Designing Optical Infrastructures for IP Networks

7/28/2019 Designing Optical Infrastructures for IP Networks

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Copyright 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in USA.Presentation_ID.scr 1

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2948_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.


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Designing OpticalInfrastructures for IP Networks

Session OPT-231

444

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Market Trends

Fiber everywhere

Decreasing costs ofbandwidth

Optical infrastructure

New services


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POS MPLSPOS MPLS

ATM

IPIP

PPP/HDLCPPP/HDLC

SONET/SDHSONET/SDH

FiberFiber

IPIP

ATM/FRATM/FR

SONET/SDHSONET/SDH

FiberFiber

IPIP

POSPOS

SONET/SDHSONET/SDH

FiberFiber

IPIP

FiberFiberDWDMDWDM

UC PUC P

POS

622Mbps

DWDM

2.5Gbps POS

DWDM Channels

10Gbps POS

Mbps x 10Mbps x100Mbps Gbps x10G

Architecture Has Been Evolved at Every Two Years

to Increase the Capacity by Ten(10)

Architecture Has Been Evolved at Every Two Years

to Increase the Capacity by Ten(10)

Multiplexing, Protection, and Management at Every LayerMultiplexing, Protection, and Management at Every Layer

Evolution of InternetBackbone Architecture

Early 1990sEarly 1990s 19961996 19971997 2001200119991999

PPP Point to Point ProtocolPOS Packet Over SONET/SDHDWDM Dense Wave Division MultiplexingMPLS Multi-Protocol Label SwitchingUCP Unified Control Plane

IPIP

POS MPLSPOS MPLS

FiberFiber

DWDMDWDM

666

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Moving up the Services Value Chain

IP Router

Fiber

Lambdas

Wavelength Routing

SONET

Valu

eAddServices

ValueAddServicesTDM Services

?Services?Transit

? Services

ManagedBandwidth

OpticalTechnologies

OpticalTechnologies

L3 ServicesIP VPN

IP QoS


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Many EMS layers, and technologies

Service introductions synchronized with each layer

Service topology dependent

SONET Rings:Add/Drop Multiplexers,

Digital Cross Connects

Point-to-PointDWDM

ATM Mesh

IP Router Mesh

Complex CoreNetwork Management

888

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Depreciation31%

G and A7%

Sales andMarketing

13%

OAM and P49%

How to Build Better and

Cheaper Optical Internet?

OAM and P costdominates mostServiceProviders

budgets

Source: ARMIS 43-01 Reports and Probe Research, Inc.


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IP Routers Requiring Connectivity

Service Velocity

Create service velocity:

Intelligent networkelements, and

simplified OSS

Distributed networkdatabase

Circuit-routed,Ethernet-like

Inherent scalingService-driven topology

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Optical Technologies


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ServicePoP

ServicePoP

Metro NetworkConnects Customers

to Services

Core NetworkInterconnects PoPs

Core NetworkInterconnects PoPs

Physical RingsLogically Hub and Spoke

Fragmented MarketRapid Change

Physical Point-to-PointLogically Peered

Established MarketChange Emerging (Ring-Mesh)

IP+Optical Metro/Core Architecture

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Optical Transport Options

Dark fiber

SONET/SDH

DWDM

FiberFiber

DWDMDWDM

SONET/SDHSONET/SDH GEGE

IPIP


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Dark Fiber

Effective alternative if fiber plant capacity is not limited orthere is no need for bandwidth multiplication

Modest distance (80 Km or less)

No statistical gain

Considerations when deploying IP infrastructures overdark fiber

Fiber plantcapacity and topology

Power budgetsoptics reach

Signal loss (due to attenuation and dispersion)optics reach

Network design must address protection

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Effects of Jitter and Noise

Jitter Distorts the Signal in the Temporal Domain

Noise Distortsthe Signal in theAmplitude Domain

Error If SignalIs in This AreaError If SignalIs in This Area

SignalAmplitude

Time


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Optical Attenuation

Specified in loss perkilometer (dB/km)

