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Determiner - MIT CSAIL 1995... · determiners (in the sense of Milsark, 1974), proper names and...

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158
Layers in the Determiner Phrase Roberto Zamparelli University of Rochester REVISION: FEBRUARY 2000 This work is a revision of my 1995 University of Rochester dissertation (refer- enced as Zamparelli 1995, distributed as a Cogsci technical report in 1996), intended for web distribution. Most of the changes consist of footnotes added or modified; ref- erences have been updated when necessary, and an index has been added at the end. There are also minor revisions in the text, particularly in chapter 1, “Preliminaries” and section 4.3, “Spec/head agreement.” Needless to say, these changes do not mean that I have tried to make the dissertation fully consistent with my current thinking on the structure and interpretation of DPs. I have, however, inserted pointers to later work when possible. The dissertation is to be published by Garland, in the series “Outstanding Disser- tations in Linguistics”. Note that, due to changes in the format and content, the page numbers in this ‘draft’ distribution version differ both from the numbers in the 1996 Technical Report and from the Garland edition. Section numbers and titles differ very occasionally from those in the 1995/96 original, and are identical to the Garland edition. It is advisable to use these when citing. The author can be reached at the following address: Facolt` a di Lingue Universit` a di Bergamo P.zza Vecchia 8 24129 Bergamo, Italy tel: +39-035-277239 e-mail: [email protected]
Transcript
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    sof

    copu

    larc

    onst

    ruct

    ions

    atth

    ese

    nten

    tialle

    vel(

    “Joh

    nis

    the

    culp

    rit”

    and

    “the

    culp

    ritis

    John

    ”).

    Take

    nto

    geth

    er,th

    eid

    eaof

    mul

    tiple

    leve

    lsw

    ithdi

    ffer

    enti

    nter

    pret

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    nsan

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    spec

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    posi

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    will

    bea

    pow

    erfu

    lto

    olto

    expl

    ain

    the

    beha

    vior

    ofob

    ject

    cliti

    csin

    Italia

    n,th

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    esup

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    ng/w

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    ibut

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    ithin

    Th

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    tenc

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    Italia

    nan

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    tern

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    ruct

    ureo

    fasp

    ecia

    lki

    ndof

    defin

    itepr

    edic

    ates

    inco

    pula

    rcon

    stru

    ctio

    ns.

    Fin

    ally

    ,in

    the

    last

    chap

    terI

    will

    turn

    toan

    exam

    inat

    iono

    fth

    ein

    tern

    alst

    ruct

    ure

    ofth

    eA

    djec

    tive

    Phr

    asea

    cros

    sIta

    lian

    and

    Eng

    lish,

    givi

    ngev

    iden

    ceth

    atm

    any

    ofth

    eph

    enom

    enaid

    entifi

    edat

    the

    Nou

    nP

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    eleve

    lcan

    befo

    und

    inth

    eA

    djec

    tive

    Phr

    ase

    asw

    ell.

    The

    sem

    antic

    refle

    xeso

    fthe

    sesy

    ntac

    ticph

    enom

    enac

    anex

    plai

    nth

    epr

    esen

    ceor

    abse

    nceo

    fpre

    supp

    ositi

    onsa

    ssoc

    iate

    dwith

    adje

    ctive

    sand

    mea

    sure

    phra

    ses.

    The

    anal

    ysis

    will

    beca

    stin

    age

    nera

    lGov

    ernm

    enta

    ndB

    indi

    ngap

    proa

    ch(C

    hom

    -

    v

  • viA

    BS

    TR

    ACT

    sky,

    1981

    ,Cho

    msk

    y19

    86a,

    Cho

    msk

    y19

    86b)

    ,als

    ous

    ing

    som

    eno

    tions

    from

    the

    Min

    imal

    istP

    rogr

    amof

    Cho

    msk

    y(1

    992)

    ,Cho

    msk

    y(1

    994)

    .

    Con

    tent

    s

    Intr

    oduc

    tion

    1

    1P

    relim

    inar

    ies

    51.

    1S

    eman

    ticsp

    relim

    inar

    ies:

    type

    -shi

    fting

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    51.

    1.1

    Pro

    blem

    sfor

    invi

    sibl

    ety

    pe-s

    hifti

    ngop

    erat

    ors

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    81.

