (2005): http://www.climatetechnology.gov/library/2005/tech-options/tor2005-131-136.pdf

LADWP, 2009 Power Content Label: http://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/cms/ladwp000536.jsp, 2007 Integrated Resource Plan – Fact Sheet: www.lawp.com

LADWP , Report on the LADWP’s RPS Program, . December 9, 2003: and LADWP 2007 Green Power Report: www.lawp.com

Department of Energy State and Nation Statistics: http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/st_profiles/california.html, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/esr/table5.html

Dennis Silverman. California Electrical Energy: Peak Demand and Sources: California Energy Data: http://www.physics.uci.edu/~silverma/demand.html

Department of Energy: US Energy Sources: http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelelectric.html

TRANSMISSIoN LANdSCAPES _ 11 - 20LADWP Power Outages. Transmission and Distribution. http://tdworld.com/news/employee-causes-blackout/

High Voltage Underground Cable. Transmission and Distribution. http://tdworld.com/business/power_highvoltage_underground_cable/

Electric Blackouts. Transmission and Distribution. http://www.larouchepub.com/other/2006/3331elec_blackouts.html

NATURAL GAS _ 11 - 20Melvin A. “Natural Gas, Basic Science and Technology”. British Gas. 1988. London

California Energy Commision. “Natural Gas market Assessment”. State of California.2003.

INGAA. “America’s Natural Gas Pipeline Delivery Network”. www.ingaa.org. 2009

State of California - Department of Conservation. http://www.conservation.ca.gov/Index/Pages/Index.aspx

GAS To ENERGy 11 - 20Susan Strasser, Waste and Want: A Social History of Trash, (New York: Metropolitan Books, 1999), pp. 14-15

‘waste’. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/waste, accessed 12/14/2009

The Garbage Project and the “Archeology of Us”. http://traumwerk.stanford.edu:3455/17/174, accessed 12/14/2009

Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County. www.lacsd.org, accessed 10/27/2009

EPA’s Landfill Methane Outreach Program. http://www.epa.gov/lmop/, accessed 10/14/2009

Susan Strasser, Waste and Want: A Social History of Trash, (New York: Metropolitan Books, 1999), pp. 6

City of Los Angeles Bureau of Sanitation. http://www.lacitysan.org/, accessed 10/16/2009

City of Los Angeles Criteria for Landfills and Disposal Sites. http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/Regulations/Title27/ch3sb4a.htm, accessed 11/22/2009

Robert Johnson, “Wind Wings and Waste” in Waste Age, http://wasteage.com/Landfill_Management/managing-birds-blown-landfill-litter-200906/, accessed 11/22/2009

Amalendu Bagchi, Design of Landfills and Integrated Solid Waste Management 3rd Edition (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2004), pp. 246.

Center for Land Use Interpretation, http://www.clui.org/clui_4_1/lotl/v32/i.html, accessed 11/24/2009

Center for Land Use Interpretation, http://www.clui.org/clui_4_1/lotl/v32/i.html, accessed 11/24/2009

Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County, http://www.lacsd.org/info/waste_by_rail/default.asp, accessed 11/24/2009


“THE MEMORY HOLE HAS TEETH” BURNETT, RANDOLPH (Cabinet Magazine, #42: FORGETTING, 2011)

• article structure?

• tone, partitions, content?

• key classifcatory reflections,

indexes?

• key approach to trails/

technologies of information?

• odd claim & evidence forms?

• other (historical, conceptual,

literary, audience)?


“THE MEMORY HOLE HAS TEETH” BURNETT, RANDOLPH (Cabinet Magazine, #42: FORGETTING, 2011)

FIELD GUIDE

• developmental context?

• internal history?

• within expanded system?

• components of system?

• categorical kinds/types?

• comparisons

• absence (in specific contexts)

• what if (context, distribution)

• extend, finesse agreement

• dispute, disagree


IMAGE CREDITSsee articles listed in Weekly Readings.


EXPAND INTERESTS, INTERSECTIONS...Incorporate questions, attentive skimming & landscape topoi to Mattern’s survival skills

• developmental context?

• internal history?

• within expanded system?

• components of system?

• categorical kinds/types?

• comparisons

• absence (in specific contexts)

• what if (context, distribution)

• extend, finesse agreement

• dispute, disagree

• critique others’ projects

• follow footnotes

• explore local archives

• “ local museums/labs/sites

• locate/explore call# region

• skim specialized abstracts

• skim design/cultural journals

• “ policy/advocate journals

• look around, literally:

“No ideas but in things”

w.c.williams

• ‘natural’ hazards/crises• water quality• energy efficiency• micro-climates/habitats• soil conservation• stream restoration

• cross-cultural issues• collaborative design• common landscapes

• environmental design/public health• active living• outdoor comfort

• landscape urbanism• brownfield redevelopment• storm-water mgmt

• digital design media• virtual interfaces/pr presence• visualization methods• climate (change) simulation





STRUCTURE

• 20 MIN - individual summary - sketch

intial questions- target groups/sources

• 20 MIN- group additions/feedback

per project (order by coin toss)

• first 10 MIN: LATERAL IDEAS

• second 10 MIN: REFINE & FOCUS

• web/tree with post-it additions: add/

cross-out deleted avenues, inappropriate

concepts, too lengthy avenues

• photograph at end (for

documentation)

• full scheduling for homework

christopher distributed sewage alanna green roof (water systems)said solar roof (light/energy systems)jerome acoustics articulated (what’s at stake in sound?) andrea Informal settlement (NYC squatters or other infrastructural cases)marie homelessness (zoning, categorical deconstruction, adaptations)anina Institutional engagementseli public mediation&production/light performance kristen alterates to the urban forestjulia botanical mission creepgeoffry streams (evolving hydrological cycles)xiaochao roadkill/crossings (relocate/expand conflicts) fern hyperaccumulators zhuo brownfields as habitat (novel ecologies, social conflicts)steve wetlands (edge engagement) ashley water management or settlement conflicts

Print per person, Use as header for brainstorming column PROBLEM ARTICULATED

PROPOSAL/MAJOR QUESTION STATEMENT

GENEAOLOGY/ARCHIVAL INTERSECTIONMATERIAL CULTURE STARTING QUESTIONS/EXCAVATIONS

Print per person, Use as header for brainstorming column

ACTIVIST/GOVERNMENTAL INTERSECTIONCONFLICTS IN CODE, PROTOCOLS, STARTING QUESTIONS/EXCAVATIONS


ECOLOGICAL EXTRAPOLATIONSENVIRONMENTAL MODELS & SCENARIOS, STARTING QUESTIONS/EXCAVATIONS


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