0.40 dB/km @ 1310 nm

0.25 dB/km @ 1550 nm

Loss due toabsorption byimpurities

1400 nm peak due tohydroxyl (OH) ionabsorption

0.1

0.2

1.2 1.3 1.4

0.8

1

0.4

0.6

1.5 1.6 1.7

Wavelength, m

Loss,dB/km

1310

Window

1310

Window

1550

Window

1550

Window

161616

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Calculating Link Loss Budget

Link Loss Budget = Optical Power Budget

Design Margin

Power Penalties

Link Loss Budget = Optical Power Budget

Design Margin

Power Penalties

Optical Power Budget 26dB (OC-48c POS [1550nm])

Design Margin (EOL) 1dBPower Penalties 2dB (OC-48c POS [1550nm])

Connector and Splice 3dBLink Loss Budget 20dB


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Link Loss Budget Example

Tx

Rx

Fiber Distribution Panel

Fiber Distribution Panel

Transmitter Power2dB

Fiber Patch

Fiber Patch

Receiver Sensitivity28db

80KmFiberSpan

1dB

3dB

0.25dB/Km +1dB for Splice Loss

19dB1dB

20dB At Receiver

Link LossBudget 20dB

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SONET/SDH


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SONET

Widely deployed optical transporttechnology

TDM transmission

Optimized for voice traffic

Proactive fault and performancemonitoring capability

Fast restoration

? 50 msecs

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SONET/SDH Network Configurations

Four FiberBi-directional Ring

Traffic with NeighboringPattern, ReusableBandwidth

4FBLSR

Traffic with NeighboringPattern, ReusableBandwidth

Two FiberBi-directional Ring 2F

BLSR

RCV

TX

UnidirectionalPath Switched Ring

All Traffic Homing toa Central LocationUPSR

Linear Up to 16 Nodes, ADM

Point-to-Point Two Nodes, Terminal Mode


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Packet Over SONET (POS)

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WorkingRouter

WorkingRouter

WorkingRouter

ProtectRouter

W W

PPProtect

GroupProtocol

POS APS/MSP

APSAutomatic Protection Switching (APS)

SDHMultiplex Switching Protection (MSP)

