Date post: | 11-May-2015 |
Category: |
Education |
Upload: | scott-conwell-faia |
View: | 3,417 times |
Download: | 1 times |
DESIGNING WITH TILE
presented by
International Masonry Institute
II. System components:
OUTLINE I. References
Substrates
Membranes
III. Movement control
V. New materials & technologies
IV. Coefficient of friction
VI. Installer qualifications
Setting materials
Tile
Grout
- LFT considerations
- Preparation
- Setting methods
- Mortar coverage
VII. Sustainability benefits
REFERENCES
ANSI A108/118/136 American National Standard Specification for the Installation of Ceramic Tile
ANSI A137.1-2008 American National Standard Specifications for Ceramic Tile
2013 TCNA Handbook for Ceramic, Glass, and Stone Tile Installation
SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Membranes
Setting materials
Tile
Grout
Substrates
- Walls
- Floors
2
3
4
1
5
SYSTEM COMPONENTS: TILE
1. Types of tile
Categories
Absorption
Size
2. Design and construction implications
of large format tile (LFT)
Warpage
Lippage
Bonding pattern
Grout joint width
Substrate preparation
TYPES OF TILE
Porcelain tile
Mosaic tile
Pressed floor tile
Quarry tile
Glazed wall tile
ANSI A137.1 American National Standard Specifications for
Ceramic Tile includes performance and aesthetic criteria for the
five major types of ceramic tiles:
Glass tile
Natural stone tile
The TCNA Handbook includes selections
guides and installation methods for all of
the above, and also includes:
TYPES OF TILE, ABSORPTION
Impervious
Vitreous
Semi-Vitreous
Non-vitreous
≤0.5%
0.5% to 3.0%
3.0% to 7.0%
> 7.0%
Porcelain
Pressed floor tile
Quarry tile
Glazed wall tile
ANSI A137.1
Have been sorted to meet manufacturer’s stated caliber (size) range; vary less in facial dimensions than most natural tiles, but can experience wide size variance.
Not sized or sorted mechanically; can very greatly in size.
TYPES OF TILE, SIZING CATEGORIES
Porcelain tile
Calibrated
Rectified
Pressed tile
Calibrated
Rectified
Natural
All edges are mechanically finished to achieve a more precise facial dimension; provide the least amount of facial dimension and squareness variance.
TYPES OF TILE, FACIAL SIZE
Standard
Mosaic
Facial area < 9 sq. in.
Any side > 15 in.
Large format
ANSI A137.1
LARGE FORMAT TILE
Any side ≥ 15”
12”x24” 24”x24” 18”x36” 24”x48”
18”x18” 16”x16” 12”x12” 6”x8” 8”x8” 4”x8” 6”x6”
TYPES OF TILE, FACIAL SIZE
ANSI A137.1
LARGE FORMAT TILE, ISSUES
Warpage
Lippage
Bonding pattern
Substrate tolerance
Coverage
Grout joint width
GROUT JOINT WIDTH
Grout joint width is a function of:
ANSI-established minimums
Tile’s facial dimension tolerance (range of tile sizes)
Tile’s edge warpage
12” x 12” porcelain tile, rectified
What is the minimum grout joint width?
12” ?
GROUT JOINT WIDTH
4.3.8 Grout joint size: To accommodate the range in
facial dimensions of the tile supplied for a specific project,
the actual grout joint size may, of necessity, vary from the
grout joint size specified. The actual grout joint size shall
be at least three times the actual variation of facial
dimensions of the tile supplied. In no circumstance shall
the grout joint be less than 1/16 in.
ANSI A108.02.4.3.8
GROUT JOINT WIDTH PER ANSI MINIMUM
ANSI A108.02.4.3.8
4.3.8 Grout joint size: To accommodate the range in
facial dimensions of the tile supplied for a specific project,
the actual grout joint size may, of necessity, vary from the
grout joint size specified. The actual grout joint size shall
be at least three times the actual variation of facial
dimensions of the tile supplied. In no circumstance shall
the grout joint be less than 1/16 in.
GROUT JOINT WIDTH PER TILE’S FACIAL DIMENSIONS
ANSI A108.02.4.3.7
GROUT JOINT WIDTH PER ANSI MINIMUM
Minimum widths per ANSI A108.02
GROUT JOINT WIDTH PER TILE’S FACIAL DIMENSIONS
12” x 12” (nom.) Porcelain tile, rectified
Dimension can vary ± .25% or .03 in.
Allowable variation = 12 in. x .0025 = .03 in = approx. 1/32 in.
