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Design Development ofWater MonitoringSystems by UsingSensorsA Project Report



ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We wish to express our eep sense of gratitue from the bottom of

our heart to our guie Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy, Coordinator,

ClimaAdapt Project, WALAMAR! for his motivating iscussions!

overwhelming suggestions! ingenious encouragement an avice!

invaluable supervision! exemplary guiance throughout this project wor"

at WA#AM$AR%&

We woul li"e to exten our heartfelt than"s to Sri L. Narayana

Reddy "ar#, Director "eneral, WALAMAR! ' $n%ineer&in&Chie', !

( CAD Dept.! for giving us this great opportunity of ta"ing internship at

WA#AM$AR%&

We are immensely grateful to our )ice Chancellor Pro'. R ) Raja

*#mar "ar# for his encouragement an supporting in unerta"ing

internship in % ' (AD Department&

We are also than"ful to Miss. A. Sra+anthi "ar#, Water Mana%er an Mr. Pranith Garu, Ofce Assistant, WALAMAR! for

their constant bac"ing in all aspects of this project&

We are also grateful to M)S R*#A+D ,#,($R*+%(S! -yeraba for

their timely help in getting the re.uire components within the right time

at reasonable price&

We express our sincere than"s to all of our friens an our parentswho have patiently extene all sorts of help for accomplishing this

unerta"ing without whom it coul not have been achieve&



ABSTRACT

Achieving e/ective an e0cient management of water as the "ey to

human survival an evelopment has emerge as an urgent global

concern& $he reali1ation of the limite availability of water in space an

time uner conitions of ever2increasing pressures has cause esigning

of 3Moern4 Water Management initiatives that are globally manufacture

but implementable in local communities&

As ‘Water’ is a precious resource on the planet earth! proper Water

Management is necessary& 5or e/ective management of the water

monitoring shoul be one properly& Rapi avancement in the electronic

technologies will opens oor for this purpose& $he esigne system

broaly consists of three bloc"s& %n 6rst part! we use sensor to etect the

esire parameter! next we process the signal obtaine from the sensor

by Aruino! an electronic prototype platform! then re.uire comman will

be sent to gsm moule to sen the appropriate message to the concerne

mobile number at regular intervals of time& Project mainly focuses on

measuring water epth! measuring the soil moisture an measuring the

-umiity ' $emperature&$he total system will be installe in the given

6el an results will be tabulate!



GLOSSAR Ta!"e #$ C#ntent%

7& %ntrouction

8& Sensors

8&7& Sensors

8&8& $ypes of sensors

8&8&7 (ontact sensors8&8&79a:Soil moisture sensor

8&8&79b:$emperature an humiity sensor

8&8&8 +on contact sensors

8&8&8&9a: Ultrasonic sensor

;& Processing Platforms

;&7& Microcontrollers

;&8& Aruino Mega 8<=>

;&;& Why Aruino over Microcontrollers

?& $ransferring Mechanisms?&7& @SM2S%M >>

?&8& #(D isplay

<& Water epth measurement system by using ultrasonic sensor

<&7& %nterfacing ultrasonic sensor with Aruino

<&8& Ultrasonic sensor with #(D

<&8&7&(ircuit iagram

<&8&8&Aruino program

<&;&Ultrasonic sensor with @SM2S%M >>

<&;&7&(ircuit iagram<&;&8&Aruino Program



<&?&*utputs of the system

=& Soil moisture measurement by using contact sensor BBBB

=&7&%nterfacing soil moisture sensor with Aruino

=&8&Soil moisture sensor with #(D

=&8&7&(ircuit iagram=&8&8&Aruino Program

=&;&Soil moisture sensor with @SM2S%M >>

=&;&7&(ircuit iagram

=&;&8&Aruino program

=&?&Soil moisture sensor with #,D4s

=&?&7&%nterfacing les with Aruino

=&?&8&(ircuit iagram

=&?&;&Aruino program

=&<&*utputs of the system

C&$emperature an humiity of air measurement by using D-$77 sensor

C&7& %nterfacing temperature an humiity sensor with Aruino

C&8& D-$77 sensor with #(D

C&8&7&(ircuit iagram

C&8&8&Aruino program

C&;&D-$77 sensor with @SM2S%M >>

C&;&7&(ircuit iagram

C&;&8&Aruino program

C&?&*utputs of the System

&Eisual& %nstallation ) %mplementation

7>& (onclusions an 5uture wor"

77& Fibliography

78& Appenix



&. 'NTROD(CT'ON

Water is an essential resource for all life on the planet Water is the

"ey to evelopment an sustenance of all communities& Uner conitions

of increasing stress on this essential renewable but scarce natural

resource! e/ective an e0cient management of water is emerging as an

urgent contemporary issue& $he reali1ation of its limite availability in

space an time has necessitate the esigning of new globally viable

water management regimes aiming at stri"ing a balance between the use

of water as a basis for livelihoo an its protection to help ensure its

sustainability through present to future generations&

%f water is a basic resource necessary for sustaining all human

activities! its provision in the esire .uantity an .uality an at the right

time an place through a wor"able local water management system must

be regare as an omnipresent phenomenon&

Much e/ort in water resource management is irecte at optimi1ing

the use of water an in minimi1ing the environmental impact of water use

on the natural environment&



Successful management of any resources re.uires accurate

"nowlege of the resource available! the uses to which it may be put! the

competing emans for the resource! measures to an processes to

evaluate the signi6cance an worth of competing emans anmechanisms to translate policy ecisions into actions on the groun&

Pur)#%e #$ *#nit#rin+

Monitorin% has se+eral possile #ses-

• As a system of early warningG

• $o inform ecision! focus an orient political an policy reforms! an

to channel 6nancial resources in the most e/ective wayG

• $o trac" progress towar given objectives&

. SENSORS

./. What is a sensor0

A %en%#r is a converter that measures a physical .uantity an

converts it into a signal which can be rea by an observer or by an 9toay

mostly electronic: instrument&

A sensor is a evice! which respons to an input .uantity by

generating a functionally relate output usually in the form of an electrical

or optical signal& A sensorHs sensitivity inicates how much the sensorHs

output changes when the measure .uantity changes&

Sensors are use in everyay objects such as touch2sensitive

elevator buttons 9tactile sensor: an lamps which im or brighten by

touching the base& $here are also innumerable applications for sensors of

which most people are never aware& Applications inclue cars! machines!

aerospace!agriculture! meicine! manufacturing an robotics&

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactile_sensor



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics



$echnological progress allows more an more sensors to be

manufacture on a microscopic scale as microsensors using M,MS

technology& %n most cases! a microsensor reaches a signi6cantly higher

spee an sensitivity compare with macroscopic approaches&

.. ypes o' sensors-

Water monitoring sensors can be ivie into 8 types& $hey are

(ontact sensors! +on contact sensors&

../. Contact sensors-

(ontact sensors are electromechanical evices that etect changethrough irect physical contact with the target object& (ontact sensors!