Uses K1 and K2 byte; 1 + 1 Protection

SONET/SDHNetwork


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Dark Fiber

Section +Line OH

Section +Line OH

PathOH

PathOH

ConcatenatedPayload

ConcatenatedPayload

Flag8

Flag8

Address8

Address8

Control8

Control8

PPPPacket

PPPPacket

FC S16/32

FC S16/32

Flag8

Flag8 WDM

~~~~~~

POSPOS

EDGECore

EDGE

POS Applications

PoS Packet-over-SONET/SDH

Runs over dark fiber, SONET, or WDM

Enables transport mix and match

Provides efficient evolution pathfor incumbents

Provides optimized transport forgreenfield builds

Standards based

TDM

AD MAD M

AD MAD M

AD MAD M AD MAD M

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Dynamic PacketTransport DPT


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SRP-BasedLAN/MAN

Section +Line

Overhead

Section +Line

Overhead

PathOver-head

PathOver-head

MACMAC IP PacketIP PacketMACMAC IP PacketIP Packet

ConcatenatedPayload

ConcatenatedPayload

DPT Overview

New Layer 2 MAC protocol

Uses SONET/SDH framing

Bandwidth efficient

Fairness (SRP-fa)

Scalable

Fast protection switching

and service restoration

Multicasting and priority

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DPT

Ring

Dynamic Packet Transport

Maximize bandwidthefficiency

Bandwidth consumed onlyon traversed segment

Multiple nodestransmit concurrently

Fairness via SRP-fa

Self-healing through IPS Minimize provisioning

and configuration


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Dense Wave DivisionMultiplexing DWDM

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DWDM

Used to provide bandwidth multiplicationwhere fiber plant capacity is scarce

No protection on tributary side

Network design must address protection


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40km40km 40km40km 40km40km 40km40km 40km40km 40km40km 40km40km 40km40km 40km40km

120 km120 km 120 km120 km 120 km120 km

DWDM Transmission10 Gb/s

4 fibers 1 fiber32 regenerators 4 optical amplifiers

4 fibers 1 fiber32 regenerators 4 optical amplifiers

DWDM Offers Compelling EconomicsDWDM Offers Compelling Economics

DWDM for Fiber Gain

OA OA OA OA

OC-48OC-48

OC-48OC-48

OC-48OC-48

OC-48OC-48

OC-48OC-48

OC-48OC-48

OC-48OC-48

OC-48OC-48

TERMTERM1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR TERM

TERM

TERMTERM1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR TERM

TERM

TERMTERM1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR TERM

TERM

TERMTERM1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR

1310RPTR TERM

TERM

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Optical Networks


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Design Considerations (Backbone)

Infrastructure redundancy

Routers

Links

No single point of failure

Path redundancy

Load sharing

Protection

Capacity planning and traffic engineering

Topology

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Clocking and Synchronization

SONET/SDH

Network

PRC

ADMLinecardRxTx

Rx

ADM LinecardTx

Tx

Rx

Rx

LoopTimed

LoopTimed

Internal

Clock

LinecardLinecard RxTx

TxRx

Loop

TimedSwitch

Fabric

LinecardLinecardTx

Tx

Rx

Rx

Set clock source internal for back toback connections, dark fiber and DWDM

SDH ADM or termclocking derives from the Stratum 1source in the SDH network

Applies to both POS and SRP

Clock the router from Line Always!


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Regen Regen

OC-48POS/SRP (LR)

OC-48POS/SRP (LR)

80 Km80 Km80 Km

Extending the Distance

Use regenerator

3RRe-amp, Re-shape and Re-time

Can be used for both POS and SRP

Cisco regen supports IP over DCC for management 30 regens can be cascaded to get a distance of 2400 Km

(? 1500 miles)

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Fiber Plant

DWDM

SONET/SDH

Router

Optical Network Infrastructure


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Topology Options (Backbone)

Mesh

Full or partial

Point-to-point

POS

Ring

POS or SRP

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POPB

POPDPOPC

Full MeshPOPA

Primary path

Secondary/Load Share path


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Full Mesh

All the backbone routers are connected toeach other

Single hop from any backbone router tothe other

Depending on the number of routers in thebackbone, may require a lot of slots/ports

n(n-1)/2 ports

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POPB

POPDPOPC

POPA

Primary path


Partial Mesh (1)


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Partial Mesh

Each backbone router is connected to twoor more backbone routers