    1.2

    Type

    -shi

    fting

    and

    spec

    ifici

    ty.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    91.

    1.3

    Qua

    ntifi

    ers:

    e-ty

    peat

    LF.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    111.

    1.4

    Intr

    oduc

    tiont

    oth

    ela

    yers

    yste

    m.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    141.

    1.5

    The

    sem

    antic

    cont

    ribut

    ion

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    181.

    2S

    ynta

    ctic

    prel

    imin

    arie

    s:th

    eD

    Phy

    poth

    esis

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    191.

    2.1

    Fun

    ctio

    nalp

    roje

    ctio

    ns.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .20

    1.2.

    2N

    -mov

    emen

    t.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    211.

    2.3

    The

    rela

    tive

    posi

    tion

    ofN

    and

    attr

    ibut

    ive

    adje

    ctive

    s.

    ..

    ..

    221.

    2.4

    Attr

    ibut

    ive

    adje

    ctive

    sin

    pred

    icat

    ivepo

    sitio

    n.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    251.

    3W

    hatt

    his

    diss

    erta

    tionis

    nota

    bout

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    291.

    4D

    ata

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    291.

    5Te

    rmin

    olog

    ical

    conv

    entio

    ns.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .31

    1.6

    Ove

    rvie

    wof

    the

    cont

    ents

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .33

    2T

    heS

    tron

    g/W

    eak

    Dis

    tinct

    ion

    and

    the

    Defi

    nite

    ness

    Effe

    ct37

    2.1

    Intr

    oduc

    tion

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    372.

    2T

    he‘s

    tron

    g/w

    eak’

    dist

    inct

    ion

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .38

    2.2.

    1E

    xist

    entia

    lSen

    tenc

    es.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    382.

    2.2

    Num

    eral

    sin

    ES

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    402.

    3T

    reat

    men

    tsoft

    heD

    efini

    tene

    ssE

    ffect

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .44

    2.3.

    1M

    ilsar

    k(1

    977)

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    442.

    3.2

    ES

    inG

    ener

    aliz

    edQ

    uant

    ifier

    The

    ory

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .45

    2.3.

    3H

    eim

    onW

    Hs

    inE

    S.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    482.

    3.4

    Pre

    supp

    ositi

    onalS

    etT

    heor

    ieso

    fES

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .50

    2.3.

    5M

    cNal

    ly(1

    992)

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    58

    vii

  • viii

    CO

    NT

    EN

    TS

    2.3.

    6C

    ritic

    ism

    ofM

    cNal

    ly’s

    acco

    unt

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .64

    3T

    heki

    nd-c

    onst

    ruct

    ion

    and

    itsre

    lativ

    es73

    3.1

    Two

    orde

    rsof

    kind

    -nou

    ns.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    733.

    2T

    hefa

    mily

    of‘p

    ivot

    al’c

    onst

    ruct

    ions

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .76

    3.2.

    1In

    vert

    ibili

    ty.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .86

    3.2.

    2A

    gree

    men

    tfact

    s.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    873.

    3C

    opul

    arse

    nten

    ces.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    883.

    3.1

    Mor

    o’s

    theo

    ryof

    copu

    lars

    ente

    nces

    ...

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .91

    3.3.

    2O

    nem

    ptyp

    ro-p

    redi

    cate

    s..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .96

    3.4

    The

    mic

    rost

    ruct

    ureo

    fthe

    kin

    d-co

    nstr

    uctio

    n.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    983.

    4.1

    Pre

    dica

    tean

    dA

    rgum

    entin

    the

    kin

    d-co

    nstr

    uctio

    n.

    ..

    ..

    .99

    3.4.

    2Id

    entifi

    catio

    nwith

    KIP

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    102

    3.5

    Ext

    ract

    ionp

    ossi

    bilit

    ies

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    104

    3.5.

    1S

    umm

    ary

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .10

    93.

    5.2

    Rea

    sons

    for

    rais

    ing

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    111

    3.6

    Cha

    pter

    conc

    lusi

    ons.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .11

    6

    4T

    hela

    yers

    ofD

    P11

    74.

    1In

    trod

    uctio

    n.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .11

    74.

    1.1

    Som

    egen

    eral

    prin

    cipl

    es.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    118

    4.1.

    2T

    hest

    ruct

    ureo

    fwea

    karg

    umen

    taln

    oun

    phra

    ses.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    122

    4.1.

