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Introduction nuclear bomb(s)Some physics about the bomb(s)

(Historic) approaches to ban thebomb(s)Proposal by Sugawara et al.Some critical remarksConclusions

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1938: Discovery of nuclear fission by O. Hahn and F.Strassman1939: First theoretical explanation of fission by L. Meitner.Einstein and other scientists write to President Rooseveltabout efforts of Nazi-Germany to purify U-235US start Manhattan-Project led and sustained by manyfamous physicists (Oppenheimer, Bohm, Wigner, Bloch,Bohr, Franck, Fermi, Teller, Lawrence, Feynman, ...)Cost: 20 billion US$ (1996 equiv.)

.

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1938: Discovery of nuclear fission by O. Hahn and F.Strassman1939: First theoretical explanation of fission by L.Meitner. Einstein andother scientists write to President Roosevelt aboutefforts of Nazi-Germany to purify U-2 35

US start Manhattan-Project led and sustained bymany famous physicists (Oppenheimer, Bohm,Wigner, Bloch, Bohr, Franck, Fermi, Teller, Lawrence,Feynman, ...) Cost : 20 billionUS$ (1996 equiv.)July 16 , 1945: First atomic bomb test in New MexicoAugust 6 , 1945: Uranium bomb exploded over HiroshimaAugust 9 , 1945: Plutonium bomb over Nagasaki1949: First atomic bomb of USSR1958: First Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles by US

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Separation of U-235:Magnetic separation:UCl 4 in Cyclotron (E. Lawrence)Gaseous diffusion: UF 6 through porous filters (G. Groves)Gas centrifuges:

Critical Mass:Exact amount of material needed to sustain a chain

reaction depends on form and purity(~50 kg U-235, 16 kg P-239, 10 kg P-239 surrounded by U-238 )

Production of P-239:Neutron capture of U238 in reactor

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Energy release by fission (per nucleon):U-235, P-239: ~200 MeV

Number of neutrons per fission:U-235: ~ 2P-239: ~ 3 (!!)

Energy of fission neutrons:

U-238: 10 MeVU-235: 5 MeVP-239: 5 MeV

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1961: Resolution on Nuclear Weapons, United Nations A ny state using nuclear weapons is to be considered as violatingthe Charter of the United Nations, as acting contrary to the laws of humanity and as committing a crime against mankind and

civilization.

19 70 : Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) :

Each nuclear-weapon state undertakes not to transfer to any recipient whatsoever nuclear weapons Each non-nuclear-weapon state undertakes not to receive thetransfer of nuclear weapons 196 0s t 6 19 70s : SALT-I and SALT-II treaties : A greements between US and USSR to limit the number of

Intercontinental atomic missiles

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Number of nuclear missiles built : 70000 / 65 typesMore than 1 000 nuclear weapons tests

Fissile material produced: 100 tons Pu, 1000 tons highly enriched U7 declared Nuclear Powers, 2-3 probable more1962 edge of Nuclear War (Cuban Missile Crisis)20 documented mishaps which might have started nuclear war

accidentally

4 countries had their nuclear arsenals dismanteled (South Africa,

Ukraine, Kazhakhstan, Belarus)

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Uranium tamper

Plutonium core

initiator

trigger device

exploxive

reflector

HOW ??

VERY EASY!!: Neutrino beam targets the bombInteracting neutrinos cause hadronic showersShower cause fission reactions of the tamper U-238

and the P-239Slow neutrons from U-238 cause fission of P-239

Idea:Heat the bomb to 300C

Surrounding explosives explodeBomb fizzles away

nuclear bomb

neutrino beam

muon storage ring

W e discuss the possibility of utilizing the

ultra-high energy neutrino beam (1000 TeV) todetect and destroy the nuclear bombs wherever they are and whoever possess them.

H

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1016 fissions / 10 kg P-239

Edep } 10 MeV (typ. Energy of spallation neutrons) N fiss} 104 J on 0.1 m 2

Edep } IR ( t y ER y (R h/R R) y (d m Q/ER)-2 y A bomb 2

~ E R 4

I} 1014 for E R } 1000 TeV and ( t } 100 sec.

r beam } 1 m radiating with 1 Sv/sec.

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For neutrino part: HERWIG

For interaction of hadron shower with soil: GEANT4temperature increase of Plutonium system: MCNPX

With Prob. of ~ 1 get fizzle explosionwith 3% of full strength

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Injection system

Hazardous plane

Hazardous plane

Synchrotron A

Synchrotron B

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Required steering accuracy: 10 -7 ~ 0.1 micron / m(current effort towards construction of linear collider: 1 micron / m

Power consumption: Only neutrinos: 10 14 10 -19 1015 W } 10 GWCalculate with: 50 GW } whole capacity of Japanese nuclear power Radiation hazard: Two radiation planes cleared from air planes, etc.

Through earth: Only 10 -7 of whole energy deposited (and in 1 m 2)H-bomb much more complicated and more risky

Without invention of magnets of at least 100 Tesla totallyridiculous (need 1000 km circumference with 10 Tesla)

No single country will be able to afford it -> world project

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Have to know the current location of the bomb to precision of 1 m

Governments possessing the bomb might therefore not evengive money for a neutrino factory

Models of bombs are not adequate enough,higher risk of nuclear explosion

Governments possessing the bomb will never give money for that

Neutron yield unclear for possible bombs without U-238

If there is money, then probably only for enforcing non-proliferation

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2. Construction of muon collider beyond 10 TeV(Up to then, straight forward extension of current technology)

3. Construct muon collider of > 100 TeV and study the inner structureof the earth (completely new approach necessary)

4. Build muon collider with movable straight sections N.B.: In some models of extra-dimensions, neutrino interaction

cross-sections increase more rapidly with energy-> Dont need to go to 1000 TeV

(and destroy the bombs earlier )

1. Construction of neutrino factory (E < 1 TeV) and do physis(Neutrino masses, mixing angles, CP violation, Majorana properties)

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W e have shown that it is possible to eliminate the nuclear bombs from the surface of the earth utilizing the extremely high

energy neutrino beam.W

hen the neutrino beam hits a bomb, it will cause a fizzle explosion with 3% of the full strength.

No weapon of mass destruction, but no single country will be able to afford it by itself

Gero has to work even harder on extra-dimensions