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DHANALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Manimangalam, Tambaram, Chennai – 601 301
DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING
CE6461 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB
III SEMESTER - R 2013
Name :
Register No. :
Class :
LABORATORY MANUAL
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DHANALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Dhanalakshmi College of Engineering is committed to provide highly disciplined, conscientious and
enterprising professionals conforming to global standards through value based quality education and training.
To provide competent technical manpower capable of meeting requirements of the industry
To contribute to the promotion of Academic Excellence in pursuit of Technical Education at different levels
To train the students to sell his brawn and brain to the highest bidder but to never put a price tag on heart
and soul
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
To impart professional education integrated with human values to the younger generation, so as to shape
them as proficient and dedicated engineers, capable of providing comprehensive solutions to the challenges in
deploying technology for the service of humanity
To educate the students with the state-of-art technologies to meet the growing challenges of the civil industry
To carry out research through continuous interaction with research institutes and industry, on advances in
structural systems
To provide the students with strong ground rules to facilitate them for systematic learning, innovation and
ethical practice
VISION
VISION
MISSION
MISSION
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PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
1. FUNDAMENTALS
To provide students with a solid foundation in Mathematics, Science and fundamentals of engineering,
enabling them to apply, to find solutions for engineering problems and use this knowledge to acquire higher
education
2. CORE COMPETENCE
To train the students in Civil Engineering technologies so that they apply their knowledge and training to
compare, and to analyze various engineering industrial problems to find solutions
3. BREADTH
To provide relevant training and experience to bridge the gap between theories and practice this enables
them to find solutions for the real time problems in industry, and to design products
4. PROFESSIONALISM
To inculcate professional and effective communication skills, leadership qualities and team spirit in the
students to make them multi-faceted personalities and develop their ability to relate engineering issues to
broader social context
5. LIFELONG LEARNING/ETHICS
To demonstrate and practice ethical and professional responsibilities in the industry and society in the large,
through commitment and lifelong learning needed for successful professional career
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PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)
a) To demonstrate and apply knowledge of Mathematics, Science and engineering fundamentals in Civil
Engineering field
b) To design a component, a system or a process to meet the specific needs within the realistic constraints
such as economics, environment, ethics, health, safety and manufacturability
c) To demonstrate the competency to use software tools for analysis and design of structures
d) To identify, constructional errors and solve Civil Engineering problems
e) To demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on laboratory and multidisciplinary tasks
f) To function as a member or a leader in multidisciplinary activities
g) To communicate in verbal and written form with fellow engineers and society at large
h) To understand the impact of Civil Engineering in the society and demonstrate awareness of contemporary
issues and commitment to give solutions exhibiting social responsibility
i) To demonstrate professional & ethical responsibilities
j) To exhibit confidence in self-education and ability for lifelong learning
k) To participate and succeed in competitive exams
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CE6461 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY LAB
SYLLABUS
1. To determine the discharge/rate of flow using different devices
2. To perform calculation related to losses in pipes
3. To determine the characteristic study of pumps and turbines
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
A. Flow Measurement
1. Calibration of Rotometer.
2. Flow through Venturimeter Orificemeter.
3. Flow through variable duct area - Bernoulli’s Experiment.
4. Flow through Orifice, Mouthpiece and Notches.
B. Losses in Pipes
5. Determination of friction coefficient in pipes.
6. Determination of loss coefficients for pipe fittings.
C. Pumps
7. Characteristics of Centrifugal pumps.
8. Characteristics of Gear pump.
9. Characteristics of Submersible pump.
10. Characteristics of Reciprocating pump.
D.Turbines
11. Characteristics of Pelton wheel turbine.
12. Characteristics of Francis turbine.
13. Characteristics of Kaplan turbine.
E. Determination of Metacentric height
14. Determination of Metacentric height (Demonstration).
1. Ability to measure flow in pipes and determine frictional losses.
2. Ability to develop characteristics of pumps and turbines.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
COURSE OUTCOMES
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CONTENTS
S.No. Name of the Experiment Page No.
CYCLE 1 – EXPERIMENTS
1 Orifice meter 6
2 Venturimeter 10
3 Rota meter 14
4 Losses in pipes(major loss) 18
5 Losses in pipes(minor loss) 22
6 Centrifugal pump 26
CYCLE 2 – EXPERIMENTS
7 Submergible pump 31
8 Reciprocating pump 35
9 Gear pump 39
10 Pelton turbine 42
11 Francis turbine 49
12 Kaplan turbine 54
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
13 Rectangular Notches 59
14 Orifice (constant head method) 63
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Expt. No. 1 DETERMINATION OF THE CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF GIVEN ORIFICEMETER
Aim: To determine the co-efficient discharge through orifice meter
Description:
Orifice meter has two area sections with area a1, and area a2. It does not have throat like venturimeter but a small
holes on a plate fixed along the diameter of pipe. The mercury level should not fluctuate because it would come out
of manometer.
Apparatus Required:
1. Orifice meter
2. Differential U tube
3. Collecting tank
4. Stop watch
5. Scale
Procedure:
1. Select the pipe for doing experiments
2. Switch on the motor, as a result water will flow
3. According to the flow, the mercury level fluctuates in the U-tube manometer
4. Note the reading of h1 and h2
5. Note the time taken for 100 mm rise of water in the collecting tank
6. The experiment is repeated for various flows in the same pipe
7. The co-efficient of discharge is calculated
Formulae:
Actual Discharge:
Where A = Area of collecting tank in mm2
H = Height of collected water in tank = 100 mm
t = Time taken for H cm rise of water
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Theoretical Discharge:
where:
a 1 = Area of inlet pipe in, m2
a 2 = Area of the throat in m2
g = Specify gravity in m / s2
h = Orifice head in terms of flowing liquid
where: h1 = Manometric head in first limb
h2 = Manometric head in second limb
s m = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid
(i.e.) Liquid mercury Hg = 13.6
Sw = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1
Co efficient Of Discharge:
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ORIFICE METER
Observation:
Inlet diameter of Venturimeter d1 = m Density of Hg = 13.6
Throat diameter of Venturimeter d2 = m Density of water = 1
Area of collecting tank A = l x b = m2 Acceleration due to gravity = g =9.810 m/sec2
S.No Manometer readings Difference
Manometer Head
Time for H = 100 mm rise in collecting tank
(t) in sec
Actual discharge
Theoretical discharge
Co efficient of discharge
h1 h2
(cm) (cm) (m) (m) t1 t2 mean (m3/sec ) (m3/sec )
1
2
3
4
5
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Graph:
Graph is drawn between along X- axis and Qact along Y-axis
Result:
The co efficient of discharge through orifice meter = ……… (No unit)
The co efficient of discharge through orifice meter by graphical method = ……… (No unit)
Outcome: Ability to use the measurement equipments for flow measurement.