Min. grout joint width = 3 x .03 = approx. 3/32 in.
GROUT JOINT WIDTH, LFT IN RUNNING BOND
ANSI A108.02.4.3.8.1
“For running bond/brick joint patterns utilizing tiles (square or rectangular) with any side greater than 15 in., the grout joint shall be, on average, a minimum of 1/8 in. wide for rectified tiles and, on average, a minimum of 3/16 in. wide for calibrated (non-rectified) tiles. The grout joint width shall be increased over the minimum requirement by the amount of edge warpage on the longest edge of the actual tiles being installed.”
12” x 24” (nom.) Porcelain tile, rectified
Grout joint width = 1/8 in. min., per ANSI A108.02.4.3.8.1
Longest edge warpage = 24 in. x .040 = .096 in. = approx. 3/32 in.
Min. grout joint width = 1/8 in. + 3/32 in. = approx. 7/32 in.
GROUT JOINT WIDTH, LFT IN RUNNING BOND
Conclusion: Don’t use large format tile in running bond!
BONDING PATTERNS LARGE FORMAT TILE
No offset
50% offset
33% offset
BONDING PATTERN
50% offset (running bond)
BONDING PATTERN
12” x 24” tile w/ 33% offset
BONDING PATTERN
LIPPAGE
Lippage: Condition where one edge of the tile is higher than the adjacent tile, giving the surface an uneven appearance.
1/32” – 1/16” lippage is considered acceptable, depending on grout joint width.
LIPPAGE
LIPPAGE
Mechanical edge leveling system
LIGHTING
Overhead lighting next to the wall creates harsh shadows, emphasizes lippage
Lights moved just one ceiling panel (24”) from wall
Locate light fixtures at least 24” away from the wall.
LIGHTING
Wall wash lighting accentuates lippage, which may be in the acceptable range
LIGHTING, DURING CONSTRUCTION
It that’s impossible, insist that permanent lighting type be placed in the permanent lighting location prior to installing tile.
It’s best if permanent lighting is in place prior to tile installation.
2.4 Backing surfaces
Ceramic tile can be installed over horizontal and vertical
building surfaces… Tile can be installed directly over
sound, clean, and dimensionally stable surfaces with one
of the thin-set methods, or with a mortar bed method.
SUBSTRATES
ANSI A108.1 General Requirements: Subsurfaces
and Preparations by Other Trades
2.0 General requirements for subsurfaces
SUBSTRATES
Almost any rigid surface
- Deflection criteria
Common substrates:
- Concrete
- Concrete masonry
- Cement board
- Plywood
- Wallboard
is important
SUBSTRATES, BACKER BOARDS
“Cementitious backer units are fiber glass mesh-reinforced
concrete construction units usually 7/16 in. minimum
thickness.” - ANSI A108 Introduction, 2.13
“A nailable/screwable backerboard or underlayment panel
which is composed of stable portland cement, aggregates,
and reinforcements that have a significant ability to remain
unaffected by prolonged exposure to moisture.” - ANSI A118.9.2.1
SUBSTRATES, BACKER BOARDS
Wonderboard (Custom)
Hardibacker (Hardi) DensShield (GP)
Durock (USG)
SUBSTRATES, BACKER BOARDS
Center backer board edges on framing
Stagger joints so 4 corners do not meet
Space between
panel ends & edges per manufacturer
Wall and Floor Methods in TCNA Handbook
Long dimension of CBU against framing
20 ga. steel studs, min., @ 16 o.c. spacing, max.
ANSI A108.11.5.1
SUBSTRATES, BACKER BOARDS
“CAUTION – Neither gypsum board, including water-resistant gypsum backing board, nor gypsum plaster shall be used in wet areas.”
ANSI A108.01.2.5.3.3
SUBSURFACE CONSIDERATIONS
2.1 General
The quality and cost of ceramic tile installations are
influenced by the stability, permanence, and precision of
installation of the backing or base material.
ANSI A108.1 General Requirements: Subsurfaces
and Preparations by Other Trades
2.0 General requirements for subsurfaces
SUBSURFACE CONSIDERATIONS
SUBSURFACE CONSIDERATIONS, FLATNESS
Proper coverage
The flatter the substrate, the easier it will be to achieve:
Minimal lippage
Acceptable flatness
Unacceptable flatness
Better bond
SUBSURFACE CONSIDERATIONS, FLATNESS
“For tiles with all edges shorter than 15 in., the maximum allowable variation is no more than 1/4 in. in 10 ft. and no more than 1/16 in. in 1 ft. from the required plane.”
