Detail of Swedish immigrants passing through Boston on their way west. Newspaper engraving (1852).
NEXT
A New Spirit of Change,1820–1860
Immigrants settle in the United States, American literature and art develop, and reform movements have a major impact on the nation.
NEXT
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
The Hopes of Immigrants
American Literature and Art
Reforming American Society
Abolition and Women’s Rights
A New Spirit of Change,1820–1860
NEXT
Section 1
The Hopes of ImmigrantsIn the mid-1800s, millions of Europeans come to the United States hoping to build a better life.
Why People Migrated
NEXT
The Hopes of Immigrants
• Emigrants—people who leave a country
1SECTION
• Most immigrants make voyage to America in steerage
• Immigrants—people who settle in a new country
• Steerage—cheapest deck on ship, cramped conditions, filthy
• During mid-1800s, most immigrants come from Europe
Chart
Continued . . .
NEXT
1SECTION
• People immigrate because of push-pull factors
• Push factors—conditions that push people out of their native lands
Continued Why People Migrated
• Pull factors—conditions that pull people toward a new place
Continued . . .
NEXT
1SECTION
Continued Why People Migrated
• Pull factors include freedom, economic opportunity, abundant land
• Push factors include: - agricultural changes, landlords force tenants off land- crop failures, farmers unable to pay debts, families go hungry- Industrial Revolution puts many artisans out of work- religious, political turmoil causes religious persecution
Scandinavians Seek Land
NEXT
1SECTION
• Cheap land lures thousands of Scandinavians to U.S.
• In U.S., Scandinavians settle in Midwest, become farmers
• Swedish government restricts emigration, later cancels restrictions
Germans Pursue Economic Opportunity
NEXT
1SECTION
• Many Germans immigrate to Wisconsin; good climate for growing oats
• Some German Jews work as traveling salespeople
• Work as bakers, butchers, shoemakers, carpenters in cities
• Also settle in Texas, found town of Fredericksburg
• Germans largest immigrant group of 1800s, influence U.S. culture
Map
The Irish Flee Hunger
NEXT
1SECTION
• Most Irish immigrants are Catholic
• Causes famine—a severe food shortage, forces many to emigrate
• In 1845, disease attacks Ireland’s potato crop
• Immigrate in early 1800s to escape poverty, British mistreatment
• In U.S., Irish become city-dwellers, few skills, take low-paying jobs
• Compete with free blacks for backbreaking work that no one else wants
Map
U.S. Cities Face Overcrowding
NEXT
1SECTION
• Immigrants, native-born Americans flock to cities
• Immigrant groups set up aid societies to help newcomers
• Many people live in cramped, filthy apartment buildings
• Rapid urban growth causes housing shortage
• Politicians set up organizations to help arrivals find housing, jobs
Some Americans Oppose Immigration
NEXT
1SECTION
• Some native-born Americans fear immigrants will not learn American ways
• Prejudice—negative opinion not based on facts
• As a result, immigrants face anger, prejudice
• Others fear that immigrants will outnumber natives
Continued . . .
NEXT
1SECTION
• Nativists—native-born Americans who want to stop foreign influence
• Refuse to hire immigrants, vote for Catholics, immigrants running for office
Continued Some Americans Oppose Immigration
• Start political party, Know-Nothing Party, in 1850s
• Want to ban Catholics, foreign-born from holding office
• Want to cut immigration, have 21-year wait period for U.S. citizenship
• Elects 6 governors, then party quickly dies out
NEXT
Section 2
American Literature and ArtInspired by nature and democratic ideals, writers and artists produce some of America’s greatest works.
Writing About America
NEXT
2SECTION
• American writers are influenced by romanticism
• Romanticism—inspiration from nature, stresses individual, feelings
American Literature and Art
• American writers celebrate American wilderness
• James Fenimore Cooper writes adventure novels set in the wilderness
• Noah Webster publishes dictionary based on American-style English (1828)
• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s poetry celebrates the American past
Image
Creating American Art
NEXT
2SECTION
• American artists are influenced by romanticism
• John James Audubon sketches American birds, animals
• Albert Bierstadt paints majestic landscapes of the American West
• Hudson River school artists paint lush natural landscapes
• Enslaved African American David Drake signs the pottery he makes
• Enslaved African Americans make baskets, quilts, pottery
Image
Following One’s Conscience
NEXT
2SECTION
• Writer Ralph Waldo Emerson stresses self-examination, nature
• Emerson, Thoreau believe in transcendentalism:- spiritual world more important than physical world- find truth through feeling, intuition
• Henry David Thoreau writes about his life in the woods in Walden (1845)
Image
Continued . . .
NEXT
2SECTION
• Thoreau believes in following individual conscience
• Margaret Fuller argues for women’s rights in book, magazine
• Uses non-violent protest—civil disobedience• Peacefully refuses to obey unjust laws
Continued Following One’s Conscience
Exploring the Human Heart
NEXT
2SECTION
• Walt Whitman writes unrhymed poems that praise common people
• Whitman, Dickinson shape modern poetry
• Emily Dickinson writes poems about God, nature, love, death
• Edgar Allan Poe’s terrifying tales influence modern horror stories
• Herman Melville writes novel, Moby Dick
• Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter about love, guilt, revenge
NEXT
Section 3
Reforming American SocietyIn the mid-1800s, several reform movements work to improve American education and society.
