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110.1515/hf-20130080 Hotzforschung 2014; 68(2): 223- 227
Short
Note
Guanyun Peng*, Zehui Jiang,
Xing e Liu*,
Benhua Fei,
Shumin
Yang, Daochun Qin,
Haiqing
Ren,
an u
and Honglan Xie
Detection
of
complex vascular
system
in
bamboo
node
by
X ray
CT
imaging technique
Abstract: Bamboo is
one
of the world s fastest growing
plants. They reach a final heigh t
of 15 40
m during a period
of
40-120 days. The full height
is
reached by intercalary
growth
of each
node. However,
it
is very difficult to detect
the complex vascular system in a bamboo
node
using tra
ditional methods. X-ray
computed
microtomography (.
CT)
is
a noninvasive novel approach to the three-dimensional
3D)
visualization
and
quantification of biological
struc
tures. In the present article,
CT has
been applied to pro
vide insights into the internal structure
of
bamboo node,
where three branches are connected. The picture obtained
could hardly be obtained by any other means. The bamboo
nodal
characteristics of three transverse
and
axial sections
are presented. The complex
3D
network of vascular bun
dles
has been
directly obtained for the first time.
Keywords:
3D
network
of
vascular systems,
bamboo
node,
vascular
system, X-ray
computed
microtomography
CT)
*Corresponding authors: Guanyun Peng, Shanghai Institute of
Appli ed Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204,
China; and International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing
100102, China, e-mail: [email protected]; and Xing e Liu,
International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China,
e-mail: [email protected]
Zehui Jiang, Benhua Fei, Shum n Yang, Daochun Qin and an Yu:
International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China
Haiqing Ren: Research Institute
of
Wood Industry, Chinese Academy
of
Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
Honglan Xie: Shanghai Insti
tute
of Applied Physics, Chinese
Academy
of
Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
ntroduction
Bamboo
is
one
of
the most
important
forest resources
(Peng
et
al. 2013). Bamboos belong to
the
subfamily
Bambusoideae
of
the family Gramineae. More than 1250
species,
under 75
genera, are known worldwide,
which
are
mainly distributed in th e tropical
and
subtropical zones
and
partly in the temperate
and
frigid zones. Bamboo
is
the
fastest-growing woody plant
and
matures
in
4- 8 years
(Jiang 2007). S ince the 1980s, the significance of bamboo
cultivation
and
utilization is increasingly being rec
ognized, mainly due to the
rapid
reduction of tropical
forests especially
in
China, India,
and
some
of the
South
east
Asian countries. Recent research
papers
show the
increased
and
permanent
interest
on bamboo
concerning
its chemical composition
and
utilization
Kim
et
al. 2008;
Lee
et
al.
2011; Sun et
al.
2011;
Qu
et
al. 2012; Vena
et
al.
2013; Wu
et
al. 2013), its fungal degradation Kim
et
al.
2011; Schmidt
et
al. 2011), the mechanical properties
of
single bamboo fibers (Yang
et
al. 2009; Yu
et
al. 2011),
and
its physical properties (Tsubaki
and
Nakano 2010).
The anatomy of
bamboo
is
the
scientific basis for
understanding
its properties
and
its optimal economic
utilization. Thus, there are also plenty
of
reports on the
anatomy
of
bamboo, which focused mainly on the
mor
phological
and
physiological characteristics
of bamboo
culm, which comprises internodes
and
nodes (Liese
1998). The anatomical structure
of
the internodes is better
investigated than
that of
the nodes.
Nodes belong to the basic anatomical character
istics of the Gramineae family. The bamboo
nodes
are
very unique, which distinguish
them
from
other
plants;
moreover, the nodes are species specific. One node
of
a
bamboo
culm usually consists of a
sheath
scar, a nodal
ridge, a diaphragm,
and the intranode
between the
nodal
ridge
and
the
sheath
scar. Bamboo
nodes
play a key role
in
its
rapid
growth. From the technical application
point
of
view, the
nodes
are important for the liquid movement
during
drying
and
preservation
as
well
as
for the physical
and
mechanical properties
of
culm. The function of the
bamboo node and
their structure received more attention
in the last
decades
(Shao
et
al. 2010; Xing
et
al. 2012) . Ding
and
Liese (1995) recorded
SEM
images from serial sect ions
of
the
bamboo node and
reconstructed
the
three-dimen
sional 3D)
image of the
bamboo nodal
region. However,
serial sectioning is not
only
time-consuming but also
can
lead
to artifacts due to the irregular thickness
of
the serial
sections
and manual
stacking
of
the series of images.