Multi-hop to some backbone router

Uses less slot/port and fiber compared tofull mesh topology

Cost effective

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Point to PointPOS

Point to point connection using POS

OC-3/STM-1OC-192/STM-64c

EncapsulationHDLC/PPP

Connecting to SONET/SDH

APS/MSP for protection

Connecting to DWDM or Dark fiber

Multiple links for load sharing and protection


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POPB

POPC

POPA

Primary path


DWDM

POPD

Connecting to DWDM

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POPB

POPDPOPC

POPA

Working

Protect

WW

PP

WW

PP

WW

PP

WW

PP

SONET/SDH

Connecting to SONET/SDH


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DPT PoP Design

OC-48/STM -16c

Internet Backbone

OC-192/STM-64c

POS

Internet Backbone

OC-192/STM-64c

POS

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MPLS


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Route Chosenby IP Routing

Protocol

Route Chosenby IP Routing

Protocol

Route Specified byTraffic Engineering

Route Specified byTraffic Engineering

Traffic Engineering with MPLS

Why traffic engineer?

Optimize link utilization

Specific paths bycustomer or class

Balance traffic load

Traffic followspre-specified path

Path differs fromnormally routed path

Controls packet flowsacross a L2 or L3 networkinfrastructure

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Unified (Optical) ControlPlane Overview


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NetworkElementNetworkElement

StandardBodyStandardBody

RoutingRouting SignalingSignaling AvailableAvailable

OpticalCross Connect

OpticalCross Connect

MPLSIP-LSR

None

ATMForum

IETF

Proprietary

PNNI

ConstraintBased

Proprietary

PNNI

LDP/RSVP

FutureFuture

DeployedDeployed

DeployedDeployed

Existing Control Planes

Separate control planes exist for L1/2/3

Limited communication creates isolation

Results in an overlay network model

Source: John DrakeMPLS Conference 1999

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UCP Protocols Standards Summary

Drafts as of January 2001

FunctionFunction MP ? S/GMPLSMP ? S/GMPLS O-UNIO-UNI G.ASONG.ASON

Routing ProtocolRouting Protocol

SignalingSignaling

LinkManagement,Verification,NeighborDiscovery, Etc.

LinkManagement,Verification,NeighborDiscovery, Etc.

IGP TE ExtensionsIGP TE Extensions

RSVP/CR-LDPExtensions


LMPLMP

N/AN/A

ModelModel

Standards BodyStandards Body

Peer/OverlayPeer/Overlay

Peer/IETFPeer/IETF

LMPLMP

Overlay to PeerOverlay to Peer

OIFOIF



N/AN/A

Central Control,IP/ATM/SONET Clients

Central Control,IP/ATM/SONET Clients

OverlayOverlay

ITU-TITU-T

Out-of-bandClient UNI

Out-of-bandClient UNI

PeerPeer OverlayOverlayOverlay Is a Subset of the Peer Model


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ServicesServices

Network and Service Management

Unified Control PlaneUnified Control Plane

InternetworkingOperatin

gSystem

Packet Labels/VPI VCIPacket Labels/VPI VCI

Packets/CellsPackets/Cells

Wavelength RoutingWavelength Routing

DWDM TransportDWDM Transport

SONET/SDHSONET/SDH

??Labels??Labels

Unified Control Plane

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Control Plane Functions

Resource discovery

Connection management

Path set-up/tear down

Maintenance and monitoring

Topology/statedissemination

Reliable broadcast/Flooding Path Selection

Constraint-based routing


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OCP/UCP Technology Scenarios

UNI

Used to build point-to-point SVC-Like circuit set-up mechanism

Used to accelerate service delivery of IP or other service definitions acrossan optical overlay network topology

GMPLS

Used to enable standard protocol based circuit provisioning and restorationtechnique node by node within the interior of an optical transport network

Used to construct a multi-vendor optical transport network

Enables scalable node to node peering and full-mesh topologies

Allows for the administrative boundary of a UNI

Leverages existing IP network layer service definitions

Miscellaneous others

Pure IP Control Plane, Central Server Provisioning, GSMP (VSI)

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Optical Network Cloud

OC-48/STM16cOC-192/STM64c

OC-48/STM16cOC-192/STM64c

UCPUCPUCPUCPLayer 3: Packet CoreLayer 3: Packet Core

Unified Control PlaneUnified Control Plane

Benefits:

Network simplification: common framework for packets and wavelength s

Reduced provisioning costs

Increased service velocity

Fast path restoration