• $ypically o not re.uire powerG

• (an hanle more current an better tolerate power line

isturbancesG

• Are generally easier to unerstan an iagnose&

,xamples are Pressure sensor! (apacitance sensor! Shaft ,ncoers!Fubbler

../1a2. Soil moist#re sensor-

W#r-in+ Princi)"e

Soil moisture sensors measure the water content in soil& All plants

nee water to grow an survive& Soil moisture sensors use to etermine

how much water are neee to irrigate the plants&

T)e% #$ %#i" *#i%ture %en%#r%

$here are two types of soil moisture sensor&*ne is frequency domain

sensor ! which has an oscillating circuit& %t measures the soil water content

by measuring the soilHs ielectric constant! which etermines the velocity

of an electromagnetic wave or pulse through the soil& When the soilHs

water content increases! the ielectric also increases! which can be use

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems



to estimate how much water the soil hols&$he other one is neutron

moisture gauge! which utilise the moerator properties of water for

neutrons& $he principle is that fast neutrons are emitte from a ecaying

raioactive source! an when they collie with particles having the samemass as a neutron 9i&e&! protons! -I:! they slow own ramatically&

Fecause the main source of hyrogen in soils is water! measuring the

ensity of slowe2own neutrons aroun the probe can estimate the

volume fraction of water content the soil hols&

S#i" *#i%ture %en%#r an/ )in /e%cri)ti#n

Pin De0niti#n

Ecc <E

@+D @+D

D> Digital output interface 9> an7:

A> Analog output interface

LM121 Dri3er

#M;; evice consist of two inepenent low voltage comparators

esigne speci6cally to operate from a single supply over a wie range of

voltages& *peration from split power supplies is also possible&$hese

comparators also have a uni.ue characteristic in that the input common2



moe voltage range inclues groun even though operate from a single

power supply voltage&

4eature% #$ LM121

• Wie single2supply voltage range or ual suppliesJ I8 E to I;= E or

K7 E to K7 EG

• Eery low supply current 9>&?< mA: inepenent of supply voltage 97

mW)comparator at I< E:G

• #ow input bias currentJ 8> nA typG

• #ow input o/set currentJ K; nA typG

• #ow input o/set voltageJ K7 mE typG

• %nput common2moe voltage range inclues grounG

• #ow output saturation voltageJ > mE typ& 9%sin"L ? mA:G

• Di/erential input voltage range e.ual to the supply voltageG

• $$#! D$#! ,(#! M*S! (M*S compatible outputsG

• Available in D%P! S*2! $SS*P! MiniS*2! an D5+ 8 x 8 mm

pac"ages&

..&5!6 7u*i/it an/ Te*)erature Sen%#r5D7T&&6

-umiity is the amount of water vapor in the air& Water vapor is the

gaseous state of water an is invisible& -umiity inicates the li"elihoo of

precipitation! ew! or fog&

D-$77 igital temperature an humiity sensor is a composite

Sensor contains a calibrate igital signal output of the temperature an

humiity& Application of a eicate igital moules collection technology

an the temperature an humiity sensing technology! to ensure that the

prouct has high reliability an excellent long2term stability& $he sensor

inclues a resistive sense of wet components an an +$( temperature

measurement evices! an connecte with a high2performance 2bit

microcontroller&

D7T&& %en%#r an/ )in /e%cri)ti#n



4eature%

#ow cost! long2term stability! relative humiity an temperature

measurement! excellent .uality! fast response! strong anti2interference

ability! long istance signal transmission! igital signal output! an precise

calibration&

Pr#/uct )ara*eter%

Re"ati3e 7u*i/it

Resolution 7= Fit

Repeatability K7 R-

Accuracy At 8<N( K< R-

%nterchangeability 5ully interchangeability

Response time 7 ) e 9=;: of 8<N( =s 7m ) s air =s

-ysteresis OK >&; R-

#ong2term stability OK >&< R- ) yr in

Te*)erature

Resolution 7= Fit

Repeatability K7 R-



Range At 8<N( K8N(

Response time 7 ) e 9=;: 7>S

E"ectrica" Characteri%tic%Power supply D( ;&<<&<E

Supply (urrent measurement >&;mA stanby=>Q A

Sampling perio more than 8 secons

A))"icati#n%

-EA(! ehumii6er! testing an inspection e.uipment! consumer

goos! automotive! automatic control! ata loggers! weather stations!

home appliances! humiity regulator! meical an other humiity

measurement an control&

... N#n C#ntact %en%#r%

+on2contact sensors are soli2state electronic evices that create an

energy 6el or beam an react to a isturbance in that 6el& Some

characteristics of non2contact sensorsJ

• +o physical contact is re.uireG

• +o moving parts to jam! wear! or brea" 9therefore less

maintenance:G

• @enerally operate fasterG

• @reater application exibility&

,xamples are Ultrasonic sensor!Raar sensor! BBBBB

..5a6. ("tra%#nic %en%#r

Fecause of the avantages of irectional ultrasonic transmitter!

irection! strength an easy to control! an no touch with the object being



measure etc&! it is wiely use in li.ui level measurement& %n the

measurement! ultrasonic pulse from the sensor 9transucer: to issue!

reecte by the surface acoustic wave sensor to receive the same after

the conversion into electrical signals! then! through the time of transmitting an receiving soun waves to calculate the istance from the

sensor to the measure object&

The )rinci)"e% #$ u"tra%#nic "i8ui/ Le3e"

*ea%ure*ent

Ultrasonic level meter

wor"s by ultrasonic pulse from the sensor 9transucer: is reecte by the

surface acoustic wave sensor to receive the same after the conversion

into electrical signals! then! through the time of transmitting an receiving

soun waves to calculate the istance from the sensor to the measure

object& $he relationship between the istance up to the object& # an the

reecting time $ is expresse by the following formula J

#L( x $)8

Where!