“For tiles with at least one edge 15 in. or longer, the maximum allowable variation is no more than 1/8 in. in 10 ft. and no more than 1/16 in. in 2 ft. from the required plane.”
Standard size tile
Large format tile (LFT)
ANSI A108.02.4.1.4.3.4
Requirements for sub-floor surfaces and vertical surfaces to receive tile using one of the thin-set methods:
SUBSURFACE FLATNESS
SUBSURFACE FLATNESS
SUBSURFACE FLATNESS
Self-leveling underlayment (SLU)
Trowel applied patch (flash patch)
© 2013 CTEF, NTCA, IMI, IUBAC, TCAA
TESTING MODULE DRAWING 06.131.2101 REV. 1/21/13
FLOOR SUBSTRATE PREP/LARGE FORMAT TILE
1 2
3 4
FLOOR FRAMING DIAGRAM OSB DECKING
MEMBRANE MODULE PREPPED FOR TESTING
4’ x 8’ FLOOR FRAME CONSTRUCTED W/ DIMENSIONALLY STABLE LUMBER OR MICROLAM.
SHIM PERIMETER JOISTS IF NECESSARY, SO FRAME LIES FLAT ON SUBLFOOR
SLOPE FRAMING 3/4”
1/2” OSB SECURELY FASTENED TO DECKING TO SIMULATE OUT-OF-LEVEL CONCRETE
CLEAVAGE MEMBRANE OVER OSB FOR PROTECTION AND DISASSEMBLY
WOOD FRAMED WALLS W/ OSB SHEATHING
1/4” CEMENT BOARD NAILED TO OSB W/ 7/8” ROOFING NAILS; AVOID NAILING INTO FRAMING FOR EASY REMOVAL
© 2013 CTEF, NTCA, IMI, IUBAC, TCAA
5 6 FLOOR PATCH LARGE FORMAT TILE
TESTING MODULE DRAWING 06.131.2102 REV. 1/21/13
FLOOR SUBSTRATE PREP/LARGE FORMAT TILE
TROWEL-APPLIED SAND & CEMENT PATCH TO CORRECT FLOOR FLATNESS
12” x 24” PORCELAIN TILE LAID IN 1/3 RUNNING BOND IN THINSET MORTAR
Division 3 (FF method) vs. Division 9 (10 ft. straightedge method)
SUBSURFACE FLATNESS, DIVISION 3 vs. DIVISION 9
SUBSURFACE FLATNESS, DIVISION 3 vs. DIVISION 9
Division 3, Concrete
Concrete floors must comply with a floor flatness (FF) tolerance based on the ASTM E1155 Standard Test Method to Determine Floor Flatness and Floor Levelness Numbers
- FF of 20 is conventional
- FF of 35 is flat
- FF of 60 is superflat
- per ACI 117-06, is suitable for thin-bed tile installations
- however, FF of 35 will often have areas that
do not meet the required flatness for tile
SUBSURFACE FLATNESS, DIVISION 3 vs. DIVISION 9
Limitations of ASTM E1155 (FF method)
Measurement taken within 72 hours of concrete placement
- Before concrete curling and shrinkage
No measurement taken at construction, isolation, or control joints.
No measurement taken at column blockouts.
No measurement taken within 2 feet of perimeter of slab.
CONCRETE IS FLAT WHEN CAST IN PLACE CONCRETE IS FLAT WHEN CAST IN PLACE BUT CURLS AND SHRINKS AS IT SETS
Most curling is caused by shrinkage as the concrete dries
As the slab top shrinks, the bottom doesn’t, and the slab curls
Possible remedy: place more reinforcement at the top of the slab
SUBSURFACE FLATNESS, DIVISION 3 vs. DIVISION 9
SUBSURFACE FLATNESS, DIVISION 3 vs. DIVISION 9
Straightedge Method
Tile contractor checks individual areas with a 10-ft straightedge
1/4 in. in 10 ft. for standard tile
1/8 in. in 10 ft. for LFT
Often, floors that meet FF of 35 will have areas that do not meet these criteria.
Unless subfloor prep is required by the spec, or a bid allowance is included, tile contractor assumes a suitably flat floor will be provided.
SUBSURFACE FLATNESS
TCNA Handbook
“Project specifications shall include a specific and separate requirement to bring the subsurface into compliance if a thin-bed method is specified but subfloor does not meet the flatness requirements.”