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G Peng et al : Detection
o
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X-ray computed microtomography CT)
has
a high
application potential in
plant
science
as
a noninva
sive
approach
for
3D
visualization, including the
leaf
(Kaminuma
et
al. 2008), stem (Stuppy
et
al. 2003), flowers
(Stuppy
et
al. 2003; Dhondt
et
al. 2010),
seed
(Cloetens
et
al. 2006), fruitage (Mendoza
et
al. 2007), just to
mention
a few. In
t C T
fixing, sectioning,
and
stainingare
not
neces
sary to produce a
3D
digital
map
of a specimen; thus arbi
trarily oriented sections
can
easily
be
visualized. During
the past decade there is a growing number of studies
on
nondestructive investigations using
CT,
including
anatomical details (Steppe et al. 2004; Trtik
et
al. 2007;
Mannes et al. 2010; Mayo et al. 2010), wood shrinkage
(Taylor
et
al. 2013), wood decay (Fuhr
et
al. 2012), defor
mations of wood (Forsberg
et
al. 2008), particle
board
panels (Sackey
and
Smith 2010), etc. For example, Steppe
et
al. (2004) presented the
CT
-derived
3D
image
of
beech
wood
Fagus sylvatica
and
oak
Quercus robur ,
which
clearly illustrated their complex internal vessel network.
In
the
present work,
CT with phase
-contrast imaging
techniques will
be used
for imaging two-dimensional 2D)
transverse
and
axial sections
and
the
3D
microstructure
of
a bamboo node. Phase-contrast imaging techniques
have two key advantages: first, light elements (showing
poor contrast in absorption radiography) can be easily
detected; second, this
method helps
to reduce the radia
tion dose deposited
on
the object
under
investigation. The
aim
of this study is to contribute further to the knowledge
of
bamboo node
anatomy
and
to establish
CT as
routine
methodology, which could contribute a lot for the rapid
observation
and
classification of
the
complex structure
of
nodes in
the versatile realm of bamboos.
Materials and methods
Plants
Bamboo, Pleioblastus
gozadakensis
Nakai, was sampled
from Chi
nese Anji Bamboo Species Garden Zhe jiang Province, China). This
bamboo species are mainly distributed
at
Southeast China, such as
Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Fujian provinces. Its diameter at breast height
DBH)
is approximately 1cm; height, 3-4 m; age, 3 years. The nodal
area, including 20
mm
below and above a sheath scar, was cut
from
the middle of a mature culm. A sample size of 7
mm
diameter was
used, and the sample was prepared by air-drying.
X ray computed
microtomography
This study was performed
at
Xradia lnc. s Demo Laboratory in Con
cord,
CA, USA.
The instrument used was MicroXCT-200, which is a
high-resolution, non-destructive
3D
X-ray imaging system. The lens
detectors provide superior contrast even for low absorption materi
als. The following parameters were used: 40
kV,
8
W,
100 s per image;
scan interval,
0
-
359
in
0.5
scan steps; view field,
9.3 mm;
each pix
el represents a linear resolution of 6 m. The sample is fixed on the
sample stage while running a tomography. Because of the area of the
bamboo samples, the detector and source are placed at a consider
able distance
to
allow a
fu
ll 360 rotation, which
li
mi
ts the maximum
view
field.
A
9.3
-
mm
vertical span \vas imaged, and the maximum
field
of
view for a 2x ob jective was
12
mm. The high-resolution mode
was applied. Automatic single- and multiple-point tomographies
were made \Vith the Xradia software Recipes; references and tomo
graphies are recorded automatically
for
each point, and 20 and 3D
images were generated.
Results
2
images of the
node
The
nodal
area is
presented
in Figure
la.
The tomographic
images were reconstructed by enlarging
721
X-ray micro
graphs. The images
of
the cross section in the area of
the three
branches
are shown
in
Figure lb and c, which
reveal
the anatomical
details. In Figure lb,
manyvascular
bundles
are
visible
with
axial connection,
whereas
a few
of them have transverse connections. The arrows repre
sent transverse vascular
bundles
. From the
periphera
l to
the inner zone of the stem the area of the fibers around
the
vascular
bundles gradually
decreases,
whereas
the
opposite is true for
the
vascular
bundles
.
