o The desire to reach the eastdesire to reach the east where the goods were found led toled to improved navigationimproved navigation

o Italian traders created a monopoly (they controlled pricesItalian traders created a monopoly (they controlled prices) in the Holy Land (Muslim traders would trade only with Italian traders) o This made goods too expensive for most goods too expensive for most Europeans

o This led to improved navigation led to improved navigation to find an all water route to bypass the Middle Eastto bypass the Middle East

a. . Magnetic compassMagnetic compass - to determine direction

b. AstrolabeAstrolabe – was used to calculate position using the sun and stars

c. Sextant - used to determine latitude by pointing at horizon and using the suns position

d. CaravelCaravel - a ship with 3 masts, 2 square sails and a single triangular sail that moved to catch crosswinds

• Educated people believed the world was round

a.a. Portugal-1Portugal-1stst to search for an all water route to to search for an all water route to Asia Asia

b. They sailed southsailed south around Africaaround Africa

ReligionReligion as a Cause• Most western Most western

European nations European nations were Catholicwere Catholic– Catholic church

controlled by the Pope

• Pope & the Church Pope & the Church felt it necessary to felt it necessary to spread Christianityspread Christianity – Missionaries left Missionaries left

Europe Europe by the thousands to to Christianize the Christianize the worldworld

– European monarchs charted many voyages with this plan

• Spain wants in on the wealth– To share in the rich Asian

trade

– Spread Christianity

– Fame

– Gold, Glory, & GodGold, Glory, & God

• Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus– Sail west to reach AsiaSail west to reach Asia

• King & Queen accept his proposal

• Believed he found Asia

• Landed on the island of Hispaniola (Haiti)– Credited with Credited with

discovering the Ameridiscovering the Americas

Spanish ExplorationSpanish Exploration

• Spain & Portugal foughtSpain & Portugal fought over new lands– Almost came to war

• LineLine of Demarcation of Demarcation– Line drawn to divide the Line drawn to divide the

world between Spain & Portugalworld between Spain & Portugal– Portugal protested the

placement of the line

• Treaty of TordesillasTreaty of Tordesillas– Moved the Line Moved the Line of

Demarcation west– Portugal able to settle in New WorldPortugal able to settle in New World

Land Disputes Land Disputes in the New World

MercantilismMercantilism

• ColoniesColonies sole purpose to make money for the purpose to make money for the mother countrymother country

• A favorable balance of trade A favorable balance of trade for mother country– Colonies provide raw materialsColonies provide raw materials– Colonies served as new markets Colonies served as new markets for goods made in

the home country

Religious Rivalry Religious Rivalry • Reformation Reformation of Catholic church led to led to a

new form of Christianity (ProtestantismProtestantism)– Did not accept the Pope

• Caused widespread conflict in EuropeCaused widespread conflict in Europe– England (Protestant) vs Spain (Catholic)– Spanish Armada sent to restore control, but was

defeated & allowed England to colonize North America

Religious Rivalry in North AmericaReligious Rivalry in North America• Catholics from Spain and French spread faith among Natives

• Spanish Spanish settled in southwest and southeast in southwest and southeast America

• French French settled in northeast in northeast America

• Dutch and English Dutch and English set up Protestant colonies along along Atlantic CoastAtlantic Coast

Italians, Dutch, & French Italians, Dutch, & French only interested in tradingonly interested in tradingItalians, Dutch, & French Italians, Dutch, & French only interested in tradingonly interested in trading

English fished English fished (originally) (originally) offoff eastern CanadaCanadaEnglish fished English fished (originally) (originally) offoff eastern CanadaCanada

They created profitable industriesThey created profitable industries

Northwest PassageNorthwest Passage