( is the velocity of sounG

# is the measure istanceG

$ is the time of transmitting an receiving sounwaves&



("tra%#nic Sen%#r

S)eci0cati#n%9

Wor"ing voltage <E D(

Wor"ing current max 7< ma

Wor"ing fre.uency ?>-

$emperature >T to =>T Ambient room temperature

*utput signal >2<E 9*utput high when obstacle inrange:

Sentry Angle max 7< egree

Sentry Distance 8 cm 2 <>> cm

-igh2accuracy >&;cm

%nput trigger signal 7>us $$# impulse

,cho signal output $$# PW# signal



Si1e ?<8>7< mm

Weight

Applications

Distance measurement&

Distance Ranging&

Robotics for mapping&

(olore #ine sensing

*bject)obstacle etection

M#/u"e W#r-in+ Princi)"e9

7: Supply %* trigger through supplying at least 7>us se.uence of high

level signal to start the rangingG

8: $he moule automatically sen eight ?>"h1 s.uare wave an

automatically etect whether receive the returning pulse signalG

;: %f there is signals

returning! echo pin will raise to certain uration

which is e.ual to the time ta"en by wave to reach the

object an to coming bac"&

Te%t /i%tance : ;7i+h "e3e" ti*e < S#un/ =e"#cit 51>?M@S6 @

N#te9



• $he moule is not suggeste to connect irectly to live supply! if

connecte! the @+D terminal shoul be connecte to the moule

6rst! otherwise! it will a/ect the normal wor" of the mouleG

•

When testing objects! the range of area shoul not be less than >&<s.uare meters an the surface plane as smooth as possible!

otherwise! it will a/ect the results of measuring&

1. PROCESS'NG PLAT4ORMS

3./ MicroControllers

A *icr#c#ntr#""er 9sometimes abbreviate C! uC or MC(: is a

small computer on a single integrate circuit containing a processor core!

memory! an programmable input)output peripherals& Program memory in

the form of +*R ash or *$P R*M is also often inclue on chip! as well as

a typically small amount of RAM& Microcontrollers are esigne for

embee applications! in contrast to the microprocessors use in

personal computers or other general purpose applications&

Microcontrollers are use in automatically controlle proucts an

evices! such as automobile engine control systems! implantable meical

evices! remote controls! o0ce machines! appliances! power tools! toys

an other embee systems& Fy reucing the si1e an cost compare to

a esign that uses a separate microprocessor! memory! an input)output

evices! microcontrollers ma"e it economical to igitally control even

more evices an processes& Mixe signal microcontrollers are common!

integrating analog components neee to control non2igital electronic

systems&

1.. Ar/uin# Me+a ?



Arduino Mega 2560 R3 Front View

Arduino Mega 2560 R3 Back View

Aruino is an open2source electronics prototyping platform base on

exible! easy2to2use harware an software& %t4s intene for engineers!

artists! esigners! hobbyists an anyone intereste in creating interactive

objects or environments&

What Ard#ino can do 0

Aruino can sense the environment by receiving input from a variety

of sensors an can a/ect its surrounings by controlling lights! motors!

an other actuators& $he microcontroller on the boar is programme

using the Aruino programming language 9base on Wiring: an the

Aruino evelopment environment 9base on Processing:& Aruinoprojects can be stan2alone or they can communicate with software

running on a computer 9e&g& 5lash! Processing!MaxMSP:&

$he boars can be built by han or purchase pre assembleG the

software can be ownloae for free& $he harware reference esigns

9(AD 6les: are available uner an open2source license! you are free to

aapt them to your nees&

Aruino receive an -onorary Mention in the Digital (ommunities

section of the 8>>= Ars ,lectronica Prix&

$he Aruino founers areJ Massimo Fan1i! Davi (uartielles! $om

%goe! @ianluca Martino! an Davi Mellis&

Ar/uin# Me+a ? Circuit9

*verview

$he Aruino Mega 8<=> is a microcontroller boar base on the

A$mega8<=> 9atasheet:& %t has <? igital input)output pins 9of which 7<

can be use as PWM outputs:! 7= analog inputs! ? UAR$s 9harware serial

ports:! a 7= M-1 crystal

http://www.massimobanzi.com/about/

http://www.blushingboy.org/

http://tigoe.net/

http://tigoe.net/

http://www.smartprojects.it/

http://dam.mellis.org/

http://www.atmel.com/Images/Atmel-2549-8-bit-AVR-Microcontroller-ATmega640-1280-1281-2560-2561_datasheet.pdf





http://tigoe.net/

http://tigoe.net/





http://www.atmel.com/Images/Atmel-2549-8-bit-AVR-Microcontroller-ATmega640-1280-1281-2560-2561_datasheet.pdf



*scillator! a USF connection! a power jac"! an %(SP heaer! an a

reset button& %t contains everything neee to support the microcontrollerG

simply connect it to a computer with a USF cable or power it with a A(2to2

D( aapter or battery to get starte& $he Mega is compatible with most

shiels esigne for the Aruino Duemilanove or Diecimila&

$he Mega 8<=> is an upate to the Aruino Mega! which it replaces&

$he Mega8<=> i/ers from all preceing boars in that it oes not

use the 5$D% USF2to2serial river chip& %nstea! it features the

A$mega7=U8 9A$megaU8 in the revision 7 an revision 8 boars:

programme as a USF2to2serial converter&

Revision 8 of the Mega 8<=> boar has a resistor pulling the U8

-WF line to groun! ma"ing it easier to put into D5U moe&

Revision ; of the boar has the following new featuresJ

7: Pino#t- ae SDA an S(# pins that are near to the AR,5 pin an

two other new pins place near to the R,S,$ pin! the %*R,5 that

allow the shiels to aapt to the voltage provie from the boar& %n

future! shiels will be compatible both with the boar that use the

AER! which operate with <E an with the Aruino Due that operate

with ;&;E& $he secon one is a not connecte pin! that is reserve

for future purposes&

8: Stronger R,S,$ circuit&;: Atmega 7=U8 replace the U8&

Su**ar

Microcontroller A$mega8<=>

*perating Eoltage <E

%nput Eoltage

9recommene:

C278E

http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Farduino.cc%2Fen%2FMain%2FArduinoBoardMega&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFZvqNXqm9aWsjTGv2Q1EdysnwBdw

http://arduino.cc/en/Hacking/DFUProgramming8U2







%nput Eoltage 9limits: =28>E

Digital %)* Pins <? 9of which 7< provie PWM output:

Analog %nput Pins 7=

D( (urrent per %)* Pin ?> mA

D( (urrent for ;&;E Pin <> mA

5lash Memory 8<= VF of which VF use bybootloaer

SRAM VF

,,PR*M ? VF

(loc" Spee 7= M-1

P#Fer

$he Aruino Mega can be powere via the USF connection or with

an external power supply& $he power source is selecte automatically&

,xternal 9non2USF: power can come either from an A(2to2D(

aapter 9wall2wart: or battery& $he aapter can be connecte by plugginga 8&7mm center2positive plug into the boarHs power jac"& #eas from a

battery can be inserte in the @n an Ein pin heaers of the P*W,R

connector&

$he boar can operate on an external supply of = to 8> volts& %f

supplie with less than CE! however! the <E pin may supply less than 6ve

volts an the boar may be unstable& %f using more than 78E! the voltage

regulator may overheat an amage the boar& $he recommene range

is C to 78 volts&

The )#Fer )in% are a% $#""#F%9

7: ='N9 $he input voltage to the Aruino boar when itHs using an

external power source 9as oppose to < volts from the USF

connection or other regulate power source:& ou can supply voltage

through this pin! or! if supplying voltage via the power jac"! access itthrough this pin&



8: <EJ $his pin outputs a regulate <E from the regulator on the boar&

$he boar can be supplie with power either from the D( power jac"

9C 2 78E:! the USF connector 9<E:! or the E%+ pin of the boar 9C2

78E:& Supplying voltage via the <E or ;&;E pins bypasses theregulator! an can amage your boar& We onHt avise it&

;: ;&;EJ A ;&; volt supply generate by the on2boar regulator&

Maximum current raw is <> mA&

?: @+DJ @roun pins&

<: %*R,5J $his pin on the Aruino boar provies the voltage reference

with which the microcontroller operates& A properly con6gure

shiel can rea the %*R,5 pin voltage an select the appropriate

power source or enable voltage translators on the outputs for

wor"ing with the <E or ;&;E&

Me*#r9

$he A$mega8<=> has 8<= VF of ash memory for storing coe 9of

which VF is use for the bootloaer:! VF of SRAM an ? VF of ,,PR*M

9which can be rea an written with the ,,PR*M library:&

ut an/ Out)ut9

,ach of the <? igital pins on the Mega can be use as an input or

output! using pinMoe 9:! igitalWrite 9:! an igitalRea 9: functions& $hey

operate at < volts& ,ach pin can provie or receive a maximum of ?> mA

an has an internal pull2up resistor 9isconnecte by efault: of 8>2<>

"*hms& %n aition! some pins have speciali1e functionsJ

Seria"9 > 9RB: an 7 9$B:G Serial 7J 7 9RB: an 7 9$B:G Serial 8J 7C 9RB:

an 7= 9$B:G Serial ;J 7< 9RB: an 7? 9$B:& Use to receive 9RB: an

transmit 9$B: $$# serial ata& Pins > an 7 are also connecte to the

corresponing pins of the A$mega7=U8 USF2to2$$# Serial chip&

E<terna" 'nterru)t%9 8 9interrupt >:! ; 9interrupt 7:! 7 9interrupt <:! 7

9interrupt ?:! 8> 9interrupt ;:! an 87 9interrupt 8:& $hese pins can be

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/PinMode

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/DigitalWrite

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/DigitalRead









con6gure to trigger an interrupt on a low value! a rising or falling ege!

or a change in value&

PWM9 8 to 7; an ?? to ?=& Provie 2bit PWM output with the

analogWrite 9: function&

SP'9 <> 9M%S*:! <7 9M*S%:! <8 9S(V:! <; 9SS:& $hese pins support SP%

communication using the SP% library& $he SP% pins are also bro"en out on

the %(SP heaer! which is physically compatible with the Uno!

Duemilanove an Diecimila&

LED9 7;& $here is a built2in #,D connecte to igital pin 7;& When the pin

is -%@- value! the #,D is on! when the pin is #*W! itHs o/&

TW'9 8> 9SDA: an 87 9S(#:& Support $W% communication using the Wirelibrary&

Ana"#+ 'n)ut%9

$he Mega8<=> has 7= analog inputs! each of which provie 7> bits

of resolution 9i&e& 7>8? i/erent values:& Fy efault they measure from

groun to < volts! though is it possible to change the upper en of their

range using the AR,5 pin an analogReference9: function&

$here are a couple of other pins on the boarJ

7: ARE4J Reference voltage for the analog inputs& Use with

analogReference9:&

8: Re%et9 Fring this line #*W to reset the microcontroller& $ypically

use to a a reset button to shiels which bloc" the one on the

boar&

C#**unicati#n

$he Aruino Mega8<=> has a number of facilities for communicating

with a computer! another Aruino! or other microcontrollers& $heA$mega8<=> provies four harware UAR$s for $$# 9<E: serial

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/AnalogWrite





communication& An A$mega7=U89A$mega U8 on the revision 7 an

revision 8 boars: on the boar channels one of these over USF an

provies a virtual com port to software on the computer 9Winows

machines will nee a &inf 6le! but *SB an #inux machines will recogni1ethe boar as a (*M port automatically& $he Aruino software inclues a

serial monitor which allows simple textual ata to be sent to an from the

boar& $he RB an $B #,Ds on the boar will ash when ata is being

transmitte via the A$megaU8)A$mega7=U8 chip an USF connection to

the computer 9but not for serial communication on pins > an 7:&

A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of

the Mega8<=>Hs igital pins&

$he A$mega8<=> also supports $W% an SP% communication& $he

Aruino software inclues a Wire library to simplify use of the $W% busG see

the ocumentation for etails& 5or SP% communication! use the SP% library&

Pr#+ra**in+9

$he Aruino Mega can be programme with the Aruino software9ownloa:& 5or etails! see the reference an tutorials&