A Spirit of Revival
NEXT
3SECTION
• Second Great Awakening—renewal of religious faith, 1790s, early 1800s
Reforming American Society
• Preachers speak at revivals—meetings to reawaken religious faith
• Revivalist preachers claim that anyone can choose salvation
• Claim sin is selfishness, religious faith leads people to help others
• Such teachings awaken a spirit of reform • Americans believe they can make things better
Chart
Temperance Societies
NEXT
3SECTION
• Temperance movement—campaign to stop alcohol consumption
• Temperance speakers get a million people to promise to give up alcohol
• Temperance workers hand out pamphlets, produce plays
• Heavy drinking is common in the early 1800s
• Business owners support temperance, want sober workers
• By 1855, 13 states pass laws to ban alcohol, most are repealed
Fighting for Workers’ Rights
NEXT
3SECTION
• Factory work is noisy, boring, unsafe
• Women go on strike—stop work to get better working conditions (1836)
• Labor union—workers who ban together, get better working conditions
• Women mill workers start labor union
• Many other strikes follow; depression hits (1837), jobs are scarce
• Labor movement falls apart, achieves a few goals
Improving Education
NEXT
3SECTION
• Horace Mann heads first state board of education in the U.S. (1837)
• Churches, other groups start many colleges; women cannot attend most
• A few Northern cities start public high schools
• Few colleges accept African Americans
• Illegal to teach enslaved person to read in the South
Caring for the Needy
NEXT
3SECTION
• Dorothea Dix pushes reforms for the care of mentally ill
• Thomas H. Gallaudet starts first American school for the deaf (1817)
• Reformers improve prisons: - separate children from main jails- call for rehabilitation of adult prisoners
• Samuel G. Howe starts Perkins School for the Blind (1830s)
Image
Spreading Ideas Through Print
NEXT
3SECTION
• Cheaper newsprint, steam-driven press lowers price of newspapers
• Average Americans can afford to buy “penny papers”
• Hundreds of new magazines appear
• Contain serious news, gripping stories of fires and crimes
• Ladies’ Magazine advocates education for women
Image
Creating Ideal Communities
NEXT
3SECTION
• Some people attempt to build an ideal society—utopia
• New Harmony, Brook Farm are two famous utopias
• Shakers set up a utopia, follow teachings of Ann Lee:- lead holy lives in communities- communities show God’s love- share, not fight
• Experience conflicts, financial difficulties last only a few years
• Depend on converts, adopting children to keep communities going
Image
NEXT
Section 4
Abolition and Women’s RightsThe spread of democracy leads to calls for freedom for slaves and more rights for women.
Abolitionists Call for Ending Slavery
NEXT
4SECTION
• Abolition—movement to end slavery, begins in the late 1700s
• Abolitionists demand a law ending slavery in the South
Abolition and Women’s Rights
• Free African American David Walker urges slaves to revolt
• William Lloyd Garrison publishes an abolitionist newspaper
• Sisters Sarah, Angelina Grimké lecture against slavery
• John Quincy Adams introduces anti-slavery amendment
Eyewitnesses to Slavery
NEXT
4SECTION
• Frederick Douglass speaks about his own experience of slavery
• Sojourner Truth flees enslavement, lives with Quakers who free her
• Publishes autobiography (1845), does lecture tour, buys his freedom
• Wins court battle to recover her son, speaks for abolition
Image
The Underground Railroad
NEXT
4SECTION
• Underground Railroad—aboveground escape routes from South to North
• Runaways usually travel by night, hide by day in places called stations
• Henry Brown escapes slavery by being packed in a box, shipped North
• Runaway slaves travel on foot, also take wagons, boats, trains
Image
Harriet Tubman
NEXT
4SECTION
• People who lead runaways to freedom are called conductors
• Enemies offer reward for her capture, is never caught
• Escapes slavery (1849), makes 19 journeys to free enslaved persons
• Harriet Tubman is a famous conductor
Women Reformers Face Barriers
NEXT
4SECTION
• Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton attend anti-slavery convention
• In 1800s, woman have few legal, political rights
• William Lloyd Garrison supports women’s right to speak
• Are not allowed to speak in public because they are women
• Stanton, Mott decide to demand equality for women
Image
The Seneca Falls Convention
NEXT
4SECTION
• Stanton, Mott hold Seneca Falls Convention for women’s rights (1848)
• Women’s rights movement is ridiculed
• Lists resolutions for women’s rights including suffrage—the right to vote
• Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions states men, women are equal
Continued Calls for Women’s Rights
NEXT
4SECTION
• Sojourner Truth speaks for women’s rights
• Susan B. Anthony builds women’s movement into a national organization
• Becomes first woman elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences
• Scientist Maria Mitchell starts, Association for the Advancement of Women
• By 1865, 29 states have laws that give women property, wage rights
• Supports laws that give married women rights to own property, earn wages
NEXT
This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button.
Print TextPrint Text
BACK
Print Slide Show1. On the File menu, select Print2. In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft PowerPoint
If the dialog box does not include this pop-up, continue to step 4
3. In the Print what box, choose the presentation format you want to print: slides, notes, handouts, or outline
4. Click the Print button to print the PowerPoint presentation
Print Text Version1. Click the Print Text button below; a text file will open in
Adobe Acrobat2. On the File menu, select Print3. Click the Print button to print the entire document, or
select the pages you want to print