All
vascular
bundles
in the internodes are axial
and
parallel
and do
not have
any
across vascular elements. Cross-connections
are present
in
the
area without pith
cavity. Figure
le
shows the
absence across
vascular
bundles in
the stem
or
in
branch I,
whereas both dispose
of
pith cavities. A few
cross-vascular
bundles in branch
III are
without
a pith
cavity.
The bamboo
nodal
axial section
is
depicted in
Figure
ld
. Here, there
are many
across
vascular bundles
with different characters. For example, between the nodal
ridge
and
the upper edge
of
the diaphragm, there
are
more fibers
around
the vascular bundles
than on
the
dia
phragm. This observation is consistent with
that of
Ding
and
Liese (1995).
3 network of vascular bundles
A
3D
image was
obtained by
adjusting the
opacity and
color scheme. Sections
of
the
bamboo
were cropped
and adjusted
to
show
the dispersion
of
the vascular
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DE
GRUYTER
G. Peng et a
l
: Detection of complex vascular system in bamboo node
5
5
6
9
10
II
12
13
14
re The
scanning area
of
the bamboo node and its
20
images. a)
The
scanning bamboo node. b,
c)
Cross-section images of the
bamboo node: b) the stem and the three branches connected to each other and containing many vascular bundles with axial connection
and a few with transverse connection arrows); c) there are no across vascular bundles in the stem
or
in branch I, both having
pith
cavities,
whereas a few cross-vascular bundles present in branch Il l are
without
a p
it
h cavity. d) Longitudinal section image of bamboo node: the
nodal ridge and t he upper edge of diaphragm around the vascular bundles have more fibers than the diaphragm. l=a rea imaged; 2=sheath
scar; 3=d iaphragm; 4=nodal ridge; 5=vascular bundle; 6=fibers; ?=vascular bundle; 8=fibers; 9=sheath scar; lO=across vascular bundles;
l
l=diap
hragm; 12=upper edge of the diaphragm; 13=nodal ridge; 14=fiber
s.
bundles in the 3D images Figure 2 . In Figure 2a, the
light areas indicate fibers,
nd
the
d rk
ones represent
vascular bundles. After inversion
of
Figure 2a, Figure 2b
b
was obtained, where the light areas represent the vas
cular bundl
es
. The main vascular
bund
les pass directly
tllrough the node, nd t the same time, a number of
201 0 Jll
gure 2 30 images of the fine structure
of
the bamboo node obtained by CT. a) The light areas indicate fibers. b) Inverted 30 volume
dis
persion of vascular bundles of bamboo node; inverted volume represents non nverted volume of a);
ligh
t areas represent vascular
bundles; dark areas represent fibers. As shown in the image, the vascular bundles pass directly through the node, and
at
the same time, a
number of small vascular bundles turn horizontally and twist repeatedly in the upper edge of the diaphragm.
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6
G.
Peng et al.: Detection
of
complex vascular system in bamboo node
DE GRUYTER
small
vascular bundles turn
horizontally
and
twist
repeatedly
in
the upper edge
of
the
diaphragm in
Figure
2b. The axial
and
horizontal
vascular bundles
form a
complex network structure.
iscussion
and conclusions
The complex
structure of
a
bamboo
node is readily visible
on the CT images. The depicted vascular
bundles
con
tribute to
tangential
and
axial transp ortation. The twist
ing contributes a lot to the mechanical properties
such
as high strength which is especially effective
against
cleavage. This
specia
l
structure
of
the
vascular
tissue
of
the nodes
is
essential
for
long
-
and
thin
-
shaped
bamboos,
which
tend
to split. The easily accessible 30 images of the
vascular
bundles
are excellent examples for biomimetic
materials.
The
rapid CT
methodology
has
significant advan
tages compared
with other
methods
of
vascular system
research (Zimmermann and Tomlinson 1966; Fujii
1993)
.
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not
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CT
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30
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Acknowledgments
The
authors wish
to thank the State
Forestry Administration, People s Republic
of
China, for
the Special Funding Projects of Forestry Nonprofit Indus
try Research (grant no . 201304513)
and
the financial
support
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the National
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the
Xradia Inc. for their technology support.
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