Evolution of Optical Core (IP over? )

with Unified Control Plane

Layer 1: Optical Core


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Customers

POPIntraconnect

Customer Ingress

Egress

OLSPs

Egress

Transit

Router + OXC: OpticalPass-through for IP Traffic

Transit Traffic forwardedthru OXCs

Offloads core routers ofper-packet transit processing

Frees up IP router resources forhandling customer traffic

One-hop O-LSPsacross core network

No intermediate per-packetprocessing lower latencyand jitter

Improved Network PerformanceImproved Network Performance

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Deploying IP Services


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Voice

Video

WWW

TV

E-Mail

SNA

Whats the Problem?

API to API service creation

Requirement for mobility

Full IP network services

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FDDIInternet

FDDIFDDI

WebFarm

Web

Farm

WebFarm

Many

Flows

Many

Flows

DurationDurationPush ServerPush Server

Complexitys an Issue


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IP Services: Essentials

Open standards

Scalability

Reliability

Manageability

Low latency

Network services

DNS, DHCP, hosting,

caching, AAA, numbertranslation, SCP, firewall,NAT, etc

IP QoS

IP traffic Eng

IP VPN

IP any-2-any

IP multicast

IP security

IP QoS

IP traffic Eng

IP VPN

IP any-2-any

IP multicast

IP security

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Services: The Challenge

The optical IP network needs to meet therequirements of the applications

Different services have differentrequirements:

Voice, videoconferencing, distancelearning-low latency, low jitter

Bulk data transfer-high bandwidth

Email-no demanding requirements


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Services: The Challenge

To ensure service quality, each applicationor flow, needs to be differentiated fromone another

Non time critical applications, e.g. www,could impact time sensitive applications,

such as voice or video

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2948_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 60 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

3005

1165_05_2000_c1

The Need forQoS in IP Networks

Consider Voice


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Traditional Voice Networks

CrossConnect

Class 5Switch

Class 4Switch

Class 4Switch

Class 5Switch

CrossConnect

ADM ADM ADM ADM ADM ADM ADM ADM ADM

SONET/SDH Rings and or ATM NetworkProvides Low Delay, Low Jitter, and

Protection, (BLSR/MSP Ring)

ADMADMADMADMADMADMADMADMADMADMADMADMADMADMADMADM ADMADM

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UnacceptableUnacceptable UtilityUtility BusinessBusiness TollToll

PCMPCM

Quality

Bandwidth(kbps)

8

16

24

32

40

48

56

64

0

ADPCM 32(G.723)

ADPCM 32(G.723)

LD CELP 16(G.728)

LD CELP 16

(G.728) LDCELP 16(G.728)LDCELP 16(G.728)

ADPCM 16(G.726)

ADPCM 16(G.726)LPC 4.8LPC 4.8

MPMLQ(G.723.1)MPMLQ(G.723.1)

Voice Quality:

Compression Standards

CS-ACELP 8(G.729)

CS-ACELP 8(G.729)


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Why Is It So Important toMinimise Delay?

Usability of Voice Circuit As a Function of End-to-end DelayUsability of Voice Circuit As a Function of End-to-end Delay

0

0.5

1

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Time (msec)

Utility

CB Radio

Fax Relay,Fax Broadcast

Toll Quality Satellite

I-PhoneToday

180 ms End to End

To Hit the Target:

Eliminate PC delay

Lower network latency

Tighten network jitter

To Hit the Target:

Eliminate PC delay

Lower network latency

Tighten network jitter

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Delay Considerations in

IP Networks

Codec

Packetization

Output Queuing

Access (Up) Link Transmission

Backbone Network Transmission

Access (Down) Link Transmission

Input QueuingJitter Buffer

Codec

Codec

Packetization

Output Queuing

Access (Up) Link Transmission

Backbone Network Transmission

Access (Down) Link Transmission

Input QueuingJitter Buffer

Codec


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Encoder/decoder Delay(Algorithmic Plus Processing and VAD) 30 ms

Waiting and Framing (10 ms Frames) 10 ms

Move to Output Queue Negligible

Wait in Queue (Depends on Queuing 08 msand Congestion)

Encoder/decoder Delay(Algorithmic Plus Processing and VAD) 30 ms

Waiting and Framing (10 ms Frames) 10 ms

Move to Output Queue Negligible

Wait in Queue (Depends on Queuing 08 msand Congestion)

Access up Link -Backbone-down Link Variable(1 ms Per 100 Miles)Access up Link -Backbone-down Link Variable(1 ms Per 100 Miles)