    3W

    eakq

    uant

    ifier

    sasa

    djec

    tives

    :the

    prob

    lem

    ofne

    gatio

    n..

    .12

    44.

    1.4

    On

    the

    abse

    nceo

    fmul

    tiple

    dete

    rmin

    ers

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .12

    54.

    2E

    vide

    ncef

    orth

    reel

    evel

    s.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    126

    4.2.

    1C

    oord

    inat

    iona

    ndba

    repr

    edic

    ates

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .12

    64.

    2.2

    Pre

    dica

    tive

    poss

    essiv

    es.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .13

    04.

    2.3

    Ne

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .13

    24.

    2.4

    Qua

    ntifi

    ersu

    nder

    inde

    finite

    sin

    Italia

    n.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .13

    64.

    2.5

    Con

    clus

    ions

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    142

    4.3

    Spe

    c/he

    adlic

    ensi

    ng.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .14

    24.

    3.1

    Adj

    Pra

    isin

    gan

    dpr

    edic

    atio

    n.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    144

    4.3.

    2O

    nso

    med

    iffer

    ence

    sbet

    wee

    nSD

    Pan

    dK

    IP.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    147

    4.4

    The

    SD

    ��� le

    vel.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .14

    84.

    4.1

    Nou

    nm

    ovem

    entto

    SD

    ��� .

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .14

    94.

    4.2

    Long

    obar

    di’s

    (199

    4)th

    eory

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .15

    24.

    4.3

    Am

    inim

    alis

    tim

    plem

    enta

    tion

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    155

    4.4.

    4A

    nan

    alys

    isfo

    rpr

    oper

    nam

    esan

    dki

    nd-d

    enot

    ing

    com

    mon

    noun

    s.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    161

    4.5

    Ano

    teon

    float

    ing

    quan

    tifier

    s.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    165

    4.6

    Sem

    antic

    aspe

    ctso

    fthe

    mul

    ti-la

    yerh

    ypot

    hesi

    s..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    169

    4.6.

    1O

    ntol

    ogic

    alpr

    elim

    inar

    ies.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    169

    CO

    NT

    EN

    TS

    ix

    4.6.

    2S

    eman

    ticso

    fsim

    ple

    pred

    icat

    ion

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .17

    04.

    6.3

    The

    inte

    rpre

    tatio

    nfor

    “kin

    d”.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    174

    4.6.

    4“K

    ind”

    and

    Qua

    ntifi

    erR

    aisi

    ng.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .17

    5

    5E

    xist

    entia

    ls,L

    ocat

    ives

    and

    Iden

    tity

    179

    5.1

    Intr

    oduc

    tion

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    179

    5.2

    An

    anal

    ysis

    for

    ES

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    180

    5.2.

    1M

    oro’

    s(1

    993)

    trea

    tmen

    tofT

    he

    re-s

    ente

    nces

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .18

    05.

    2.2

    The

    logi

    calf

    orm

    ofE

    S.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .18

    35.

    2.3

    Exi

    sten

    tials

    and

    loca

    tives

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .18

    65.

    2.4

    The

    prop

    osal

    :ES

    asth

    eop

    posi

    teof

    loca

    tives

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    187

    5.2.

    5F

    urth

    eris

    sues

    :fam

    iliar

    ityan

    dne

    gatio

    n.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    190

    5.2.

    6S

    ynta

    ctic

    aspe

    cts:t

    heex

    trac

    tion

    fact

    srev

    isite

    d.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    196

    5.2.

    7O

    ndo

    uble

    cliti

    cs.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    200

    5.2.

    8E

    Sin

    Italia

    n:ci

    aspr

    o-ar

    gum

    enta

    ndci

    aspr

    o-pr

    edic

    ate

    ..

    201

    5.2.

    9P

    re-c

    opul

    arsu

    bjec

    tsan

    dC

    LLD

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .20

    35.

    2.10

    Italia

    nin

    finiti

    vesa

    ndE

    S.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    208

    5.3

    On

    the

    synt

    actic

    form

    ofpr

    edic

    ates

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    212

    5.3.

    1E

    quat

    iveco

    pula

    rsen

    tenc

    es.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .21

    45.

    3.2

    Two

    inte

    rpre

    tatio

    nalst

    rateg

    ies

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    218

    5.4

    T-de

    finite

    pred

    icat

    enom

    inal

    s.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    219

    5.4.

