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MS 1596: 2003
DETERMINATION OF CONCENTRATION AND
MASS FLOW OF PARTICULATE MATTER IN
FLUE GAS FOR STATIONARY SOURCE
EMISSIONS
Presented BY:
UiTM – A&A
Laboratory Malaysia’s 1st University
Affiliated Environmental
Laboratory
A&A SCIENTIFIC RESOURCES SDN BHD
APPLICATION & AIR EMISSION SOURCES
1. FUEL BURNING EQUIPMENTS
2. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT
1. Filter Bag 6. Spray Booth
2. Electrostatic Precipitator 7.Fume Cupboard
3. Scrubber 8. Others
4. Cyclone – Centrifugal Dust Filter
5. Multicyclone
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IMPORTANT DEFINITION
DUCT/FLUE/CHIMNEY/ STACK
– enclosed structure where
gases travel
PARTICULATE MATTER – dust
GAS
– a mixture of gaseous component which may carry PM
Lighter -------------------------------------------- Heavier
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AT THE END
NOT…….
The complicated
formula!!
YOU…
Will know how we perform dust
monitoring.
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PRESENTATIONS CONTENT
SCOPE & PRINCIPLE
APPARATUS
ADVANCE PREPARATIONS
SITE REQUIREMENTS
SAMPLING, WEIGHING & CALCULATION
ACCURACY
TEST REPORT
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What is Air Pollution? Any visible or invisible particle or
gas found in the air that is not
part of the original composition
CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS
•Nitrogen dioxide
•Ozone
•Particulate matter
•Sulfur dioxide
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ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS
Acrylonitrile Benzene Butadiene Carbon monoxide 1,2-Dichloroethane
Dichloromethane Formaldehyde Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Carbon disulfide Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins & Dibenzofurans(PCDDs/PCDFs)
Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichlorethylene Vinylchloride
INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS
Arsenic Asbestos Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Hydrogen sulfide
Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Platinum
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SCOPE I. Measurement of the concentration of particulate
matter (PM)
II. Measurement of mass flow rate of PM
STEADY
STATE
condition
Not suitable for:
1.Ventilation
2. Air conditioning system
3.Indoor atmosphere
4.Gases carrying droplets
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Principle : PM Measurement
i. Sample is extracted
isokinetically &
homogenously over
a period of time.
ii. The PM entrained is
separated by a filter
medium
iii. The filter is then
dried and weighed.
ISO
means
EQUAL
KINETIC
means
MOTION
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WHY ISO-KINETIC FOR PM?
For Gasesous measurement:
In the case of boiler, flue gas
largely contain :
1.N2
2.O2
3.H20
4.CO2
5.SO2
Well mixed
THUS,
can be sampled
at any point in
the stream
For PM measurement:
The Solid nature make it more
complicated
Conc. Of ashes & carbon varies
through out the gas stream
A&A SCIENTIFIC RESOURCES SDN BHD MOMENTUM
Flow rate of sample
extraction must be at
the same speed as the
flow of gas in the duct
If FL not correct;
1. Larger PM are either
favored or rejected
2.Sizing is skewed
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SAMPLING
1.Advance preparation
2.Sampling
3.Weighing
4.Calculation
Sampling:
1. Cumulative Sampling –
reposition the nozzle at
the next sampling point,
adjust the control valve to
the required flow
2. Incremental Sampling –
withdraw the probe ,
remove the filter and
replace with new filter
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ADVANCE PREPARATION
1. Know the process i.e. steady state or
cyclic – conduct closest to the steady
operating conditions
2. Select the best sampling location,
numbers and pattern of sampling points.
3. Observe the position of sampling ports,
working platform , ventilation, power supply
and safety features.
4. Select the test equipment, i.e. nozzle
size, gas analyzer , type of filter
5. Select the best date, time , operating
condition with the Plant Management
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SITE PREPARATION
Sampling Location Sampling Location:
1. Straight duct
2. Constant shape & cross
sectional area
3. Preferably vertical
4. Downstream as far as
practical from any
obstruction
To ensure HOMOGENEITY:
1. The straight duct must
at least 7 hydraulic
diameter (HD)
2. Sampling plane at least
5 HD from the inlet &
outlet of duct
What if
Horizontal
Duct?
What if duct
too large?
BEND CAUSES TURBULANCE
obstruction
obstruction
obstruction
7
x
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HORIZONTAL DUCT
1. If unavoidable, access
port from the top.
Clean the duct if
possible.
2. If top access is not
possible, measure
from the bottom.
Clean the duct. Extra
care shall be taken to
ensure probe did not
drop into the duct.
DUCT TOO WIDE
1. In practice, straight 7 HD will not often exist
where duct are too wide
2. Shall be mentioned in Test Report
3. This can give results less accurate than ± 10%
Minimum Sampling location distance from obstacle
Obstacle Distance (Hydraulic Dia.)
Duct Bend 1
Junction of 2 ducts 1
Partly closed lourve 3
Discharge side of fan 4
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Min.
5
HD
Min.