Move From Input Queue to DSP NegligibleJitter Buffer 4 Ms40 ms

Coder Process Delay

Move From Input Queue to DSP NegligibleJitter Buffer 4 Ms40 ms

Coder Process Delay

Total: (Excluding up Link, Backbone, and Down Link) 45 msTotal: (Excluding up Link, Backbone, and Down Link) 45 ms

Calculating a Delay Budget (G.729)

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What Is Referred to as QoS?

The following parameters are usuallyequated with QoS:

Bandwidth guarantees

Admission control

Delay

Jitter


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QoS with IP Class of Service

Implemented at network Layer 3

Media independent

Efficient use of available bandwidth throughstatistical multiplex

Bandwidth guarantees, delay, and jitter limits viaadvanced queuing mechanisms

Admission control only for applications that

need certain guarantees (gatekeeper)

Connectionlessno TDM

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Changing QoS Requirements

Changing applications change requirements

Classic voice requires dedicated 64k channelin TDM network

Voice over IP designed to work on IPtransport networks, can tolerate delay andjitter within limits

IP transport is inherently statisticallymultiplexed, but can limit delay and jitter tosuit VoIP applications


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VoIP in the Intranet today

PSTN

QoS IP

Optical Core

Edge

Branch Office

PBX

Larger Branch Office

Headquarters

PBX

I-PhoneH.323 S/W

Residential

POS

WWW VODContent

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VoIP Futures.

Headquarters

PBX

I-PhoneH.323 S/WOptical Network Cloud U

CP

UCP

UCP

PBX

Branch

Larger Office

Residential

WWW VODContent

PSTN


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Network Wide IP QoS

Packets are marked at the ingress or bythe application and carry theirclassification throughout the network

Core devices use this information toprovide required services

Easier to manage

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Congestion Issues

Routers by design can have congested linkswhen an interface is offered more load than itcan support for an extended period of time

This can cause three things:

Packet loss due to output queue overflowsome trafficmight be sensitive to it

Added and varying delay-real time applications

impactedBandwidth for some important datais insufficient


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Dealing with IP Congestion

Impact can be minimized thefollowing way:

Drop less important traffic beforehigh priority traffic

Handle delay sensitive traffic different thanbulk data

Ensure bandwidth for specific trafficis managed

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Edge Functions

Packet classification

Precedence setting with CAR

Bandwidth management

Rate limiting with CARTraffic shaping

L3 meteringNetFlow data export


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Backbone Functions

High-speed switching and transport

Distributed switching (CEF)

QoS enforcement

Congestion avoidance (WRED)Congestion management (MDRR)

QoS interworking

IP-ATM QoS interworking (VC per CoS)

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L3 CAR

Apply IngressRate Thresholds

Apply IngressRate Thresholds

DeterminePacket Class

DeterminePacket Class

AdministerPacket Class

AdministerPacket Class

Apply EgressRate Thresholds

Apply EgressRate Thresholds

Traffic Metering

WRED/MDRR

Premium Medium Standard

Summary of Network IP QoS

Packet

Classifier

Packet

Classifier

L3 CAR


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Summary

We have seen that it is very feasible with carefuldesign to deliver differentiated IP services over an opticalinfrastructure

Different service requirements; (Delay, Jitter Etc.)can be accommodated using the tools available,CAR,WRED,MDRR

Different traffic flows can be effectively marked, anddifferentiated from each other, enabling, Serviceproviders to Offer billable, robust, IP services to theircustomers

In the future the unified control plane will allowfor service velocity

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Questions ?


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Designing OpticalInfrastructures for IP Networks

Session OPT-231

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Please Complete YourEvaluation Form

Session OPT-231


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Designing Optical Infrastructures for IP Networks

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