1. What is the difference between an orifice and a mouth piece?
2. Why the co-efficient of discharge for a mouth piece is higher than that for an orifice?
3. What is meant by vena-contract?
4. How is it developed?
5. What are the relation between Cd ,Cv and Cc
6. How can you differentiate the small and large orifice
7. Differentiate between Absolute and gauge pressures.
8. Mention two pressure measuring instruments.
9. What is the difference weight density and mass density?
10. What is the difference between dynamic and kinematic viscosity?
11. Differentiate between specific weight and specific volume.
12. Define relative density.
13. What is vacuum pressure?
14. What is absolute zero pressure
15. Write down the value of atmospheric pressure head in terms of water and Hg.
Natural Gas, Water Treatment Plants, Oil Filtration Plants, Petrochemicals and Refineries
Viva- voce
Applications
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Expt. No. 2 DETERMINATION OF THE CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF GIVEN VENTURIMETER
Aim:
To determine the co-efficient discharge through venturimeter
Description:
Venturimeter has two sections. One divergent area and the other throat area. The former is represented as a1 and
the later is a2 water or any other liquid flows through the Venturimeter and it passes to the throat area the value of
discharge is same at a1 and a2 .
Apparatus Required:
1. Venturimeter
2. Differential U tube
3. Collecting tank
4. Stop watch
5. Scale
Procedure:
1. Select the pipe for doing experiments
2. Switch on the motor, as a result water will flow
3. According to the flow, the mercury level fluctuates in the U-tube manometer
4. Note the reading of h1 and h2
5. Note the time taken for 100 mm rise of water in the collecting tank
6. Repeat the experiment for various flow in the same pipe
7. Calculate the co-efficient of discharge
Formulae:
Actual Discharge:
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Theoretical Discharge:
where:
A = Area of collecting tank in m2
H = Height of collected water in tank = 100mm
a 1 = Area of inlet pipe in, m2
a 2 = Area of the throat in m2
g = Specify gravity in m / s2
t = Time taken for H cm rise of water
h = Orifice head in terms of flowing liquid
where:
h1 = Manometric head in first limb
h2 = Manometric head in second limb
sm = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid
(i.e.) Liquid mercury Hg = 13.6
Sw = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1
Co-efficient of Discharge:
Co-efficient of discharge
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VENTURIMETER OBSERVATION:
Inlet diameter of Venturimeter d1 = m Density of Hg = 13.6
Throat diameter of Venturimeter d2 = m Density of water = 1
Area of collecting tank A = l x b = m2 Acceleration due to gravity = g =9810 mm/sec2
S.No Manometer readings Difference
Manometer Head
Time for H = 100 mm rise in collecting tank
(t) in sec
Actual discharge
Theoretical discharge
Co efficient of discharge
h1 h2
(cm) (cm) (m) (m) t1 t2 Mean (m3/sec ) (m3/sec )
1
2
3
4
5
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Graph
Graph is drawn between along X- axis and Qact along Y-axis.
Result:
The co efficient of discharge through venturimeter = ……… (No unit)
The co efficient of discharge through venturimeter by graphical method = ……… (No unit)
Outcome:
Ability to use the measurement equipments for flow measurement
1. Can be the same calibration be used if the venturimeter is inclined?
2. Comment and discuss on the usefulness of this experiment based on the plots prepared
3. How discharge coefficient varies as the area ratio is changed and with change in manometer reading?
4. What are the relative advantages and limitations of a venturimeter versus other flow meters?
5. Draw the venturimeter and mention the parts.
6. Why the divergent cone is longer than convergent cone in venturimeter?
7. Compare the merits and demerits of venturimeter with orifice meter.
8. Why Cd value is high in venturimeter than orifice meter?
9. What do you mean by vena contracta?
10. Define coefficient of discharge. .
11. Write down Darcy -weisback's equation.
12. What is the difference between friction factor and coefficient of friction?
13. How will you classify the flow as laminar and turbulent?
14. Mention few discharge measuring devices
1. To measure the speed of the air around the plane.
2. To measure the fuel and air distribution in carburettor.
3. To measure the Flow rate of chemical through pipes
Viva-voce
Applications
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Expt. No. 3 CALIBRATION OF ROTOMETER
Aim:
To determine the percentage error in Rotometer with the actual flow rate.
Apparatus Required:
1. Rotometer setup
2. Measuring scale
3. Stopwatch.
Procedure:
1. Switch on the motor and the delivery valve is opened
2. Adjust the delivery valve to control the rate in the pipe
3. Set the flow rate in the Rotometer, for example say 50 litres per minute
4. Note down the time taken for 10 cm rise in collecting tank
5. Repeat the experiment for different set of Rotometer readings
6. Tabular column is drawn and readings are noted
7. Graph is drawn by plotting Rotometer reading Vs percentage error of the Rotometer
Formulae:
Actual Discharge:
Where:
A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)
H = 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank (10-2 m).
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank.
Conversion:
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ROTOMETER TEST RIG
Observation:
Area of collecting tank A = l x b = m2
S.No
Rotometer readings in LPM
Rotometer readings
in LPS = LPM 60
Time for H = 0.1 m rise in collecting tank
(t) in sec
Quantity of water collected
% Error =
(LPM)
(LPS)
t1 t2 mean (m3/sec )
1
2
3
4
5
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Graph: Graph is drawn by plotting Rotometer reading Vs percentage error of the Rotometer
Result:
The percentage error of the Rotometer was found to be =…….
Outcome:
Ability to use the measurement equipments for flow measurement
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1. What are the types of fluid flows?
2. Differentiate steady and unsteady flow.
3. Differentiate uniform and non – uniform flow.
4. Differentiate laminar and turbulent flow.
5. Differentiate compressible and incompressible flow.
6. Differentiate rotational and ir -rotational flow.
7. Differentiate between laminar and turbulent flow.
8. What is orifice plate?
9. What do you mean by major energy loss?
10. List down the type of minor energy losses.
11. Define turbine.
12. What are the classifications of turbine
13. Define impulse turbine.
14. Define reaction turbine.
15. Differentiate between impulse and reaction turbine.
1. Chemical injection/dosing – controlling flow rate of fluids to be mixed (added) to the primary fluid.
2. Boiler control – measuring steam flow to a boiler or of gases that heat the boiler.
Viva - voce
Applications
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Expt. No. 4 DETERMINATION OF FRICTION FACTOR OF GIVEN SET OF PIPES
Aim:
To find the friction factor for the given pipe
Description:
When liquid flows through a pipeline it is subjected to frictional resistance. The frictional resistance depends upon
the roughness of the pipe. More the roughness of the pipe will be more the frictional resistance. The loss of head
between selected lengths of the pipe is observed.