$he A$mega8<=> on the Aruino Mega comes pre burne with a

bootloaer that allows you to uploa new coe to it without the use of an

external harware programmer& %t communicates using the original

S$V<>> protocol 9reference! ( heaer 6les:&

ou can also bypass the bootloaer an program the microcontrollerthrough the %(SP 9%n2(ircuit Serial Programming: heaerG see these

instructions for etails&

(SB O3ercurrent Pr#tecti#n

$he Aruino Mega8<=> has a resettable polyfuse that protects your

computerHs USF ports from shorts an overcurrent& Although most

computers provie their own internal protection! the fuse provies an

http://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/SoftwareSerial


http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/Wire

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/SPI


http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software

http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/HomePage

http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/Bootloader

http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/doc2525.pdf

http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/avr061.zip

http://arduino.cc/en/Hacking/Programmer




http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/Wire



http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software


http://arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/Bootloader

http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/doc2525.pdf








extra layer of protection& %f more than <>> mA is applie to the USF port!

the fuse will automatically brea" the connection until the short or overloa

is remove&

Ph%ica" Characteri%tic% an/ Shie"/ C#*)ati!i"it

$he maximum length an with of the Mega8<=> P(F are ? an 8&7

inches respectively! with the USF connector an power jac" extening

beyon the former imension& $hree screw holes allow the boar to be

attache to a surface or case& +ote that the istance between igital pins

C an is 7=> mil 9>&7=X:! not an even multiple of the 7>> mil spacing of

the other pins&

$he Mega8<=> is esigne to be compatible with most shiels

esigne for the Uno! Diecimila or Duemilanove&

1.1. Wh Ar/uin# #3er Micr#c#ntr#""er%

$here are many other microcontrollers an microcontroller platforms

available for physical computing& Parallax Fasic Stamp! +etmeiaHs FB28?!

Phigets! M%$Hs -anyboar! an many others o/er similar functionality&

All of these tools ta"e the messy etails of microcontroller programming

an wrap it up in an easy2to2use pac"age& Aruino also simpli6es the

process of wor"ing with microcontrollers! but it o/ers some avantage for

teachers! stuents! engineers an intereste amateurs over other

systemsJ

7: 'ne<)en%i3e 2 Aruino boars are relatively inexpensive compareto other microcontroller platforms& $he least expensive version of

the Aruino moule can be assemble by han! an even the pre2

assemble Aruino moules cost less than Y<>G

8: Cr#%%)"at$#r* 2 $he Aruino software runs on Winows!

Macintosh *SB! an #inux operating systems& Most microcontroller

systems are limite to WinowsH

;: Si*)"e, c"ear )r#+ra**in+ en3ir#n*ent 2 $he Aruinoprogramming environment is easy2to2use for beginners! yet exible



enough for avance users to ta"e avantage of as well& 5or

teachers! itHs conveniently base on the Processing programming

environment! so stuents learning to program in that environment

will be familiar with the loo" an feel of Aruino&?: O)en %#urce an/ e<ten%i!"e %#$tFare2 $he Aruino software is

publishe as open source tools! available for extension by

experience programmers& $he language can be expane through

(II libraries! an people wanting to unerstan the technical

etails can ma"e the leap from Aruino to the AER ( programming

language on which itHs base& Similarly! you can a AER2( coe

irectly into your Aruino programs if you want to&

<: O)en %#urce an/ e<ten%i!"e har/Fare 2 $he Aruino is base on

AtmelHs A$M,@A an A$M,@A7= microcontrollers& $he plans for

the moules are publishe uner a (reative (ommons license! so

experience circuit esigners can ma"e their own version of the

moule! extening it an improving it& ,ven relatively inexperience

users can buil the breaboar version of the moule in orer to

unerstan how it wor"s an save money&



>. TRANS4ERR'NG MEC7AN'SMS

>.&. GSMS'M 2??

@SM stans for @lobal System for Mobile (ommunication&$heS%M>> is a complete Zua2ban @SM)@PRS solution in a SM$ moule

which can be embee in the customer applications&5eaturing an

inustry2stanar interface! the S%M>> elivers @SM)@PRS

<>)>>)7>>)7>>M-1 performance for voice! SMS! Data! an 5ax in a

small form factor an with low power consumption& With a tiny

con6guration of 8?mm x 8?mm x ; mm! S%M>> can 6t almost all the

space re.uirements in your M8M application! especially for slim ancompact eman of esig

@SM 9@lobal System for Mobile: ) @PRS 9@eneral Pac"et Raio

Service: $$# [Moem is S%M>> Zua2ban @SM ) @PRS evice! wor"s on

fre.uencies <> M-! >> M-! 7>> M- an 7>> M-& %t is very

compact in si1e an easy to use as plug in @SM Moem& $he Moem is

esigne with ;E; an <E D( $$# interfacing circuitry! which allows User

to irectly interface with <E Microcontrollers 9P%(! AER! Aruino! ><7!

etc&: as well as ;E; Microcontrollers 9ARM! ARM (ortex BB! etc&:& $he bau

rate can be con6gurable from =>>277<8>> bps through A$ 9Attention:

commans& $his @SM)@PRS $$# Moem has internal $(P)%P stac" to enable

User to connect with internet through @PRS feature& %t is suitable for SMS

as well as DA$A transfer application in mobile phone to mobile phone

interface&

S'M2?? -e $eature% 9

4eature '*)"e*entati#n

Power supply Single supply voltage ;&?E [ ?&<E

Power saving $ypical power consumption in S#,,P moe is 7&<mA9 FS2PA2M5RMSL< :

5re.uency Fans S%M>> .ua2banJ @SM <>!,@SM >>! D(S 7>>!