Industry standards for tile finish flatness and lippage do not apply if the substrate does not meet required flatness tolerances for tile, unless tile contractor is authorized to correct substrate flatness issues.
2013 TCNA Handbook
SUBSURFACE FLATNESS
Tile contractor will document flatness issues and retain communications.
“As tile size increases, the effect of substrate irregularities is compounded. When specifying tile with any edge longer than 15”, consider specifying a recessed substrate and a mortar bed (thick-set) installation method to minimize lippage that results when a thin-bed method is specified but subfloor flatness requirements are not met.”
SUBSURFACE FLATNESS
TCNA Handbook
“…Mortars are designed as direct bond adhesives and are not intended to be used in truing or leveling underlying substrates or the work of others.”
SUBSURFACE FLATNESS
ANSI A118.4.2.1
SUBSURFACE PREPARATION
SUBSURFACE PREPARATION, CURING COMPOUDS
“Properly cure concrete slabs without using liquid curing compound or other coatings.”
ANSI A108.3.2.1.1
DEFLECTION
“Floor systems, including the
framing system and subfloor
panels, over which tile will be
installed shall be in conformance
with the IRC for residential
applications, the IBC for
commercial applications, or
applicable building codes.”
ANSI A108.01.2.3
For stone tile, refer to MIA; may
be as rigid as L/720.
DEFLECTION
2009 IBC, 1604.3.1
DRY-SET MORTAR
TILE OVER CBU ON WOOD SUBFLOOR DETAIL 09.03 REV. 04/16/07
© 2007 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
1-800-IMI-0988 www.imiweb.org
International Masonry Institute
masonry detailing series
(TCNA F144)
BACKER UNIT (CBU) CEMENTITIOUS
NAILED @ 6” O.C. W/ TAPED JOINTS,
1/8” GAP BETWEEN PLYWOOD SUBFLOOR;
PLYWOOD SHEETS
PORTLAND CEMENT DRY-SET OR LATEX-
MORTAR BOND COAT
CERAMIC TILE
1/2”
.044”
16” o.c. spacing
15’-0” span
Maximum (?) Floor Deflection = L/360
MEMBRANES
“… function as barriers to positive liquid water migration.”
ANSI A108 Introduction, 2.14, 2.15, 2.16
Waterproof membranes (ANSI A118.10)
Crack isolation membranes (ANSI A118.12)
“… isolate tile or stone from minor in-plane substrate
cracking.”
Sound reduction membranes (ANSI A118.13)
“… lower the transmission of sound from one room to the
room below.”
Each of these membranes may be bonded to a variety of
manufacturer-approved substrates, and may be trowel, liquid,
or sheet applied.
Prevent water from penetrating into the substrate or other flooring components below the membrane.
WATERPROOF MEMBRANES
ANSI A118.10, Load-bearing, Bonded, Waterproof Membranes
for Thin-set Ceramic Tile and Dimension Stone Installations
Contain and direct water to proper drainage
Protect setting bed, reinforcing wire (if used), concrete base, concrete reinforcing
Generally have polyester or fiberglass netting (a.k.a. “bonding fleece”) bonded to both sides of sheet which allow the membrane to be bonded to the substrate, and tile to be bonded to the membrane
WATERPROOF MEMBRANES, SHEET APPLIED
Typically made from chlorinated polyethylene, PVC, or other plastic materials
Product standard: ANSI A118.10
Installation method: ANSI A108.13
Some sheet applied membranes provide both waterproofing and crack isolation functions
Advantages
- No cure time before water test
WATERPROOF MEMBRANES, SHEET APPLIED
Disadvantages
- Used primarily for flat surfaces
- Generally require factory formed corners to avoid excessive thickness when folding
- Bonding seams between sheets can be challenging
- Consistency of quality and thickness
Some liquid applied membranes incorporate polyester or fiberglass fabric into the liquid applications for added strength and to help establish proper thickness
WATERPROOF MEMBRANES, LIQUID APPLIED
Typically made from asphaltic compounds, single- or dual-component polyurethanes; water- or resin-based two-part epoxies; single-component latex-based materials
Some liquid applied membranes provide both waterproofing and crack isolation functions
Advantages
- Can be applied to flat or irregular surfaces
- Can provide seamless installation
WATERPROOF MEMBRANES, LIQUID APPLIED
Disadvantages
- May be challenging to control the thickness
- May be challenging to mix two or three components
Without entraining air that can result in pinholes in the application
- Generally require several coats with required drying time in between
CRACK ISOLATON MEMBRANES
Provide a flexible barrier between tile and substrate that will prevent minor lateral movement or in-plane substrate cracks (up to 1/8”) from transmitting up through the tile finish.