    1T-

    defin

    itesa

    repr

    edic

    ates

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .22

    05.

    4.2

    Pos

    sibl

    edet

    erm

    iner

    sinT-

    defin

    ites

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    221

    5.4.

    3T-

    defin

    itesa

    s‘tr

    ansp

    aren

    t’cat

    egor

    ies

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    223

    5.4.

    4A

    nan

    alys

    isfo

    rT-

    defin

    ites

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    228

    5.5

    Sum

    mar

    y:in

    terp

    retin

    gDP

    s,th

    efin

    alsc

    hem

    a.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .23

    3

    6N

    umer

    als

    and

    Spe

    cific

    ity23

    56.

    1In

    trod

    uctio

    n.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .23

    56.

    1.1

    On

    som

    earg

    umen

    tsfo

    r‘R

    efer

    entia

    lity’

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .23

    76.

    2T

    hepo

    st-D

    posi

    tion

    ofnu

    mer

    als

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .24

    06.

    2.1

    Intr

    oduc

    ingp

    artit

    ives

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .24

    06.

    2.2

    The

    doub

    lefo

    rce

    ofpa

    rtiti

    ves

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    242

    6.2.

    3Pa

    rtiti

    vesa

    fterd

    efini

    tes.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .24

    76.

    3V

    ague

    num

    eral

    svs.

    card

    inal

    num

    eral

    s.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .25

    06.

    3.1

    Syn

    tact

    icm

    otiv

    atio

    nsfo

    ra

    head

    /XPd

    istin

    ctio

    n.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    251

    6.3.

    2C

    ompl

    exde

    term

    iner

    s..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .25

    86.

    4S

    omer

    emar

    kson

    term

    sofs

    peci

    ficity

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .26

    36.

    4.1

    Rea

    soni

    ngby

    oppo

    site

    s:Ita

    lian

    “Qua

    lsia

    si”

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .26

    46.

    4.2

    The

    data

    :Uni

    vers

    alan

    dE

    xist

    entia

    l“qua

    lsia

    si”

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .26

    5

  • xC

    ON

    TE

    NT

    S

    7T

    heIn

    tern

    alS

    truc

    ture

    ofA

    djP

    s26

    97.

    1In

    trod

    uctio

    n.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .26

    97.

    2E

    vide

    ncef

    orpa

    rtia

    lhea

    d-m

    ovem

    entw

    ithin

    Adj

    P.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .27

    07.

    2.1

    Adj

    ectiv

    esw

    ithM

    easu

    reP

    hras

    es.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .27

    07.

    2.2

    The

    posi

    tion

    ofm

    easu

    reph

    rase

    s..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .27

    27.

    2.3

    Deg

    reeP

    hras

    es.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .27

    47.

    3P

    ro-f

    orm

    sfor

    [Spe

    c,D

    egP

    ].

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .27

    97.

    3.1

    Pre

    supp

    ositi

    onsan

    dth

    ele

    velo

    fatta

    chm

    entof

    MP

    s.

    ..

    ..

    281

    7.4

    Som

    enot

    eson

    Deg

    Pac

    ross

    categ

    orie

    s.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .28

    37.

    5C

    oncl

    usio

    ns.

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    ..

    .28

    7

    Intr

    oduc

    tion

    Thi

    sdi

    sser

    tatio

    nis

    anex

    plor

    atio

    nof

    the

    synt

    axan

    dse

    man

    ticso

    fno

    unph

    rase

    s.Its

    mai

    ngo

    alis

    tore

    conc

    ileth

    eid

    eaof

    ast

    rictm

    appi

    ngbe

    twee

    nsyn

    tact

    ican

    dse

    man

    ticca

    tegor

    ies,

    whi

    chw

    aspa

    rtof

    Mon

    tagu

    e’s(1

    970)

    and

    (197

    3)re

    sear

    chpr

    ogra

    mw

    ithth

    ena

    tura

    lidea

    that

    diff

    eren

    tnou

    nph

    rase

    smay

    have

    diff

    eren

    ttyp

    esof

    deno

    tatio

    nsi.e

    .tha

    tthe

    sem

    antic

    type

    soft

    hebr

    acke

    tedn

    oun

    phra

    sesin

    (1)m

    aybe

    diff

    eren

    t.