Apparatus Required:
1. A pipe provided with inlet and outlet and pressure tapping
2. Differential u-tube manometer
3. Collecting tank with piezometer
4. Stopwatch
5. Scale
Procedure:
1. Measure the diameter of the pipe and the internal dimensions of the collecting tank and the length of the pipe
2. Keep the outlet valve closed and the inlet valve opened
3. The outlet valve is slightly opened and the manometer head on the limbs h1 and h2 are noted
4. Repeat the above procedure by gradually increasing the flow rate
Formulae:
Friction Factor (F):
where,
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/sec2)
d = Diameter of the pipe (m)
l = Length of the pipe (m)
v = Velocity of liquid following in the pipe (m/s)
Hf = Loss of head due to friction (m)
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X = h1 ~ h2
Where
h1 = Manometric head in the first limbs (m)
h2 = Manometric head in the second limbs (m)
Actual Discharge:
(m3/s)
Where
A = Internal plan area of the collecting tank (m2)
H = Rise of water for 100 mm
t = Time taken for 100 mm rise (sec)
Velocity:
(m / sec) Where
Q = Actual discharge (m3/ sec)
a = Area of the pipe (m2)
Graph:
Graph is drawn between hf along y axis and v2 along x axis.
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FRICTION FACTOR Observation:
Inlet diameter of Pipe d = m Density of Hg = 13.6
Area of pipe a = m2 Density of water = 1
Length of the pipe L = m
S.No Manometer readings Difference
Manometer Head
Time for H = 100 mm rise in collecting tank
(t) in sec
Actual discharge
Velocity
Velocity
V2
Friction factor
h1 h2
(m) (m) (m) (m) t1 t2 Mean (m3/sec ) (m3/sec )
1
2
3
4
5
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Result:
1. The frictional factor ‘f ‘for given pipe = -----------(no unit)
2. The friction factor for given pipe by graphical method = ---------- (no unit)
Outcome: Ability to determine the friction factor in a pipe.
1. List different types of pipe flows?
2. Indicate the type and magnitude of possible errors occurring in this test.
3. Deduce the effect of the pipe diameter on friction coefficient of a pipe.
4. Discuss Moody’s diagram.
5. Show that, for a laminar flow f = 64/Re. How do the results for laminar flow compare with this equation
and with Blasius equation?
6. What is the significance of upper and lower Reynolds number and what are their values?
7. What is the effect of ageing of a pipe line on the friction factor aged pipe line?
8. What is the function of draft tube?
9. Define specific speed of turbine.
10. What are the main parameters in designing a Pelton wheel turbine?
11. What is breaking jet in Pelton wheel turbine?
12. What is the function of casing in Pelton turbine
13. Draw a simple sketch of Pelton wheel bucket.
14. What is the function of surge tank fixed to penstock in Pelton turbine?
15. How the inlet discharge is controlled in Pelton turbine?
It is used to find the friction developed in pipes to reduce the amount of flow.
Viva - voce
Applications
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Expt. No.5 DETERMINATION OF CO-EFFICIENT OF MINOR LOSSES
OF THE GIVEN PIPE FITTINGS
Aim:
To measure the head loss due to different pipe fittings at different flow rate and to determine the loss of co-
efficient due to sudden enlargement and sudden contraction of pipe fittings
Theory:
Various fluids are transported through pipes. When fluids flow through pipes energy losses occur due to
various reasons. Predominant loss is due to pipes roughness. Also additional components like inlet, outlet bend
add to the overall loss to the system.
Apparatus required:
Flow losses in pipes apparatus with flow control device and manometer
1. Collecting tank
2. Stop watch
3. Piezo meter
4. Meter scale
Procedure
1. Note the inlet and outlet diameter of the test section.
2. Make sure that only required water regulator valves
3. Start the pump and adjust the valve to develop the full flow
4. Measure the pressure difference across the section
5. Record the time taken for 100 mm rise of water level in the collecting tank
6. Increase the flow rate by regulating the control valve and repeat the steps for different flow rates
Formulae:
Actual Discharge:
Where: A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)
H = 100 mm rise of water level in the collecting tank (m)
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t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank (sec)
Loss co-efficient due to sudden contraction, bend and elbow
2
2
v
ghK c
Loss co-efficient due to sudden enlargement (or) Expansion
2
2
2
1
2
vv
ghKc
Where d = Diameter of pipe in (mm)
g = Acceleration due to gravity in (mm /s)
v = Velocity Q / a (mm / s)
a = Area of Orifice in (mm2)
Q = Actual discharge (mm3 / s)
h = Manometer head in (mm)
Where:
h1 = Manometric head in first limb
h2 = Manometric head in second limb
sm = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid
(i.e.) Liquid mercury Hg = 13.6
Sw = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1
Co-efficient of discharge:
Co- efficient of discharge Qth
QC act
d
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LOSSES IN PIPE LINE FITTINGS
Observation:
Inlet diameter of Pipe d = mm Density of Hg = 13.6
Area of collecting tank A = l x b = mm Density of water = 1
KC = for sudden contraction, bend and elbow
KE = for sudden enlargement (or) Expansion
S.No Type of joint
Manometer readings Difference
X = (h1- h2)
Manometer Head
Time for H = 100 mm rise in collecting tank
(t) in sec
Actual discharge
Velocity
Friction Losses
h1 h2
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) t1 t2 mean (mm3/sec ) (mm/sec )
1 CONTRACTION
2 EXPANSION
3 ELBOW
4 BEND
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Graph:
Graph is drawn between h along y axis and v2 along x axis
Result:
The co-efficient of discharge of Orifice is Cd = …… (No unit)
The co efficient of discharge is Cd by graphical method =……… (No unit)
Outcome:
Ability to determine the losses in the various fittings in a pipe
1. What is meant by energy loss in a pipe?
2. Explain the major losses in a pipe.
3. Explain minor losses in a pipe.
4. How is it developed?
5. State Darcy-Weisbach equation/ What is the expression for head loss due to friction?
6. What are the factors influencing the frictional loss in pipe flow?
7. Write the expression for loss of head due to sudden enlargement of the pipe..
8. Write the expression for loss of head due to sudden contraction.
9. Write the expression for loss of head at the entrance of the pipe.
10. Write the expression for loss of head at exit of the pipe.
11. Give an expression for loss of head due to an obstruction in pipe
12. What is compound pipe or pipes in series?
13. What is mean by parallel pipe and write the governing equations.
14. What are a) Hydraulic gradient line [HGL] b) Total Energy line [TEL]
15. What are fluid machines or Hydraulic machines?
It is used to find the amount of water or liquid loss in pipe fittings.
Viva - voce
Applications
27 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Expt. No.6 DETERMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Aim:
To study the performance characteristics of a centrifugal pump and to determine the characteristic with maximum
efficiency
Description:
The operation of filling water in the suction pipe casing and a portion delivery pipe for the removal of air before
starting is called priming. After priming the impeller is rotated by a prime mover. The rotating vane gives a centrifugal
head to the pump. When the pump attains a constant speed, the delivery valve is gradually opened. The water flows
in a radially outward direction. Then, it leaves the vanes at the outer circumference with a high velocity and pressure.
Now kinetic energy is gradually converted in to pressure energy. The high-pressure water is through the delivery pipe
to the required height.