Product standard: ANSI A118.12
Installation method: ANSI A108.17
Can be applied to existing cracks in the substrate
- Crack chasing
- Partial treatment
Can be applied “full bed” to entire area to receive tile
- Treats existing minor in-plane cracks in the substrate
- May prevent future cracks in substrate from telegraphing
CRACK ISOLATON MEMBRANES
© 2013 CTEF, NTCA, IMI, IUBAC, TCAA, TCNA
1 ASSESS EXISTING CONDITIONS
Instructions to Installer
• Plan installation of two membranes incorporating clamping ring drain and pipe penetration.
TESTING MODULE SHEET 06.131.2412 REV. 7/15/13
MEMBRANES
Page 3
© 2013 CTEF, NTCA, IMI, IUBAC, TCAA, TCNA
TESTING MODULE SHEET 06.131.2112 REV. 7/15/13
MEMBRANES
• Apply blue painter’s tape in center of floor and wall dividing two
areas.
• Pre-treat drains, penetrations, and corners.
• Apply membrane & fabric w/ connections to drain pipe
penetration and up walls 3” for sanitary base (no base to be
installed).
• Follow manufacturer’s recommendations.
Instructions to Installer
2 LIQUID APPLIED MEMBRANE (COAT 1)
Page 4
• Apply sheet membrane on right side of module.
• Provide appropriate connections to drain, pipe penetration, and
inside & outside corners.
• Extend membrane up walls 3” for sanitary base (no base to be
installed) and protect accordingly.
• Provide seam at midpoint between drain and pipe penetration.
• Follow manufacturer’s recommendations.
3 SHEET MEMBRANE
PROVIDE SEAM
• Apply second coat of liquid membrane after manufacturer’s
recommended dry time of first coat.
4 LIQUID APPLIED MEMBRANE (COAT 2)
ACT CERTIFICATION, MEMBRANES
ACT CERTIFICATION, MEMBRANES
INSTALLATION METHODS
ANSI A108 – Installation Standards
A108.1A
Installation of Ceramic Tile in the Wet-Set Method, with Portland Cement Mortar
A108.1B
Installation of Ceramic Tile on a Cured Portland Cement Mortar Setting Bed with Dry-Set or Latex-Portland Cement Mortar
A108.1C
Contractor’s Option: Installation of Ceramic Tile in the Wet-Set Method with Portland Cement Mortar or Installation of Ceramic Tile on a Cured Portland Cement Mortar Setting Bed with Dry-Set or Latex-Portland Cement Mortar
A108.4
Installation of Ceramic Tile with Organic Adhesives or Water Cleanable Tile-Setting Epoxy Adhesive
A108.5
Installation of Ceramic Tile with Dry-Set Portland Cement Mortar or Latex-Portland Cement Mortar
MO
RT
AR
BED
T
HIN
-SET
INSTALLATION METHODS
Generally 1¼” to 2½” thick
Mortar Bed (Mud Bed)
Can compensate for irregular substrate
Limits deflection
Thin-Set
Thinner installation
Prep time reduced
3/32” - 1/4” after embedment
Medium bed mortar may be 3/16” – 3/4” after embedment
INSTALLATION METHODS, MORTAR BED (MUD)
© 2009 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
FLOOR TILE DETAIL 06.130.0201 REV. 08/25/09
CEMENT MORTAR BED ON CONCRETE
DRY-SET OR LATEX-PORTLAND CEMENT MORTAR BOND COAT
WATERPROOF / ANTIFRACTURE MEMBRANE AS REQ’D
CONCRETE SUBFLOOR
CERAMIC TILE
MORTAR BED, 1¼” MIN. TO 2” MAX, W/ WIRE REINFORCEMENT
INSTALLATION METHODS, THIN-SET
© 2009 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
FLOOR TILE DETAIL 06.130.0202 REV. 08/25/09
THINSET ON CONCRETE OR CURED MORTAR BED
LATEX-PORTLAND CEMENT MORTAR BOND COAT
WATERPROOF / ANTIFRACTURE MEMBRANE AS REQ’D
CONCRETE OR CURED MORTAR BED
CERAMIC TILE
© 2013 CTEF, NTCA, IMI, IUBAC, TCAA, TCNA
1 ASSESS EXISTING CONDITIONS
Instructions to Installer
TESTING MODULE SHEET 06.131.2312 REV. 7/15/13
MUD WORK – FLOOR MODULE
2 FLOAT FLOOR
8’-0”
8’-
0”
Starting point to determine proper depth of mortar bed
Page 3
ALL WORK
TO BE
COMPLETED
FROM THIS
WORK AREA
• Establish level perimeter & spots around U-shape.