P(S 7>>& $he S%M>> can search the ? fre.uencybans automatically& $he fre.uency bans also can



be set by A$ comman&

$emperature range +ormal operationJ 2;>N( to I>N(Restricte operationJ 2?>N( to 2;>N( an I> N( toI<N(97:

Storage temperature 2?<N( to I>N(SMS M$! M*! (F! $ext an PDU moe

SMS storageJ S%M car

S%M interface Support S%M carJ 7&E! ;E

$imer function Programmable via A$ comman

Physicalcharacteristics

Si1eJ 8?mm x 8?mm x ;mm WeightJ ;&?g

S'M2?? 4uncti#na" Dia+ra*

9$o be upate :

S'M2?? Pin De%cri)ti#n9

Seria"@P#Fer )#rt )in%9

P'N NAME '@O

DESCR'PT'ON DCC7ARACTER'ST'CS

COMMENT

EFA$ % $he power supply of S%M>> has to be asinglevoltage source of

EFA$L;&?E&&&?&<E& %t must beableto provie su0cientcurrentin a transmit burstwhichtypically rises to 8A

EmaxL ?&<EEminL;&?EEnormL?&>E

@+D

@roun

RBD % Receive ata



$BD * $ransmit ata

R$S % Re.uest to sen

($S * (lear to sen

DSR * D$R %

O)eratin+ *#/e%9

Moe 5unction

+ormaloperation

@SM)@PRSS#,,P

Moule will automatically go intoS#,,P moe if D$R is set to highlevelan there is no on air an noharware interrupt 9such as @P%*interrupt orata on serial port:&%n this case! the currentconsumption of moule will reuceto the minimallevel&%n S#,,P moe! the moule canstill receive paging message anSMSfrom the system normally&

@SM %D#, Software is active& Moule hasregistere to the @SM networ"!an the moule is reay to senan receive&

@SM $A#V (onnection between two

subscribers is in progress& %n thiscase! the powerconsumption epens on networ"settings such as D$B o/)on!5R),5R)-R! hopping se.uences!antenna&

P*W,RD*W+

+ormal shutown by sening the\A$I(P*WDL7] comman orusing the PWRV,& $he power management AS%(

isconnects the power supply fromthe baseban part of the



moule! an only the powersupply for the R$( is remaine&Software is not active& $he serial port is not accessible&*perating voltage 9connecte toEFA$: remains applie&

Antenna 'nter$ace9

S%M>> provies R5 antenna interface& An customer4s antenna

shoul be locate in the customer4s main boar an connect to moule4s

antenna pa through microstrip line or other type R5 trace which

impeance must be controlle in <>^& $o help you to groun the antenna!

S%M>> comes with a grouning plane locate close to the antenna pa&

$he Pin => is the R5 antenna pa&

• S%M>> material propertiesJ

• S%M>> P(F MaterialJ 5R?

• Antenna paJ @ol plate pa

'nter$acin+ GSMS'M 2?? Fith Ar/uin#

GSMS'M 2?? )in Ar/uin# )in

<E <E

@n @n

RxD $x>

$xD Rx>



>.. LCD /i%)"a

#(D stans for li.ui crystal isplay& $hey come in many si1es x7 !

x8 ! 7>x8 ! 7=x7 ! 7=x8 ! 7=x? ! 8>x8 ! 8>x? !8?x8 ! ;>x8 ! ;8x8 ! ?>x8

etc&



A## #(Ds will have J

,ight9: Data pins

E(( 9Apply <v here:

@+D 9@roun this pin:

RS 9Register select:

RW 9rea 2 write:

,+ 9,nable:

E,, 9Set #c contrast:

$he ata pins ta"es 2bit ata or comman from an external unit

such as microcontroller or Aruino&

=? 5Set Lc/ c#ntra%t6

$he best way to Set #(D contrast is to use potentiometer& $he

output of the potentiometer is connecte to this pin& Rotate the

potentiometer "nob forwar an bac"war to ajust the lc contrast&

RS5Re+i%ter %e"ect6

$here are two registers in every lc&



7& (omman Register

8& Data Register

C#**an/ Re+i%ter

When we sen commans to lc these commans go to (omman

register an are processe there&

Data Re+i%ter

When we sen Data to lc it goes to ata register an is processe

there&

When RSL7 Data Register is selecte&

When RSL> (omman Register is Selecte&

RW5Rea/ @ Write6

When RWL7 We want to rea ata from lc&

When RWL> We want to write to lc&

EN5Ena!"e %i+na"6

When you select the register9(omman an Data: an set RW9rea 2

write: now its time to execute the instruction& Fy instruction the 2bit ata

or 2bit comman present on Data lines of lc&$his re.uires an extra

voltage push to execute the instruction an ,+ 9enable: signal is use for

this purpose& Usually we ma"e it enL> an when we want to execute the

instruction we ma"e it high enL7 for some millisecons& After this we

again ma"e it groun enL>&

The /ata Fhich Fe %en/ t# #ur "c/ can !e an a")ha!et5%*a""

#r !i+6 , /i+it #r ASC'' character.



'nter$acin+ LCD Fith Ar/uin#

LCD )in Ar/uin# )in

7 @n

8 <E

; 7>"_

? 78

< gn

= 77

C +(

+(

+(

7> +(

77 8

78 ;

7; ?

7? <

7< <E

7= @n



NOTEJ

7& We can not sen an integer!oat!long!ouble type ata to lc

because lc is esigne to isplay a character only&

8& $he ata pins on lc carries only AS(%% 2bit coe of the character

to lc&

;& -ow ever we can convert our ata in character type array an sen

one by one our ata to lc&

?& Data can be sent using lc in 2bit >r ?2bit moe& %f ?2bit moe is

use! two nibbles of ata 95irst high four bits an then low four bits:

are sent to complete a full eight2bit transfer& 2bit moe is best use

when spee is re.uire in an application an at least ten %)* pins are

available& ?2bit moe re.uires a minimum of seven bits& %n ?2bit

moe! only the top ? ata pins 9?2C: are use&

. WATER DEPT7 MEAS(REMENT B (LTRASON'C SENSOR

.&.'nter$acin+ u"tra%#nic %en%#r Fith Ar/uin#

Ecc pin of the Ultrasonic Sensor is connecte to the <E pin of

Aruino! @+D

pin is connecte to the @+D pin! $rig pin is connecte to igital pin of Aruino an ,cho pin is connecte to igital pin C of Aruino&



("tra%#nic %en%#r Ar/uin#

Ecc <E

@n @n

$rig pin C

,cho pin

.. ("tra%#nic %en%#r Fith LCD

..&

Circuit

/ia+ra*9

.. Ar/uin# Pr#+ra*9

ìnclue O#i.ui(rystal&h

#i.ui(rystal lc978! 77! <! ?! ;! 8:G

const int trigLC G

const int echoLG

voi %etu)9:

Seria"&begin9=>>:G

lc&begin97=!8:G



voi "##)9:

lc&clear9:Glong timeDuration!cmG

pinMoe9trig!*U$PU$:G

igitalWrite9trig!#*W:G

elayMicrosecons9?:G

igitalWrite9trig!-%@-:G

elayMicrosecons97>:G

igitalWrite9trig!#*W:G

pinMoe9echo! %+PU$:G

timeDuration L pulse%n9echo! -%@-:G

cmL micro$ocms9timeDuration:G ))conversion of microsecons to

centimeters

Seria"&print9cm:G

Seria"&print9XcmX:G

Seria"&println9:G

lc&print9cm:G

lc&print9X cmX:G

elay97>>>:G

long micro$ocms9long microsecons:

)) $he spee of soun is ;?> m)s or 8 microsecons per centimeter&

)) $he ping travels out an bac"! so to 6n the istance of the

)) object we ta"e half of the istance travelle&

return microsecons ) 98 8:G

.1. ("tra%#nic %en%#r Fith GSM

5ollowing system will use ultrasonic sensor to measure the water

epth! then measure istance will be sent to given mobile number&

.1.&.Circuit /ia+ra*9



.1..Ar/uin# Pr#+ra*9

const int trigLC Gconst int echoLG

voi %etu)9:

Seria"&begin9=>>:G

Seria"&&begin9=>>:G ))Fau rate of the @SM)@PRS Moule Seria"&&print9XdrX:G

voi "##)9:

long timeDuration!cmG

pinMoe9trig!*U$PU$:GigitalWrite9trig!#*W:GelayMicrosecons98:GigitalWrite9trig!-%@-:GelayMicrosecons97>:GigitalWrite9trig!#*W:G

pinMoe9echo! %+PU$:G timeDuration L pulse%n9echo! -%@-:G

cmL micro$ocms9timeDuration:G

Seria"&print9cm:G Seria"&print9XcmX:G Seria"&println9:G

)) elay98>>>:G

Seria"&&print9XA$I(M@5L7drX:G elay97>>>:G Seria"&&print9XA$I(M@SLdXI7<?8>7?<=dXdrX :G ))+umber

to which you elay97>>>:G



Seria"&&print9cm:G ))$he text of the message to be sent Seria"&&print9XcmX:G elay97>>>:G Seria"&&write9>x7A:G elay98>>>>:G

long micro$ocms9long microsecons:

return microsecons ) 98 8:G

.>.Out)ut% #$ the %%te*

. SO'L MO'ST(RE MEAS(REMENT SSTEM

.&. 'nter$acin+ %#i" *#i%ture %en%#r Fith Ar/uin#



%n orer to receive the sense ata from the soil moisture sensor to

aruino! power supply of <E is provie from aruino by connecting Ecc of

sensor to <E of aruino an @+D of sensor to @+D of aruino&Reaings are

retrieve at analog pin of aruino by connecting A> of soil moisture sensorto any analog pin of aruino&$hose retrieve values are isplaye via #(D

isplay or sent as SMS using @SM2S%M >>&

S#i" *#i%ture%en%#r

Ar/uin#

Ecc <E

@n @n

A> A>

D> +(

.. S#i" *#i%ture %en%#r Fith LCD

..&.Circuit /ia+ra*9



...Ar/uin# )r#+ra*9

ìnclueO#i.ui(rystal&h#i.ui(rystal lc978! 77! 8! ;! ?! <:Gint soilL>G)) the setup routine runs once when youpress resetJvoi %etu)9: )) initiali1e serial communication at =>> bits per seconJ Seria"&begin9=>>:G

lc&begin97=!8:G

)) the loop routine runs over an over again foreverJvoi "##)9: lc&clear9:G )) rea the input on analog pin >J int sensorEalue L analogRea9A>:G sensorEalue L constrain9sensorEalue! ?<! 7>8;:G )) print out the value you reaJ ))Serial&println9sensorEalue:G

))map the value to a percentage soil L map9sensorEalue! ?<! 7>8;! 7>>! >:G

)) print out the soil water percentage you calculateJ Seria"&print9soil:G Seria"&println9XX:G lc&print9XSoil MoistureX:G lc&set(ursor9>! 7:G lc&print9soil:G

lc&print9X X:G



elay97>>>:G )) elay in between reas for stability

.1.S#i" *#i%ture %en%#r Fith GSMS'M 2??

.1.&.Circuit /ia+ra*9



.1..Ar/uin#)r#+ra*9

int soilL>G

)) the setuproutine runs oncewhen you press

resetJvoi %etu)9: )) initiali1e serial communication at =>> bits perseconJ Seria"&begin9=>>:G Seria"&&begin9=>>:G ))Fau rate of the @SM)@PRS Moule Seria"&&print9XdrX:G

)) the loop routine runs over an over again foreverJ

voi "##)9: )) rea the input on analog pin >J int sensorEalue L analogRea9A>:G sensorEalue L constrain9sensorEalue! ?<! 7>8;:G )) print out the value you reaJ ))Serial&println9sensorEalue:G

))map the value to a percentage soil L map9sensorEalue! ?<! 7>8;! 7>>! >:G

)) print out the soil water percentage you calculateJ

Seria"&print9soil:G Seria"&println9XX:G



elay97>>>:G )) elay in between reas for stability Seria"&&print9XA$I(M@5L7drX:G elay97>>>:G

Seria"&&print9XA$I(M@SLdXI7<?8>7?<=dXdrX :G ))+umber to whichyou

elay97>>>:G Seria"&&print9soil:G ))$he text of the message to be sent Seria"&&print9XX:G elay97>>>:G Seria"&&write9>x7A:G elay98>>>>:G