Apparatus Required:
1. Centrifugal pump setup
2. Meter scale
3. Stop watch
Procedure:
1. Prime the pump close the delivery valve and switch on the unit
2. Open the delivery valve and maintain the required delivery head
3. Note down the reading and note the corresponding suction head reading
4. Close the drain valve and note down the time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank
5. Measure the area of collecting tank
6. For different delivery tubes, repeat the experiment
7. For every set reading note down the time taken for 5 revolutions of energy meter disc.
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Formulae:
Actual Discharge:
Where: A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)
h = 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank.
Total Head:
Where:
Hd = Discharge head, (m)
Hs = Suction head, (m)
Z = Datum head (the diff. in level b/w pr. Gauge & vaccum gauge)(m)
Input Power:
=
Where,
Nr = Number of revolutions of energy meter disc
Ne = Energy meter constant (lmp/kwhr)
T = time taken for ‘Nr’ revolutions (seconds)
Output Power:
= Where,
γ = Density of water (kg / m³) (where γ = g X 1000)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2)
H = Total head of water (m)
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Efficiency:
o = Output power (O/P) 100 Input power (I/P)
Where, O/p = Output power kW
I/ p = Input power kW
Graphs:
1. Actual discharge Vs Total head
2. Actual discharge Vs Efficiency
3. Actual discharge Vs Input power
4. Actual discharge Vs Output power
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CENTRIFUGAL PUMP TEST RIG Observation:
Area of collecting tank A = l x b = m2 Acceleration due to gravity = g =9.81 m/sec2
Energy meter constant Ne = lmp/kwhr γ = g X 1000
The diff. in level b/w pr. Gauge & vaccum gauge (Z) = m
S.No Pressure gauge (Hd) Vaccum gauge readings (Hs)
Total Z
Time for h = 0.1 m rise in collecting tank
(t) in sec
Time for Nr = 10 lmp energy meter
reading (T)
Discharge
Input power
=
Output power
=
Efficiency
(G) Head of
water (m) (V)
Head of water (m)
Kg/cm2 Gx10 Kg/cm2 Vx13.6 1000
(m) t1 t2 Mean (sec) m3/sec) (kw) (kw) %
1
2
3
4
5
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Result: Thus the performance characteristics of single-stage centrifugal pump was studied and the maximum efficiency
was found to be _____________
Corresponding Total Head _____________
Input power _____________
Output power _____________
Actual discharge ____________
Outcome:
Ability to do the performance trust on centrifugal pump machinery
1. What is priming?
2. What is use of foot valve?
3. What is Manometric head?
4. What is the function of the casing used in centrifugal pump?
5. What is NPSH?
6. What is the minimum starting speed of a centrifugal pump?
7. What precautions are to be taken while starting and closing the centrifugal pump?
8. What is water hammer?
9. What do you mean by head race?
10. What do you mean by tail race?
11. What is the difference between propeller and Kaplan turbine?
12. Mention the parts of Kaplan turbine.
13. Differentiate between inward and outward flow reaction turbine.
14. What is the difference between Francis turbine and Modern Francis turbine?
15. What is mixed flow reaction turbine? Give an example.
1. To pump the general water supply
2. To provide booster service and fire protection systems
3. To provide a hot-water circulating service and sump drainage.
Viva - voce
Applications
32 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Expt. No.7 DETRMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISTICS
CURVES OF A SUBMERSIBLE PUMP
Aim:
To study the performance characteristics of a submersible pump
Description:
In submergible pump electric motor and pump are coupled together and both are submerged in the water. The
electric current is conducted through a waterproof cable. This is multi stage centrifugal pump with radial or mixed
flow impellers. The suction housing of the pump is fitted between the pump and motors are provided with a
perforated strainer. The windings of the motor are insulated well and cooled by water. A gate valve, which is a non-
return valve, is provided at the top of the pump to discharge water.
Apparatus Required:
1. Submersible pump
2. Meter scale
3. Stop watch
Procedure:
1. Start the submersible pump is started
2. The delivery gauge reading is set to the required value by means of adjusting the gate-valve
3. Note the time taken for Nr revolutions in the energy meter disc with the help of stop watch
4. The time taken for ‘h’ rise in water level in the collecting tank is found carefully.
5. If the water flow is heavy reduce the ‘h’ value
6. Repeat the experiment for different delivery gauge readings
7. Tabulate and calculate readings
Formulae:
Actual Discharge:
where:
a 1 = Area of inlet pipe in, m2
a 2 = Area of the throat in m2
g = Specify gravity in m / s2
33 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
h = Venturimeter head in terms of flowing liquid
where: h1 = Manometric head in first limb
h2 = Manometric head in second limb
Sm = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid
(i.e.) Liquid mercury Hg = 13.6
Sw = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1
Input Power:
=
where, Nr = number of revolutions of energy meter disc
Ne = energy meter constant (lmp/kwhr)
T = time taken for ‘Nr’ revolutions (seconds)
Output Power:
= (watts)
Where,
γ = Density of water (kg / m³) (where γ = g X 1000)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2)
H = Total head of water (m)
:
Where,
O/p = Output power kW
I/ p = Input power kW
34 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
SUBMERSIBLE PUMP TEST RIG Observation: Inlet diameter of Venturimeter d1 = m Density of Hg = 13.6
Outlet diameter of Venturimeter d2 = m Density of water = 1
Energy meter constant = lmp/kwhr Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.81 m/sec2
Where γ = g X 1000
S.No Pressure gauge
readings (Hd)
Manometer readings
Difference
Manometer Head
Time for 10 lmp energy meter
reading
Discharge
Input power
=
Output power
=
Efficiency
(G) Head of water
Kg/cm2
G x 10 (m)
h1
(m) h2
(m) (m) (m) (sec) (m3/sec ) (kw) (kw) %
1
2
3
4
5
35 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Result:
Thus the performance characteristics of submersible pump was studied and the maximum efficiency was found to be
_____________
Corresponding Total Head _____________
Input power _____________
Outcome:
Ability to do the performance trust on submersible pump machinery
1. Define the major energy loss and minor energy loss.
2. Define water hammer in pipes.
3. Define incompressible flow.
4. Write down the examples of laminar flow/viscous flow
5. What are the characteristics of laminar flow?
6. Write down chezy’s formula.
7. Why draft tube is not required in impulse turbine?
8. How turbines are classified based on head. Give example.
9. How turbines are classified based on flow. Give example
10. How turbines are classified based on working principle. Give example.
11. What does velocity triangle indicates?
12. Draw the velocity triangle for radial flow reaction turbine.
13. Draw the velocity triangle for tangential flow turbine.
14. Mention the type of characteristic curves for turbines.
15. What is submersible pump?
1. Single stage pumps are used for drainage,
2. Sewage pumping
3. General industrial pumping and slurry pumping
Viva - voce
Applications
36 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Expt. No. 8 DETERMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF A RECIPROCATING PUMP
Aim:
To study the performance characteristics of a reciprocating pump and to determine the characteristic with
maximum efficiency
Apparatus Required:
1. Reciprocating pump
2. Meter scale
3. Stop watch
Procedure:
1. Close the delivery valve and switch on the unit
2. Open the delivery valve and maintain the required delivery head
3. Note down the reading and note the corresponding suction head reading
4. Close the drain valve and note down the time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank
5. Measure the area of collecting tank
6. Repeat the experiment for different delivery tubes.
7. For every set reading note down the time taken for 5 revolutions of energy meter disc.
Formulae:
Actual Discharge:
Where: A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)
h = 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank
Total Head:
Hd = Discharge head, (m)
Hs = Suction head, (m)
Z = Datum head (the diff. in level b/w pr. Gauge & vaccum gauge)(m)
37 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
G = Pressure gauge reading, kg / cm2
V = Suction pressure gauge reading, mm of Hg
Input Power:
I/p =
Where, Nr = number of revolutions of energy meter disc
Ne = energy meter constant (lmp/kwhr)
T = time taken for ‘Nr’ revolutions (seconds)
Output Power:
= (watts)
Where, γ = Density of water (kg / m³) (where γ = g X 1000)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2)
H = Total head of water (m)
Efficiency:
Where, O/p = Output power kW
I/ p = Input power kW
38 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
RECIPROCATING PUMP TEST RIG
Observation: Area of collecting tank A = l x b = m2 Acceleration due to gravity = g =9.81 m/sec2
Energy meter constant Ne = lmp/kwhr Stroke length of the pump (L) = 0.045mtrs.
The diff. in level b/w pr. Gauge & vaccum gauge (x) = m Cylinder diameter (d) = 0.04mtrs.
Speed of the pump (rpm) (N) = Area 0f Cylinder (A) = m2
Sl.No
Pressure gauge (Hd)
Vaccum gauge
readings (Hs)
Total
head
H=
G+V+x
Time for h = 0.1 m rise in
collecting tank
(t) in sec
Time for Nr = 10
lmp energy meter
reading (T)
Discharge
Theoretical discharge
% Slip
Input power
I/p
=
Output power
=
Efficiency
η = Po x100 Pi
G Head of
water (m)
Head of
water(m)
Kg/cm
2 G
x10 Kg/cm
2
V x13.6 1000
(m) t1 t2 Mean (sec) (m3/sec ) (m3/sec) (kw) (kw) %
1
2
3
4
5
39 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Graphs:
1. Actual discharge Vs Total head
2. Actual discharge Vs Efficiency
3. Actual discharge Vs Input power
4. Actual discharge Vs Output power
Result: The performance characteristic of the reciprocating pump is studied and the efficiency is_____________
Corresponding
Total Head =
Input power =
Output power =
Actual discharge =
Outcome:
Ability to do the performance trust on reciprocating pump machinery
1. What will happen if I put Gear Oil instead of engine oil in a generator engine?
2. What are the applications of gear oil pump?
3. What are the types of gear pumps?
4. How performance characteristic curves are drawn for turbine.
5. Mention the types of efficiencies calculated for turbine.
6. Define pump.
7. How pumps are classified?
8. Differentiate pump and turbine.
9. Define Rotodynamic pump.
10. Define Positive displacement pump.
11. Differentiate between Rotodynamic and positive displacement pump.
12. Define cavitation in pump.
13. What is the need for priming in pump?
14. Give examples for Rotodynamic pump
15. What is reciprocating pump?
Reciprocating pumps are used in the applications such as oil pumping from deep oil wells.
Viva - voce
Applications
40 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Expt. No. 9 DETERMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISTICS CURVES
OF A GEAR OIL PUMP
Aim:
To draw the characteristics curves of gear oil pump and also to determine efficiency of given gear oil pump
Description:
The gear oil pump consists of two identical intermeshing spur wheels working with a fine clearance inside the
casing. The wheels are so designed that they form a fluid tight joint at the point of contact. One of the wheels is
keyed to driving shaft and the other revolves as the driven wheel. The pump is first filled with the oil before it starts.
As the gear rotates, the oil is trapped in between their teeth and is flown to the discharge end round the casing. The
rotating gears build-up sufficient pressure to force the oil in to the delivery pipe.
Apparatus Required:
1. Gear oil pump setup
2. Meter scale
3. Stop watch
Procedure:
1. The start gear oil pump.
2. Adjust the delivery gauge reading is for the required value.
3. The corresponding suction gauge reading is noted.
4. The time taken for ‘N’ revolutions in the energy meter is noted with the help of a stopwatch.
5. The time taken for ‘h’ rise in oil level is also noted down after closing the gate valve.
6. With the help of the meter scale the distance between the suction and delivery gauge is noted.
7. For calculating the area of the collecting tank its dimensions are noted down.
8. The experiment is repeated for different delivery gauge readings.
9. Finally the readings are tabulated.
Formulae:
Actual Discharge:
41 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
where: A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)
h = 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank (m)
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank (sec) Total Head:
Hd = Discharge head, (m)
Hs = Suction head, (m)
Z = Datum head (the diff. in level b/w pr. Gauge & vaccum gauge) (m)
G = Pressure gauge reading, kg / cm2
V = Suction pressure gauge reading, mm of Hg
Input Power:
I =
where, Nr = number of revolutions of energy meter disc
Ne = energy meter constant (lmp/kwhr)
T = time taken for ‘Nr’ revolutions (seconds)
Output Power:
= where, γ = Density of water (kg / m³) (where γ = g X 1000)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2)
H = Total head of water (m)
Efficiency:
Where, O/p = Output power kW
I/ p = Input power kW
42 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
GEAR PUMP TEST RIG Observation:
Area of collecting tank A = l x b = m2 Acceleration due to gravity = g =9.81m/sec2
Energy meter constant Ne = lmp/kwhr Density of Oil = 850 kg/m3
The diff. in level b/w pr. Gauge & vaccum gauge (x) = m
Note: 1 Kg/cm2 pressure = 12 meters of OIL column
Where γ = g X 1000
S.No Pressure gauge (Hd)
Vaccum gauge readings (Hs)
Total head
H=Hd+Hs+
Z
Time for h = 0.1 m rise in collecting tank
(t) in sec
Time for Nr = 10 lmp energy meter
reading (T)
Discharge Q = Ah
t
Input power Pi =
3600XNr X 0.8 Ne X T
Output power Po =
γQHx1000
Efficiency
η = Pox100 Pi
(G)
Head of water (m)
Head of water (m)
Kg/cm2 G x 12 Kg/cm2 V x13600 850x1000
(m) t1 t2 Mean (sec) (m3/sec ) (kw) (kw) %
1
2
3
4
5
43 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Graph:
1. Actual discharge Vs Total head
2. Actual discharge Vs Efficiency
3. Actual discharge Vs Input power
4. Actual discharge Vs Output power
Result:
Thus the performance characteristics of gear oil pump was studied and maximum efficiency was found to be
_____________
Corresponding Total Head _____________
Input power _____________
Output power _____________
Actual discharge _____________
Outcome:
Ability to do the performance trust on Gear oil pump machinery
44 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
1. What will happen if I put Gear Oil instead of engine oil in a generator engine?
2. What are the applications of gear oil pump?
3. What are the types of gear pumps?
4. Mention the parts of centrifugal pump.
5. Mention the type of casing used in centrifugal pump.
6. Why the foot valve is fitted with strainer?
7. Why the foot valve is a non return type valve?
8. Differentiate between volute casing and vortex casing.
9. What is the function of volute casing?
10. What is the function of guide vanes?
11. Why the vanes are curved radially backward?
12. What is the function of impeller?
13. Mention the types of impeller used.
14. Define specific speed of pump.
15. Mention the type of characteristic curves for pump.
They are very commonly used in lubrication pumps for power transmissions in automobiles, heavy trucks, lawn
care equipment, hydraulic lifts, and other machine tools.
Viva - voce
Applications
45 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Expt. No. 10 DETERMINE THE CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF
PELTON WHEEL
Aim:
To conduct load test on pelton wheel turbine and to study the characteristics of pelton wheel turbine.
Description:
Pelton wheel turbine is an impulse turbine, which is used to act on high loads and for generating electricity. All the
available heads are classified in to velocity energy by means of spear and nozzle arrangement. Position of the jet
strikes the knife-edge of the buckets with least relative resistances and shocks. While passing along the buckets the
velocity of the water is reduced and hence an impulse force is supplied to the cups which in turn are moved and
hence shaft is rotated.
Apparatus required:
1. Venturimeter
2. Stopwatch
3. Tachometer
4. Dead weight
Procedure:
1. Start the Pelton wheel turbine.
2. All the weight in the hanger is removed.
3. Note the pressure gauge reading and it is to be maintained constant for different loads.
4. Note the venturimeter readings.
5. Note the spring balance reading and speed of the turbine.
6. A 5Kg load is put on the hanger, similarly all the corresponding readings are noted down.
7. The experiment is repeated for different loads and the readings are tabulated.
Formulae:
Venturimeter Reading:
(m of water) where, h1, h2 - venturimeter reading in (m)
46 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Discharge:
where: a 1 = Area of inlet pipe in, m2
a 2 = Area of the throat in m2
g = Specify gravity in m / s2
h = Venturi head in terms of flowing liquid
where:
h1 = Manometric head in first limb
h2 = Manometric head in second limb
s m= Specific gravity of Manometric liquid
(i.e.) Liquid mercury Hg = 13.6
Sw = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1
Output Power:
(watts)
N = Speed of the turbine in (rpm)
R = Effective Radius of brake drum = m
T = Torque= R(W1-W2)g (Nm)
W1= spring balance reading in kg
W2= spring balance reading in kg
g = Acceleration due to gravity 9.81 m/s2
Input Power:
yP 0 × Q × H × 10 (watts)
Where, γ = Density of water (kg / m³) (where γ = g X 1000)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2)
47 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
H = Total head of water (m)
Efficiency:
o = Output power (O/P) 100 Input power (I/P)
where, O/p = Output power kW
I/ p = Input power kW
Graphs:
The following graphs are drawn.
1. Output Vs Input
2. Output Vs speed
3. Output Vs Efficiency
48 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
PELTON WHEEL TURBINE Observation:
Inlet diameter of Venturimeter d1 = mm Density of Hg = 13.6
Throat diameter of Venturimeter d2 = mm Density of water = 1
Acceleration due to gravity = g =9.81 m/sec2 The diff. in level b/w pr. Gauge & vacuum gauge (x)= m
Break drum diameter = m
Where γ = g X 1000
S.No Nozzle
Opening Approx.
Pressure gauge (Hd)
Total
head Manometer
readings
Manometer Head
Discharge = Q = 0.9 x
Shaft Speed (N)
Springs balance readings
in kg
Torque
Output power
Input power
Efficiency η=PoX100 Pi
(G)
Head of
water (m)
Kg/cm2 G x 10 (m) h1
(m) h2
(m) (m) (m3/sec) (rpm)
W1
(kg)
W2
(kg) (Nm) (w) (w) %
1
2
3
4
5
49 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Result:
Thus the performance characteristics of the Pelton Wheel Turbine are done and the maximum efficiency of the
turbine is ………. % corresponding
Total Head _____________
Input power _____________
Output power _____________
Actual discharge _____________
Outcome:
Ability to do the performance trust on pelton turbine machinery
1. What are main components of Pelton turbine?
2. Draw velocity diagrams (at inlet and outlet) for Pelton blade
3. Why is Pelton turbine suitable for high heads?
4. What is the function of spear mechanism?
5. What is the normal range of specific speed of a Pelton turbine
6. What are the characteristics of Pelton wheel? What are their uses?
7. After the nozzle water has atmospheric pressure throughout, then why is a casing provided to the wheel?
8. Mention the parts of reciprocating pump.
9. What is the function of air vessel?
10. What is slip of reciprocating pump?
11. What is negative slip?
12. What is the condition for occurrence of negative slip?
13. What does indicator diagram indicates?
14. What is the difference between actual and ideal indicator diagram?
15. Briefly explain Gear pump.
Pelton wheels are the preferred turbine for hydro-power, when the available water source has relatively high
hydraulic head at low flow rates.
Viva - voce
Applications
50 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Expt. No. 11 DETERMINE THE CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF
FRANCIS TURBINE
Aim:
To conduct load test on franchis turbine and to study the characteristics of francis turbine
Description:
Modern Francis turbine in an inward mixed flow reaction turbine it is a medium head turbine. Hence it required
medium quantity of water. The water under pressure from the penstock enters the squirrel casing. The casing
completely surrounds the series of fixed vanes. The guides’ vanes direct the water on to the runner. The water enters
the runner of the turbine in the dial direction at outlet and leaves in the axial direction at the inlet of the runner. Thus it
is a mixed flow turbine.