• Install wire mesh reinforcement.
• Float floor per TCNA Method F111 (Unbonded Mortar Bed).
• Thickness per spec.
• All work to be completed from designated work area only (No
work to be done from perimeter of 8’ x 8’ box).
• Provided 8-ft. square frame.
© 2013 CTEF, NTCA, IMI, IUBAC, TCAA, TCNA
Instructions to Installer
TESTING MODULE SHEET 06.131.2313 REV. 7/15/13
MUD WORK – WALL MODULE
ASSESS EXISTING CONDITIONS
1 2 FLOAT WALLS
Page 4
• Provided wood frame w/ gyp. bd. & cleavage
membrane pre-installed.
• Float walls per TCNA Handbook Method W222 –
Mortar Bed (One Coat Method).
• Thickness per spec.
• Tops of knee walls to be level and flat in both
directions.
ACT CERTIFICATION, MUD WORK
ACT CERTIFICATION, MUD WORK
ACT CERTIFICATION, MUD WORK
Porcelain tile
Dense body resulting
from fused feldspar
sand
Glazed ceramic tile
Impervious glaze over
clay body of varying
characteristics
SETTING MATERIALS, COMPATIBILITY W/ TILE
Glazed ceramic tile -
open pores
Porcelain tile -
closed pores
Microscopic view of tile’s surface
SETTING MATERIALS, COMPATIBILITY W/ TILE
SETTING MATERIALS, A118.4 vs. A118.15
2013 ANSI adds new spec for improved modified dry-set cement mortar (A118.15)
Increases clarity of mortar performance
Levels the playing field in low-bid contract
award
SETTING MATERIALS
A118.4 vs. A118.15
SHEAR BOND TEST
ANSI A118.4.7.2.3; ANSI A118.15.7.2.3
Medium bed mortar
SETTING MATERIALS, MEDIUM BED MORTAR
Minimize slump, facilitate thicker bond coats
Useful for setting heavy tiles, ungauged ties, and large format tiles
3/16” to 3/4” bond coat after tile is embedded
Not intended for truing or leveling
A product, not an installation method
SETTING MATERIALS, ORGANIC ADHESIVES
ANSI A108 Introduction
2.2.1 CAUTION – Although organic adhesives provide a
good bond for floor tile to substrates, they may provide
insufficient support under nonresidential loads, resulting
in the cracking of tile.
2.0 Notes for tile material, accessories, and definitions
COVERAGE
95% coverage req’d for interior wet areas and exteriors
80% coverage req’d
for interior dry areas
Key in mortar using flat side of trowel
Trowel in one direction to distribute mortar evenly and avoid trapping air
ANSI A108.5.3.3
COVERAGE
Troweling in swirl pattern may trap air and distribute mortar unevenly
Troweling in one direction results in better coverage and bond
COVERAGE
Backbuttering the tile
COVERAGE
“If 95% coverage is specified, back butter each tile with bond coat… The method used should produce maximum coverage with the corners and edges fully supported”
ANSI A108.5.2.5.4
COVERAGE
“Periodically remove and check a tile to assure that proper coverage is being attained.”
ANSI A108.5.2.5.4
COVERAGE
EXTERIOR OR WET INSTALLATION
• MIN. 95% COVERAGE
DRY INTERIOR INSTALLATION
• NO VOIDS WITHIN 2” OF TILE EDGES
• MAXIMUM SIZE OF VOID IS 2 SQUARE INCHES (APPROXIMATELY THE AREA OF A GOLF BALL).
• MIN. 80% COVERAGE
• NO VOIDS WITHIN 2” OF TILE EDGES
• MAXIMUM SIZE OF VOID IS 2 SQUARE INCHES (APPROXIMATELY THE AREA OF A GOLF BALL).
TILE (12” x 12” SHOWN)
THINSET MORTAR ADHERES TO BACK SIDE OF TILE WHEN TILE IS REMOVED FOR INSPECTION
MORTAR VOID, GOLF BALL-SIZED (APPROX.), MAX.
2” MAX., TYP.
2” MAX., TYP.
Inadequate mortar coverage
EXPANSION JOINTS, LOCATIONS
Provide at construction joints
Provide at control joints
- Cold joints
- Formed or sawed
Provide at isolation joints / building expansion joints
May be required where cracks have occurred in substrate
- Separating adjoining parts
EXPANSION JOINTS, SPACING
Interior exposed to direct sunlight
Exterior
• 8 ft. to 12 ft. o.c.