    (1)

    a.[

    John

    ]sm

    iled.

    b.[

    Eve

    rydo

    g]

    bark

    ed.

    c.M

    ary

    is[

    ape

    rson

    .]

    Inor

    dert

    oac

    hiev

    eth

    isgo

    al,I

    wan

    tto

    take

    adva

    ntag

    eofr

    esul

    tsin

    the

    synt

    actic

    stud

    yof

    the

    inte

    rnal

    stru

    ctur

    eof

    noun

    phra

    ses,b

    uild

    ing

    inpa

    rtic

    ular

    onw

    ork

    byA

    bney

    (198

    7),C

    inqu

    e(19

    90),

    Cin

    que(

    1992

    )and

    Long

    obar

    di(1

    994)

    .The

    sew

    orks

    sugg

    est

    that

    the

    stru

    ctur

    eofn

    oun

    phra

    sesis

    muc

    hm

    ore

    com

    plex

    than

    the

    trad

    ition

    alpi

    ctur

    eof

    asi

    ngle

    proj

    ectio

    nhe

    aded

    byN

    ,w

    itha

    dete

    rmin

    erin

    itssp

    ecifi

    eran

    dpo

    ssib

    lyre

    curs

    iveN

    � pro

    ject

    ions

    toho

    stad

    ject

    ives,

    asfo

    und,

    for

    inst

    ance

    ,inS

    elki

    rk(1

    977)

    (2): (2

    )[ N

    PD

    et[ N

    ’A

    dj..

    .[N

    ’N

    ]]]

    abe

    tters

    ynta

    ctic

    repr

    esen

    tatio

    nwou

    ldha

    veth

    eno

    unan

    dits

    mod

    ifier

    sas

    com

    ple-

    men

    tsof

    the

    dete

    rmin

    er,w

    hich

    beco

    mes

    the

    topm

    osth

    eado

    fth

    eno

    unph

    rase

    (now

    de

    term

    ine

    rph

    rase

    ,or

    DP

    ).In

    the

    wor

    kof

    rece

    ntpr

    opon

    entso

    fth

    eD

    P-h

    ypot

    hesi

    s(in

    part

    icul

    arC

    rism

    a19

    91;C

    rism

    a19

    96;P

    ical

    lo19

    91;R

    itter

    1991

    ;Cin

    que

    1992

    ;G

    iust

    i199

    2b;B

    erns

    tein

    1993

    ,etc

    .)(2

    )sh

    ould

    bere

    plac

    edby

    (3),

    whe

    reF

    Pis

    a‘fu

    nctio

    nalp

    roje

    ctio

    n’pr

    opos

    edin

    som

    eacc

    ount

    stoho

    stad

    ject

    ivesa

    nd/o

    rmor

    pho-

    logi

    calm

    ater

    ial.

    (3)

    [ DP

    Det

    [ FP

    Adj

    ...[

    NP

    N]]]

    Ifa

    stru

    ctur

    eof

    this

    kind

    isne

    cess

    aryo

    nsy

    ntac

    ticgr

    ound

    s,th

    ere

    sear

    chpr

    ojec

    tth

    atth

    isdi

    sser

    tatio

    nbeg

    ins

    toca

    rry

    outi

    sth

    atof

    putti

    ngsy

    ntac

    ticco

    mpl

    exity

    atth

    ese

    rvic

    eofm

    eani

    ng.

    1

  • 2IN

    TR

    OD

    UC

    TIO

    N

    Spe

    cific

    ally,

    Iw

    illex

    plor

    eth

    eid

    eath

    atth

    etw

    oto

    pmos

    tpro

    ject

    ions

    ofth

    est

    ruc-

    ture

    in(3

    )con

    stitu

    teto

    geth

    erth

    e“d

    eter

    min

    ersy

    stem

    ”ofa

    lang

    uage

    (whe

    reI

    uset

    hete

    rm‘d

    eter

    min

    er’to

    cove

    rart

    icle

    s,d

    em

    on

    strativ

    esa

    ndq

    ua

    ntifi

    ers)

    .A

    tth

    ein

    terp

    re-

    tatio

    nalle

    velo

    f‘L

    ogic

    alFo

    rm’(

    LF),

    thes

    epro

    ject

    ions

    are

    univ

    ocal

    lym

    appe

    dont

    odi

    ffer

    ents

    eman

    ticty

    pes.