Apparatus Required:
1. Stop watch
2. Tachometer
Procedure:
1. Start the Francis turbine
2. All the weights in the hanger are removed
3. The pressure gauge reading is noted down
4. This is to be maintained constant for different loads
5. Pressure gauge reading is ascended down
6. The venturimeter reading and speed of turbine are noted down
7. The experiment is repeated for different loads and the readings are tabulated.
Formulae:
Venturimeter Reading: h = (h1 ~ h2) (m of water) where, h1 , h2 = venturimeter reading in (m)
51 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Discharge:
(m3/s)
where:
a 1 = Area of inlet pipe in, m2
a 2 = Area of the throat in m2
g = Specify gravity in m / s2
h = Venturi head in terms of flowing liquid
where: h1 = Manometric head in first limb
h2 = Manometric head in second limb
s m = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid
(i.e.) Liquid mercury Hg = 13.6
Sw = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1
Output Power:
(watts)
N = Speed of the turbine in (rpm)
R = Effective Radius of brake drum = m
T = Torque R(W1-W2)g (Nm)
W1= Spring balance reading in kg
W2= Spring balance reading in kg
g = Acceleration due to gravity 9.81m/s2
Input Power:
= (watts) Where, γ = Density of water (kg / m³) (where γ = g X 1000)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2)
H = Total head of water (m)
52 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Efficiency:
Where, O/p = Output power kW
i/ p = input power kw
Graphs:
The following graphs are drawn
1. Output Vs Input
2. Output Vs speed
3. Output Vs Efficiency
53 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
FRANCIS TURBINE Observation:
Inlet diameter of Venturimeter d1 = m Density of Hg = 13.6
Throat diameter of Venturimeter d2 = m Density of water = 1 Where γ = g X 1000
Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.81 m/sec2 The diff. in level b/w pr. Gauge & vacuum gauge(x) = m
The break drum diameter = m
S.No
Pressure gauge
(Hd)
Vaccum gauge readings
(Hs)
Total
head H
Manometer
readings
Manometer
Head
Discharge Q = 0.9 x
Shaft Speed
(N)
Springs balance
readings in kg
Torque T =
R(W1-W2)g
Output power
Input power
Pi = γQH
Efficiency
η = PoX100
Pi
(G)
Head of
water (m)
(V)
Head of water (m)
h1 h2
W1
W2
Kg/cm2 G x 10 Kg/cm2 V x13.6
1000 (m) (m) (m) (m) (m3/sec) (rpm) (kg) (kg) (Nm) (w) (w) %
1
2
3
4
5
54 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Result:
Thus the performance characteristics of the Francis wheel turbine are done and the maximum efficiency of the
turbine is …………. % corresponding
Total Head _____________
Input power _____________
Output power _____________
Actual discharge _____________
Outcome:
Ability to do the performance trust on francis turbine machinery
1. What is the function of draft tube?
2. What is the function of guide vanes?
3. Can you locate the portion in Francis turbine where cavitations likely to occur?
4. What is the advantage of draft tube divergent over a cylindrical of uniform diameter along its length?
5. What are fast, medium by slow runners?
6. What is the amount of work saved by air vessel?
7. Mention the merits and demerits of centrifugal pump.
8. Mention the merits and demerits of reciprocating pump.
9. What is separation in reciprocating pump?
10. How separation occurs in reciprocating pump?
11. Differentiate single acting and double acting reciprocating pump.
12. what is francis turbine?
13. How will you generate power in francis turbine?
14. What are all the applications of turbine?
15. Mention the merits and demerits of francis turbine.
The turbine and the outlet channel may be placed lower than the lake or sea level outside, reducing the
tendency for cavitation.
Viva- voce
Applications
55 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Expt. No. 12 KAPLAN TURBINE TEST RIG
Aim:
To study the characteristics of a Kaplan turbine
Description:
Kaplan turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine used in dams and reservoirs of low height to convert
hydraulic energy into mechanical and electrical energy. They are best suited for low heads say from 10m to
5 m. the specific speed ranges from 200 to 1000. Water under pressure from pump enters through the
volute casing and the guiding vanes into the runner while passing through the spiral casing and guide
vanes a part of the pressure energy (potential energy) is converted into velocity energy(kinetic energy).
Water thus enters the runner at a high velocity and as it passes through the runner vanes, the remaining
potential energy is converted into kinetic energy due to curvature of the vanes the kinetic energy is
transformed in to mechanical energy, i.e., the water head is converted into mechanical energy and hence
the number rotates. The water from the runner is then discharged into the tailrace. Operating guide vane
also can regulate the discharge through the runner.
Apparatus Required:
1. Tachometer
2. Meter scale
Procedure:
1. Keep the runner vane at require opening
2. Keep the guide vanes at required opening
3. Prime the pump if necessary
4. Close the main sluice valve and them start the pump.
5. Open the sluice valve for the required discharge when the pump motor switches from star to delta mode.
6. Load the turbine by adding weights in the weight hanger. Open the brake drum cooling water gate valve
7. Measure the turbine rpm with tachometer
8. Note the pressure gauge and vacuum gauge readings
9. Note the orifice meter pressure readings.
10. Repeat the experiments for other load
56 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Formulae:
Venturimeter Reading: h = (h1 - h2) (m of water) Where, h1 , h2 = venturimeter reading in (m)
Discharge:
(m3/s)
Where:
a 1 = Area of inlet pipe in, mm2
a 2 = Area of the throat in mm2
g = Specify gravity in mm / s2
h = Venturi head in terms of flowing liquid
Where: h1 = Manometric head in first limb
h2 = Manometric head in second limb
s m = Specific gravity of Manometric liquid
(i.e.) Liquid mercury Hg = 13.6
Sw = Specific gravity of flowing liquid water = 1
Output Power:
N = Speed of the turbine in (rpm)
R = Effective Radius of brake drum (m)
T = Torque R (W1-W2)g (Nm)
W1= Spring balance reading in kg
W2= Spring balance reading in kg
g = Acceleration due to gravity 9.81
57 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
KAPLAN TURBINE
Observation:
Inlet diameter of Venturimeter d1 = m Density of Hg = 13.6
Throat diameter of Venturimeter d2 = m Density of water = 1
Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.81m/sec2 The diff. in level b/w pr. Gauge & vacuum gauge = m
S.No
Pressure gauge (Hd)
Vaccum gauge readings (Hs)
Total
head
Manometer
readings Manometer
Head
Discharge
Shaft Speed
(N)
Springs balance
readings in kg Torque T
= R(W1-W2)g
Output power
Input power
Efficiency
(G)
Head of
water (m)
(V) Head of water (m)
h1 h2 W1
W2
Kg/cm2 G x 10 Kg/cm2 V x13.6
1000 (m) (m) (m) (m) (m3/sec) (rpm) (kg) (kg) (Nm) (w) (w) %
1
2
3
4
5
Where γ = g X 1000
58 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Input Power:
=
γ = Density of water (kg / m³) (where γ = g X 1000)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m / s2)
H = Total head of water (m)
Efficiency:
Where,
O/p = Output power kW
I/ p = Input power kW
Graphs:
The following graphs are drawn
1. Output Vs Input
2. Output Vs speed
3. Output Vs Efficiency
Result:
Thus the performance characteristics of the Kaplan wheel turbine are done and the maximum efficiency of the
turbine is …………. %
Outcome:
Ability to do the performance trust on Kaplan turbine machinery
59 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
1. What are suitable conditions for erection of Kaplan turbine
2. Why is the number of blades of Kaplan turbine restricted to 4 to 6?
3. Is this turbine axial flow or mixed flow?
4. Port load efficiency of Kaplan turbine is high, why?
5. What is the minimum pressure that can be maintained at the exit of the reaction turbine?
6. Differentiate pump and turbine.
7. Mention the types of characteristic curves for turbine.
8. How turbines are classified based on working principle.
9. Draw the velocity triangle for radial flow reaction turbine.
10. Mention the types of efficiencies calculated for turbine.
11. What does velocity triangle indicates?
12. Why draft tube is not required in impulse turbine?
13. What is mixed flow reaction turbine? Give an example.
14. What is the difference between pelton wheel and francis turbine?
15. What is Radial flow reaction turbine and their types.
1. Kaplan turbines are widely used throughout the world for electrical power production.
2. They cover the lowest head hydro sites and are especially suited for high flow conditions.
Viva – Voice
Applications
60 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Expt. No. 13 DETERMINATION OF CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
OF THROUGH A RECTANGULAR NOTCH
Aim: To determine the co-efficient of discharge of flow through rectangular notch
Apparatus Required:
1. Notch tank
2. Rectangular notch
3. Hook gauge
4. Collecting tank
5. Stop watch
6. Piezo meter
7. Meter scale
Procedure:
1. The inlet valve is opened and water is allowed to rise up to the level of the rectangular notch
2. The pointer of the hook gauge is adjusted so that it coincides the water surface and note down reading
3. The inlet valve is opened so that the water flows over the notch at the same rate
4. The water level is noted by means of point of hook gauge
5. The readings for h2 is noted
6. The time required for100 mm rise of water level is noted
7. The above procedure is repeated for different discharge
Formulae:
Actual Discharge:
Where:
A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)
h = 100 mm rise of water level in the collecting tank (m)
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank (sec)
61 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
RECTANGULAR NOTCH
Observation:
Area of collecting tank A = l x b = m2 Acceleration due to gravity = g =9.810 m/sec2
Breath of the notch B = m
For Trapezoidal Notch QT = Qth = (2/3) x B x √2xgxh3/2 + (8/15) x tan (θ/2) x √2xgxh5/2 m3/ sec.
S.No
Sill level of Hook gauge
Head over the
notch Difference
X = (h1- h2)
Time for H = 100 mm rise in collecting tank
(T) in sec
Actual discharge
Theoretical discharge
Co efficient of discharge of the notch
Qth
QC act
d
(h1) (h2)
(mm) (mm) (mm) T1 T2 mean (mm3/sec ) (mm3/sec )
1
2
3
4
5
62 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Theoretical Discharge:
(m 3
/ s)
Where h = Manometer head in (m)
g = Acceleration due to gravity in (m /s)
θ = Angle of notch
Co-Efficient Of Discharge:
Co- efficient of discharge Qth
QC act
d
Result:
The co-efficient of discharge of rectangular notch is Cd = …… (No unit)
The co efficient of discharge rectangular notch is Cd by graphical method ……… (No unit)
Outcome: Ability to use the measurement equipments for flow measurement.
63 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
1. What is Manometric Head.
2. Differentiate static head & manometric head.
3. List the types of fluid flow.
4. What is Steady and Unsteady flow.
5. What is Uniform and Non-uniform flow.
6. Compare Laminar and Turbulent flow.
7. Define One, Two and Three dimensional flow.
8. What are all the classification of boundary layer?
9. What are all the types of notches?
10. Give the practical example of rectangular notch.
11. What does velocity triangle indicates?
12. Define Rotational and Ir-rotational flow.
13. What is mixed flow reaction turbine? Give an example.
14. What is the difference between pelton wheel and francis turbine?
15. Define Compressible and incompressible flow
The head over the rectangular weir is measured and correlated with the water flow rate through the open channel
(and over the weir).
Viva – Voice
Applications
64 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Expt. No.14 DETERMINATION OF CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
OF THROUGH A ORIFICE (Constant head)
Aim: To determine the co-efficient of discharge of flow through orifice (constant head)
Apparatus required:
1. Orifice tank
2. Collecting tank
3. Stop watch
4. Piezo meter
5. Meter scale
Procedure:
1. The diameter of the orifice and the internal plan dimensions of the collecting tank are measured
2. The supply valve to the orifice tank is regulated and water is allowed to fill orifice tank
3. The outlet valve of the collecting tank is closed tightly and the time required for100 mm rise of water
collecting tank and is noted using stop watch
4. The above procedure is repeated for different head and observation are tabulated and the co-efficient
of discharge is calculated
Formulae:
Actual Discharge:
Where: A = Area of the collecting tank (m2)
H = 100 mm rise of water level in the collecting tank (m)
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank (sec)
Theoretical Discharge:
Where h = Manometer head in (m)
g = Acceleration due to gravity in ( m /s2)
a = Area of Orifice in (m2)
65 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
ORIFICE (Constant head)
OBSERVATION:
Area of collecting tank = A = l x b = m2 Acceleration due to gravity = g =9.810 m/sec2
Diameter of the Orifice = d = m Area of Orifice = a = m2
S.No.
Supply tank
level (h)
Time for H = 100 mm rise in collecting tank (T) in sec
Actual discharge
Theoretical discharge
Co efficient of discharge of the Orifice
Qth
QC act
d
(mm) T1 T2 mean (mm3/sec ) (mm3/sec )
1
2
3
4
5
66 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
Co-Efficient Of Discharge:
Co- efficient of discharge Qth
QC act
d
Graph:
Graph is drawn between along X- axis and Qact along Y-axis.
Result:
The co-efficient of discharge of Orifice is Cd = …… (No unit)
The co efficient of discharge Orifice is Cd by graphical method ……… (No unit)
Outcome: Ability to use the measurement equipments for flow measurement
1. What is the difference between an orifice and a mouth piece?
2. Why the co-efficient of discharge for a mouth piece is is higher than that for an orifice?
3. What is vena-contracta? How is it developed?
4. Relation between Cd ,Cv and Cc
5. How can you differentiate the small and large orifice?
6. Differentiate between Absolute and gauge pressures.
7. Mention two pressure measuring instruments.
8. What is the difference weight density and mass density?
9. Define coefficient of discharge. .
10. Write down Darcy -weisback's equation.
11. What is the difference between friction factor and coefficient of friction?
12. How will you classify the flow as laminar and turbulent?
13. Mention few discharge measuring devices
14. What is the function of casing in Pelton turbine
15. Draw a simple sketch of Pelton wheel bucket.
Orifice plates are the most widely used type of flow meters in the world today
Viva – voce
Applications
67 Format No. :DCE/Stud/LP/34/Issue : 00/Revision : 00
LIST OF PROJECTS
1. Design auto water sprinkler
2. Portable Low Cost Ferro cement Water Tank
3. Rope Chainsaw and Easy Lift Harness
4. Freedom Wheel Chair- A better wheel chair for the disabled
5. Classroom Blackboard Erasing Mechanism
6. Automatic Gate Opener
7. Model of Pelton wheel turbine
8. Model and working of Francis turbine
9. Model of submersible pump
10. Models of different types of pumps