Interior
• 20ft. to 25 ft. o.c.
• 8 ft. to 12 ft. o.c.
- Temperature changes up to 100˚F - 1/2” wide expansion joint
- Temperature changes up to 20˚F
- Not exposed to moisture
ANSI A108.01.3.7
“Movement joints are required over all construction, control, and expansion joints in the backing and where backing materials change or change direction including terminations of tilework where it abuts restraining or dissimilar surfaces.”
ANSI A108.02.4.4.1
EXPANSION JOINTS, PERIMETER
EXPANSION JOINTS, PERIMETER
EXPANSION JOINTS, PERIMETER
Expansion joint profile at perimeter change in plane
EXPANSION JOINTS, PERIMETER
Expansion joint profile at vertical change in plane
No accommodation for movement at vertical change in plane
© 2009 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
WALL AND FLOOR TILE THINSET, CORNER CONDITION
DETAIL 06.130.1300 REV. 09/10/09
PERIMETER MOVEMENT JOINT
DRY-SET OR LATEX-PORTLAND CEMENT MORTAR BOND COAT
CONCRETE MASONRY W/ FLUSH JOINTS
CERAMIC TILE AT WALLS & FLOOR
MOVEMENT JOINT
AT INTERSECTING
WALLS
AT FLOOR / WALL
MOVEMENT JOINT
“Movement joints in the substrate shall be carried though the tile installation.”
ANSI A118.12.1.0
EXPANSION JOINTS OVER CONCRETE CJ
EXPANSION JOINTS OVER CONCRETE CJ
provide expansion
joints in tile over
concrete joints
EXPANSION JOINTS OVER CONCRETE CJ
provide expansion
joints in tile over
concrete joints
EXPANSION JOINTS OVER CONCRETE CJ
EXPANSION JOINTS OVER CONCRETE CJ
EXPANSION JOINTS OVER CONCRETE CJ
EXPANSION JOINTS OVER CONCRETE CJ
TILE PLACED IN CRACK SUPPRESSION MEMBRANE OVER CONCRETE CONTROL JOINT
TILE PLACED IN CRACK SUPPRESSION MEMBRANE OVER CONCRETE CONTROL JOINT CRACKS AND FAILS AS SLAB CURLS
EXPANSION JOINTS OVER CONCRETE CJ
TILE EXPANSION JOINT PLACED OVER CONCRETE CONTROL JOINT
TILE EXPANSION JOINT PLACED OVER CONCRETE CONTROL JOINT ALLOWS TILE TO MOVE WITHOUT CRACKING AS SLAB CURLS
EXPANSION JOINTS OVER CONCRETE CJ
CERAMIC TILE
MORTAR BED REINFORCED
WATERPROOF MEMBRANE CLEAVAGE OR
COMPRESSIBLE FILLER SEALANT, BACKER ROD, AND
THINSET MORTAR OR WOOD CONCRETE
TILE EXPANSION JOINT DETAIL 09.01 REV. 04/13/07
© 2007 INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
1-800-IMI-0988 www.imiweb.org
International Masonry Institute
masonry detailing series
1¼” – 2½” THICK
BOND COAT
EXPANSION JOINTS, CUT TILE VS. TOOTHED
ANSI A108.01.3.7.5
Cut tile for expansion joint Toothed expansion joint
EXPANSION JOINTS
Field applied w/ sealant Prefabricated profile
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
Coefficient of Friction (COF)
- Measurement of a tile’s frictional resistance
- Related to traction and slip resistance
Static Coefficient of Friction (SCOF)
Dynamic Coefficient of Friction (DCOF)
- Frictional resistance one pushes against
when already in motion
- Frictional resistance one pushes against
when starting motion
- Measures the ratio of forces necessary
to start two surfaces sliding
- Measures the ratio of forces necessary
to keep two surfaces sliding
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
SCOF (ASTM C1028) is no longer the accepted method
DCOF AcuTest (ANSI A137.1-2012, Section 9.6) is the new method
In 2012, the method for measuring COF for ceramic tile changed, per ANSI A137.1
- DCOF relates better to slips occurring
while a person is in motion
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
Minimum wet DCOF AcuTest value of 0.42 required for ceramic tiles for level interior spaces expected to be walked upon when wet.
Tiles with a wet DCOF AcutTest value of < 0.42 are only suitable for floor areas that will be kept dry.
