1

DETERMINATION OF CARBONYL COMPOUND GENERATED FROM ELECTRONIC NICOTINE DELIVERY SYSTEMS By: Madison Parker

2

3

E.N.D.SCartidge-nicotine and Propylene Glycol mixtureBattery-atomizes liquid Powered when user inhales Each system contains a battery, atomizer, and cartridge

4

SECOND GENERATION

5ATOMIZERS

6

THIRD GENERATION

7

8PROPYLENE GLYCOL

Generated by propylene oxide

Odorless

Low viscosity

Colorless

Preserve food, solvents, pharmaceuticals

9VEGETABLE GLYCERIN

Naturally extracted plant oils

Coconut oil, palm oil, soy

Odorless

Tinted color

Sweet smelling

More viscous than propylene glycol

10NICOTINE

Dependent drug

Can cause feeling of irritability, depression, and anxiety

Used in liquid form

Concentrations vary between 0-18 mg/ml

11

CHEMICAL REACTION THROUGH WHICH PROPYLENE GLYCOL/GLYCERIN FORMS ALDEHYDES

Glycerin C3H8O3 C2H3CHO + 2H2O

C3H4O H3CCHO + HCHO

C3H4O H3CCHO + HCHO

Propylene Glycol

C3H8O2 C2H5CHOAcrolein

Acetylaldehyde Formaldehyde

Acetylaldehyde Formaldehyde

Propionaldehyde

12

Acrolein

13

AFFECT OF ALDEHYDES ON THE BODY

Acrolein is the simplest carbonyl compound and the most toxic!

Occupational exposure-olfactory and ocular irriation

Long-term contact-extreme irritation mucous membranes and respiratory damage

Chronic exposure-irreversible damage to tissue lining in the respiratory tract

Rat study:103 ratsformaldehyde cell

carcinoma

Mice formaldehyde nasal tumors

14OVERVIEW OF OXIDATION OF GLYCEROL AND PROPYLENE GLYCOL WITH NICHROME WIRE CATALYST

15

MECHANISM OF GLYCEROL DEHYDRATION REACTION TO CARBONYL COMPOUNDS

16

17

MECHANISM OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL DEHYDRATION TO CARBONYL COMPOUNDS

18

19

DETERMINATION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS GENERATED FROM E-CIGARETTES BY HPLC

20

Carbonyl compounds found in e-cigarette vapors

21CONCENTRATIONS OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS FOUND IN 10 E-CIGARETTES

22Concentrations of key carbonyl compounds that were produced from 13 e-cigarette brands tested

23

THERMAL DEGRADATION OF NICHROME WIRE CATALYST

24

THE EFFECT OF NICOTINE SOLVENT AND BATTERY OUTPUT VOLTAGE ON CARBONYL COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN E-CIGARETTES

25

INGREDIENT LIST WITH NICOTINE CONCENTRATIONS FOR E-LIQUIDS USED

26

CARBONYL COMPOUNDS FOUND IN 10 E-LIQUID SOLUTIONS

27AFFECT OF BATTERY OUTPUT VOLTAGE ON CARBONYL COMPOUND YIELDS

28

CONCLUSIONS At the high temperatures that are required to vaporize these

solutions, unpredictable behaviors among the compounds take place and carcinogenic carbonyl compounds are being formed and inhaled

The inconsistency of the carbonyl compounds that are formed from the e-cigarette vapors suggests that at high temperatures there is a lot more interaction among the compounds within the solvents.

Increase in battery output voltage also proved that these toxic compounds can be produced in extremely high concentrations.

While it is known how the body is affected when these additives are consumed, it is not known how the body is affected when these additives are inhaled.

29FURTHER RESEARCH

Research should be performed to determine the behaviors of e-cigarette users. Experiments can be ran similarly to the e-cigarette user’s behavior so that results are more comparable

by standardizing the analysis of aerosol generation and collection of carbonyl compounds, this would allow for better comparisons of e-cigarette aerosols and cigarette smoke components.

30

REFERENCES VapeHit. E-liquid Facts. http://www.vapehit.co.uk/info.php?articles&articles_id=22 (accessed Oct. 25, 2015). Info Electronic Cigarette. Electronic Cigarette GLossery.http

://info-electronic-cigarette.com/electronic-cigarette-glossary/(accessed Oct. 21, 2015). Eversmoke Electronic Cigarettes. History of the Electronic Cigarette.

http://www.learn.eversmoke.com/history-of-electronic-cigarettes.html (accessed Oct. 21, 2015). Nguyen, David and Aamodt Gail. Electronic Cigarettes the Past, Present, and Future. Continuing Education Course.