    The

    high

    erpr

    ojec

    tion

    will

    deno

    tean

    indi

    vidu

    al,t

    helo

    wer

    one,

    apr

    oper

    ty.T

    hede

    nota

    tiono

    fth

    eno

    unph

    rase

    asa

    who

    lew

    illde

    pend

    onth

    ree

    fact

    ors:

    whe

    ther

    the

    topm

    ostp

    roje

    ctio

    nis

    pres

    ento

    rm

    issi

    ng;w

    heth

    erth

    eto

    pmos

    tpro

    jec-

    tion,

    whe

    npr

    esen

    t,is

    occu

    pied

    byle

    xica

    lmat

    eria

    l,orh

    eade

    dby

    anem

    ptye

    lem

    ent;

    whe

    ther

    ale

    xica

    llyfil

    led

    topm

    ostp

    roje

    ctio

    nis

    inte

    rpre

    tedi

    nsi

    tu,

    orun

    derg

    oest

    heop

    erat

    iono

    f‘Q

    uant

    ifier

    Rai

    sing

    ’(Q

    R)a

    ndQ

    uant

    ifier

    Con

    stru

    al(Q

    C)—

    inth

    ese

    nse

    ofH

    eim

    (198

    2).T

    hese

    setti

    ngsw

    illgi

    veth

    edi

    ffer

    ence

    betw

    eenp

    redi

    cate

    nom

    inal

    san

    dar

    gum

    entn

    omin

    als,

    betw

    een‘

    stro

    ngly

    ’and

    ‘wea

    kly’

    quan

    tified

    noun

    phra

    ses—

    inth

    ese

    nseo

    fM

    ilsar

    k(1

    974)

    —an

    dbet

    wee

    npro

    pern

    ames

    and

    stro

    ngqu

    antifi

    ers,

    acco

    rdin

    gto

    the

    follo

    win

    gsc

    hem

    a:

    (4)

    Topm

    ostla

    yerp

    rese

    nt?

    No

    Yes

    PR

    ED

    ICA

    TIV

    ELe

    xica

    llyfil

    led?

    INT

    ER

    PR

    ET

    AT

    ION

    No

    Yes

    WE

    AK

    LY

    QU

    AN

    TIF

    IED

    Und

    ergo

    esQ

    R/Q

    C?

    INT

    ER

    PR

    ET

    AT

    ION

    No

    Yes

    RE

    FE

    RE

    NT

    IAL

    ST

    RO

    NG

    LY

    QU

    AN

    TIF

    ED

    INT

    ER

    PR

    ET

    AT

    ION

    INT

    ER

    PR

    ET

    AT

    ION

    Und

    erth

    isas

    sum

    ptio

    n,th

    ebr

    acke

    ted

    noun

    phra

    sesin

    (1)

    corr

    espo

    ndto

    diff

    eren

    tpo

    ints

    inth

    istr

    ee.(

    1)a

    and

    bbo

    thha

    vea

    fille

    dto

    pmos

    tlaye

    r,th

    eref

    oret

    hey

    deno

    tean

    indi

    vidu

    alat

    LF,b

    utth

    eydi

    ffer

    inth

    efa

    ctth

    at(b

    )but

    not(

    a)un

    derg

    oesQ

    Ran

    dQ

    C;(

    1)c,

    onth

    eot

    herh

    and,

    belo

    ngst

    oa

    syn

    tact

    icca

    teg

    ory

    diff

    eren

    tfro

    m(a

    )or(

    b),

    sinc

    eit

    lack

    sth

    eto

    pmos

    tDP

    laye

    rwhi

    chis

    pres

    entin

    (a)a

    nd(b

    ).U

    nlik

    e(1

    )aan

    d(1

    )b,(

    1)c

    deno

    tesa

    prop

    erty.