Previously, there was no required value in ANSI A137.1 for wet floors (static or dynamic), although a minimum value of 0.6 wet SCOF, measured by ASTM C1028, was commonly specified for ceramic tile in commercial spaces.
Tiles that meet 0.60 SCOF may meet 0.42 DCOF; however, there is no direct relationships between the methods.
VENTILATED RAINSCREEN FACADES
Tiles up to 1 1/4” thick, up to 4’ x 4’
Mechanically anchored to structural backup, as exterior wall cladding
Mechanically anchored to structural backup, as exterior wall cladding
Ventilated, back-drained, rainscreen wall system
VENTILATED RAINSCREEN FACADES
VENTILATED RAINSCREEN FACADES
VENTILATED RAINSCREEN FACADES
Tiles can be easily removed and replaced, facilitating access to maintenance of internal wall components
Constructability research mockup
VENTILATED RAINSCREEN FACADES
Constructability research mockup
VENTILATED RAINSCREEN FACADES
VENTILATED RAINSCREEN FACADES
Hyatt Place, Chicago, IL
VENTILATED RAINSCREEN FACADES
First Bank & Trust, Skokie, Illinois
REDUCED THICKNESS TILE 3 mm to 6.5 mm thick
- Traditional tiles are 7 to 11 mm thick
Facial sizes up to 5 ft x 10 ft.
REDUCED THICKNESS TILE, CONSIDERATIONS
Handling and installation that take into consideration the lower breaking strength
Variation in manuf’r recommendations re. suitable substrates and applications; substrate prep.
Currently, no product or installation standards exist.
Setting material compatible w/ reinforcement on tiles
Prequalified installers; specialized tools
REDUCED THICKNESS TILE
Craftworker training at IMI
REDUCED THICKNESS TILE
Constructability research
Constructability research
REDUCED THICKNESS TILE
REDUCED THICKNESS TILE
Medical Mart, Commercial Tile & Stone, Cleveland, OH
REDUCED THICKNESS TILE
Medical Mart, Commercial Tile & Stone, Cleveland, OH
SUSTAINABILITY BENEFITS OF TILE
Low emitting Moisture tolerant
Improved life cycle Thermal mass Mold resistant
SUSTAINABILITY BENEFITS OF TILE
Developed by TCNA
Green Squared Certification
ANSI A138.1 product standard, a.k.a. Green Squared
Certified by one of three credible and widely recognized certification bodies
Contributes points toward several green ratings systems
- National Green Building Standard (ICC 700-2012)
- It is likely that LEED will soon acknowledge
SUSTAINABILITY BENEFITS OF TILE
Recycled content
Green Squared Certification Criteria
Regional availability
Indoor air quality
Exterior contribution / heat island effect
Cleaning and maintenance
Cleanliness and sterility
Life cycle performance
Energy reduction
Innovation
SUSTAINABILITY BENEFITS OF TILE
Toilet room renovations, before
CASE STUDY: FEDERAL BUILDING, CHICAGO, IL
CASE STUDY: FEDERAL BUILDING, CHICAGO, IL
Toilet room renovations, after
Photo credit: Hedrich Blessing/ Scott McDonald
CASE STUDY: FEDERAL BUILDING, CHICAGO, IL
“The heart of the tile trade will always
be the skill of the individual craftsmen.
This means that tile will always be a
trade; it will never be an industry.”
Alan Lippert, BAC tile contractor
and TCAA President 1990-1991
INSTALLER QUALIFICATIONS, TCNA HANDBOOK LANGUAGE
INSTALLER QUALIFICATIONS, IMI TRAINING
INSTALLER & CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATION LANGUAGE
“Journeyman Tile Layers Apprenticeship
Programs… Contractors that employ union
Journeymen Tile Setters can be found
through the Union Locals that list their
signatory contractors, primarily the
Bricklayer and Allied Craftworkers (BAC)…
“Every aspect of a tile installation relies on
the tile contracting company and its
installers.”
“The following non-profit programs are
well-established and recognized by the
Handbook Committee:
“Tile Contractors’ Association of America
(TCAA) Trowel of Excellence Program…”
“IMI Contractor College…
IN 2012 TILE COUNCIL OF NORTH AMERICA HANDBOOK
09 30 00 Tiling
SPECIFICATIONS
… the best hands
in the business!
IMI-TRAINED TILE, MARBLE, & TERRAZZO CRAFTWORKERS
DESIGNING WITH TILE
presented by
International Masonry Institute