DentalCare.com [Online] (October 1 2014). http://www.dentalcare.com/media/en-US/education/ce451/ce451.pdf (Accessed Oct. 15, 2015)

Sifferlin, Alexandra. E-cig Flavors May BE Dangerous, Study Says. Time. [Online] 2015. http://time.com/3822831/ecig-flavors/ (accessed Oct. 17, 2015)

Medical News Today. What is Nicotine? http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/240820.php (Accessed Oct. 18, 2015)

Marnett, Lawrence J. Health Effects of Aldehydes and Alcohols in Mobile Source Emissions. In Air Pollution, the Automobile, and Public Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1988. pp 580-585. (http://www.nap.edu/read/1033/chapter/25#583) (accessed Oct. 18, 2015)

Cassee, Flemming R; Groten, John P; Feron, Victor J. Changes in the Nasal Epithelium of Rates Exposed by Inhalation to Mixtures of Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, and Acrolein. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. [Online] 1995, 29, 208-218. (http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/2/208.full.pdf+html) (accessed Oct. 23, 2015)

Laino, Teodoro; Tuma, Christian; Moor, Philippe; Martin, Elyette; Stolz, Steffen; Curioni, Alessandro. Mechanisms of Propylene Glycol and Triacetin Pyrolysis. J. Phys. Chem. A 2012, 116, 4602-4609 (http://eprints.eemcs.utwente.nl/22979/01/stolz1-jp300997d.pdf) (accessed Oct. 18, 2015)

Ulgen, Arda. Conversion of Glycerol to the Valuable Intermediates Acrolein and Allyl Alcohol in the Presence of Heterogeneous Catalysts. [online] (http://publications.rwth-aachen.de/record/63757/files/3078.pdf;) (accessed Oct. 19, 2015)

31

REFERENCES CONT. Uchiyama, Shigehisa; Ohta, Kuzushi; Inaba, Yohei; Kunugita, Naoki. Determination of Carbonyl Compounds Generated

from the E-Cigarette Using Coupled Silica Cartridges Impregnated with Hydroquinone and 2, 4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine, Followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Analytical Sciences. December 2013, Vol. 29, 1219-1222.

Kosmider PharmD, Leon; Sobczak PhD, Andrzej; Fik PharmD, Maciej; Knysak PharmD, Jakub; Zaciera PharmD, Marzena; Kurek PharmD, Jolanta; Goniewicz PharmD, PhD, Maciej Lukasz. Carbonyl Compounds in Electronic Cigarette Vapors---Effects of Nicotine Solvent and Battery Output Voltage. Nicotine & Tobacco Advance Access. May 14, 2014.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nicotine: Systematic Agent. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/emergencyresponsecard_29750028.html (accessed Oct. 17, 2015)

Geiss, Otmar; Bianchi, Ivana; Barahona, Francisco; Barrero-Moreno, Josefa. Characterization of Mainstream and Passive Vapours Emitted by Selected Electronic Cigarettes. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. Vol 218, Issue 1, January 2015, 172-180.

Schlaf, Marcel; Zhang, Z. Conrad; Cellulose Hydrogenolysis to Ethylene Glycol and 1,2-Propylene Glycol. Reaction Pathways and Mechanisms in Thermocatalytic Biomass Conversion I. Springer: New York, 2015; pp 242-247.

Cheng, Tianrong. Chemical Evaluation of Electronic Cigarettes. Center for Tobacco Products, Food, and Drug Administration. [Online]. 2014, 23, ii11-ii17.

Lim, Hyun-Hee; Shin, Ho-Sang. Measurement of Aldehydes in Replacement Liquids of Electronic Cigarettes by Headspace Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Bull Korean Chem. Soc. 2013, Vol. 34, No. 9. Pp. 2691-2695.

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Economic Facts About U.S. Tobacco Production and Use. http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/economics/econ_facts/ (accessed Oct. 23, 2015)

Forbes. E-Cigarette Sales Surpass $1 Billion As Big Tobacco Moves In. http://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2013/09/17/e-cigarette-sales-surpass-1-billion-as-big-tobacco-moves-in/ (accessed Oct. 24, 2015)

Forbes. E-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals May Pose Risks When Inhaled. http://www.forbes.com/sites/tarahaelle/2015/04/16/e-cigarette-flavoring-chemicals-may-pose-risks-when-inhaled/. (accessed Oct. 24, 2015).