.>.S#i" *#i%ture %en%#r Fith LED%

.>.&.'nter$acin+ LED% Fith Ar/uin#9

#,D4s are connecte to the igital pins of the Aruino&$o avoi the

amage of #,D4s resistors are connecte in between the igital pins an

#,D4s&Positive terminal of #,D is connecte to the resistor an negative

terminal is connecte to the @n of Aruino&

.>..Circuit /ia+ra*9

.>.1.Ar/uin# Pr#+ra*9



int soilL>Gint le7L77Gint

le8L78Gint le;L7;G

voi %etu)9: p inMoe9le7!*U$PU$:G pinMoe9le8!*U$PU$:G pinMoe9le;!*U$PU$:G Seria"&begin9=>>:G

voi "##)9: int sensorvalueLanalogRea9A>:G sensorvalueLconstrain9sensorvalue!?<!7>8;:G soilLmap9sensorvalue!?<!7>8;!7>>!>:G Seria"&print9soil:G Seria"&println9XX:G igitalWrite9le7!#*W:G igitalWrite9le8!#*W:G igitalWrite9le;!#*W:G

if 9soilO;;: igitalWrite9le7!-%@-:G

else if 9soilL;; '' soilOL==: igitalWrite9le8!-%@-:G

else if 9soil==:



igitalWrite9le7!-%@-:G

elay97>>>:G

I. TEMPERAT(RE AND 7(M'D'T MEAS(REMENT B D7T&&

SENSOR

I.&. 'nter$acin+ Te*)erature an/ hu*i/it %en%#r Fith Ar/uin#

Ecc pin of D-$77 sensor is connecte to <E pin of Aruino!DA$A pin

of sensor is connecte to A> of Aruino an @n pin of D-$77 is

connecte to @n pin of Aruino&

D7T&& Sen%#r Ar/uin#

Ecc <E

DA$A A>

@n @n

I..D7T&& %en%#r Fith LCD

I..&.Circuit9



I...Ar/uin#

)r#+ra*9

ìnclue Oht&hìnclueO#i.ui(rystal&hè6ne htpin A>#i.ui(rystal lc978! 77! 8!;! ?! <:Ght D-$G

voi %etu)9:Seria"&begin9=>>:G

lc&begin97=!8:G

voi loop9:D-$&rea779

htpin:G Seria"&print9X(urr ent humiityL X:G Seria"&print9D-$&h umiity:G

Seria"&print9X X:G Seria"&print9Xtemperature L X:G Seria"&print9D-$&temperature:G Seria"&println9X( X:G lc&clear9: lc&print9X-umiityJ X:G lc&set(ursor9>!7:G lc&print9D-$&humiity:G lc&print9X X:G elay97>>>:G lc&clear9:G

lc&print9X$emperatureJX:G lc&set(ursor9>!7:G lc&print9D-$&temperature:G lc&print9X (X:G elay97>>>:G

I.1.D7T&& %en%#r Fith GSMS'M 2??

I.1.&.Circuit Dia+ra*9



I.1..Ar/uin# Pr#+ra*9

ìnclue Oht&hè6ne htpin A7ht D-$G

voi setup9:

Seria"&begin9=>>:G Seria"&print9\dr]:G

voi loop9: D-$&rea779htpin:G Seria"&print9XA$I(M@5L7drX:G elay97>>>:G Seria"&print9XA$I(M@SLdXI7<>>=<<=?dXdrX :G ))+umber towhich you

elay97>>>:G Seria"&print9X$emperatureJ X:G Seria"&print9D-$&temperature:G ))$he text of the message to besent Seria"&print9X ( X:G Seria"&print9X-umiityJ X:G Seria"&print9D-$&humiity:G Seria"&print9X X:G elay97>>>:G Seria"&write9>x7A:G elay97>>>:G

I.>.Out)ut% #$ the %%te*



&?. O!%er3ati#n% J C#nc"u%i#n%

• Robust covering shoul be provie&

• #ining shoul be given aroun the evice for heat proof an

shoc"proof&

• Ultrasonic sensor shoul not be installe near the ban"! as the water

near to the ban" may not be stable all the time&

• @raphical ata transmission such as MMS is not possible with

Aruino! Aruino compatible cameras are not ae.uately available

in the mar"et&

• %n the areas where the signal strength is less! power consumption by

the system is more! to overcome this one shoul go for other

networ"s! which are having high signal strength&

•

P#Fer ana"%i%9

2= &=

("tra%#nicA C#ntinu#u% C#ntinu#u%



+%* /i%)"a

& hr, hr%.1?*in@ %*%

("tra%#nic A /i%)"a

TWEET &.?

TWEET .?

CL'CK &.?

CL'CK .?

CL'CK 1.?

Li*itati#n%9• Range of the ultrasonic sensor use is ;mtrs only&

• Ultrasonic sensor can not be use! if it is to be implemente in the

stilling well because of the reason that Sentry angle is 7< egrees

only&

• While using the ultrasonic sensor ma"e sure that! the range area

shoul not be less than >&< s.& mtrs an surface plane shoul be as

smooth as possible&

• (anal epth may not be uniform&

• %f ow is not smooth! 9laminar ow:! measurement may not be

accurate&

•

&&. 4uture W#r-

As evice is going to install in the 6el! %t is better to go for solar

energy instea of epening on the batteries! So that evice will

wor" without interruption&

Use avance sensors to increase the range of the evice to install

it for reservoirs&

$o 6n alternative for jumper wires&



Ma"e the system to be ile in normal times! activate only when the

measurement is neee! $hus reucing the power consumption&

$o compute the volume of the water in the canal! consiering the

cross section of the canal an moving the sensor in eterministicway&

Automation of the gates if evice installe at the reservoirs!

Automation of the motors if the evice installe in the farming

6els&

%ncorporate the exhaust fan in the evice as heat sin"! to protect the

evice from heat&

Replace ultrasonic sensor with pressure sensor if evice to be

installe in the stilling well&

MiscellaneousJ

7& camera I aruino 2222 not compatible so go for raspberry pi&

B'BL'OGRAP7

&. Programming http J)) aruino &cc )en)Reference)-omePage

. mega 8<=> pin mapping iagram 2 9img7:

http J)) aruino &cc )en )-ac"ing )PinMapping 8<=>

1. 9aruino2mega8<=>R;2sch&pf:2 schematic iagram

http J)) aruino &cc )en )uploas )Main )aruino 2mega 8<=> R ;2 sch &pf




http://arduino.cc/en/Hacking/PinMapping2560

http://arduino.cc/en/uploads/Main/arduino-mega2560_R3-sch.pdf















































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