    Thi

    sap

    proa

    chgi

    vest

    hepo

    ssib

    ility

    ofre

    cons

    truc

    tingin

    ave

    rydi

    ffer

    ents

    ynta

    ctic

    back

    grou

    ndon

    eof

    Mon

    tagu

    e’sfu

    ndam

    enta

    lpro

    posa

    ls,th

    edi

    rect

    corr

    espo

    nden

    cebe

    twee

    nsyn

    tact

    icca

    tegor

    iesa

    ndse

    man

    ticty

    pes:

    “The

    reis

    aun

    iform

    corr

    espo

    nden

    cebet

    wee

    nthe

    categ

    orie

    sofE

    nglis

    hand

    the

    type

    sofI

    L[In

    tens

    iona

    lLog

    ic];

    that

    is,i

    fan

    Eng

    lish

    expr

    essi

    onof

    categ

    ory

    xm

    ustt

    rans

    late

    into

    anIL

    expr

    essi

    onof

    type

    a,th

    enal

    lEng

    lish

    expr

    essi

    onso

    fca

    tegor

    yx

    mus

    ttra

    nsla

    tein

    toex

    pres

    sion

    soft

    ype

    a”(M

    onta

    gue1

    970)

    .

    3

    Of

    cour

    se,if

    one

    assu

    mes

    ,cont

    raM

    onta

    gue,

    that

    the

    brac

    kete

    dno

    unph

    rase

    sin

    (1)

    dono

    tall

    have

    the

    sam

    esem

    antic

    type

    (as

    argu

    ed,f

    orin

    stan

    ce,b

    yW

    illia

    ms

    1983

    and

    Part

    ee19

    87),

    this

    corr

    espo

    nden

    cecan

    bem

    anta

    ined

    only

    bysp

    littin

    gth

    e‘n

    oun

    phra

    se’in

    totw

    osy

    ntac

    ticca

    tegor

    ies.

    The

    DP

    hypo

    thes

    isoffe

    rsth

    eth

    eore

    tical

    tool

    sto

    doth

    isw

    ithou

    tdis

    rega

    rdin

    gw

    hati

    sin

    com

    mon

    betw

    eenp

    redi

    cativ

    ean

    dar

    gum

    enta

    luse

    sofn

    oun

    phra

    ses.

    Inde

    ed,I

    will

    try

    tosh

    owth

    atth

    isan

    alys

    isoffe

    rsa

    stra

    igth

    forw

    ard

    expl

    anat

    ionf

    orse

    vera

    lphe

    nom

    enaa

    cros

    sEng

    lisha

    ndIta

    lian,

    incl

    udin

    gth

    eco

    nditi

    onsu

    nder

    whi

    cha

    pred

    icat

    ivere

    adin

    gofn

    oun

    phra

    sesis

    (im)p

    ossi

    ble,

    the

    way

    Th

    ere

    -sen

    tenc

    esim

    pose

    (or

    appa

    rent

    ly,fa

    ilto

    impo

    se)a

    defin

    itene

    ssre

    stric

    tion

    onth

    eno

    unph

    rase

    sthe

    yem

    bed,

    how

    the

    kind

    -den

    otin

    grea

    ding

    ofno

    unph

    rase

    sisob

    tain

    edan

    dw

    hyso

    me

    pred

    icat

    enom

    inal

    sare

    ‘tran

    spar

    ent’t

    oth

    ese

    man

    ticty

    peof

    thei

    rcom

    plem

    ent.

    Eve

    nth

    ough

    the

    acco

    untp

    rese

    nted

    here

    give

    sasy

    ntac

    ticex

    plan

    atio

    nto

    som

    eof

    the

    sam

    esem

    antic

    phen

    omen

    a,it

    isve

    rydi

    ffer

    entf

    rom

    the

    one

    prop

    osed

    byK

    ratz

    er(1

    989)

    and

    Die

    sing

    (199

    2).K

    ratz

    er’s

    and

    Die

    sing

    ’sac

    coun

    tsar

    eba

    sedo

    nth

    eid

    eath

    atso

    me

    aspe

    ctso

    fth

    ein

    terp

    reta

    tiono

    fno

    unph

    rase

    sdep

    endo

    nth

    epo

    sitio

    nin

    the

    sent

    ence

    inw

    hich

    they

    are

    inte

    rpre

    ted,

    whe

    reas

    my

    acco

    untp

    lace

    sthe

    stre

    sson

    thei

    rin

    tern

    als

    truc

    ture

    .How

    ever

    ,my

    idea

    shou

    ldre

    ally

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    enas

    anex

    tens

    iono

    fth

    eirs

    ,intw

    ow

    ays;

    first

    ,it

    prov

    ides

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  • 4IN

    TR

    OD

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  • 6P

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  • 8P

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    inar

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  • 10P

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