5
HD
Obstruction
Handrail- clear of any apparatus
Size of port hole (0.5 dia):
Shall be ample for insertion of
equipment i.e. 4 inch/ 100mm
For small duct: > 200 mm d = 75 mm
< 200mm = 50 mm
NEW PLANT DESIGN:
ALLOWANCE SHALL
BE MADE FOR:
1.STARIGHT DUCT
2.SAMPLING
FACILITIES
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SAMPLING PLATFROM
250
MM
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SAMPLING
SAMPLING EQUIPMENT & PROCEDURE
STEP 1
Determine:
1. The no. & location of traverse point
2. Flue gas velocity
3. Moisture content in stack gas condensate volume
STEP 2
1. Select Nozzle size
STEP 3
Determine:
1. Isokinetic flow rate from velocity data
2. The PM concentration by sampling , Volumetric Discharge &
Emission Rates
Pitot tube, Thermocouple, Thimble Holder,
nozzle
Pump Interface Control Module
Impinger
Box
Hose
Condenser
Equipment:
Continuously measures the speed of flow in
the stack and ensure the pump, which is
extracting the sample through nozzle,
speeds up or slows down to match the duct
gas flow. Acceptable limit : ±10 %
MINIMUM NO. OF SAMPLING POINTS
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Rectangular or Square Ducts
VELOCITY OF GAS NOT UNIFORM THROUGH OUT THE STACK
Velocity in the stack:
1. Maximum at the center,
2. Almost zero at wall due to boundary conditions ( UNDER NO CONDITIONS,
sampling to be done with 3cm from the stack’s wall)
Velocity distribution = PM size distribution:
1. Small PM toward the center
2. Large PM towards the wall
MINIMIZING THE AFFECT OF TURBULANCE
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PARAMETERS Calculations based on the following
information:
PARAMETERS Calculations based on the following
information:
GENERAL ISO- Kinetic Sampling
Duct Gas velocity 1. Gas density
2. Differential pressure
(if using Pitot Tube)
Nozzle Diameter 1. Pump capacity
2. Duct gas velocity
3. Estimated PM conc.
4. Preferable Sampling Time
Gas Density 1. Duct temperature
2. Duct Static Pressure
3. Water Content
4. Composition of Duct Gas
Flow rate for
Isokinetic Sampling
1. Nozzle Diameter
2. Duct Gas Velocity at sampling
point
3. Gas condition – density, moisture
content
Gas Flow Rate 1. Duct gas velocity
2. Area of duct section
Sample Gas Volume 1. DGM measurement
Sample Gas Volume at
Std Cond
1. Static Pressure & Temp at DGM
AFTER SAMPLING
PM Conc. 1. Quantity of PM
2. Sample Gas Volume at Std
PM Mass Flow Rate 1. PM Conc.
2. Gas Flow rate thru the duct
PM expressed in terms of CO2 /O2 1. PM Conc.
2. Selected & Measured CO2 /O2
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Measured by Equipment (In
stack):
1. Differential Pressure
2. Temperature
3. Duct Area
4. Static Pressure
5. Gas Composition
6. Moisture content
Calculated:
1. Density
2. Velocity
3. Flow Rate
4. Wet Sample Volume in probe
5. Existing Velocity in probe
6. Dry volume flow required
7. Particulate Concentration
8. Particulate flow rate
Measured by Equipment:
1. Temperature
2. Static Pressure
3. Dry gas volume flow
4. Gas volume dry
5. Filter weight
Known/Predetermined value:
1. Suction Nozzle Diameter
2. Pitot Tube Calibration
constant
3. Filter Weight (Blank)
A&A SCIENTIFIC RESOURCES SDN BHD
Measured by Equipment (In
stack):
1. Differential Pressure
2. Temperature
3. Duct Area
4. Static Pressure
5. Gas Composition
6. Moisture content
Measured by Equipment:
1. Temperature
2. Static Pressure
3. MOIST gas volume flow
4. Filter weight
5. Sampling Time
Calculated:
1. Density, moist
2. Velocity, moist
3. Flow Rate, moist
4. Wet Sample Volume in probe
5. Existing Velocity in probe
6. Total moist volume displaced
7. Particulate Concentration
8. Particulate flow rate
Known/Predetermined value:
1. Suction Nozzle Diameter
2. Pitot Tube Calibration
constant
3. Filter Weight (Blank)
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AT SITE…
Pitot, Filter, Thermocouple,
Pump, Duct Tape
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COMBUSTION GAS
ANALYZER
IN THE LABORATORY
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Location of Sampling Plane
Numbers of Sampling Points
Sampling Time
Nozzle Design
Nozzle Alignment
Departure from isokinetic sampling
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Representative sample depends on:
1.Homogeneity of gas velocity
2.Sufficient number of sampling
points
3.Isokinetic withdrawal
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A&A SCIENTIFIC RESOURCES SDN BHD
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REPORT
Report\Chimney 2.xlsx
Report\Chimney 3.xlsx
Report\Stack n Dark Smoke, Mei '13.pdf
Report\Stack n Dark Smoke, Mei '14.pdf